Rationale of the study
Growing up surrounded by folk songs, idioms, and proverbs in my country has deeply influenced my love for them As a child, I cherished moments spent with my grandmother and felt the warmth of my mother's love, often falling asleep to the soothing sounds of folk songs and wise proverbs Even now, I can vividly recall some of these cherished folk songs, which continue to resonate with me.
―Cày đồng đang buổi ban trưa,
Mồ hôi thánh thót như mưa ruộng cày
Ai ơi bưng bát cơm đầy, Dẻo thơm một hạt đắng cay muôn phần.‖
Or the proverb likes this:
―Đêm tháng năm chưa nằm đã sáng
Ngày tháng mười chưa cười đã tối ‖
At that time, by the smoothly rhythm of my grandmother‘s voices, I just knew that the fork songs and proverb was very interesting and easy to learn by heart
As I progressed through my education, from primary to university, I encountered various subjects, particularly semantics, which deepened my understanding of language I recognized that the folk songs and proverbs my grandmother frequently shared exemplified remarkable hyperbolic expressions Today, I am able to analyze the meanings behind these folk songs and proverbs with greater clarity.
The song "Fork" vividly illustrates the imagery of sweat dripping like rain on plowed fields, emphasizing hard work and toil Additionally, the phrases "not yet lying down, it's already dawn" and "not yet smiling, it's already dark" reflect the fleeting nature of time, highlighting the brief nights of May and the short days of October.
My fascination with hyperbole has driven me to study it in depth, particularly in the context of Vietnamese and American literature As I explored the differences in how hyperbole is employed in these two cultures, I became captivated by its nuances For my graduation paper, I have chosen to focus on hyperbole, aiming to deepen my understanding and assist other Vietnamese learners in appreciating the rich meanings behind these expressions Due to time constraints, my research will specifically examine hyperbole in selected Vietnamese and American short stories.
Aims of the study
The study is aimed at:
- Figure out common hyperbole used in some typical short stories of American and Vietnamese writers
- Analyze the formation and implied means of hyperbole
Scope of the study
Due to my limited knowledge and time, I find it challenging to study all forms of hyperbole; therefore, I will concentrate on hyperbole found in select short stories This article will provide an overview of hyperbole and analyze its expression in notable American short stories, drawing comparisons to similar examples in Vietnamese literature.
Method of the study
In this graduation paper, I employ several key research methods Firstly, I conduct quantitative research, utilizing statistical analysis to examine the collected data Next, I categorize hyperbole and perform hypothesis testing to explore its usage in typical American and Vietnamese short stories, aiming to understand the reasons behind these variations Finally, I engage in comparative research to identify the similarities and differences in the use of hyperbole between Vietnamese and American literature.
Design of the study
This study consists of three parts of which the second is the most important
This study aims to explore [specific topic or issue], highlighting its significance in [relevant field or context] The objectives include [list key aims], while the scope encompasses [describe the extent of the study] Employing a [methodology type] approach, the research design is structured to effectively address the research questions and gather relevant data.
The Development section of this article encompasses three key chapters The first chapter provides a theoretical background, offering general definitions of hyperbole The second chapter examines the use of hyperbole in short stories by notable American and Vietnamese writers, highlighting both the similarities and differences in their approaches Finally, the third chapter addresses common mistakes related to hyperbole, presents solutions, and includes exercises designed to enhance understanding of this literary device.
Part three is the conclusion of the whole study which summarizes the main topic given in the part two.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Word
Lexicology focuses on the vocabulary of a language, emphasizing the significance of the word itself A key question in this field is to define what we mean by the term "word" in the context of lexicology.
The term ―word‖ is used to specify an intermediate structure smaller than a whole phrase and generally larger than single sound segment Therefore, the word may be defined differently
Nguyen Manh Hung (2006:3) defines a word as a fundamental unit of speech utilized for human communication It consists of a group of sounds that convey meaning, can be used grammatically, and is marked by both formal and semantic unity.
According to Jackson and Amvela (2000:50), a word is defined as an uninterruptible structural unit made up of one or more morphemes, typically functioning within the framework of a phrase Morphemes serve as the smallest meaningful units in language, exemplified by the various forms of the verb "sing"—such as sing, sings, singing, sang, and sung—which are distinct grammatical words Additionally, the verb "record" and the noun "record" illustrate how words can differ grammatically.
Words can be defined in various ways, depending on their representation, the thoughts they convey, or formal criteria Definitions can be approached from phonological, lexical, grammatical, and semantic perspectives However, Hoang Tat Truong's definition of a word appears to be the most comprehensive and satisfactory.
According to Hoang Tat Truong (1993:11), a word is defined as a dialectical unit of form and content, serving as an independent unit of language capable of forming a sentence on its own Examples of such words include "hand," "bag," "unhappy," "come," "drink," "vocabulary," and "forget-me-not." Each of these words can stand alone while still conveying meaning.
In English, words can be categorized into two main types: lexical and grammatical Lexical words, which include nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, carry independent meanings both in isolation and in combination; they are often referred to as "lexemes," which are fundamental units of vocabulary This term helps distinguish lexical words from the broader concept of "words." On the other hand, grammatical words, such as articles, prepositions, conjunctions, and forms indicating tense or number, do not inherently convey specific meanings.
Word can be classified into three types: simple words derived words and compound words by Hoang Tat Truong
A simple word is one that only consists of root morpheme: ―school, boy, table, big, blue, talk, begin, next, etc‖
A derived word is one that consists of a root and one or more derivational morphemes: teacher, employee, unhappiness, enrich, antidisestablishmentarianism, etc
A compound word is one that has at least two roots, with or without derivational morphemes: blackboard, handbag, greenhouse, bluebottle, goody-goody, etc
Words function as linguistic signs, akin to both natural and conventional signs They do not possess inherent meaning; instead, they convey meanings that encompass both lexical and grammatical aspects of language.
Word meaning
The question "what is meaning" is easier to pose than to define, as current linguistic science has yet to provide a definitive explanation of meaning.
The essential role of a word in communication is primarily derived from its meaning, making meaning the most significant characteristic of a word.
General speaking, meaning can be more or less described as a way endowing the word through which a concept is communicated, in this qualities, actions and abstract notions
The term "meaning" originates from the verb "mean," and both words are utilized across various contexts and interpretations in the English language.
For example, to take the case of the verb, if someone says:
He implies that Smith is well-intentioned, that he intends no harm
The phrase highlights that the flag is not intended to pose a threat, but rather serves as a warning about potential dangers in the surrounding area, such as explosives in a nearby quarry or hazards in a deep lake This illustrates the various interpretations of the word "mean."
“Some tigers are roaring at the mouth of the cave”
The term "tiger" serves as a referring expression, denoting a specific animal and connecting language to real-world entities Additionally, the verb "roar" acts as a meaningful predicate, describing an action associated with the tiger Together, these elements illustrate how language links to both living and conceptual entities, enhancing our understanding of the subject.
The term "tiger" suggests the presence of multiple tigers, while the verb "roar" indicates the timing of the action In this context, a sentence conveys both lexical meaning—through the noun "tiger" and the verb "roar"—and grammatical meaning, which is reflected in the plural form of the noun and the tense of the verb.
Lexical meaning is one of two types of meanings found in words
Lexical meaning refers to the specific meaning that each word holds within a language system It encompasses the expression of concepts and emotions, uniting various forms of the same word.
The term "head" evokes various associations, such as a leader or a specific part of a person or bird This phenomenon is known as lexical meaning, as it reflects our understanding and mental imagery connected to the word.
According to Hoang Tat Truong, lexical meaning is divided into two types They are direct meaning and indirect meaning
Direct meaning, often referred to as literal meaning, denotes something explicitly without comparison or association with other concepts, eliminating the need for contextual interpretation.
“Can you carry the bag for me?”
“I am sorry, I can’t My hands are hurting‖
The term "hand" refers to the body part used for performing actions or holding objects, and its meaning is straightforward without requiring comparisons or associations This direct interpretation contrasts with the indirect meanings that may arise in different contexts.
―Indirect meaning is the meaning that indirectly denotes something in the association with other things, i.e we need contexts to understand Indirect meaning also called figurative meaning‖
The term "key" typically refers to a small instrument used for opening or locking doors, representing its most direct meaning.
Listening to diverse ideas is essential for achieving success in life, as it highlights the importance of open-mindedness and collaboration.
―Grammatical meaning can be defined as an expression in speech of relation between words based on contrastive features of arrangement in which they occur
This meaning is abstract and generalized‖
Every language possesses its own grammatical systems, which shape the meaning conveyed in sentences For instance, the sentence "some students are playing football" can be contrasted with other sentences that share the same subject and predicate, highlighting the nuances of grammatical meaning In English, the grammatical system plays a crucial role in how meanings are expressed and understood.
Some students are listening to music
Are some students listening to music Affirmative vs negative
Some students are listening to music
Some students are not listening to music Present continuous vs past
Some students are listening to music
A student is listening to music
Plural vs singular Some students are listening to music
A student is listening to music
Indefinite vs definite Some students are listening to music
The students are listening to music
In conclusion, grammatical meanings are conveyed through different methods, including word arrangement, such as placing the referring expression before the predicate, and the use of grammatical affixes, like the -s added to nouns.
In language, certain words, such as "student" and the suffix "-end" in "play," convey specific meanings, while grammatical or functional words like "be," "not," "some," and "the" do not inherently carry identifiable meanings These functional elements, including prepositions, articles, conjunctions, and forms that indicate number or tense, serve crucial roles in sentence structure and coherence.
All in all, lexical and grammatical meanings do not exist separately but always close together to make up the meaning of word.
Hyperbole
Do you know what a hyperbole is? This graduation paper will help you understand basically hyperboles using interesting examples of hyperboles…
Hyperbole, derived from the Greek language, is a figure of speech characterized by extreme exaggeration For instance, the expression "I laughed so much I nearly died" illustrates hyperbole, emphasizing the intensity of humor experienced, even though it's improbable that laughter could lead to such an extreme outcome This rhetorical device effectively conveys the depth of amusement, allowing readers to grasp just how funny a situation was.
Hyperbole is a prevalent figure of speech in English, commonly found in everyday conversations and various forms of written literature, including poetry, plays, and novels It serves to evoke strong emotions and create lasting impressions, particularly in informal contexts or for artistic purposes However, its use is generally discouraged in business English, as it may be perceived as unprofessional.
In professional communication, it's important to express emotions like disappointment and frustration without resorting to hyperbolic phrases such as "bursting with rage." However, in creative writing—such as stories, poems, or informal emails—hyperbole can enhance the depth and quality of the work Thus, while hyperbole serves as a valuable literary device, it is best reserved for informal contexts rather than formal settings.
This study focuses on the use of hyperbole in short stories by select American and Vietnamese authors, highlighting its significance in literature.
Hyperbole is a figure of speech characterized by deliberate exaggeration, commonly found in everyday expressions Phrases like "I nearly died laughing," "I was hopping mad," and "I tried a thousand times" exemplify how hyperbole enhances communication by emphasizing emotions and experiences.
Such statements are not literally true, but people make them to sound impressive or to emphasize something, such as a feeling, effort, or reaction.”
(http://volweb.utk.edu/school/bedford/harrisms/hyperbole.htm)
Hyperbole is a figure of speech characterized by exaggerated statements that are not meant to be taken literally It is often used to evoke strong emotions or create a lasting impression, serving as a tool for emphasis Common examples of hyperbole include phrases like "He has a brain the size of a pea," "I could eat a horse," and "I've heard that a million times."
―She is a hundred feet tall”
Hyperbole, as defined in Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1993), is a rhetorical device that involves deliberate exaggeration to emphasize a point or convey a heightened sense of reality This figure of speech often portrays situations, qualities, or characteristics as significantly more extreme—whether better, worse, larger, or smaller—than they actually are, serving to create a vivid impression or evoke strong emotions.
William Shepard Walsh defines hyperbole as a recognized rhetorical figure characterized by extravagant statements or assertions that should not be taken literally While hyperbole is often employed intentionally for effect, it can also be used unconsciously by individuals with vivid but unbalanced imaginations, leading to perceptions of them as either liars or fools.
Hyperbole, derived from the Greek words meaning "beyond" and "to throw," is an exaggerated statement that portrays things as greater or lesser than they truly are Its purpose is to enhance the effectiveness of thought through overstatement, as seen in examples like "He was so tall his head touched the clouds" and "He was as thin as a poker." However, many people tend to overuse this figure of speech, leading some to cross the line into falsehood Therefore, it is essential to limit hyperbole in everyday speech and writing, ensuring it remains qualified and within reasonable bounds.
(http://www.grammartips.net/hyperbole-in-english-writing)
In the entertainment industry, hyperbole, often referred to as hype or media hype, involves investing in public relations to generate increased interest in movies, television shows, or performers This practice typically exaggerates the entertainment value of the subject being promoted, leading to a negative perception of hype, which differs from traditional literary hyperbole.
Hyperbole is the effect way to color the speech of a character in a short story, or to make a point effectively an a humorous piece of writing
E.g ―I laughed so much I nearly died‖ is an example of hyperbole, it denotes that something was very funny and that someone laughed a lot, but it is extremely unlikely that someone laughed so much that they almost died However, the phrase gives us a sense of just how funny something was
In rhetoric, some antonyms of hyperbole are meiosis, litotes, understatement, and bathos (the ‗let down‘ after a hyperbole in a phrase)
Understatement, which includes litotes and meiosis, is a rhetorical device that emphasizes a fact by deliberately downplaying it, in contrast to hyperbole While meiosis refers to understatement without negatives, the distinction between these terms is often overlooked in modern English usage, with many dictionaries treating them as synonymous Understatement can be more challenging for English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students to grasp, as it requires understanding not only the linguistic form but also the social and cultural context in which it is used.
Understatement is a rhetorical device used to express something in a way that downplays its significance or intensity This technique allows individuals to communicate politeness and maintain a pleasant tone by not fully articulating the true extent of a situation, whether it be good, bad, or impressive By employing understatement, speakers can convey their messages more subtly while still engaging their audience effectively.
―Understatement achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately understating it.‖
―Understatement is usually divided into litotes and meiosis Litotes is understatement by using a negative statement instead of a positive one‖
Examples: a She is very ugly - She is not particularly good-looking b He was quite rich -He was a man of no mean wealth
In sentence (a), ―not particularly good-looking‖ is more neutral and vague than
Using euphemisms can help avoid offending someone, particularly when discussing sensitive topics like personal affairs In Western culture, privacy is highly valued, and discussing wealth or personal matters directly is often considered impolite Therefore, it is more courteous to approach such subjects indirectly when necessary.
―Meiosis is merely understatement without the use of negatives‖
Examples: c Her daughter is in prison -Her daughter lives under the government’s expense d I can’t promise -Sorry, this is in fact more than I can promise
―Prison‖ in sentence (c) is an unpleasant word General speaking, people are sensitive to the word ―prison‖ if one is in prison, you had better avoid mentioning
―prison‖ in front of his relatives Sentence (d) is a refusal When you refuse someone, indirect words will get a better result, for they will not make him lose face
By using understatements, the speakers do not seem to be so cruel to others whom they speak something upsetting to
Hyperbole in Vietnam has many ways to define and name, especially to name it
In other way, it has many synonyms For example, we can call hyperbole is ―ngoa dụ”_the Chinese-Vietnamese word; “nói quá”; “thậm xưng”, “khoa trương”;
“cường điệu” likely some name of hyperbole in English(hyperbole, overstatement, exaggeration )
Those following are some definitions of hyperbole in Vietnamese:
Hyperbole is a rhetorical device that employs exaggeration to emphasize certain qualities, characteristics, or aspects of an object This figure of speech aims to highlight the essence of the subject being described, enhancing the expressiveness of the language and evoking strong emotions in the audience.
“Đồn rằng bác mẹ anh hiền, Cắn cơm không vỡ, cắn tiền vỡ đôi.‖
HYPERBOLE IN SHORT STORIES OF SOME
Overview of hyperbole in American and Vietnamese short stories
Firstly, hyperbole in American and Vietnamese also happens popular both in the speaking language and writing language by many different expressions such as using the simile, idiom like:
―He’s as easy as a gum shoe‖ (in ―The gold that glittered‖ - O Henry)
―Mặt rỗ như tổ ong bầu‖( In the ―Lang Rận‖ - Nam Cao)
―Im như thóc‖( In the ―Lang Rận‖ - Nam Cao)
―She is as big as an elephant !‖ (Cô ta béo như con voi)
―He is older than the hills ” (Anh ấy già hơn cả ngọn núi đó)
―It must be as big as the size of the Flatiron Building” (in “Babes in jungle‖
―They ran like greased lightning ‖ (Họ chạy nhanh như chảo chớp)
Secondly, hyperbole is used to evoke strong feeling, create strong impression and emphasis
―Cổ tay cẳng gà‖ emphasizes the small and rickety wrist
―Răng cải mả‖ emphasizes a kind of teeth which is very big and unbalanced ―Swam in tears‖ evoke strong feeling that means very moved and crying a lot
―An auriferous head‖ impresses the person is very intelligent and talent.
Hyperbole in typical American short stories
O Henry was the pseudonym of the American writer William Sydney Porter (September 11, 1862 – June 5, 1910) O Henry's short stories are well known for their wit, wordplay, warm characterization and clever twist endings.
"Strictly Business" is a collection of selected works by O Henry, renowned for his insightful portrayals of New York's social life and customs This compilation features twenty-three short stories that explore various perspectives of society and its people Among these, "Strictly Business" stands out as one of the most engaging narratives, and my graduation paper will specifically analyze several notable stories that effectively utilize hyperbole.
2.1 Structures of hyperbole in typical American short stories
Hyperboles in American typical short stories can be expressed in terms of words, phrases, clauses and sentences
2.1.1 Hyperbole in terms of words
Hyperbole in language is an uncommon phenomenon, primarily categorized into two types: hyperbole in simple words and hyperbole in compound words Understanding these structures is essential for grasping how exaggeration functions in verbal communication.
In O Henry's "Babes in the Jungle," the narrator reflects on the superficial understanding of those around him, expressing concern about his mother discovering his manipulative actions towards the gullible He acknowledges the moral upbringing she provided, highlighting a conflict between his current behavior and the values instilled in him.
― skinning ‖ is refreshing the mind
―She is one goddess - one Juno - what you call one ox-eyed Juno?‖ (In ―The gold that glittered‖ - O Henry)
― Ox-eyed ‖ means the big and protruding eyes
―They think I’m a hayseed and won’t have anything to do with me‖ (In ―The poet and the peasant‖- O Henry)
The meaning of ― a hayseed ‖ is very useless and invaluable
2.1.2 Hyperbole in terms of phrases
Hyperbole can be found in various structures of phrases, including adjective phrases, noun phrases, verb phrases, and adverbial phrases This form of exaggeration is a prominent feature in short stories, enhancing their expressive quality.
After perfecting their sketch "Mice Will Play," Hart and Cherry showcased it at a vaudeville house, where it became an instant sensation The performance captivated the audience, evoking tears from the gallery and overwhelming emotions in the orchestra seats This rare display of talent transformed the theater experience, leaving a lasting impact on everyone present.
The play "Mice Will Play" evokes deep emotions, leaving the audience profoundly moved and often in tears, as expressed in the Vietnamese phrase "bơi trong nước mắt."
―The April sun seemed to stir in him a vague feeling that he could not construe‖ (―The day resurgent‖ - O Henry)
It is about the different complex feelings of the person
―Why, its Easter is Sunday Silly, I waited centuries for you and expecting you might come around to go‖.( ―The day resurgent‖ - O Henry)
It is the most typical hyperbole in this story which means that waiting a long time
―Several of us met over spaghetti and Duchess Country chianati, and swallowed indignation with slippery forkfuls ‖.( In ―The poet and the peasant‖- O
It means keeping calm is very difficult, but he also must do it
At the conclusion of their discussion, Hart confidently asserted that his four years of vaudeville experience and savings were a testament to the belief that "Mice Will Play" would thrive as a lasting success in the entertainment circuit.
It means that ―Mice Will Play‖ was very famous and successful a long time in the circuits
In O Henry's "Strictly Business," the teacher captivates with a swift flick of her gingham apron strings, transforming from a traditional figure into a striking "Parisienne." This vivid imagery illustrates how art seamlessly connects the quaint charm of an old red mill with the vibrant allure of the Moulin Rouge.
This is noun phrase and the meaning is that the reappearance is very little and rare
―Mrs O’Brien heard, and lifted an auriferous head” (In “The gold that glittered‖ - O Henry)
It also is noun phrase means that the person is very intelligent and talent
―Say, you old bald-headed bottle of shoe polish”, he spluttered” (Mr Kelly to the General) (In ―The gold that glittered‖ - O Henry)
It means that the General is a swindler
―What hair of gold it is that she has‖
The meaning of ― hair of gold ‖ is background or the origin of her richness
If you ever find yourself losing your way, Billy, and feel too old for honest deception among adults, consider heading to New York While the West offers a fool every minute, in New York, they come in large numbers, making them nearly impossible to count.
― Chunks of rose ‖ means very popularly and crowdedly
In the chilling embrace of winter, the Bed Liners stamped their frozen feet, gazing at the vacant benches of Madison Square, now deserted after being abandoned by Jack Frost Amidst the cold, they exchanged murmurs in a bewildering mix of languages, reflecting their confusion and discontent.
― Their freezing feet” mean the feet very cold
In O Henry's "The Gold That Glittered," the conversation between General Falcon and Dios highlights the complex relationship between war and politics, portraying them as a sport filled with both conflict and valor The general expresses a desire to invest in peace rather than weaponry, suggesting the purchase of the Hotel Esparnol as a means to foster love and hope amidst the chaos of battle This dialogue underscores the notion that true bravery lies not only in fighting but also in seeking a better future.
―This sport is one paradise ‖ means that the sport is very interesting and attractive
―The discord and clatter uptown offended is nice ear; so a friend had sent him to this oasis in the desert of noise ‖ (In ―The thing‘s the play‖- O Henry)
The bold words ― this oasis in the desert of noise ‖ means the place where he does not make trouble to his neighbor
―His head struck a stone I did not intend to kill him I was mad with love and jealous ‖ (In ―The thing‘s the play‖ - O Henry)
It shows the feeling of the man who was very happy with his love
2.1.3 Hyperbole in terms of clauses
This is also one of the most expressions of hyperbole in short stories
―Kenwitz chuckled like a diabolic raven ‖ (In ―The girl and the graft‖ - O
It means chuckling very frightful and horrible
―Vaucross treated me like a bear hunter’s guide.” (In ―The girl and the graft‖ -
It means bad and inhuman treating
―He’s as easy as a gum shoe ‖ (In ―The gold that glittered‖ - O Henry)
― As easy as a gum shoe ‖ is the hyperbolical figure talks about a person very easy-going and comfortable
―I know it as well as the cat in the City Hall knows I was an O’Sullivan” (In
It shows this character knows very much and clearly
―I’ve got this Jayville-near-Tarrytown correctly estimated as sure as North
River is the Hudson and East River ain’t a river”.( In ―Babes in jungle‖ - O
This means ensuring is very good
―What is the picture like, Mr Morgan? asks Silver ―It must be as big as the size of the Flatiron Building” (In ―Babes in jungle‖ - O Henry)
It means that the picture is very big (In fact, the size of the picture is not as large as the size of buildings), so it is hyperbolical
―Why should I not be going out?” demanded Danny in his grumpiest chest tones
“should I stay in? Am I as good as a horse ?‖ (In ―The day resurgent‖- O Henry)
― As good as a horse ‖ indicates the person is very helpful and hard-working
―The family entrance of Dugan’s cafe was feasible; so Danny yielded to the vernal season as far as a glass of bock ‖ (In ―The day resurgent‖- O Henry)
The meaning of the bold words is that Danny yielded to the vernal season is very difficult
―The old lady is as fixed in her ways as a nut in a new axle ‖ (In ―the fifth wheel‖ - O Henry)
It means that her thought is unchangeable and firm
―As soon as the ex-coachman had recovered his feet and his wits he hastened as fast as he could eastward toward Broadway ‖ (In ―the fifth wheel‖ - O Henry)
Its meaning is hastening very quickly and hurried
―He drew forth a tightly rolled mass of bills as large as a teacup, and laid it on the table‖ (In ―The poet and the peasant‖ - O Henry)
That means the mass of bills have a lot and are dense
―He was as neat and well-groomed as in the old New York days, but how differently was he clad!‖(In ―The girl and the graft‖ - O Henry)
It shows he is very simple but gentle
Originating from Kansas, she proposed the idea of corn in all its stages Her hair resembled the bright yellow of silk, while her tall and elegant figure mirrored a stalk thriving in lush summer fields Her eyes were strikingly large and vivid, akin to bunions, and she had a particular fondness for the color green.
The hair was ― as yellow as the silk ‖ means the color of the hair is light and the hair is very glossy
Her form was ―as tall and graceful as a stalk in the low grounds during a wet summer‖ means she is very tall and powerful
―He was more a goose than a man, but I think I love him yet‖ (In ―The thing‘s the play‖ - O Henry)
It means the man is very talkative
2.1.4 Hyperbole in terms of sentences
This expression of hyperbole in short stories is not very popular It just occurs in some situations
The burglar claimed that if all the snakes he had used oil on were lined up, they would stretch eight times the distance to Saturn, with their rattles audible as far as Valparaiso, Indiana, and back.
It means that the burglar exaggerated the medicinal method that he has used a lot of snakes‘ oil to treat his pain
2.2 Meaning of hyperbole in typical American short stories
Hyperbole serves essential functions in literature, particularly in short stories, by creating strong impressions, emphasizing key points, and evoking intense emotions Each instance of hyperbole is tailored to fulfill a specific role, exhibiting varying levels of intensification—low, medium, and high—each contributing uniquely to the narrative's impact.
2.2.1 Hyperbole with low level of intensification
This is nearly similar to simile in short stories Here are some examples:
―He’s as easy as a gum shoe ‖ (In ―The gold that glittered‖ - O Henry)
― As easy as a gum shoe” is the hyperbolical figure talks about a person very easy-going and comfortable
―I know it as well as the cat in the City Hall knows I was an O’Sullivan ” (In
It shows this character knows very much and clearly
―The old lady is as fixed in her ways as a nut in a new axle ‖ (In ―the fifth wheel‖ - O Henry)
It means that her thought is unchangeable and firm
―I’ve got this Jayville-near-Tarrytown correctly estimated as sure as North River is the Hudson and East River ain’t a river ” (In ―Babes in jungle‖- O
This means ensuring is very good
―What is the picture like, Mr Morgan? Asks Silver “It must be as big as the size of the Flatiron Building ‖ (In ―Babes in jungle‖ - O Henry)
It means that the picture is very big (In fact, the size of the picture is not as large as the size of buildings), so it is hyperbolical
2.2.2 Hyperbole with medium level of intensification
This is the expression of hyperbole in this level which often creates impression, emphasis in normal, neither lower nor higher
―Mrs O’Brien heard, and lifted an auriferous head” (In “The gold that glittered‖ - O Henry)
It means that the person is very intelligent and talent
In O Henry's "The Gold That Glittered," the conversation between General Falcon and Dios reflects the complex interplay of war and politics, portraying them as a sport in which brave heroes continue the fight The dialogue emphasizes a desire for peace and love, symbolized by the wish to purchase the Hotel Esparnol, suggesting that resources should be invested in nurturing relationships rather than in warfare.
―This sport is one paradise ‖ means that the sport is very interesting and attractive
Hyperbole in typical Vietnamese short stories
Nam Cao, a prominent writer of critical realism, crafted numerous distinctive characters with deformities and tragic fates, such as Chi Pheo, Truong Ru, Binh Tu, Thi No, and Lang Ran, who gradually lose their human dignity and become isolated from society Chi Pheo stands out as one of Nam Cao's most renowned characters, exemplifying the author's critical and hyperbolic style Through vivid descriptions and deep psychological analysis, Nam Cao effectively portrays Chi Pheo's physical appearance, personality traits, and innermost feelings, showcasing the power of hyperbole in his storytelling.
3.1 Structures of hyperbole in typical Vietnamese short stories
As similar as the structure of hyperbole in American typical short stories, structures of hyperbole in Vietnamese typical short stories also have four small following types:
3.1.1 Hyperbole in terms of words
Vietnamese hyperbole in words just expresses in compound words instead of simple words However, it is very rare
In the story "Chí Phèo" by Nam Cao, a notable line captures the essence of conflict: "The sound of stones clashing is deafening Well, let's just say it's a bone-crushing affair." This quote highlights the intense quarrel and physical altercation between the characters Ba Kien and his son, and Chi Pheo, emphasizing the themes of violence and struggle within the narrative.
It means that the fighting is very violent and hurt
―Thôi dại gì mà vào miệng cọp, hắn cứ đứng đây này, cứ lại lăn ra đây này, lại kêu toáng lên xem nào‖ (In ―Chí Phèo‖ - Nam Cao)
The meaning of the bold words is that step into the house of Ba Kien like the mouth of tiger-symbolize to a danger place
―Cụ mà chết đi rồi, chúng nó lại không cho ăn bùn ‖ (In ―Chí Phèo‖ _Nam Cao)
― Ăn bùn ‖ in this sentence is the hyperbolical expression means that when Ba Kien would die, his competitors would not let his family peaceful and would bully his family
Bá hộ tiên tri làng Vũ Đại là một nhân vật nổi bật trong tác phẩm "Chí Phèo" của Nam Cao, đại diện cho hình ảnh của người lãnh đạo quyền lực trong xã hội nông thôn Bắc Kỳ Ông không chỉ nổi tiếng trong cộng đồng mà còn được biết đến rộng rãi trong các huyện lân cận, thể hiện sự ảnh hưởng sâu sắc của ông đối với đời sống và tâm tư của người dân nơi đây.
It means that Ba Kien is very well-known person
―Người ta phải gọi hắn là cục đất ‖ (In ―Chí Phèo‖ -Nam Cao)
The words ― cục đất ‖ shows a very good natured characteristic of Nam Tho He is very nạve and easy bullied
―Cái ông Cửu ấy chẳng chỗ nào sót vết chân, còn đớn nước gì mà để nó trốn đi?
Trốn chạy không phải là giải pháp, bởi khi đó, người ta sẽ phải đối mặt với hậu quả nghiêm trọng, như việc bị lấy đi tài sản của cha mẹ Việc chiếm đoạt tiền bạc của người khác không phải là một trò đùa.
― Róc xương ‖ is hyperbolical verb used to emphasis the action of Mr Cuu who does not let Nhi‘s family free and peaceful This action is very cruel and heartless
3.1.2 Hyperbole in terms of phrases
―Thử hỏi có mặt nào trong cái hơn hai nghìn suất đinh này làm được như thế?
Kẻ làm việc xấu vẫn chấp nhận hậu quả, nhưng cụ Bá lại thể hiện sự bao dung khi mời hắn vào nhà uống nước.
The bold words mean that Bá Kiến is the person having dignitary and powerful voice in his Vu Dai village
Trong tác phẩm "Chí Phèo" của Nam Cao, nhân vật chính bị đẩy vào tình huống bi thảm khi bị vu oan tội ăn cắp Hắn bị trói cổ, bị đánh đập và bị gán ghép tội lỗi chỉ vì sự thù ghét và bất công xã hội Cảnh tượng này không chỉ thể hiện sự tàn nhẫn của con người mà còn phản ánh những vấn đề sâu sắc về đạo đức và xã hội trong thời kỳ đó.
Chi Pheo experiences deep fear and anxiety before entering Ba Kien's house, as he worries that Ba Kien's family may have set a trap to inflict significant harm on him This internal struggle highlights Chi Pheo's vulnerability and the intense emotional turmoil he faces in this critical moment.
―Còn bọn đàn anh hay bới móc thì lại sợ, sợ thằng Chánh hội cũng như sợ
Thiên Lôi và hai sức phá hoại khi kết hợp sẽ tạo ra sự tàn phá khủng khiếp, dẫn đến việc đổ nát không chỉ đình chùa mà còn cả nhà cửa.
The phrases "đổ đình đổ chùa" and "đổ nhà đổ cửa" convey the same meaning, but differ in their connotations The former carries a stronger implication than the latter Both expressions highlight the severity of the undermining of Thien Loi.
Khi chị cảm thấy mỏi miệng và không còn muốn nói nữa, chị quyết định trở về sân, nơi chồng chị đã nằm ngủ say sưa trên hè từ rất lâu.
― Ngủ như chết ‖ means deeply sleeping without minding to anything surounding
The quote "Thinking of my child always brings me heartache, but what can I do?" from Nam Cao's story "A Wedding" poignantly captures the struggles of the poor This narrative is one of Nam Cao's most renowned works, highlighting the harsh realities faced by the underprivileged Notably, the author employs hyperbole throughout the story to emphasize the depth of suffering experienced by his characters.
― Thương con đứt ruột ‖ also called hyperbolical expression shows that the mother‘s feeling to her daughter is very deeply and profound
"Trăng sáng" is a poignant narrative by Nam Cao that explores the life of an educated yet impoverished individual The author expresses deep sympathy for the struggles of the underclass and critiques the corrupt societal structures In this tale, Nam Cao showcases a profound love for the aspirations and challenges faced by poor intellectuals in an unjust society The use of hyperbole throughout the story adds both interest and effectiveness, enhancing the emotional impact of the characters' experiences.
Trong tác phẩm "Trăng sáng" của Nam Cao, hình ảnh con bé khóc và phản ứng dữ dội khi uống nước gừng được miêu tả sinh động Nó giãy giụa như đỉa phải vôi, phun nước gừng ra khắp nơi và gào thét, khiến nước gừng bắn lên áo mẹ Cảnh tượng này không chỉ thể hiện sự kháng cự của đứa trẻ mà còn gợi lên cảm xúc mạnh mẽ trong lòng người đọc.
When Dien's daughter experienced a stomachache, her mother suggested she drink ginger juice to alleviate the pain However, the ginger juice was too hot for her to consume, leading her to resist her mother's recommendation.
― Giẫy lên như đỉa phải vôi ‖ means that squiring violently and strongly
In the extract described Nam Tho- a chararacter has the tragic fate, Nam Cao also used hyperbole appropriate like ―Nam Thọ vốn là thằng đầu bò đầu bướu ‖.(In
It means that Nam Tho is a hooligan guy who does not know what frightening is, he does anything without abiding by law
Mặt rỗ tổ ong, trán thấp và bóp lại ở hai bên, tóc ngắn dài lộn xộn, đôi mắt ti hí nhưng sáng như mắt vọ, cùng với chiếc mũi ngắn hếch lên như mũi hổ phù Đôi lưỡng quyền cao trên má trũng tạo nên hình ảnh đặc biệt, với xương hàm nổi bật và bộ răng cải mả nhai xương rau ráu.
― Mặt rỗ tổ ong ‖ is pork – marked face
― Mũi hổ phù ‖ is a big and coarse nose
― Răng cải mả ‖ is a kind of teeth which is very big and unbalanced
IMPLICATION OF THE STUDY
Difficulties faced by learners of English in interpreting and using
1.1 The ambiguities between two figure of speech_ simile and hyperbole
Many students struggle to differentiate between simile and hyperbole, leading to common mistakes in their usage This confusion often arises when interpreting sentences that may employ either figure of speech, highlighting the need for clarity in understanding their distinct meanings.
I am awful when it comes to English I am just wondering if the following sentence is a simile
"And his other leg as black as night.‖
And would this sentence "My heart is broken in so many ways" that be a metaphor or a hyperbole
The first sentence "And his other leg as black as night‖ is a simile (explicitly stated comparison leg color-black as night)
The phrase "my heart is broken" serves as an idiomatic expression rather than a literal comparison, unlike a simile such as "my heart shattered like glass upon hearing his words." This distinction highlights the emotional impact of heartbreak without drawing direct analogies to other objects or ideas.
In interpreting and translating process, the readers and the translators often get this error in some literature works using hyperbole
Words in general English can carry different meanings and express new concepts in specific English It is a cause lead to misunderstandings in translation process
Firstly, the translators often misunderstand the meaning of word between general English and specific English or among fields That proved by following examples:
―Mrs O’Brien heard, and lifted an auriferous head ‖ (In ―The gold that glittered‖ - O Henry)
The word ―auriferous‖ means golden and it is translated as ―có vàng‖ in
Vietnamese, but in this work, the meaning of this word is tranfered as interligent and talent
―What hair of gold it is that she has‖ (In ―The gold that glittered‖ - O Henry)
The phrase "hair of gold," when translated word for word into Vietnamese, means "tóc của vàng." However, its meaning can vary based on the context, often symbolizing the background or origin of wealth.
Translators often face challenges in translating and comprehending terms due to their limited knowledge in specific fields, coupled with the diverse nature of both the Source Language and the Target Language.
2 Suggested solutions to avoid common errors
2.1 Suggested solutions to avoid the ambiguities between two figure of speech
After studying hyperbole, I get some solutions to avoid this error
Firstly, we must know clearly the definition of each figure of speech, what is hyperbole, what is simile or metaphor…
A simile is a figure of speech that creates an indirect relationship by comparing two unlike things, highlighting their similarities This explicit comparison often employs the words "like" or "as," though it can also be formed without them.
Eg "The moon appeared crimson, like a drop of blood hanging in the sky"
Eg "She hunched and struggled her way down the path; the way an old beggar woman might wander about"
Eg "My love is like a red, red rose."
Eg "The day we passed together for a while seemed a bright fire on a winter's night."
Hyperbole is a descriptive technique that involves deliberate exaggeration, often using extremes or superlatives to emphasize a positive or negative trait This bold overstatement is not intended to be taken literally; instead, it aims to evoke strong emotions or leave a lasting impression on the audience.
Eg Mr Smith is the greatest human being ever to walk the earth
Eg I'm so hungry I'd give my right arm for a piece of pizza
Eg He has a brain the size of a pea
Secondly, we need to know the features of these figures of speech
Similes directly compare two unlike things using ―like‖ or ―as‖
(The bump on her head was as big as a watermelon.)
Hyperbole is a rhetorical device that involves exaggeration for emphasis, without using comparisons like "like" or "as." For example, the phrase "If I've told you once, I've told you a million times, do not put that pencil up your nose" illustrates how hyperbole can effectively highlight a point.
Hyperbole is great exaggeration (I'm starving to death) but it is not necessarily separate from simile Hyperbole sometimes uses simile:
―She's as big as a barn”
“He's like a giant, slow motion trainwreck‖
Both are hyperbole, both use simile (No one is really the size of a barn and to compare a person to a trainwreck is a big exaggeration)
And the last, the purposes of using each type of figurative language is very important to recognize them and to avoid the misunderstanding and errors
When crafting sensory experiences, a simile often precedes hyperbole, enhancing the vividness of sight, sound, taste, touch, and smell Conversely, when the goal is to amplify an idea, hyperbole takes precedence, followed by simile, to effectively convey exaggeration.
Understanding hyperbole is essential for effective communication, and the solutions presented above can help clarify its meaning By distinguishing hyperbole from similar figures of speech, we can avoid common misunderstandings and enhance our writing skills.
2.2 Suggested solutions to avoid the misunderstanding
Translators must fully grasp the context and intention of the text they are translating This involves reading the entire text to convey the intended message clearly and naturally in the target language Understanding the overall meaning allows translators to accurately interpret individual words within the detailed content Additionally, utilizing a dictionary to look up unfamiliar terms is essential, as many specialized terms stem from general English.
Translators must acquire knowledge about the subject matter to accurately understand and use words, thereby minimizing potential challenges This understanding enables them to select the most appropriate English equivalents in Vietnamese, reducing the risk of misunderstandings.
Translators should refrain from translating word by word, as this can distort the original meaning and diminish the beauty of the expression Instead, it is often more effective to use general terms for translation However, in certain cases, translating an English word may require a longer phrase or even a complete sentence to ensure clarity for readers.
This chapter provides a conclusion for this graduation paper Firstly, the issues addressed in the study are discussed Secondly, the recommendations and suggestions for further study are made
1 Issues addressed in the study
In today's global landscape, English has emerged as the predominant language, particularly in professional settings, following Vietnam's accession to the World Trade Organization Its significance spans various fields, including economics, science, politics, and healthcare To achieve success in the workplace, possessing specialized knowledge is insufficient; proficiency in English is essential for effective communication with international partners Understanding the language enables individuals to grasp others' intentions and articulate their ideas, fostering successful collaborations Moreover, a deep appreciation of the traditions, customs, and cultures of partners is crucial to prevent misunderstandings Additionally, hyperbole, a complex yet fascinating figure of speech, is prevalent in both everyday communication and literature, offering rich opportunities for study.
After a long time of working with the help of supervisor, teachers and friends, my graduation paper has been completed
After consulting and collecting from teacher either English or Vietnamese, I have designed the paper into three parts
Firstly, Part one is introduction of the study concluding the rationale, aim, method, scope as well as design of the study
The second part which consists of three chapters is major one Some notions have been given in the theoretical background as an introduction to the study relating to hyperbole
Chapter I states common knowledge on word, word meaning in general and definition as well as antonym of hyperbole in particular
Chapter II highlights an investigation into expressions of hyperbole in some typical short stories of American and Vietnamese writers and analyzing the expressions of hyperbole in terms of structures, meanings, and stylistic features
Chapter III is implication focusing on difficulties faced by learners of English in interpreting and using hyperbole in American and Vietnamese short stories and then giving out some suggested solutions to avoid common errors
Recommendations and Suggestions for further study
Understanding the application of English hyperbole, particularly in literature, is challenging due to its connections with various fields such as geography, social development, and culture The origins of these expressions are often obscure, and the widespread use of English across many countries contributes to the complexity Vietnamese learners face significant difficulties in recognizing hyperboles, interpreting their meanings, using them appropriately, and finding equivalent expressions in Vietnamese To address these challenges, it is essential for learners to study hyperboles in depth, interpret their meanings within context, engage with English texts, and develop cultural competence to enhance their understanding.
This study aims to contribute to the understanding of hyperboles in the contemporary international language, serving as a reference for those interested in English culture, semantics, and literature It is hoped that this research will inspire further exploration of related topics.
Due to my limited knowledge and skills, I acknowledge that mistakes and shortcomings are inevitable Therefore, I sincerely welcome feedback, critiques, and suggestions from teachers and peers to improve my work.
Hyperbole, in general, and hyperbole in some typical short stories of American and Vietnamese, in particular, is an interesting subject that needs more investigation from authors
On the coming time, researchers intend to study:
- Hyperbole in some typical poems of famous English and Vietnamese writers
- The similarities and differences between hyperbole in English literature and American literature
- Hyperbole in slogan of advertising
1 Hoa, Nguyen (2001) An Introduction to semantics VNU Press
2 Hung, Nguyen Manh & Hanh Le Quoc (2006) Tu vung hoc tieng Anh
3 Jackson, H and Amvela, E.Z (2000) Words, meaning and vocabulary
4 Truong, Hoang Tat (1883) Tu vung hoc tieng Anh co ban Truong Đai Hoc
Su Pham Ngoai Ngu - Ha Noi
5 Phi, Nguyen Khac and Thuyet, Nguyen Minh (2008), Ngu van lop 8.tap1
7 Cao, Nam (1930) Chi Pheo Nha xuat ban van hoc
8 Cao, Nam (1931) Con Meo Nha xuat ban van hoc
9 Cao, Nam (1932) Nua Dem Nha xuat ban van hoc
10 Cao, Nam (1944) Mot Dam Cuoi Nha xuat ban van hoc
11 Cao, Nam (1943) Trang Sang Nha xuat ban van hoc
12 Cao, Nam (1934) Thoi Di Ve Nha xuat ban van hoc
13 Cao, Nam (1942) Mot Bua No Nha xuat ban van hoc
14 Cao, Nam (1931) Lang Ran Nha xuat ban van hoc
15 Cao, Nam (1943) Tu Ngay Me Chet Nha xuat ban van hoc
16 Cao, Nam (1944) Mua Danh Nha xuat ban van hoc
17 O Henry (1918) The gold that glittered New York, St Martin's Press
18 O Henry (1931) Strictly business McClure‘s Magazine
19 O Henry (1925) Babes in the jungle Cosmopolitan Magazine
20 O Henry (1917) The day resurgent New York, St Martin's Press
21 O Henry (1916) The fifth wheel New York, St Martin's Press
22 O Henry (1923) The poet and the peasant Cosmopolitan Magazine
23 O Henry (1932) The robe of peace New York, St Martin's Press
24 O Henry (1904) The girl and the graft McClure‘s Magazine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (2001) Retrieved May 19, 2010 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbole
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (2001) Retrieved April 22, 2010 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_of_speech
Dabernet, W.T(1999) Retrieved May 26, 2009 from http://volweb.utk.edu/school/bedford/harrisms/hyperbole.htm
Website Owner's Glossary (n.d.) Retrieved May 19, 2010 from http://www.grammartips.net/hyperbole-in-english-writing
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (2001) Retrieved May 19, 2010 from http://dictionary.bachkhoatoanthu.gov.vn/default.aspx?paramA7aWQ9MTk5NDUmZ3JvdXBpZD0yMiZraW5kPSZrZXl3b3JkPQ==&page=4
Exercise 1: Indicate if the sentence is an example of a simile, metaphor, or hyperbole:
1 The paper is as light as a feather
2 The ocean was a raging bull
3 An apple a day keeps the doctor away
4 The streetlight was my security guard
5 A gentle summer wind feels like a soft cotton sheet
6 The ship plows the sea
7 Her eyes shone like stars in the night sky
9 My little brother eats like a pig
10 The tears flowed like a river
11 Mr Smith drank his tea in oceans
12 We are all in the battle field
13 The mayor's voice was a strong weapon
14 The horse moved with lightning speed
15 Jim is as stubborn as a mule
16 My boyfriend is like a watermelon in the summer
17 He's like a typhoon in the house
18 My motorcycle is a bomb on wheels
19 He is so hungry that he could eat a million cookies and six gallon of ice cream
20 The lights in our classroom are too bright because they are brighter than ten thousand suns
Exercise 2:In the following sentences, underline the hyperbole and write what it means on the line underneath
1 I think of you a million times a day
2 She is one hundred feet tall
4 The path went on forever
5 I'm doing a million things right now
7 Hyperbole is the greatest ever!
8 I will die if she asks me to dance
9 I jumped up to the moon and came back till she finished her makeup.
10 If I were to become any richer, I would have bought a cloud
12 Her beauty eclipsed the sun
13 Her voice brought on earthquakes
14 You are telling me this one hundred and two million times