INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the study
The English language is undeniably crucial in today's globalized world, serving as a vital link across various sectors such as business, education, healthcare, and culture It facilitates communication among diverse cultures and has become the language of the modern era, prominently used in fields like the economy, e-commerce, medicine, and aviation In tourism, for instance, Vietnam has seen significant growth, with over 9 million tourists visiting in 2011, reflecting a 1.012% increase from the previous year This growth is fueled by Vietnam's rich natural resources, unique culture, and stable economy, positioning it as an attractive destination for both domestic and international travelers However, many Vietnamese learners struggle with translating terminology in travel contracts due to the complexities of English vocabulary and the emergence of new terms This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of travel contract terminology to assist Vietnamese individuals in navigating translation challenges in this field.
Aims of the study
Introducing theoretical background of translation, terminology, translation methods
Giving some strategies applied in translation of terminology in travel contracts
Pointing out some difficulties, common mistakes possibly in the translation process made by Vietnamese learners and suggesting some solutions to avoid misunderstanding when translating it.
Scope of the study
Travel contract terminology is a complex subject, and while I do not aim to master every aspect of this field, I will concentrate on translation theory This article will provide strategies for effectively translating terminology within travel contracts.
In order to achieve the mentioned aims, in my study process, the following methods are employed:
To establish a solid theoretical foundation for my study, I engaged in extensive data collection by reading books and reference materials on translation, terminology, and English travel contracts, while also exploring online resources and gathering information from international websites.
Data analysis: Selecting related document and classifying information in terms of the aims of the study
Comparative and contrastive analysis: Analyzing the above classified information, arranging the information into the parts of the study
My study is divided into three main parts of which the second one is the most important
Part I: Introduction – gives out rationale, aims, scope, methods and design of the study
Part II: Development: mentions the main contents of the study and it is further divided into three chapters as below:
Chapter I: Theoretical background _ introduces definition of translation, translation methods
Chapter II: Terminology, some analysis, comparison, contrast-points out some strategies applied in the translation of terminology in travel contract terms
Chapter III: Implication-points out some problems in translation process and gives some suggestions to solve the problems
Part III: Conclusion-gives main ideas mentioned in previous parts and some suggestions for further study.
Design of the study
My study is divided into three main parts of which the second one is the most important
Part I: Introduction – gives out rationale, aims, scope, methods and design of the study
Part II: Development: mentions the main contents of the study and it is further divided into three chapters as below:
Chapter I: Theoretical background _ introduces definition of translation, translation methods
Chapter II: Terminology, some analysis, comparison, contrast-points out some strategies applied in the translation of terminology in travel contract terms
Chapter III: Implication-points out some problems in translation process and gives some suggestions to solve the problems
Part III: Conclusion-gives main ideas mentioned in previous parts and some suggestions for further study
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND OF TRANSLATION
Definition of translation
Translation plays a crucial role in various aspects of life, including literature, culture, religion, commercial advertising, popular entertainment, public administration, and education Scholars in the field have developed diverse theories, categorizing them as source-oriented or target-oriented Consequently, there are numerous definitions and interpretations of translation, with many writers contributing to the discourse This paper aims to compile and explore various concepts of translation.
Translation involves understanding the meaning of a source text and creating an equivalent text, known as a "translation," that conveys the same message in a different language The original text is referred to as the "source text," while the language it is translated into is termed the "target language."
_http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_
Translation is the process of changing something that is written or spoken into another language
Translation as the expression in another language (target language) of what has been expressed in one language (source language), preserving semantic and stylistic equivalencies, Translation is the replacement of a
16 representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language
Translation is rendering a written text into another language in a way that the author intended the text
_ Bui Tien Bao_Ha Noi National University_
Translation is the replacement of text material of this language (source language) with text material of another (target language)
Translation involves interpreting the meaning of a source text in one language and creating an equivalent target text in another language that conveys the same message effectively.
Translation is the process of communication in which the translator is interposed between a transmitter and a receiver who use different languages to carry out code of conversation between them
Translation is defined as the outcome of addressing challenges and producing signs that convey a receptor-text (RT) equivalent in function to a source text (ST), performed by an individual in a specific language tailored for a designated audience.
Translation is a text with qualities of equivalence to a prior text in another language, such that the new text is taken as a substitute for the original
Translation is a process of communication whose objective is to import the knowledge of the original to the foreign reader
Translation is the transformation of a text originally in one language into an equivalent in the content of the message and the formal features and the roles of the original
Translation is made possible by an equivalent of thought that lies behind its different verbal expressions
Translation is to be understood as the process whereby a message expressed in a specific source language is linguistically transformed in order to be understood by readers of the target language"
Translation is an act of communication which attempts to relay, across cultural and linguistic boundaries, another act of communication
Types of translation
Interlinear translation showcases the target language (TL) directly beneath the source language (SL) words, maintaining the original word order Each SL word is translated individually, using its most common meaning without considering the context.
Source language : I am a student at Hai Phong Private University
Target language : Tôi là sinh viên trường đại học Dân Lập Hải Phòng
The project was successfully implemented with the assistance of the United States.
Target language : Dự án này được thực hiện nhờ sự giúp đỡ của Mỹ
The translation accurately conveys the original context while adhering to the grammatical rules of the target language It effectively transfers cultural terms and maintains the appropriate level of grammatical and lexical deviation from the source language norms The process aims to remain fully faithful to the intentions and the textual reality envisioned by the original writer.
Source language: Today the Vietnamese are, almost no exception, extremely friendly to Western visitors
Target language: Ngày nay, người Việt Nam, gần như không có ngoại lệ, đều rất thân thiện với du khách phương Tây
(Text book for Translation 1_Hai Phong Private University)
Semantic translation prioritizes the aesthetic qualities of the source language text over strict fidelity to its meaning, allowing for compromises when necessary to ensure that elements like assonance, wordplay, and repetition are smoothly integrated into the final version.
Source language: Today the Vietnamese are, almost no exception, extremely friendly to Western visitors
Target language: Ngày nay người Việt Nam đếu rất thân thiện với các khách du lich nước ngoài
(Text book for Translation 1_Hai Phong Private University)
Free translation focuses on conveying the meaning of the original text rather than adhering to its exact form, resulting in a more natural-sounding target language (TL) version However, this approach can sometimes lead to a casual interpretation that may obscure the original intent For example, the source language describes a scene where a character stands by a window, observing a gray cat walking along a gray fence in a gray backyard, emphasizing a sense of dullness and monotony.
Target language: Cô ấy đứng bên cửa sổ, nhìn u sầu con mèo mướp bên ngoài đang đi trên hàng rào cũ trong cái sân ẩm mốc
This method of translation is often regarded as the most liberating approach, primarily utilized for plays and poetry It focuses on preserving the themes, characters, and plots while transforming the source language culture into the target language culture, resulting in a rewritten text that resonates with the new audience.
Source language: It would rather the victorious brightness
In an only moment the centenary twinkle
Target language: Thà một phút huy hoàng rồi vụt tắt
Còn hơn buồn le lói suốt trăm năm
Idiomatic translation reproduces the “message” of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and the idiom where these do not exist in the original
Source language: When in Rome, do as Romans do
Target language: Nhập gia tùy tục
Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership
Target language: Bác đi đâu đấy ạ?
Equivalence in translation
Baker examines the concept of equivalence within the translation process, addressing various aspects of translation while integrating both linguistic and communicative approaches She identifies key distinctions in how equivalence operates across different levels of translation.
When translating between languages, equivalence can occur at both the word level and beyond According to Baker, a bottom-up approach prioritizes word-level equivalence as the initial focus for translators As they analyze the source text (ST), translators examine individual words to identify direct equivalents in the target language (TL) Baker emphasizes that a single word may have multiple meanings across different languages and can be viewed as a more complex unit or morpheme Therefore, translators must consider various factors, including number, gender, and tense, when evaluating a single word for accurate translation.
Grammatical equivalence highlights the variations in grammatical categories among different languages These differences can create challenges when attempting to find direct correspondences in the target language (TL) As a result, distinct grammatical structures between the source language (SL) and the TL can lead to significant alterations in meaning.
Translation can be influenced by various factors that affect how information is conveyed These factors may lead translators to add or omit details in the target text due to the absence of specific grammatical structures in the target language Baker highlights several grammatical elements that can pose challenges in translation, including number, tense and aspect, voice, person, and gender.
Textual equivalence refers to the relationship between a source language (SL) text and a target language (TL) text in terms of information and cohesion The concept of texture is crucial in translation, as it offers valuable insights for understanding and analyzing the source text (ST), assisting translators in creating a cohesive and coherent text for the target culture (TC) audience within a specific context Ultimately, the translator must decide whether to preserve the cohesive ties and coherence of the SL text, a decision influenced by three key factors: the target audience, the translation's purpose, and the type of text being translated.
Pragmatic equivalence in translation involves understanding implicatures and employing avoidance strategies to convey meaning effectively Implicature refers to what is suggested rather than explicitly stated, necessitating that translators decipher these implied meanings to accurately communicate the source text's message The translator's role is to faithfully recreate the author's intent within a different cultural context, ensuring that the target culture reader comprehends the message clearly.
ESP in translation
ESP, or English for Specific Purposes, refers to the teaching of English tailored for particular objectives While some define it broadly as English instruction for any specified purpose, others emphasize its focus on academic or professional contexts, highlighting its role in vocational training and specialized fields of study.
Tony Dudley-Evans, co-editor of the ESP Journal gives an extended definition of ESP in terms of 'absolute' and 'variable' characteristics
_Definition of ESP (Dudley-Evans, 1997)_
ESP is defined to meet specific needs of the learners
ESP makes use of underlying methodology and activities of the discipline it serves
ESP is centered on the language appropriate to these activities in terms of grammar, lexis, register, study skills, discourse and genre
ESP may be related to or designed for specific disciplines
ESP may use, in specific teaching situations, a different methodology from that of General English
ESP is likely to be designed for adult learners, either at a tertiary level institution or in a professional work situation It could, however, be for learners at secondary school level
ESP is generally designed for intermediate or advanced students
Most ESP courses assume some basic knowledge of the language systems
David Carter (1983) identifies three types of ESP:
• English for Academic and Occupational Purposes
Air traffic controllers and waiters exemplify the use of English as a restricted language, as highlighted by Mackay and Mountford (1978), who differentiate between restricted language and more general forms of communication.
The language used in international air-traffic control is considered 'special' due to its limited and specific repertoire tailored for particular situations, akin to the linguistic needs of a waiter or air-hostess However, these restricted repertoires do not constitute a full language, similar to how a tourist phrase book lacks grammatical depth Mastering such a limited 'language' would not enable effective communication in unfamiliar situations or outside the professional context.
The second type of ESP identified by Carter (1983) is English for
The 'Tree of ELT' model by Hutchinson and Waters (1987) categorizes English for Specific Purposes (ESP) into three main branches: English for Science and Technology (EST), English for Business and Economics (EBE), and English for Social Studies (ESS), highlighting the diverse applications of English in academic and occupational contexts.
Each of these subject areas is further divided into two branches:
English for Academic Purposes (EAP)
English for Occupational Purposes(EOP)
An example of EOP for the EST branch is 'English for Technicians' whereas an example of EAP for the EST branch is 'English for Medical
The third type of English for Specific Purposes (ESP), as identified by Carter (1983), focuses on specific topics rather than just purposes This category addresses the future English needs of professionals, such as scientists who require proficiency for postgraduate reading, attending international conferences, or working abroad.
IV.3 Definition of technical translation
Technical translation is a specialized form of translation focused on converting documents created by technical writers, such as owner’s manuals and user guides It pertains specifically to texts related to technological subjects and the practical application of scientific and technological information.
In "Approaches to Translation" (1981), Newmark differentiates between technical and institutional translation, noting that technical translation falls under specialized translation, while institutional translation encompasses fields like politics, commerce, and finance He argues that technical translation is largely non-cultural and universal, as technological advancements benefit all speech communities, necessitating the translation of technical terms In contrast, institutional translation is inherently cultural, where terms are typically transferred unless associated with international organizations Despite their differing perspectives, both authors recognize technical translation as a specialized field characterized by its focus on "special terms."
Terminology and Travel contract terms
Up to now there are various definitions of terminology by many linguists
Terminology is the study of specialized terms and their contextual meanings, which can differ significantly from their everyday usage This discipline explores how these terms, often referred to as terms of art, are created and understood within specific fields.
25 and their interrelationships within a culture Terminology differs from lexicography in studying concepts, conceptual systems, and their labels (terms), whereas lexicography study words and their meanings
_http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminology_
Terminology is the set of technical words or expressions used in a particular subject
Terminology is the study and practice focused on the collection, description, processing, and presentation of terms, which are lexical items specific to specialized fields in one or more languages.
Terminology refers to specific words or phrases that accurately represent concepts and their interrelations within a particular field It encompasses specialized expressions related to objects, phenomena, attributes, and relationships pertinent to a certain profession.
Terminology refers to specific words or phrases used in fields such as science, technology, politics, and art, each carrying distinct meanings and representing precise concepts within these disciplines.
Terminology refers to the specialized vocabulary within a language, encompassing specific words and phrases that accurately represent concepts and subjects across various fields of expertise.
Terminology, as a unique component of the lexical system, possesses distinct characteristics Linguists identify several essential qualities of effective terminology, including accuracy, systematic organization, international relevance, national specificity, and widespread recognition.
The primary quality of terminology is accuracy, which ensures that each term conveys a specific concept clearly and precisely, thereby minimizing the risk of misinterpretation In professional contexts, each term should represent only one concept within its system Additionally, the meaning of a term is not merely the sum of its components but is shaped by the combination of linguistic signals According to Luu Van Lang (1977), each linguistic signal carries a fundamental meaning, and conversely, a concept is associated with a distinct linguistic signal in a given context.
In 1998, it was noted that concept-words can have varying meanings across different technologies Consequently, when a term is developed within a specific field, it is essential to consider its homophones and synonyms, which are frequently encountered in linguistics.
The second criterion of a scientific term is its systematic nature within a terminological system, where each term holds a specific position and derives its meaning in relation to other terms When a term is isolated from its context, its meaning becomes unclear, highlighting the importance of systematism as a key feature of terminology However, terminologists have differing opinions on this characteristic; some emphasize systematic formation as the defining trait, while others propose alternative views.
Content is characterized by its features, but its true essence lies in the interplay between content and expression form A concept cannot be isolated from its system, as this relationship defines its significance within that framework.
Terms are specialized words that convey common scientific concepts and facilitate global collaboration and technological exchange The process of globalization has led to the internationalization of terminology, allowing scientific terms to be used widely across different languages, thereby accelerating the development of international science Various fields, such as medicine, physics, and telecommunications, have seen the emergence of internationally recognized terms However, each language, including Vietnamese, incorporates its own cultural principles and characteristics, reflecting both nationalism and widespread usage in its terminology.
Terminology is a unique linguistic unit that reflects the specific language of a profession and is inherently tied to the national language In Vietnam, terminology must resonate with Vietnamese culture and the distinctive features of the Vietnamese language It is essential that these terms are suitable for the Vietnamese populace, encompassing both lexicological and grammatical elements.
Terminology is a vital aspect of linguistics that facilitates scientific and technological advancement for everyone Its significance lies in driving progress and enhancing understanding across various fields.
28 science, hence it should be comprehensible to all people in its way of reading, writing, speaking and memorizing
According to the International Standardization Organization ( ISO,
1988), the following factors are of essential consideration in the creation of terminology are:
Terms must consistently reflect the essential characteristics of the concepts they represent to ensure accurate reference They should be concise to prevent ambiguity and adhere to the lexical, phonological, and morphological rules of the language Additionally, terms must conform to the common rules of word formation, allowing for necessary composition and derivation The meanings of terms should be context-free Term creation, which includes both primary and secondary formations, is influenced by various factors and motivations When a new concept emerges, primary term formation occurs, while secondary term formation involves the monolingual revision of existing terminology.
TL after a process of transferring knowledge from one linguistic community to another
Technical terminology is constantly evolving due to ongoing advancements in science and technology The formation of both primary and secondary terms is influenced by the emergence of various synonyms and variants, which arise to meet the demand for more accessible scientific language and to differentiate products in the market.
4 The distinction between terms and words
SOME STRATEGIES APPLIED IN TRANSLATION OF
The strategy applied in translation of single terms
This article focuses on recognized translation, one of the most popular strategies for translating single terms Due to the diverse ways terms can be formed, it is crucial for translators to understand the formation of these terms By recognizing these structures, translators can effectively and efficiently translate terms, enhancing their overall translation process.
Many words can be translated based on their original meanings in general text, but due to their multi-lexical nature and the various fields of translation, the meanings may remain the same or shift slightly Skilled translators can recognize these nuances and identify the closest equivalent in the target language (TL) For instance, the term "broker" can be translated into Vietnamese as "người môi giới," reflecting its original meaning in a general context.
“agreement” means “hiệp định” when it is used in ESP
Suite Loại phòng nghỉ cao cấp ở khách sạn
Ferry Tàu du lịch vận chuyển dài ngày
Occupancy Mức độ chiếm phòng (phòng đã đặt)
Amentities Tiện nghi ( đồ mà khách sạn cung cấp)
Commissionable Dịch vụ, chỗ ngồi trong khách sạn
Supply Đồ khách sạn cung cấp
1.2 Single terms with suffixes “ er” “ or”, “tion”
Joiner Khách cùng đi du lịch
Reception Dịch vụ đón tiếp
Confirmation Xác nhận đặt phòng
The strategies applied in translation of compound terms
I Strategies applied in translation of compound terms
II.1 Shift or transposition translation
The most popular strategy applied to translate compound terms is
Shift or transposition translation A “shift” (in Catford’ term) or
“transposition” (Vinay & Darbelnet) is a translation procedure involving a change in the grammar from SL to TL, including two sub classification: automatic translation and rank-shift translation
That is one type of transposition which has change in the word order, and offers translator no choice
The automatic shift strategy in translation is illustrated through examples such as "double room" and "conference room." In English, "double room" consists of the adjective "double" preceding the noun "room," while in Vietnamese, it is translated as "phòng đôi," where the order is reversed Similarly, "conference room," which is "phòng hội nghị" in Vietnamese, also demonstrates a shift, with the noun "conference" following "room" in the translation This approach allows for a natural conversion of terms from English to Vietnamese, maintaining coherence without the need for additional expressions.
Compound nouns formed by noun + noun
Leisure travel Du lịch nghỉ dưỡng, tham quan thông thường Mice tour Tour hội thảo, hội chợ
First class Vé máy bay hạng sang nhất
Adventure travel Loại hình du lịch khám phá mang tính mạo hiểm Buffet breakfast Ăn sáng tự chọn ở khách sạn
Business class Vé hạng thương gia trên máy bay
Hộ chiếu nhóm là loại hộ chiếu được cấp cho một nhóm công dân để đi du lịch trong cùng một lần Hộ chiếu khẩn cấp là loại hộ chiếu được cấp trong tình huống khẩn cấp nhưng không có giá trị để đi du lịch Phòng hội nghị là không gian được thiết kế để tổ chức các cuộc họp và hội thảo.
Light baggage Phòng có hành lý nhẹ
Room attendant Nhân viên phục vụ phòng
Room transfer Khách chuyển phòng
Bell captain Đội trưởng khuân vác ở khách sạn
City guide Sách hướng dẫn du lịch
City tour Tour du lịch trong thành phố
Companion fare Giá cước cho người đi theo
Companion rate Suất giá cho người cùng thuê
Cancellation penalty Khoản phạt hủy bỏ
Combination destination Điểm du lịch hấp dẫn
Conference center Trung tâm hội nghị
Group arrangements Dịch vụ cung cấp cho khách tại điểm đến nằm trong lộ trình du lịch Group operator Cơ sở kinh doanh dịch vụ du lịch tại chỗ
Hotel package Suất bao khách sạn
Hotel register Sổ đăng kí theo dõi
Impulse travel Du lịch ngẫu hứng
Advance deposit Tiền đặt cọc
Arrival list Danh sách khách đến
Arrival date Ngày khách đến
Arrival time Giờ khách đến
Conference business Dịch vụ hội nghị
Incentive fare Giá cước du lịch thưởng
Day rate Giá thuê trong ngày
Departure list Danh sách khách trả phòng
Support center Bộ phận hỗ trợ
Compound nouns formed by adj + noun
Double locker Phòng khóa kép
Executive housekeeper Trưởng bộ phận phòng
Continental breakfast Bữa ăn sáng kiểu lục địa
Soft drinks Đồ uống không cồn
Extra bed Giường kê thêm
Normal passport Hộ chiếu thông thường
Official passport Hộ chiếu quan chức đi công vụ
Diplomatic passport Hộ chiếu người làm công tác ngoại giao Concrete jungle Khu du lịch vô tổ chức
Double rate Mức giá phòng đôi
Domestic itinerary Hành trình du lịch trong nước
Continental plan Giá phòng bao gồm tiền phòng và một bữa ăn sáng Early departure Khách trả phòng sớm
Compound nouns formed by participle + N
Expected arrival Phòng khách đặt sắp đến
Expected departure Phòng khách sắp trả
Changing room Phòng thay đồ của nhân viên
Diving tour Tour du lịch tham gia lặn biển
Connecting rooms Phòng thông nhau
Repeating guest Khách lưu trú nhiều lần ở khách sạn
Rank-shift translation, a type of shift translation, entails alterations in grammar between the source language (SL) and the target language (TL), often involving the addition or omission of words in the TL compared to the SL.
Example: Executive housekeeper Trưởng bộ phận phòng Adj +noun Noun + Noun
In the source language (SL), the term "executive housekeeper" consists of an adjective and a noun, with "executive" functioning as an adjective However, when translated into the target language (TL), "executive" transforms into a noun This highlights a grammatical shift that occurs during the translation process from SL to TL.
Example: Complimentary rate Giá phòng ưu đãi
Adj + Noun Noun+ Noun+ Adj
In the TT, you can see that it is added word “ phòng” comparing with
SL Adding words make readers understand clearer and more exactly about the terms
Companion rate Suất giá cho người cùng thuê
Executive housekeeper Trưởng bộ phận phòng
Complimentary rate Giá phòng ưu đãi
Group operator Cơ sở kinh doanh dịch vụ du lịch tại chỗ Companion fare Giá cước cho người đi theo
Incentive fare Giá cước du lịch thưởng
This strategy involves translating phrases by excluding non-essential words, thereby enhancing the clarity and impact of the text while preventing redundancy in the translation.
In translation, the term "Back of the house" in Vietnamese translates to "hậu sảnh" by omitting the word "of," which simplifies the phrase from a literal "phía sau của khách sạn." Similarly, "free of charge" is effectively translated to "miễn phí" by removing the preposition "of." This approach enhances the fluidity and coherence of the translation, making it more engaging.
With this strategy, the content of SL is not changed, and translators can gain a better and more natural Vietnamese TL
Back of the house Hậu sảnh
Front of the house Tiền sảnh
Free of charge Miễn phí
Letter of confirmation Thư xác nhận
Method of payment Phương thức thanh toán
Kinds of room Hạng, loại phòng
Method of selling rooms Phương thức thanh toán phòng
This strategy often adds information, explains more about terms which are difficult to focus on a word or phrase in TL so that readers can understand the terms exactly
The term "soft drinks" is commonly translated into Vietnamese as "đồ uống không cồn," rather than the literal translation "đồ uống nhẹ." Similarly, the phrase "sleep out" is literally translated as "ngủ ngoài," but in the context of travel, it refers to "khách ngủ ngoài, không ngủ ở khách sạn."
Some examples are also translated by applying this strategy:
Diving tour Tour du lịch mà khách tham gia lặn biển để ngắm các rặng san hô Soft drinks Các loại đồ uống không cồn
Extra bed Giường kê thêm để tạo thành phòng triple từ phòng Twin hoặc phòng Double
No baggage Phòng khách không có hành lý
Occupied clean Phòng đang có khách lưu trú đã được làm vệ sinh
Occupied dirty Phòng đang có khách lưu trú chưa được làm vệ sinh
Stay over Khách kéo dài thời gian lưu trú, không trả phòng như dự định Walk –in – guest Khách vãng lai tự đến, không đặt phòng trước
II.4 Translation by paraphrase using related words
When translating English words or concepts, it's essential to capture all meanings associated with the term For instance, the phrase "concrete jungle" translates to "rừng rậm," but in a travel context, it conveys "khu du lịch đông đúc, vô tổ chức." A direct, word-for-word translation from English to Vietnamese may lead to redundancy To ensure accuracy and clarity, paraphrasing is the most effective translation strategy.
Some examples for this strategy:
Concrete jungle Khu du lịch đông đúc, vô tổ chức
Make up Bảng yêu cầu làm phòng
Black market Chúc may mắn ( trước những chuyến đi quan trọng) High roller Khách chơi bạc hào phóng, phung phí
Invisible export/import Số tiền mà công dân nước nào đó đã chi tiêu du lịch trên nước khác
Front desk Quầy lễ tân
Ghost town Thành phố trước đông người ở, giờ trống trơn, trở thành điểm du lịch
II.5 Translation of abbreviation by using loan words
Loan words have significantly enriched the Vietnamese language, especially in recent decades, as it has incorporated numerous English terms such as "chat," "copy," "marketing," "menu," and "list." In the procurement field, these loan words often appear in abbreviated forms, reflecting the evolving nature of communication in both work and study contexts.
An abbreviation is a shortened version of a word or phrase, often formed by using letters from the original term For instance, "abbreviation" can be abbreviated as "abbr" or "abbrev." Commonly, organization names are also presented in abbreviated forms, such as ATC Bank, WTO, ATECH, ASEAN, and AMT.
IT Abbreviations of this field are also classified into the most common types: acronyms
Acronyms are formed by taking the initial letters of a series of words, creating a concise representation of a longer phrase They serve as shortened versions of words or phrases, often consisting of a single letter or a combination of letters derived from the original terms.
Acronyms are created from the initial letters of a name or phrase, with each letter pronounced separately, such as ABF (American Breakfast) or VOA (Visa on Arrival) By using acronyms, translators can effectively shorten terms, reducing redundancy while ensuring that readers still understand the intended meaning.
The following attached reference table is illustrations in order that readers can closely approach with this strategy:
Abbreviation Full of form Vietnamese
ABF ( Bữa ăn sáng kiểu Mỹ)
SGL Single bed room SGL ( Phòng 1 giường, 1 người ở)
TWN Twin bed room TWN (Phòng 2 giường, 2 người ở)
DBL Double bed room DBL ( Phòng 1 giường lớn, 2 người ở)
TRPL Triple bed room TRPL (Phòng 3 người ở)
OW One way OW ( Vé máy bay 1 chiểu)
STA (Giờ đến theo kế hoạch)
ETA (Giờ đến theo dự kiến)
STD (Giờ khởi hành theo kế hoạch)
ETD (Giờ khởi hành theo dự kiến)
VOA Visa on arrival VOA (Thị thực cấp trực tiếp cho khách tại cửa khẩu)
MU Make up MU (Bảng yêu cầu làm phòng)
OC Occupied clean OC (Phòng đang có khách lưu trú đã được làm vệ sinh)
OD Occupied dirty OD (Phòng đang có khách lưu trú chưa được làm vệ sinh)
RS Refuse service RS (Khách từ chối phục vụ)
SO Slept out SO (Khách ngủ ngoài, không ngủ trong khách sạn)
VC Vacant clean VC (Phòng trống sạch)
VD Vacant dirty VD (Phòng trống bẩn)
VR Vacant ready VR (Phòng trông sẵn sàng đón khách)
FIT (Khách du lịch tự do)
BB (Phòng ngủ và ăn sáng)
IMPLICATION
Some problems in translation process
In translation, a common challenge arises when general English words possess varied meanings and convey distinct concepts in specialized contexts This discrepancy often leads to misunderstandings during the translation process.
The translators often misunderstand the meaning of word between general English and specific English or among fields In specific cases, each word express different meaning
The term "skips" has different meanings across various contexts; in general English, it translates to "ông bầu," while in sports, it refers to a "đội trưởng" or "thủ quân." In the tourism industry, however, "skips" denotes a "khách quỵt" or a guest who fails to pay for their accommodation.
In general English, the term "operator" refers to a mechanic or a switchboard operator However, in the specific context of the tourism industry, "ground operator" signifies a local service provider that offers on-site travel services.
Surely, translators will have conclusion how to use exactly and flexibly Vietnamese equivalent to avoid misunderstanding
In every specialized field, numerous terms are created through various methods, leading to challenges for translators who may lack sufficient knowledge in that area This limited understanding often complicates the accurate translation of specific terminology.
Some terms express new concept or new ideas which are formed in the working process of each field or formed by using habits or slang…such as
“back-to-back” ( liên tục), “ walk-in-guest” ( khách vãng lai, tự đến)
Many terms can be easily understood through their individual components or direct translation For example, "double room" and "buffet breakfast" can be easily deciphered by examining the meanings of "double" and "room," or "buffet" and "breakfast," respectively However, some phrases do not lend themselves to straightforward translation, leading to potential misunderstandings Applying a word-for-word translation strategy can obscure the intended meaning of terms like "desk agent," which translates to "lễ tân," or "check-in" and "check-out," which refer to "thủ tục nhận phòng khách sạn" and "thủ tục trả phòng khách sạn," respectively.
Translators often face challenges when translating abbreviations due to their diverse formation methods If translators lack sufficient knowledge of what these abbreviations represent, they may struggle to accurately convey their meanings using a dictionary.
II Some suggestions for translation
The most difficult to translate ESP is terminology which is often translated practically and exactly in requirement Generally, the best translation should be performed according to some following steps:
Translators must grasp new terminology within the context and intent of the entire text they are translating To achieve this, it is essential to read through all sentences to convey the intended message clearly and naturally in the target language (TL) This approach allows translators to fully understand the meaning of words within the detailed content, as most terms are derived from standard English vocabulary.
Translators must research the relevant knowledge about the translation topic to grasp the concepts of terms accurately and use them correctly, thereby minimizing potential difficulties This approach enables translators to select the most appropriate Vietnamese equivalents, reducing the risk of misunderstandings.
Translators should refrain from translating word for word, as this can distort the original meaning and diminish the beauty of the expression While many terms can be effectively translated using general words, there are instances when it is essential to use longer phrases or even complete sentences to ensure that the reader fully understands the context.
CONCLUSION
In today's global landscape, English has emerged as the international language, making it a mandatory subject in educational institutions worldwide Its significance spans various sectors, including economics, science, politics, and medicine Consequently, the translation of English terminology for specific purposes is essential for effective communication and understanding across diverse fields.
My graduation paper is structured into three main parts The first part outlines the rationale, aims, methods, scope, and design of the study, providing readers with a comprehensive overview The second part is crucial, comprising three chapters that delve into the theoretical background of translation methods, strategies for translating common travel contract terms, and challenges faced during the translation process Chapter I discusses translation theories, while Chapter II explores strategies such as recognized translation, shift translation, omission, addition, paraphrasing, and the use of loan words Chapter III addresses translation difficulties and offers suggestions for improvement Finally, the third part summarizes the key concepts from the previous sections and proposes avenues for further research.
This study aims to provide valuable insights into travel contract terminology, particularly focusing on English terms relevant to the tourism industry It serves as a resource for readers seeking to enhance their understanding and offers suggestions for further exploration in this field.
I acknowledge that my graduation paper may contain mistakes and shortcomings due to my limited time and knowledge I welcome feedback, suggestions, and support from teachers and readers to enhance the quality of my work.
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(Applied Linguistic and Language Study), London: Longman Group Ltd
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5 Jakobson R (1959) Linguistic aspects of translation
6 Perter Newmark (1988) A text book of translation: theorical and practical implications( Oxford: Pergamon press)
7 Tony Dudley – Evans and Maggie Jo St John (1998) Developments in
English for Specific purpose: A multi-disciplinary approach (
8 Do Huu Chau (1998) Co so ngu nghia hoc tu vung NXB Giao Duc
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Practice, New York: Longman Inc
1 http://www.asmara.com/terminology.htm
2 http://caudulich.com/tu-sach-du-lich/5026-nhung-thuat-ngu-dung- trong-khach-san.html
3 http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/thuat-ngu-du-lich.6933.html
4 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminology
5 http://forum.tienganh123.com/threads/8802-mot-so-thuat-ngu-trong- nghanh-kinh-doanh-du-lich-lu-hanh.html
6 http://www.thongtindulichvietnam.com/diendan/viewforum.php?f
7 http://www.sinhviendulich.net/tag/thuat-ngu-du-lich/
8 http://hotrosinhvien.org/threads/3655-Thuat-ngu-trong-nganh-du-lich
1 Block booking Đặt phòng cho một nhóm người
2 Check-in-hour Giờ nhận phòng
3 Check-in-date Ngày nhận phòng
4 Check-out-hour Giờ trả phòng
5 Check-out-date Ngày trả phòng
6 European plan Giá chỉ bao gồm tiền phòng
7 F.O cashier Nhân viên thu ngân lễ tân
8 F O equipment Thiết bị tại quầy lễ tân
9 Other requirements Các yêu cầu khác
10 Pre-assignment Sắp xếp phòng trước
11 Pre-payment Thanh toán tiền trước
12 Pre-registration Chuẩn bị đăng kí trước
13 Revenue center Bộ phân kinh doanh trực tiếp
14 Out of order Phòng hỏng/ đồ vật hỏng không sửa được
15 Out of service Phòng tạm thời chưa đưa vào
55 phục vụ do sửa chữa
16 Pantry Kho tầng chứa đồ để chuẩn bị cho việc phục vụ khách
17 Hotel representative Đại diện khách sạn
18 Houseman/woman Nhân viên tạp dịch nam/nữ
19 Low season Mùa thấp điểm
20 High season Mùa cao điểm
22 Manual Sách dành tham khảo trong du lịch
23 Inbound Khách du lịch quốc tế, người
Việt tại hải ngại đến du lịch Việt Nam
24 Outbound Người Việt Nam, người nước ngoài tại VN đi thăm quan các nước khác
25 Trekking Tour du lịch khám phá, mạo hiểm
26 Kayaking Tour du lịch mà khách tham gia trực tiếp chèo thuyền vượt qua t ghềnh thác
27 Homestay Tour du lịch mà khách sẽ ở tại nhà người dân bản xứ
28 Full board package Tour trọn gói gồm tất cả các bữa ăn sáng, trưa, tối
29 Half board package Tour trọn gói nhưng chỉ gồm ăn sáng, ăn trưa hoặc ăn tối
30 Free & Easy package Tour du lịch cơ bản chỉ gồm phương tiện vận chuyển, phòng nghỉ và các bữa sáng tại khách sạn
31 Junior suite Phòng khách sạn rộng, có chỗ làm việc, nơi ngủ và nơi tiếp khách được ngăn riêng bằng vách ngăn
32 Jitney Xe khách bình dân, xa thả
33 Off-line Hoạt động ngoài, không theo tuyến
34 Group plan rate Giá phòng cho khách đoàn
35 Guaranteed booking Đặt phòng có đảm bảo
Sổ theo dõi các chi tiêu của khách
37 Guest history file Hồ sơ lưu của khách
38 Guest service Dịch vụ khách hàng
Phòng dành cho người khuyết tật
Bộ phận phục vụ phòng
42 Housekeeping status Tình trạng phòng
43 In-house guests Khách đang lưu trú tại khách sạn
44 Late check out Phòng trả trễ
45 No show Khách không đến
46 Non- guaranteed reservation Đặt phòng không đảm bảo
Overbooking Đặt phòng quá tải (vượt trội)
49 Overnightaccommodation Ở lưu trú qua đêm
Lưu trú quá thời hạn
Registration process Qui trình đăng ký
Khả năng cung cấp phòng
Kiểm tra tình trạng phòng
Thời gian lưu trú ngắn hơn
Phòng khách đã trả nhưng lễ tân