Hinh 2.33: Tac d(Jng cua chinh sach tr<J cdp
2.3.2. Bi~n phap can thi~p trvc ti~p
Ben c~nh bi~n phap can thi~p gian ti€p, Chinh phu con can thi~p tn.rc ti€p vao thi truong thong qua quy djnh gia trdn va gia san.
2.3.2.1. Gia trdn (Price ceiling- giti t6i ila - Pmax)
Theo McConnell, Brue va Flynn [4], gia trdn la mire gia cao nhdt ma Chinh phu quy ajnh cho m9t mijt hang. Nguai ban c6 thd ban gia b&ng hoijc thdp han mire gia trdn la h9P phap.
Vi d\l, Chinh phu dn dinh gia tr!n ve may bay hay gia trAn sfra cho tre em du6i sau tu6i. m\lC dich cua quy djnh gia trdn giup nhiSu nguai tieu
dung c6 th~ ti€p c~n duqc nhfrng hang h6a hay djch V\l ma hQ kh6 c6 kha nang mua a mire gia can bfing.
06 thi hinh 2.36 cho thfty thi tnrong can bfing t~i PE va QE. Khi Chinh phu quy djnh gia trdn la Pmax thftp hem gia can bfing thi tnrong PE, ngucri ban chi sin long cung ung m9t luqng la Qs (Qs nho hem luqng can bfing QE), trong khi ngucri mua l~i mu6n mua m9t luqng Qo (Qo > Qs). Do luqng cdu 16n hem luqng cung, thi tnrong du cdu hay thi€u h\lt m9t luqng hang h6a L\Q = Qo - Qs.
p
Pmax
0
I I
Khin hi~rtt
I I
I I
I I
(D)
Q
Hinh 2.36: Chinh phu quy djnh gia trdn
D6i v6i ngucri ban, v6i chinh sach quy djnh gia trdn, ngucri ban se
,
chiu thi~t vi phai ban hang h6a a mire gia thap hem mire gia thi tnrong.
D6i v6i ngucri mua, do gia trdn thftp hem gia can bfing nen luqng cdu cao hem nhi~u so vm luqng hang h6a duqc cung ung. M9t sf> ngucri mua duqc hang h6a t~i mire gia trdn, m9t sf> khac khong mua duqc hang h6a do cung it, nen phai mua a thi tnrong chq den (bftt hqp phap) v6i gia cao hem mire gia trdn quy djnh.
M~t tieu C\IC cua chinh sach gia trdn la t~o nen S\l khan hi€m hang h6a tren thi tnrong. Va gia trdn khong th~ t6n t~i lau, vi theo quy lu~t can bfing cung cdu, mire gia Pmax c6 khuynh hu6ng tang len tra v~ gia can
' ' '
bang ban dau. Bi~n phap cua Chinh phu la dua cac chinh sach uu dai nham khuy€n khich cac doanh nghi~p trong nganh tang cuong ho~t d9ng nh~p khdu ho~c tang kha nang san xuftt nhfim tang luqng cung ung hang h6a d6 cho thi tnrong m9t luqng bfing dung v6i luqng hang h6a bi thi€u h\lt. C6
nhu v~y thi tnrong moi c6 th€ duy tri dugc muc gia trdn do Chinh phu d~t ra.
2.3.2.2. Giti san (Price floor - giti t6i thiiu - Pmin)
Theo McConnell, Brue va Flynn [4], gia san la muc gia thdp nhdt ma Chinh phu quy tljnh cho m6t m(lt hang. Nguai ban c6 thi ban gia bdng ho(lc cao han muc gia san la h(JJJ phap.
Vi d\l, Chinh phu fin dinh gia san trong thu mua lua cua nong dan nhim m\}C tieu h6 trg giam bat phdn thi~t h~i cho nguai nong dan khi gia ca thi tnrong t\I do xudng thfip khong du bu dip chi phi tr6ng tr9t. Hay Chinh phu dua ra quy dinh v~ muc luong tdi thi€u la muc luong thfip nhfit ma doanh nghi~p cdn phai tra cho nguai lao d()ng lam nhung cong vi~c gian don nhfit trong di~u ki~n lao d()ng binh thuong nhim dam bao muc sdng tdi thi€u cho ban than va gia dinh cua h9, phu hgp voi di~u ki~n phat tri€n kinh t~ - xa h()i cua tung vung, tung khu V\IC kinh t~. [ 17]
p Dtrthil'a
Pmin
PE ---
(D)
0 Q
Hinh 2.37: Chinh phu quy tljnh gia san
06 thi hinh 2.37 cho thfiy thi truong can bing t~i PE va QE. Khi Chinh phu quy djnh gia san la Pmin cao hon gia can bing thi truong PE, nguai ban s~n long cung ung m()t luc;mg la Qs ( Qs 16n hon luc;mg can bing QE), trong khi nguai mua chi mudn mua m9t luc;mg Qo (Qo < Qs). Do lugng cung 16n hon lugng cdu, thi truong du cung hay du thua m9t luc;mg hang h6a ~Q = Qs - Qo.
V 6i muc gia san, nguai mua se chiu thi~t vi phai mua m{>t lugng hang h6a a muc cao han muc can bang tren thi truang, con nguai ban duqc '
lqi vi ban duqc hang (J muc gia cao. M~t tieu C\fC cua chinh sach nay la S\l t6n kho do hang h6a du thua rftt nhi~u. Do d6, Chinh phu phai c6 bi~n phap h6 trq bing each mua h~t lugng du thua hang h6a d6 bing dung muc gia san da quy dinh thi gia ban nay m6i c6 thS t6n t~i dUQ'C.