INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the study
The English language holds significant importance as a global medium, permeating various sectors such as business, education, healthcare, culture, economy, e-commerce, medicine, and aviation In the pharmaceutical field, English is essential for drug preparation and treatment, which have been vital to human life for centuries Vietnam has made notable strides in its pharmaceutical industry, leveraging its rich natural resources, enduring culture, and sustainable economy to unlock its potential With a population exceeding 84 million, the growth of this sector is crucial, as domestic production currently satisfies over 50% of drug demand, with aims to increase this to 62% by 2012 and 70% by 2015 However, many Vietnamese learners struggle with translating pharmaceutical terminology due to the complexity of English vocabulary and the emergence of new terms, highlighting the need for further research in this area.
I hope that to some extent my study can offer a thorough understanding about terminology in pharmaceutical as well as helps Vietnamese in translation of the term in this field
Aims of the study
Introducing theoretical background of translation, terminology, translation methods
Giving some strategies applied in translation of terminology in pharmaceutical
Pointing out some difficulties, common mistakes in the translation process made by Vietnamese learners and suggesting some solutions to avoid misunderstanding when translating it.
Scope of the study
Pharmaceutical terminology is a complex and diverse field Given the constraints of time, knowledge, and experience, I aim to concentrate on translation theory rather than mastering every aspect of this subject My focus will be on providing effective strategies for translating pharmaceutical terms.
In order to achieve the mentioned aims, in my study process, the following methods are used:
To establish a solid theoretical foundation for my study, I conducted data collection by reading various books and reference materials on translation, including a pharmacy terminology dictionary and English pharmaceutical texts, while also sourcing information from foreign websites and conducting online searches for relevant literature.
Data analysis: Selecting related document and classifying information in terms of the aims of the study
Comparative and contrastive analysis: Analyzing the above classified information, arranging the information into the parts of the study
My study is divided into three main parts of which the second one is the most important
Part I: Introduction – gives out rationale, aims, scope, methods and design of the study
Part II: Development: mentions the main contents of the study and it is further divided into three chapters as below:
Chapter I: Theoretical background _ introduces definition of translation, translation methods
Chapter II: Terminology, some analysis, comparison, contrast, point out some strategies apply in the translation of terminology in Pharmaceutical terms
Chapter III: Implication-points out some problems in translation process and give some suggestions to solve the problems
Gives main ideas mentioned in previous parts and some suggestions for further study.
Design of the study
My study is divided into three main parts of which the second one is the most important
Part I: Introduction – gives out rationale, aims, scope, methods and design of the study
Part II: Development: mentions the main contents of the study and it is further divided into three chapters as below:
Chapter I: Theoretical background _ introduces definition of translation, translation methods
Chapter II: Terminology, some analysis, comparison, contrast, point out some strategies apply in the translation of terminology in Pharmaceutical terms
Chapter III: Implication-points out some problems in translation process and give some suggestions to solve the problems
Gives main ideas mentioned in previous parts and some suggestions for further study
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Definition of translation
Translation plays a crucial role in various aspects of life, encompassing literature, culture, religion, commercial advertising, popular entertainment, public administration, and education Scholars have categorized translation theories into source-oriented and target-oriented approaches, leading to a multitude of definitions This paper compiles diverse concepts of translation, highlighting its significance across different fields.
Translation involves understanding the meaning of a source text and creating an equivalent text, known as a translation, that conveys the same message in a different language The original text is referred to as the source text, while the language into which it is translated is called the target language.
―target language‖ The product is sometimes called the ―target text‖
_http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_
Translation is the process of changing something that is written or spoken into another language
Translation as the expression in another language (target language) of what has been expressed in one language (source language), preserving semantic and
5 stylistic equivalencies, Translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language
Translation is rendering a written text into another language in a way that the author intended the text
_ Bui Tien Bao_Ha Noi National University_
Translation is the replacement of text material of this language (source language) with text material of another (target language)
Translation is the interpretation of the meaning of a text in one language
(the source text) and the production, in another language of a equivalent text (the target text) that communicates the same message
Translation is the process of communication in which the translator is interposed between a transmitter and a receiver who use different languages to carry out code of conversation between them
Translation is the process of creating a functionally equivalent receptor-text (RT) from a source text (ST), where a human translator addresses problem-solving and sign production in a specific language for a targeted audience.
Translation is a text with qualities of equivalence to a prior text in another language, such that the new text is taken as a substitute for the original
Translation is a process of communication whose objective is to import the knowledge of the original to the foreign reader
Translation is the transformation of a text originally in one language into an equivalent in the content of the message and the formal features and the roles of the original
Translation is made possible by an equivalent of thought that lies behind its different verbal expressions
Translation is to be understood as the process whereby a message expressed in a specific source language is linguistically transformed in order to be understood by readers of the target language"
Translation is an act of communication which attempts to relay, across cultural and linguistic boundaries, another act of communication
Types of translation
Interlinear translation showcases the target language (TL) directly beneath the source language (SL) words, maintaining the original word order Each word is translated individually, reflecting its most common meaning without considering the surrounding context.
Source language: I am a student at Hai Phong Private University
Target language: Tôi là sinh viên trường đại học Dân Lập Hải Phòng
The SL grammatical construction is converted to the nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context
Source language: After the voyage we were given a one –month‘s leave
Target language: ―Sau chuyến đi biển, chúng tôi được nghỉ 1 tháng‖
The translation accurately conveys the original's contextual meaning while adhering to the grammatical rules of the target language It effectively translates cultural terms and maintains the appropriate level of grammatical and lexical variation.
SL norms It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text-reality of the SL writer
Source language: All members of my family, almost no exception, extremely friendly to my girlfriend
Target language: Các thành viên trong gia đình tôi, gần như không có ngoại lệ, đều rất thân thiện với bạn gái tôi
(Text book for Translation 1_Hai Phong Private University)
Semantic translation differs from faithful translation only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text, compromising on
―meaning‖ where appropriate so that no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in finished version
Source language: All members of my family, almost no exception, extremely friendly to my girlfriend
Các thành viên trong gia đình tôi, hầu hết đều rất thân thiện và cởi mở với bạn gái của tôi.
Free translation focuses on conveying the meaning of the original text while sacrificing its form, resulting in a more natural-sounding target language (TL) version However, this approach can lead to a casual interpretation that may stray too far from the original content, potentially causing misunderstandings.
Source language: The scene in Ha Long is poetic
Target language: Phong cảnh Hạ Long thật thơ mộng
Free translation is a creative approach primarily utilized for plays and poetry, where the themes, characters, and plots are maintained while adapting the source language culture to the target language culture This method involves rewriting the text to ensure it resonates with the audience in the target language.
Target language: It would rather the victorious brightness
In an only moment the centenary twinkle
Source language: Thà một phút huy hoàng rồi vụt tắt
Còn hơn buồn le lói suốt trăm năm
Idiomatic translation reproduces the ―message‖ of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and the idiom where these do not exist in the original
Source language: Where there is a will, there is a way!
Target language: Có chí thì nên
II.8 S ome well-known translation procedures
The translating procedures, as depicted by Nida (1964) are Technical
Procedures and Organizational procedures The Technical procedures
Including: analysis of the source and target languages, a through study of the
Before translating a text, it is essential to assess its semantic and syntactic elements This involves a continuous reevaluation of translation attempts, comparing them with existing translations by other translators Additionally, the effectiveness of the text's communication should be verified by soliciting feedback from target language readers regarding its accuracy and impact, as well as analyzing their responses.
Graedler (2000:3) outlines several translation procedures, including creating new words, providing explanations for source language (SL) expressions instead of direct translations, retaining SL terms as they are, and choosing target language (TL) words that are similar or relevant to the SL terms.
On the other hand, according to Newmark, there are 8 procedures:
Transference occurs when source language (SL) words are incorporated directly into the target language (TL) text without translation This technique is often applied to proper nouns such as newspaper names, geographical locations, street names, and new technical terms that lack equivalents in the TL.
Eg: FPT, Ipod, ipad etc
- Naturalization: The SL word is transferred or adapted to the TL based on the pronunciation and morphology
- Cultural equivalent: The SL cultural word or expression is translated by a TL cultural word based on its equivalent in the TL Because of different
10 culture, the different idioms and currencies are translated differently
Eg: Mutton dressed as lamb -> Cưa sừng làm nghé
Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership
Target language: Bác đi đâu đấy ạ?
Equivalence in translation
Baker examines the concept of equivalence in the translation process, addressing various aspects of translation by integrating both linguistic and communicative approaches She identifies distinct levels of equivalence that are crucial for effective translation.
Equivalence in translation can occur at both the word level and beyond According to Baker, a bottom-up approach prioritizes word-level equivalence, prompting translators to analyze source text (ST) words as individual units to find direct equivalents in the target language (TL) It's important to note that a single word may have varying meanings across languages and can be viewed as a complex unit or morpheme Therefore, translators must consider several factors, including number, gender, and tense, when evaluating individual words.
Grammatical equivalence highlights the variations in grammatical categories across different languages These differences in grammatical rules can create challenges when attempting to establish direct translations or equivalences between languages.
In translation, differences in grammatical structures between the source language (SL) and target language (TL) can significantly alter how information is conveyed These discrepancies may lead translators to either add or omit details in the target text (TT) due to the absence of specific grammatical features in the TL Baker highlights several grammatical elements that can pose challenges in translation, including number, tense and aspects, voice, person, and gender.
Textual equivalence refers to the relationship between a source language (SL) text and a target language (TL) text in terms of information and cohesion Texture plays a crucial role in translation, offering essential guidelines for understanding and analyzing the source text (ST) This understanding aids the translator in creating a cohesive and coherent text for the target culture (TC) audience within a specific context Ultimately, the translator must decide whether to preserve the cohesive ties and coherence of the SL text, guided by three key factors: the target audience, the purpose of the translation, and the type of text being translated.
Pragmatic equivalence in translation involves understanding implicatures and avoidance strategies It focuses on implied meanings rather than explicit statements, requiring translators to decipher these nuances to convey the source text's message effectively The translator's role is to faithfully recreate the author's intention within a different cultural context, ensuring clarity for the target culture reader.
ESP in translation
ESP, or English for Specific Purposes, refers to the teaching of English tailored to meet specific needs While some define ESP broadly as English instruction for any identifiable purpose, others offer a more nuanced understanding of its focused approach.
12 describing it as the teaching of English used in academic studies or the teaching of English for vocational or professional purposes
Tony Dudley-Evans, co-editor of the ESP Journal gives an extended definition of ESP in terms of 'absolute' and 'variable' characteristics
_Definition of ESP (Dudley-Evans, 1997)_
ESP is defined to meet specific needs of the learners
ESP makes use of underlying methodology and activities of the discipline it serves
ESP is centered on the language appropriate to these activities in terms of grammar, lexis, register, study skills, discourse and genre
ESP may be related to or designed for specific disciplines
ESP may use, in specific teaching situations, a different methodology from that of General English
ESP is likely to be designed for adult learners, either at a tertiary level institution or in a professional work situation It could, however, be for learners at secondary school level
ESP is generally designed for intermediate or advanced students
Most ESP courses assume some basic knowledge of the language systems
David Carter (1983) identifies three types of ESP:
• English for Academic and Occupational Purposes
English as a restricted language is exemplified by the communication styles of air traffic controllers and waiters According to Mackay and Mountford (1978), the language used in international air traffic control is considered "special" due to its limited and situation-specific vocabulary This restricted language, similar to that of a dining-room waiter or air hostess, lacks the complexity of a full language; it does not enable effective communication in unfamiliar situations or outside of professional contexts, much like a tourist phrase book does not encompass grammar.
Carter (1983) identifies English for Academic and Occupational Purposes as the second type of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) According to Hutchinson and Waters (1987) in their 'Tree of ELT,' ESP is categorized into three main branches: English for Science and Technology (EST), English for Business and Economics (EBE), and English for Social Studies (ESS).
Each of these subject areas is further divided into two branches:
English for Academic Purposes (EAP)
English for Occupational Purposes (EOP)
An example of EOP for the EST branch is 'English for Technicians' whereas an example of EAP for the EST branch is 'English for Medical Studies'
- The third and final type of ESP identified by Carter (1983) is English with specific topics Carter notes that it is only here where emphasis shifts from purpose
Terminology and Pharmaceutical terms
English for Specific Purposes (ESP) focuses on the future English requirements of professionals, such as scientists who need proficiency for postgraduate reading, attending international conferences, or working in foreign institutions.
IV.3 Definition of technical translation
Technical translation is a specialized form of translation focused on converting documents created by technical writers, such as owner’s manuals and user guides This type of translation pertains to texts related to technological fields or those that address the practical application of scientific and technological information.
In "Approaches to Translation" (1981), Newmark differentiates between technical and institutional translation, defining technical translation as a subset of specialized translation, while institutional translation encompasses areas such as politics, commerce, and finance He argues that technical translation is universal and non-cultural, as the advantages of technology transcend linguistic boundaries, necessitating the translation of specific terms Conversely, institutional translation is inherently cultural, typically involving the transfer of terms unless they relate to international organizations Despite their differing perspectives, both authors agree that technical translation is characterized by specialized terminology.
Up to now there are various definitions of terminology by many linguists
Terminology is the study of specialized terms and their contextual meanings, which can differ from everyday language This discipline explores how these terms develop and their relationships within a culture Unlike lexicography, which focuses on words and their definitions, terminology examines concepts and their associated labels, providing insights into the conceptual systems that shape language use.
_http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminology_
Terminology is the set of technical words or expressions used in a particular subject
Terminology is the discipline focused on the collection, description, processing, and presentation of specialized terms, which are lexical items used in specific fields across one or more languages.
Terminology is defined as ―a word or a combination of words that denotes the concept precisely and its relationship with other concepts in specific area
Terminology is a specialized and restricted expression on things, phenomena, characteristics, and the relationship in a specific profession‖
Terminology refers to the specialized vocabulary within a language, comprising specific words and phrases that accurately represent concepts and subjects across various fields of expertise.
Terminology, as a unique component of the lexical system, possesses specific characteristics that set it apart Linguists agree that effective terminology must exhibit qualities such as accuracy, systematic organization, international relevance, national identity, and widespread acceptance.
The primary quality of terminology is accuracy, which ensures that each term conveys a specific concept clearly and precisely, thereby preventing misunderstandings In a professional context, every term should represent only one concept within its system The meaning of a term arises from a combination of linguistic signals rather than just the sum of its components Each linguistic signal carries a core meaning, and conversely, a concept is typically associated with a specific linguistic signal in a given context As noted by New Mark (1998), concept-words can have varying meanings across different technologies Therefore, when creating a term within a specific field, it is essential to consider potential homophones and synonyms commonly found in linguistics.
The second criterion of a scientific term emphasizes its integral role within a terminological system, where each term holds a specific position and derives its meaning from its relationships with other terms When a term is isolated from this system, its meaning becomes unclear, highlighting the importance of systematism as a key characteristic of terminology.
Terminologists have differing opinions on the key characteristics of terminology; some emphasize systematic formation, while others focus on content However, terminology is best understood as a combination of both content and expression A term cannot be isolated from its conceptual system, as this relationship defines its position within that system.
Terminology plays a crucial role in expressing common scientific concepts and facilitating international collaboration in science and technology Globalization has led to the widespread use of these terms across various languages, accelerating the development of international science Consequently, numerous terms have been internationalized in fields such as medicine, physics, and telecommunications However, each language, including Vietnamese, adheres to specific cultural principles in its terminology, reflecting unique characteristics such as nationalism and widespread usage.
Terminology is a unique linguistic unit that is integral to specific professions and is deeply rooted in the national language In Vietnam, terminology must reflect Vietnamese culture and the distinctive features of the Vietnamese language It is essential that these terms resonate with the Vietnamese people, encompassing both lexicological and grammatical aspects.
Terminology is essential for advancing scientific and technological progress, making it accessible to everyone As a key aspect of linguistics, it significantly contributes to the development of science Therefore, terminology must be clear and understandable in reading, writing, speaking, and memorizing to ensure that all individuals can engage with it effectively.
According to the International Standardization Organization (ISO, 1988), the following factors are of essential consideration in the creation of terminology are:
Terms must consistently reflect the key characteristics of the concepts they represent to ensure accurate reference They should be concise to prevent ambiguity and must adhere to the phonological and morphological rules of the language Additionally, terms should comply with the common word-formation rules, allowing for necessary composition and derivation Importantly, the meaning of a term should remain context-free The creation of terms, both primary and secondary, is influenced by various factors and motivations When a new concept emerges, primary term formation occurs, while secondary term formation involves the monolingual revision of terminology or the adaptation of terms in the target language following knowledge transfer between linguistic communities.
Technical terminology is constantly evolving, influenced by the rapid advancements in science and technology The formation of both primary and secondary terms in the tech industry is shaped by a growing array of variants, reflecting the dynamic nature of the field.
19 and synonyms which occur to satisfy the need for popular version of scientific term and product differentiation
4 The distinction between terms and words
SOME STRATEGIES APPLIED IN TRANSLATION OF SOME
The strategy applied in translation of single terms
This article focuses on recognized translation, a popular strategy for translating single terms Due to the various ways terms can be formed, it is crucial for translators to understand their structure By recognizing how terms are constructed, translators can effectively and easily translate them.
Many words can be translated based on their original meanings in general texts Given the multi-lexical nature of words and the various fields of translation, a word often retains its original meaning or undergoes only slight changes in meaning Skilled translators can easily recognize this characteristic and identify the closest equivalent in the target language (TL) For instance, the word "blister" can be translated as "vỉ thuốc."
25 original meaning in general text but ―agreement‖ means ―hiệp định‖ when it is used in ESP
The following are popular term with similar form and strategy applied in their translation from English intoVietnamese
Confidentiality Sự bảo mật thông tin
Protocol Đề cương, tài liệu
I.1.2 Single term with suffixes ―er‖ or‖, ―tion‖
The strategies applied in translation of compound terms
Biogenerator Bình nuôi cấy sinh học
Commissioning Đưa vào vận hành qua công nghệ
Dosage Liều lượng thuốc cho 1 lần vào cơ thể
Plant preparations Chế phẩm từ cây thuốc
Route of administration Đường dùng
II.Strategies applied in translation of compound terms
II.1 Shift or transposition translation
One of the most widely used strategies for translating compound terms is known as shift or transposition translation This procedure, as defined by Catford and further elaborated by Vinay and Darbelnet, entails a grammatical change from the source language (SL) to the target language (TL) Shift translation encompasses two subcategories: automatic translation and rank-shift translation.
That is one type of transposition which has change in the word order, and offers translator no choice
The following examples will provide readers the features of automatic shift strategy The compound word ―Clean room‖ is formed by an adjective and a noun
―Clean‖ means ―sạch ‖ and ―room‖ means ―phòng‖ in Vietnamese equivalent And
The term "Clean room" translates to "phòng sạch" in Vietnamese, illustrating a reversal in word order where the adjective "clean" precedes the noun "room" in English, but follows it in Vietnamese Similarly, "Conference room" becomes "phòng hội nghị" in Vietnamese, showcasing another shift in order where the noun "conference" is placed after "room." This automatic adjustment in translation demonstrates a flexible approach, allowing for a natural conversion of terms from English to Vietnamese without the need for additional expressions.
Compound nouns formed by noun+ noun
Acceptance criteria Tiêu chí chấp nhận
Audit trail Hồ sơ chứng cứ kiểm tra
Action limit Giới hạn hoạt động
Batch certificate Giấy chứng nhận lô
Bulk product Sẳn phẩm chờ đóng gói
Climatic zone Vùng khí hậu
Commitment batches Lô thuốc có cam kết
Constant weight Khối lượng không đổi
Container labeling Nhãn trên bao bì
Contract manufacturer Nhà sản xuất theo hợp đồng
Control measure Biện pháp kiểm soát
Degradation product Sản phẩm phân hủy
Design qualification Đánh giá thiết kế
Design condition Điều kiện thiết kế
Detection limit Giới hạn thiết kế
Dosage form Dạng( thành phầm) bào chế
Dose regimen Chế độ liều dung
Drug substance Dược chất (tá dược và hoạt chất)
Ear preparations Các chế phẩm dùng cho tai
Ethnic factors Yếu tố chủng tộc (ngoại và nội)
Evaluation report Báo cáo thẩm định
Eye preparations Các chế phẩm nhãn khoa
Flow diagram Sơ đồ dòng (Lưu đồ)
Guideline level Mức quy định theo quy chế
Hazard analysis Phân tích rủi ro
Herbal preparations Các chế phẩm thảo dược
Herbal tea Trà thuốc (Trà dược thảo)
Import authority Cơ quan quản lý nhập khẩu
Impurity profile Mô tả tạp chất
Cell culture Nuôi cấy tế bào
Alert action Giới hạn báo động
Compound nouns formed by adj + noun
Absolute humidity Độ ẩm tuyệt đối
Actual yield Sản lượng thực tế
Adverse event Hiện tượng có hại (khi điều trị bằng thuốc) Analytical procedure Quy trình phân tích
Biological activity Hoạt tính sinh học
Biological product Sản phẩm sinh học
Biological agents Các tác nhân sinh học
Clinical trial Thử lâm sàng ( từ I đến V)
Clinical Report Báo cáo lâm sàng
Corrective action Hành động chấn chỉnh
Concurrent validation Thẩm định đồng thời
Critical limit Giới hạn tới hạn
Critical operation Thao tác trọng yếu
Critical parameter Thông số tới hạn (nhiệt đô, độ ẩm)
Cryogenic vessel Bình chứa khí hóa lỏng
Cytogenetic evaluation Đánh giá di truyền học tế bào
Essential drugs Thuốc thiết yếu
Final sample Mẫu thử cuối cùng
Foreign matter Chất ngoại lai (tạp chất)
Homogeneous material Vật liệu đồng nhất
Impartial witness Nhân chứng trung lập (1 người độc lập với thử nghiệm, không bị ảnh hưởng lệch lạc từ thí nghiệm)
Minor variation Thay đổi thứ yếu (không quan trọng)
Medicinal plant Cây thuốc( trồng cho mục đích y học)
Liquefiable gases Khí hóa lỏng
Laminar airflow Dòng không khí lớp (dòng không khí đã được điều chỉnh tốc độ không đổi và các lớp gần như song song)
Coordinating committee Ủy ban phối hợp
Marketing authorization Giấy phép lưu hành
Medicated foams Thuốc bọt (thể tích lớn , dạng bọt)
Supporting data Số liệu hỗ trợ
Sampling inspector Thanh tra viên lấy mẫu
Prohibited drugs Thuốc bị cấm
Pressurized container Bình chứa áp lực
Pooled sample Mẫu trộn lẫn
Packaging material Vật liệu đóng gói
Rank-shift translation refers to a type of shift translation that involves grammatical changes between the source language (SL) and the target language (TL) This process may include the addition or omission of words in the TL compared to the SL, altering the structure while maintaining the overall meaning.
Example: Corrective action Hành động chấn chỉnh
In the source language (SL), the term "Corrective action" consists of an adjective and a noun, with "Corrective" functioning as an adjective However, when translated into the target language (TL), the adjective "Corrective" transforms into a noun This illustrates a grammatical shift that occurs during the translation process from SL to TL.
Example: Laminar airflow Dòng không khí vô hướng (thuộc lớp)
Adj + Noun Noun+ Noun+ Adj
In the TL, you can see that it is added word ―dòng‖ comparing with SL Adding words make readers understand clearer and more exactly about the terms
This strategy focuses on translating phrases by removing non-essential words to enhance clarity and avoid redundancy in the translated text.
For instance, SL ―Certificate of analysis‖, the word ―Certificate‖ means
In Vietnamese, "giấy chứng nhận" or "phiếu" can be translated as "certificate" or "receipt." A straightforward translation approach yields "Phiếu kiểm nghiệm" for "test report." To enhance the translation's fluidity, we can omit the word "of," resulting in "hậu sảnh" instead of a more literal translation Similarly, when translating "Country of origin" by removing "of," we arrive at "Nơi xuất xứ." These examples illustrate the effectiveness of faithful translation that captures the intended meaning while improving readability.
With this strategy, the content of SL is not changed, and translators can gain a better and more natural Vietnamese TL
Country of origin Nới xuất xứ
Qualification of equipment Đánh giá thiết bị
Calibration of equipment Chuẩn định thiết bị
Specification of material Tiêu chuẩn vật liệu
Certificate of analysis Phiếu kiểm nghiệm
Verification of methods Thẩm tra phương pháp
Validation of analytical procedure Thẩm định quy trình
Summary of product characteristics Tóm tắt đặc điểm sản phẩm
II.1.1.4 Translation by paraphrase using related words
This strategy is effective for translating English words or concepts that have multiple meanings For instance, the term "Plant preparations" translates to "chuẩn bị cây trồng" in an agricultural context, but in pharmaceuticals, it refers to "chế phẩm từ cây thuốc." A direct, word-for-word translation from English to Vietnamese can lead to redundancy and inaccuracies To ensure proper translation, paraphrasing is the preferred approach An example of this is the translation of "specification" to "nhà sản xuất" for "manufacturer."
Plant preparations Chế phẩm từ cây thuốc
Pre-approval batches Lô thuốc trước khi phê duyệt
Package- inserts Tờ hướng dẫn sử dụng
II.1.1.5 Translation of abbreviation by using loan words
Loan words have increased in the process of human working and studying and occupied a large amount of vocabulary to enrich the human language In the
In recent decades, the Vietnamese language has incorporated numerous English loanwords, including terms like "chat," "copy," "marketing," "menu," and "list." In the procurement sector, these loanwords often appear as abbreviations This study categorizes loanwords into two types: those with explicit explanations and those without any explanations.
For example: X-ray ~ X quang it has explaination in its meaning
Vaccine ~ vắcxin it means 1 kind of drugs
Package-insert: means instruction paper for using drug
And example for no explaination: batch no— số lô
HIV-AIDS= bệnh suy giảm miễn dịch do virus
An abbreviation is a concise version of a word or phrase, typically formed by using letters from the original term For instance, the word "abbreviation" can be abbreviated itself.
Abbreviations, often noted as "abbr" or "abbrev," are commonly used to represent the names of organizations, such as ATC Bank, WTO, ATECH, ASEAN, AMT, and WHO In this context, the most prevalent form of abbreviation is acronyms, which play a significant role in simplifying complex organization names for easier reference.
Acronyms are formed by taking the initial letters of multiple words to create a shortened version of a word or phrase Typically, these abbreviations consist of one or more letters derived from the original term, streamlining communication and enhancing clarity.
Acronyms are created from the initial letters of a name or expression, where each letter is pronounced separately, such as RD for Reference Dose or IQ for Installation Qualification For example, QA stands for Quality Assurance By using acronyms, translators can condense terms, reducing redundancy while ensuring that readers still understand the meaning.
Abbreviation Full of form Vietnamese
ARD Acute Reference Dose ARD :Liều đối chứng cấp
ADR Adverse Drug Reaction ADR: Phản ứng có hại của thuốc
ACTD ASEAN common technical dossier
ACTD Hồ sơ kĩ thuật chung ASEAN
CPP Certificate of pharmaceutical product
CPP: Giấy chứng nhận sản phẩm dược
CCP Critical control point CCP: Điểm kiểm soát tới hạn
FIFO First In/ First Out principle concept
FIFO: Khái niệm về nguyên tắc nhập trước, xuất trước
GEP Good engineering practice GEP: hành tốt công nghệ
HACCP Harzard analysis critical control point plan
HACCP: Kế hoạch phân tích rủi ro và kiểm điểm GPP Good pharmacy practice GPP: Thực hàng tốt hiệu thuốc
IEC :Ủy ban độc lập về đạo đức
IQ Installation qualification IQ: Đánh giá lắp đặt
IRB Institutional review board IRB: Ban thẩm định pháp lí
MRL Maximum residue limit MRL: Giới hạn tồn dư tối đa
QA Quality assurance QA: Bảo đảm chất lượng
RD Reference dose RD: Liều đối chứng
SOP :Quy trình thao tác chuẩn
The following attached reference table is illustrations in order that readers can closely approach with this strategy:
IMPLICATION
Some problems in translation process
In translation, a frequent challenge arises when general English words possess multiple meanings, which can lead to misunderstandings during the translation process This ambiguity is particularly evident as these words may convey new concepts in specialized contexts.
The translators often misunderstand the meaning of word between general English and specific English or among fields In specific cases, each word express different meaning
The term "specification" has different meanings depending on the context; in general English, it translates to "sự ghi rõ," while in technical contexts, it refers to "đặc điểm kĩ thuật." In the pharmaceutical industry, however, "specification" specifically denotes "nhà sản xuất."
Surely, translators will have conclusion how to use exactly and flexibly Vietnamese equivalent to avoid misunderstanding
In every specialized field, numerous terms are created through various methods Translators often face challenges in accurately translating these terms due to their limited knowledge of the specific area.
Certain terms convey new concepts or ideas that emerge during the working processes of various fields, often developed through common practices or slang Examples include "shelf-life," referring to the longevity of a product, and "over-the-counter drugs," which are medications available without a prescription.
In fact, there are a lot of terms which the meaning is easily guessed basing on the meaning of each word or via shift translation For instance, the term
―finished product‖, we can easily get its meaning through the word ―finished‖ and
―room‖ Or the term ―quality control‖, we can easily translate it as kiểm nghiệm, quản lí chất lượng‖ by looking up the word ―quality‖ and ―control‖ in dictionary
Translating individual words can often lead to misunderstandings, especially when dealing with specific terms or expressions that have no direct Vietnamese equivalent For instance, the term "package insert" translates to "tờ hướng dẫn sử dụng," while "preparation" is referred to as "chế phẩm liên quan," and "batch" corresponds to "lô thuốc." Additionally, the term "specification" can be synonymous with "manufacturer." Using a word-for-word translation strategy in these cases may restrict understanding and clarity.
Translators often face challenges when translating abbreviations due to the diverse methods used to create them If they lack sufficient knowledge of what these abbreviations represent, they may struggle to find their meanings in dictionaries, leading to potential inaccuracies in translation.
II Some suggestions for translation
The most difficult to translate ESP is terminology which is often translated practically and exactly in requirement Generally, the best translation should be performed according to some following steps:
Translators must grasp new terms and the overall intention of the text they are translating To achieve this, it is essential to read the entire text to convey the intended message clearly and naturally in the target language This approach ensures that the translation effectively communicates the original content's meaning.
Some suggestions to solve the problems
meaning of word in the detailed content Most of terms are created from original word in general English
Translators must research the subject matter of their translations to grasp the concepts behind the terms used, which helps reduce misunderstandings and challenges By doing so, they can select the most appropriate Vietnamese equivalents, ensuring accuracy and clarity in their work.
Translators should steer clear of word-for-word translations, as this approach can distort the original meaning and diminish the beauty of the expression Instead, it is essential to use more general terms that preserve the essence of the original content.
However, sometimes, it is necessary to translate an English word by a long phrase or even a whole sentence to help reader understandable.
CONCLUSION
In today's global landscape, English has emerged as a vital international language, making it a mandatory subject in educational institutions Its significance spans various domains, including economics, science, politics, and medicine Consequently, the translation of English terminology for specific purposes has become increasingly essential.
My graduation paper is structured into three main sections The first part presents the rationale, aims, methods, scope, and design of the study, providing readers with an overview of the research The second part, which is the core of the study, consists of three chapters: Chapter I discusses the theoretical background of translation and its methods; Chapter II explores strategies for translating common pharmaceutical terms, including recognized translation, shift translation, translation by omission, paraphrasing, and using loan words; and Chapter III addresses the challenges faced during the translation process and offers suggestions for improvement The final part summarizes the key points from the previous sections and proposes directions for future research.
This study aims to provide valuable insights into pharmaceutical terminology, particularly focusing on English terms relevant to the medical field It seeks to offer useful ideas for readers interested in furthering their understanding of this important subject.
I acknowledge that my graduation paper may contain mistakes and limitations due to my time constraints and knowledge gaps I welcome feedback, suggestions, and support from teachers and readers to enhance the quality of my work.
1 Baker, M (1992), A Course book on translation( London Routledge)
2 Bell R T (1991) Translation and translating : Theory and Practice
(Applied Linguistic and Language Study), London: Longman Group Ltd
3 Catford J.C, (1996) A linguistic theory of translation (London Oxford
4 Hutchinson, T & Water, A (1987) English for Specific Purposes : A learning
– concreted approach ( Cambridge University Press)
5 Jakobson R (1959) Linguistic aspects of translation Longman Group Ltd
6 Perter Newmark (1988) A text book of translation: theorical and practical implications “Oxford: Pergamon press”
7 Tony Dudley – Evans and Maggie Jo St John (1998) Developments in
English for Specific purpose: A multi-disciplinary approach ( Cambridge
8 Do Huu Chau (1998) Co so ngu nghia hoc tu vung NXB Giao Duc
9 Roger, T Bell (1991) Translation and Translating : Theory and Practice, New York: Longman Inc
10 Nguyễn Thiện Giáp - Dẫn luận ngôn ngữ NXB GD 2001
11 WHO Quality Assurance of Pharmaceuticals, Vol 2, 1999
12 ASEAN Good Manufacturing Practice Guidelines, 3rd Ed 1997, Nha xuat ban y hoc, Hanoi, 1997
13 WHO Research Guidelines for Evaluting the Safety and Efficacy of Herbal Medicines, Manilla, 1993
The First is name of Drugs eg: Cerebrolysin (thuốc tiêm chữa rối loạn chức năng não)
Cerebrolysin is a peptide preparation derived from the standardized enzymatic breakdown of purified porcine brain proteins This injectable or infusion-ready solution is free from proteins, lipids, and any antigenic properties Each 1ml dose of Cerebrolysin contains 215.2mg of a concentrated porcine brain-derived peptide in an aqueous solution.
Cere là một dạng bào chế peptid được sản xuất bằng phương pháp cắt đoạn bởi enzyme, dựa trên công nghệ sinh học chuẩn hóa Sản phẩm này được chiết xuất từ protein não lợn đã được tinh chế Dạng dung dịch của Cere được sử dụng để tiêm hoặc truyền, hoàn toàn không chứa protein và các hợp chất có tính kháng nguyên.
The Third: Route of administration: (Đường dùng)
Solution for intramuscular and intravenous injection or intravenous infusion
Trans: Đường dùng: Tiêm bắp, tiêm tĩnh mạch hoặc truyền tĩnh mạch
The Fourth: Pharmacodynamics: (Dược lực học)
The efficacy of Cerebrolysin is proven in numerous animal experiments and clinical trials Cerebrolysin is a brain –specific peptidergic nootropic and
44 neutrotrophic drug able to affect the central nervous system un a multimodal way This multimodal action of Cere Express it as:
1) Regulation and improvement of the neuronal metalbolism which prevents lactasidoses in hypoxix or ischaemic epicsodes,
2) Modulation of the synaptic plasticity which corresponds to an improvement of behaviour and learning capacity, and
3.) A completely unique neurotrophic effect, including neuronal differentiation, guaranteeing full neuronal function and protection against different types of ischaemic and neurotoxic lesions
Controlled clinical trials have demonstrated that Cere treatment significantly improves cognitive performance and mood in patients with Alzheimer's disease, resulting in a reduced need for care Notably, 61.7% of the Cere-treated group showed marked improvement, as assessed by the Clinical Global Impressions Scale (CGI) Additionally, a clinical trial involving patients with vascular dementia indicated similar enhancements A further study, which included patients from nine different disease entities, confirmed the effectiveness of Cere through 11 psychological tests analyzed for variance Furthermore, treatment with Cere after stroke and craniocerebral trauma has been associated with accelerated recovery.
Literature on Cerebrolysin is available upon request
Cere là một peptide não có tác dụng dinh dưỡng thần kinh đặc hiệu, được chứng minh hiệu quả qua nhiều thí nghiệm trên động vật và lâm sàng Nó tác động lên não và hệ thần kinh trung ương thông qua nhiều cơ chế khác nhau, cho thấy tính đa năng trong hoạt động của nó.
1 Tăng cường và cải thiện chuyển hóa của tế bào thần kinh, do đó ngăn chặn được hiện tượng nhiễm acid lactic, thiếu oxy não hoặc thiếu máu não
2 Điều chỉnh lại dẫn truyền synap thần kinh từ đó cải thiện được hành vi và khả năng học tập
Có hiệu quả dinh dưỡng thần kinh độc đáo, giúp tăng cường biệt hóa tế bào thần kinh, duy trì chức năng thần kinh và bảo vệ tế bào não khỏi tổn thương do thiếu máu não và nhiễm độc.
Thử nghiệm lâm sàng cho thấy Cere có khả năng cải thiện tri thức và tâm trạng của bệnh nhân Alzheimer, từ đó giảm số lượng bệnh nhân cần chăm sóc Tỷ lệ bệnh nhân cải thiện tình trạng lâm sàng đạt 61,7% trong số những người được điều trị bằng Cere, theo tiêu chuẩn CGI Một nghiên cứu khác trên bệnh nhân sa sút trí tuệ do bệnh bạch cầu đại não cũng xác nhận hiệu quả của Cerebrolysin Hơn nữa, 11 thử nghiệm tâm lý đã được sử dụng để phân tích hiệu quả của Cere trên bệnh nhân mắc các bệnh thần kinh khác nhau, bao gồm cả những người bị đột quỵ hoặc chấn thương sọ não.
Cerebrolysin effectively crosses the blood-brain barrier, allowing its neurotrophic activity to be detected in human serum for up to eight hours following intravenous administration This suggests that a single intravenous dose can produce long-lasting effects.
Dược động học của Cere cho thấy khả năng vượt qua hàng rào máu não, với hoạt tính dinh dưỡng cho thần kinh được phát hiện trong huyết thanh người sau 8 giờ tiêm tĩnh mạch Điều này chứng tỏ hiệu quả kéo dài chỉ sau một lần sử dụng duy nhất.
Cerebrolysin is highly tolerated and boasts an impressive safety profile, with therapeutic dosages in humans resulting in minimal toxic symptoms The accompanying toxicological data further supports its safety.
Chronic toxicity multiple dose over six months
Muta-genicity, sensitizing effect and carcinogencity:
Trans Độc tính có tính an toàn cao và dung nạp tốt, không gây triệu chứng nhiễm độc ở người khi sử dụng liều điều trị Các số liệu về độc tính bao gồm độc tính cấp, độc tính mạn, và ảnh hưởng đến chức năng sinh sản, bao gồm đột biến gen, nhạy cảm và khả năng gây ung thư.
(Tác dụng phụ hay tác dụng không mong muốn)
Warnings and precautionary measures (chú ý)
Dosage and administration (liều dùng và cách dùng)
Some name of basic medicine
Tên chính Tên Latin hay tên Khoa học
Aconit( rễ và bột rễ)
Apomocphin và các loại muỗi
Arecolin và các loại muối
Benladon (cao, lá, bột lá)
Aconit (radix et pulvis radicis)
Aconitinum et salia Adrenalin Ậmlium Apomorphinnum et salia Arecolinum et salia Arsenias
Arseni tryoxydum Atropinnum et salia Crotonis liglii (semen) Belladonnac (extractum, folium, pelvis foliorum)
Cara, cararin và các chất tổng hợp:
(quả , lá, bột, lá, cao)
Digitan (cao , lá , bột, bột lá)
Digitulin và các glucozit khác cùng loại
Ecgotamin và các ancaloit khác cùng loại
Mã tiền ( cao, bột, hạt)
Oleum crotonis Dalurae metel (fructus, folium, pulvis foliorum , extractum)
Dicainum Digitalis (extractum, folium, pulvis folirum)
Digitalinum (Digiloxinum) Dioninum (Ethylmorphini hyro chloridum)
Ecgolaminum Cyclophosphamidum Fluoro- uraxilum Galanthaminum Strychni wallichianac (cortex) Homatropinum et salia
Strychni nucis vomiene (etractum, pulvis, semen)
Merecaplopurinum Metholtraxatum Nerlolinum Nitroglicerlinum Nor-adrelaninum Venenum serpentis
Coca (lá cao, bột lá)
Thủy ngân và các muối hữu cơ có chứa thủy ngân (trừ thuốc đỏ)
Strophamlinum Divaricati (semen) Secretio bufonis
Hydrargirum dicloratum - oxydatum - oxycyaunum -cyanatum
Addicted drugs Erythroxylic cocae 9folium, extrac-tum, pulvis folirum)
Cocainum et salia Heroinum ( diaxetyl mocphinum) Methadoni cliloridum
Morphinum et salia Opii (pulvis, extractum) Aqua amygdalarum amrorum Hydrargyrum et hydrargyriorga-nien salia
Acid groups Acidum hydrochloricum - nitricum