INTRODUCE
Rationale of the study
As Vietnam's economy grows and the country joins the WTO, international trade increases, highlighting the need for effective communication between nations Business negotiation (BN) English Translation plays a crucial role in facilitating business exchanges across borders, making it essential for BN sentences to be accurately conveyed to the target language (TL) audience for successful communication.
BN English possesses unique characteristics that enhance its utility in translation Translators benefit from established theories, such as Nida's functional equivalence theory, which serve as a foundational guide in their practice This theory facilitates the use of diverse strategies to ensure translations are smooth, natural, and closely aligned in meaning The significance of applying equivalence theory in BN translation lies in its focus on the receptor's response, ultimately making translations more comprehensible Consequently, adapting this theory can lead to improvements in business translation as well.
In order to gain this, translators must be requested to acquire a certain level of English in this field Thus the development of the BN study is an urgent need
Many Vietnamese translators face challenges when translating BN terms, and I often find myself confused by them as well This highlights the necessity of gaining a solid foundation in both linguistic and cultural knowledge in my native and foreign languages Additionally, I have a keen interest in translation skills, particularly in the realm of BN terms, which motivates my research Studying this topic not only deepens my understanding of technical translations but also enhances my overall translation capabilities.
Aim of study
The study on translation of basic business negotiation terms aims to figure out an overview on tranlation strategies and procedures commonly employed in translation of basic business negotiation terms
In details, my Graduation Paper aims at:
Collecting and presenting basic English terms in business negotiation Providing their Vietnamese equivalents or expressions
This article presents a preliminary analysis of the translation strategies and procedures used to translate key English negotiation terms into Vietnamese It aims to provide students majoring in the subject, as well as others interested, with a concise reference guide to essential English terms in negotiation alongside their Vietnamese equivalents.
Scope of the study
Studying the terminology in business negotiation can be time-consuming and complex Due to constraints in time and knowledge, this research primarily concentrates on translation strategies and a contrastive analysis of key business negotiation terms in English and Vietnamese.
Method of the study
This Graduation paper is carried out with view to helping learners enlarge their vocabulary and having general understanding about translation and translation of negotiation and contract terms
In my graduation paper, I have compiled English and Vietnamese terms sourced from the Internet, business term dictionaries, and reference books These terms are categorized into groups based on shared characteristics, which serve as the foundation for my research on the translation procedures employed to convert them into Vietnamese.
Design of the study
My graduation paper is divided into three parts, in which the second, naturally, is the most important part
Part I is the INTRODUCTION in which rationale of the study, aim of the study, scope of the study, method of the study, design of the study are presented
Part II is the DEVELOPMENT that includes 3 chapters:
Chapter I is the theorical background which focuses on the definition, technical translation and definition of terms
Chapter II is an investigation on business negotiation terms and their equivelents And Nida‟s functional equivalence theory, analysis on Applications of Nida‟s theory in BN translation
Chapter III is some related probems faced by Vietnamese learners when studing business negotiation terms and suggested solutions Part III is the Conclusion which includes the summary of the study and suggestions for the further study.
DEVELOPMENT
TRANSLATION THEORY
Translation plays a crucial role in various aspects of life, including literature, culture, religion, commerce, advertising, entertainment, public administration, immigration, and education Due to its significance, numerous definitions of translation exist, and a wealth of literature has been produced on the topic The following definitions provide essential theoretical foundations for this study.
Translation involves interpreting the meaning of a source text and producing an equivalent text, known as the target text, that conveys the same message in a different language The source text is the original material, while the target language is the language into which the text is translated.
Translation is the process of interpreting the meaning of a text and creating an equivalent version that conveys the same message in a different language.
“Translation is the replacement of a text in one language (Sourec language SL) by an equivalent text in another language (Target language- TL)” (Catford 1988)
“Translation is rendering a written text into another language in the way that the author intended the text”
Despite their varied expressions, these definitions highlight a shared focus on the significance of achieving the closest equivalence in meaning through the careful selection of appropriate lexical and grammatical structures in the target language Additionally, the process of translating between languages involves different methods that will be explored in the following section.
Translating can be approached through different methods, primarily focusing on whether to adopt a literal or free translation style The choice between these approaches hinges on several factors, including the translation's purpose, the target audience, and the types of texts involved.
Peter Newmark (1988) identifies eight translation methods: word-for-word, literal, faithful, semantic, adaptation, free, idiomatic, and communicative translation These methods vary in their emphasis on the source language (SL) versus the target language (TL), which Newmark illustrates in a flattened diagram.
Word- for- word translation Adaptation
The closest methods to the source language in translation include word-for-word translation, literal translation, and faithful translation Word-for-word translation retains the source language's word order and translates each word individually, often used to understand the mechanics of the source language or to interpret difficult texts Literal translation is a broader approach where each source language word corresponds to a target language word, though their meanings may differ; it serves as a foundational step in translation, highlighting potential issues to address Faithful translation aims to accurately convey the original's contextual meaning while adhering to the grammatical structures of the target language.
Cultural words are transferred while maintaining the grammatical and lexical deviations from the source language (SL) norms The translation aims to remain faithful to the original writer's intentions and text realization Semantic translation, on the other hand, prioritizes the aesthetic value of the SL text, allowing for compromises on meaning to ensure that elements like assonance, wordplay, and repetition flow smoothly in the final version.
The methods closest to the target language include several distinct approaches to translation Adaptation is the most flexible, often applied to plays and poetry, where the original themes and characters are preserved while the source culture is transformed to fit the target culture, resulting in a creatively rewritten text Dung Vu (2004) emphasizes that adaptation prioritizes the generation of new content over strict fidelity to the original Free translation, on the other hand, focuses on conveying the meaning of the source language using the translator's own words, often resulting in a longer paraphrase that sounds more natural in the target language, although it may stray too far from the original's intent Idiomatic translation addresses colloquialisms and idioms, opting for translations that prioritize meaning over literal accuracy Lastly, communicative translation seeks to convey the exact contextual meaning of the original while ensuring that both the content and language are accessible to the target audience, as noted by Peter Newmark (1982), who highlights the importance of respecting the source text's form as a foundational element of the translation process.
Equivalence, as defined by the dictionary, refers to the similarity or interchangeability of one thing with another In the context of translation, equivalence describes the nature and extent of the relationships between the source language (SL) and the target language (TL).
TL texts or smaller linguistic units
The challenge of equivalence is a crucial aspect of translation, focusing on identifying appropriate counterparts in the target language for expressions found in the source language.
The comparison of texts across languages necessitates a theory of equivalence, which is a central issue in translation Vanessa Leonardo notes that the definition, relevance, and applicability of equivalence in translation theory have sparked significant debate, leading to the development of various theories over the past fifty years This article explores several comprehensive approaches to translation equivalence.
Translation equivalence is the simiarity between a word (or expression ) in one language and its translation in another This similarity results from overlapping ranges of reference
Translation equivalence is a corresponding word or expression in equivalence
Formal correspondence involves utilizing target language (TL) items that closely match the source language (SL) words or phrases Nida and Taber emphasize that formal equivalents may not always exist between languages, but recommend their use when the goal is to achieve formal equivalence instead of dynamic equivalence However, relying on formal equivalents can sometimes lead to misunderstandings in the target text (TT), making it less accessible to the audience (Fawcett, 1997) Nida and Taber highlight this critical aspect of translation.
Formal correspondence often alters the grammatical and stylistic structures of the target language, leading to a distortion of the intended message This can result in misunderstandings or require the recipient to exert excessive effort to comprehend the content.
Dynamic equivalence is a translation principle that aims to convey the original meaning in a way that evokes the same response from the target language audience as it did from the source text audience While the form of the original text may be altered, as long as the changes adhere to the rules of back transformation, contextual consistency, and receptor language transformation, the core message remains intact, ensuring a faithful translation (Nida and Taber, 1982:200).
Translation of ESP
English for Specific Purposes (ESP) has gained global significance, particularly following two pivotal historical events According to Hutchinson and Waters (1979), the end of World War II marked the beginning of an unprecedented expansion in scientific, technical, and economic activities worldwide, largely influenced by the economic dominance of the United States, which positioned English as the international lingua franca Additionally, the Oil Crisis of the early 1970s further emphasized the need for specialized English language skills in various fields.
1970 resulted in Western money and knowledge flowing into the oil-rich countries The language of this knowledge became English
The evolution of language teaching has created significant pressure on educators to meet the demands of stakeholders outside the profession Unlike in the past when English language instruction was largely self-directed, it is now increasingly influenced by the preferences and requirements of learners and other interested parties (Hutchinson & Waters, 1987, p.7).
The emergence of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) was significantly influenced by a revolution in linguistics, where pioneers shifted focus from merely describing language features to examining its practical use in communication Hutchinson noted that spoken and written English varies based on context, suggesting that language instruction can be tailored to meet learners' specific needs This led to numerous efforts in the late 1960s and early 1970s to define English for Science and Technology (EST), with notable contributions from scholars such as Ewer and Latorre, Swales, Selinker, and Trimble, as identified by Hutchinson and Waters (1987).
The final reason Hutchinson and Waters (1987) cite as having influenced the
The emphasis in language education has shifted from merely the methods of delivery to understanding how learners acquire language and the variations in their learning processes It is recognized that learners utilize diverse strategies, possess different skill sets, come with unique learning backgrounds, and are driven by various motivations and interests Consequently, addressing learners' needs has become as crucial as the teaching methods used to impart linguistic knowledge This perspective has led to the design of tailored courses aimed at meeting individual requirements, making "learner-centered" or "learning-centered" the prevailing terms in ESL discussions today.
As for a broader definition of ESP, Hutchinson and Waters (1987) theorize,
“ESP is and approach to language teaching in which all decisions as to content and method are based on the learner‟s reason for learning” Anthony
In 1997, it was observed that the distinction between English for Specific Purposes (ESP) courses and general English courses is often unclear Many non-specialist ESL instructors adopt an ESP approach by designing their syllabi based on a thorough analysis of learner needs and their own expertise in using English for effective communication.
David Carter (1983) identifies three types of ESP:
English for Academic and Occupational Purposes
Air traffic controllers and waiters exemplify the concept of English as a restricted language According to Mackay and Mountford (1978), there is a clear distinction between restricted language and general language, highlighting the specific contexts in which these forms of communication are utilized.
….The language of international air-traffic control could be regarded as
The term "special" refers to the limited repertoire required by specific roles, such as a dining-room waiter or air-hostess, which can be precisely defined based on situational needs However, these restricted repertoires do not constitute a language, similar to how a tourist phrase book lacks grammatical structure Mastering such a limited "language" would not enable effective communication in unfamiliar situations or outside the vocational context.
The second type of ESP identified by Carter (1983) is English for Academic and Occupational Purposes In the „Tree of ELT‟ (Hutchinson & Waters,
1987), ESP is broken down into three branches: a) English for Science and Technology (EST) b) English for Business and Economics (EBE), c) English for Social Studies (ESS)
The subject areas of English are categorized into two main branches: English for Academic Purposes (EAP) and English for Occupational Purposes (EOP) For instance, within the English for Specific Purposes (EST) category, "English for Technicians" represents EOP, while "English for Medical Studies" exemplifies EAP.
Hutchinson and Waters (1987) highlight the blurred lines between English for Academic Purposes (EAP) and English for Occupational Purposes (EOP), noting that language learned in an academic setting is often utilized in the workplace This observation aligns with Carter's view of categorizing both EAP and EOP under the same umbrella of English for Specific Purposes (ESP), as their ultimate goal—employment—remains consistent However, the pathways to achieving this goal differ significantly I argue that EAP and EOP diverge in their focus, particularly regarding Cummins' (1979) distinction between cognitive academic proficiency and basic interpersonal skills, a topic that will be explored in greater depth.
Carter (1983) identifies English for Specific Purposes (ESP) focused on specific topics, where the emphasis shifts from purpose to topic, particularly for professionals like scientists who need English for postgraduate studies, conferences, or international work However, this should not be viewed as a separate type of ESP; instead, it is a vital element of ESP courses that prioritize situational language This situational language is derived from needs analysis, reflecting authentic language used in relevant workplace environments.
II.3 Business negotiation ESP translation:
Business negotiation ESP translation is recently very important because most
BN documents are composed in English, requiring a deep understanding for accurate interpretation Achieving a complete translation that conveys the universal meaning of the source language (SL) within the BN text is challenging without a thorough grasp of BN terminology, which is crucial for technical translation Therefore, this section of the study is grounded in the theoretical principles of technical translation.
II.4 Definition of technical translation
Sofer (1991) as follow distinguishes technical translation from literal translation:
The translation field is primarily divided into literal and technical translation Literal translation encompasses genres such as fiction, poetry, drama, and the humanities, typically executed by writers proficient in the target language In contrast, technical translation is a rapidly growing sector, offering numerous opportunities for practitioners.
Newark (1981) distinguishes between technical translation and institutional translation, with the former being universal and non-cultural, as its benefits are applicable across various speech communities He argues that technical terms should be translated to maintain this universality In contrast, institutional translation is inherently cultural, where terms are typically transferred unless they pertain to international organizations Despite their differing perspectives, both authors recognize technical translation as a specialized form of translation characterized by its unique terminology.
II 5 Translation in the area of business terms
The field of business negotiation is characterized by evolving terminologies, making it essential to use accurate translations To enhance our translation efforts, regularly updating glossaries related to both general business negotiation and specific topics is crucial The complexity of translating business negotiation terms necessitates strong translational skills and in-depth domain knowledge Additionally, a thorough understanding of word formation in this context is vital for effective communication.
III, Nida’s functional equivalence theory
Eugene A Nida, a renowned American linguist, is a pivotal figure in the study of translation equivalence, significantly influencing contemporary translators with his theories To understand functional equivalence, it is essential to first grasp the concept of dynamic equivalence, also introduced by Nida In essence, functional equivalence is derived from the principles of dynamic equivalence, highlighting their interconnectedness in translation theory.
THE FEATURES AND TRANSLATION OF BUSINESS NEGOTIATION
I.1 Features of language in business negotiation
Negotiation is a collaborative process where two or more parties reach a mutual decision on an issue with differing preferences It serves as a constructive method for conflict resolution, offering a peaceful alternative to violence However, effective negotiation can be impeded by weak information processing abilities, cognitive biases, and socio-emotional challenges, which can prevent optimal outcomes.
Cognitive stumbling blocks, such as limitations in generating and evaluating solutions, along with biases like viewing issues in isolation and favoring readily available options, can hinder decision-making Additionally, Business English (BN) serves specific purposes in the business environment, characterized by unique features tailored for professional communication.
Pithiness emphasizes the importance of conveying words, phrases, and sentences in a brief and straightforward manner, enhancing the effectiveness of communication and making it easier for listeners to understand Concise business texts significantly improve communication, making it more effective and appropriate To achieve pithiness, it is advisable to avoid complex expressions, such as "letter of credit," in business negotiations, opting instead for the widely recognized abbreviation "L/C."
B/L Bill of lading hóa đơn vận chuyển đường biển
CIF Cost , insurance and freight giá hàng, bảo hiểm và vận phí
CIF.c Cost, insurance freight and commission giá CIF và hoa hồng trung gian
CIF.E Cost, insurance, freight and exchange Giá CIF và phí chuyển đổi tiền
CIF.e Cost, insurance, freight and interest giá CIF và lãi suất chiết khấu hối phiếu
L/G letter of guarantee thư bảo đảm
In many English-speaking countries, public documents increasingly favor simple language over complex terminology This trend emphasizes clarity and conciseness, exemplified by the phrase "thanh toán tiền khi giao hàng," which can be succinctly translated as "cash on delivery," "collect on delivery," or similar straightforward expressions.
A payment receipt for goods is essential for clear communication in business transactions The translations provided are straightforward and logically organized, ensuring that the meanings are easily understood and not misinterpreted Utilizing concise and effective language in business negotiations allows for quicker and more efficient dealings.
Every scientific and professional field has its own specialized vocabulary that is easily understood by those familiar with the subject Similarly, business negotiation (BN) has its own set of terminologies and abbreviations that emerge during the negotiation process Understanding these specific terms is crucial for effective communication in business negotiations.
CPT Carriage paid to Cước đã trả tới
DEQ Delivered EX quay Giao tại cầu cảng (đã nộp thuế) DES Delivered EX ship Giá giao dọc mạn tàu
FAS Free alongside ship Tầu sang mạn tự do
FCA Free carrier Giao cho người chuyên chở
FOB Free on board Giá giao lên tàu
The use of specialized terms significantly minimizes misunderstandings and errors in business practices and translation These terms are easily understood and utilized by professionals during business negotiations without the need for further explanation Below are examples that illustrate their professional significance in specific negotiation contexts.
Document against acceptance Chứng từ nhận hàng giao nộp sau khi nhận trả Stipulate in a contract Quy định bằng hợp đồng
Emotional outbursts Bộc phát cảm xúc
Flip of a coin Búng đồng tiền
Consensus ad idem Đạt thỏa thuận giữa hai bên về cùng một việc
Real estate Bất động sản
Mail transfer Chuyển tiền qua bưu điện
Clean bill Hối phiếu trơn
Booking note Giấy đăng ký gửi hàng
Delivery order Phiếu giao nhận hàng
Partial shipment Giao từng phần
Delivery time Thời gian giao hàng
Date of validity Ngày có hiệu lực
Term of payment Kỳ hạn trả tiền
Force majeure Trường hợp bất khả kháng
Counter-offer Đơn chào giá cạnh tranh
Counterparty risk Rủi ro của bên đối tác
Self-inflicting negotiation style Loại đàm phán tự gây hại cho mình
Competitive style Loại đàm phán cạnh tranh
Accommodative style Loại đàm phán hòa giải
Avoidance style Loại đàm phán hủy bỏ
Compromising style Loại đàm phán thỏa hiệp
Collaborative style Loại đàm phán hợp tác
Vengeful style Loại đàm phán trả thù
The following shows the situation in which the same word will have different meanings even in business negotiation language:
Market power Nắm quyền trên thị trường
Market production Giá cả thị trường
Means of recourse Biện pháp truy đòi
Amicable allowance Bồi thường theo thỏa thuận
Means of conveyance Phương tiện vận tải
Means of payment Phương tiện thanh toán
Settle a bargain Thỏa thuận ký hợp đồng
Settle a dispute Hòa giải cuộc tranh chấp
Settlement price Giá thanh toán
Long- term strategy Chiến lược dài hạn
Marketing strategy Chiến lược tiếp thị
Business strategy Chiến lược kinh doanh
Investment strategy Chiến lược đầu tư
Penetration strategy Chiến lược thâm nhập (thị trường) Advertising tactic Chiến thuật quảng cáo
Thinking tactic Chiến thuật tư tưởng
The key feature of Business Language (BN) is its accuracy, ensuring that each word, phrase, or sentence conveys a single, clear meaning without ambiguity This precision allows recipients to fully grasp the intended information Utilizing appropriate business terminology enables immediate understanding, while direct expressions are preferred for their clarity over indirect ones.
Accuracy is a very significant feature in BN Free reduction or omission totally forbidden
During the effective period of this agreement, we appoint you as our exclusive agent to solicit orders for our products from customers in your territory
Long sentences can enhance accuracy by conveying detailed information precisely However, they must avoid redundancy; every word and phrase should be essential This balance ensures that the writing remains both informative and concise, embodying the principles of accuracy and pithiness.
The significance of meanings in Bengali (BN) elevates the importance of its words and phrases compared to standard English Therefore, it is crucial to emphasize the accuracy of these meanings to ensure clear communication.
In a word, words in BN have accurate and exact meanings and sometimes their meanings are completely different from them in common English
Please look at the following examples, which have professional meanings in specific business negotiation condition:
Etiquette Nghi thức xã giao
Jostle Tranh giành (với ai )
Coercion Tình trạng bị ép buộc
Amicable Thân thiện, hòa giải
Dovetail Phù hợp, ăn khớp
Proposal Kế hoạch đề xuất
So in order to comply with all the features of BN and dominate the BN, the language translation should be navigated by the translation principle.
The principles on the translation of Business Negotiation terms
In Vietnamese translation, the prevailing standard emphasizes "faithfulness, expressiveness, and elegance," a view shared by many translation specialists However, this approach has faced criticism from Nida, who pointed out that many Vietnamese theorists prioritize elegance, often at the expense of other important aspects, particularly in literary texts To enhance the quality of business translation, it is essential to establish a distinct set of principles The complexity of the BN language further complicates the creation of these principles, necessitating clear guidelines to improve translation practices in this area.
Faithfulness is the fundamental principle of all translation, ensuring that the target language (TL) accurately conveys all the information present in the source language (SL) This commitment to faithfulness emphasizes the importance of preserving the original meaning and intent in the translated text.
For effective communication, it is essential to prioritize "original information" over "original forms." BN terms must be translated to convey information clearly and swiftly, ensuring that the translated words are easily understood by the audience A translator must first grasp the meaning of the source language (SL) to produce an accurate and faithful translation.
Smoothness in translation is essential for helping receptors effectively comprehend the source language (SL) information It is crucial that translated words exhibit natural, fluent, and coherent expressions to ensure readability and understanding, thereby preventing any potential misunderstandings Achieving a smooth translation enhances its acceptability; conversely, a lack of smoothness can render the translation meaningless.
Professionality is a key principle in the translation of business language (BN), as highlighted in the previous section Translators must be well-versed in the professional characteristics of BN to ensure accurate translations This understanding is crucial for the target audience's comprehension; without adhering to the professional standards of BN, the effectiveness of the translation may diminish, hindering business success.
Faithfulness, smoothness, and professionalism are essential interrelated qualities that significantly enhance business translation By applying Nida's famous equivalence theory to BN language translation, the quality and effectiveness of translations can be greatly improved.
Analysis on the Applications of Nida‟s theory in BN translation
Business negotiation (BN) translation serves a specific purpose, emphasizing the importance of content as outlined in Nida's functional equivalence theory At its core, semantic translation is fundamental to achieving equivalence When the source language (SL) contains cultural information, it is crucial for the translator to effectively convey this to the target language (TL) The deep equivalence between SL and TL cultures in BN translation often remains unseen, necessitating that translators not only grasp professional jargon and terminology but also apply equivalence theory to ensure accuracy The subsequent section will provide examples of BN translation at both the lexical and syntactic levels.
Vocabulary is essential in language as it consists of thousands of words that combine to convey various meanings For instance, the word "draft" has a common meaning that illustrates the significance of understanding vocabulary in different contexts.
In business negotiation language, understanding terms like "phác thảo" and "hối phiếu" is crucial for translators to achieve accurate equivalence in translation This section will illustrate the professional translation of specific words in business negotiations, applying Nida's theory to enhance comprehension and effectiveness.
In business negotiations, utilizing abbreviations can significantly streamline communication and save time Familiarity with common business English abbreviations is essential for effective negotiations.
CIF Cost, insurance and Freight Chi phí, bảo hiểm và cước phí DAF Delivered at Frontier Giao tại biên giới
DDP Delivered Duty Paid Giao tại đích đã nộp thuế DDU Delivered duty unpaid Giao tại đích chưa nộp thuế FAS Free Alongside ship Tàu sang mạn tự do
FOB Free on board Giao lên tàu
Understanding the nuances of Business Negotiation (BN) contexts can be challenging for those unfamiliar with their specific language features and cultural practices These unique elements are crucial for effective communication during international business negotiations To achieve accurate translation in BN, it is essential to consider cultural factors alongside the translation of abbreviations Adhering to these cultural conditions is vital for successful business interactions in the BN environment.
Business negotiation involves numerous professional terms, many of which are unique to the context and carry specific meanings While the total number of these specialized terms is relatively small, many are formed from common words that acquire distinct professional significance in business settings Understanding these terms is crucial for effective communication in negotiation scenarios.
Booking note Giấy đăng ký gửi hàng
Clean bill Hối phiếu trơn
Delivery order Phiếu giao nhận hàng
Partial shipment Giao từng phần
Stand-by L/C Thư tín dụng bảo đảm
Shut- outs Không được bốc xếp lên tàu Terms and conditions: Điều khoản và điều kiện
In addition, there are many other instances For example, we can see that the following words all have common meanings:
However, they also have professional meanings as follows:
Factor Người bao thanh toán
Honor Nhận thanh toán (chi phiếu)
Offer Giá báo, ra giá
Promotion Mở rộng thị trường tiêu thụ
The following shows the situation in which the same word will have different meanings even only in business language
Balance acount Tài khoản kết toán, chương mục chung
Balance of interests Số dư lãi, cân đối lợi ích
Balance of transaction Sự cân bằng giao dịch
Market power Sự định vị thị trường, nắm quyền trên thị trường Market production Sự sản xuất của thị trường, giá cả thị trường
Market report Bản tin thị trường, bản tin (giá) thị trường (chứng khoán Means of payment Công cụ chi trả, phương tiện thanh toán
Means of recourse Biện pháp truy đòi
Means of conveyance Công cụ, phương tiện vận tải
Translators working with business terminology in BN must possess a strong understanding of professional vocabulary and adhere to the jargon equivalence principle Each professional term has a specific interpretation, necessitating a precise translation from English to Vietnamese; any deviation can lead to misunderstandings and potential commercial failures Consequently, vocabulary translation should prioritize the terminology equivalence translation principle, while also considering the importance of syntactic translation, as sentence structure and common language expressions play a crucial role in effective communication.
Nida's functional equivalence theory emphasizes that translators should aim for a similar response from the target language (TL) audience as that of the source language (SL) audience To facilitate successful cooperation in negotiations, translators must effectively convey the speaker's deeper significance The following examples will illustrate strategies for achieving this goal in translation.
1 Cho dù phương thức vận tải nào di nữa thì đều áp dụng điều khoản này
A No matter with what kind of transport, this term work
B This term may be used irrespective of the mode of transport
The second translation employs the powerful adjective "irrespective," effectively highlighting the company's policy and capturing the attention of potential buyers, a feat that the first translation fails to accomplish.
In BN translation, it is crucial for translators to utilize precise vocabulary to achieve functional equivalence, adhering to Nida's theory of cultural equivalence This approach ensures that the translation accurately reflects the nuances of BN culture present in the source language Additionally, the professional nature of BN often leads to unique sentence structures that can significantly differ from Vietnamese logic or everyday English For instance, in the example provided, the speaker emphasizes "the term" by making it the subject and employing passive voice to convey the message effectively.
2 Cục thương kiểm Trung Quốc sẽ tiến hành kiểm tra hàng tại Cảng để cấp giấy kiểm hàng cho cả bên mua và bên bán
A Inspection will be conducted by the Chinese Commodity Inspection Bureau at the port of destination The certificate on quality and weight, published by Bureau, will play a determine role between the buyer and seller
B Inspection will be conducted by the Chinese Commodity Inspection Bureau at the port of destination Their certificate on quality and weight is to accepted as final and binding by both the seller and the buyer
Publishing by the Bureau can disrupt the flow of a sentence, leading to a loss of professionalism and potentially creating a negative impression for collaborators This may raise doubts about the company's reliability In contrast, the second translation maintains a closer equivalence to the source language, preserving the tone without fragmenting the text into overly short sentences.
3 Vì mối quan hệ tốt đẹp của hai bên, giao dịch lần trước hai bên đều hợp tác thuận lợi vậy nên chúng tôi luôn chào đón lời yều cầu hợp tác của bên phía công ty
A Because of both parties’ good cooperation, the last trade is very satisfied
We welcome your requirement to continue the cooperation
B: Owing to the fact that through our close cooperation, the last trade has been executed smoothly to the satisfaction of both parties, we welcome your offer to continue the cooperation
CONCLUSION
Suggestions for further study
As Vietnam continues to integrate into the global economy and culture, the significance of business negotiation and the need for high-quality interpretation in this field are on the rise To facilitate effective communication, it is essential to conduct more studies that enhance the translation of business negotiation documents These studies should explore various perspectives, particularly focusing on how translations affect readers, as they are the ultimate evaluators of the translation's effectiveness.
In conclusion, this thesis aims to enhance the study of English-Vietnamese translation in academic institutions and the media It serves as a valuable resource for individuals seeking to improve their translation skills and the overall quality of their work Readers are encouraged to utilize this thesis as a beneficial reference for their future studies and professional endeavors.
The dialogue below is a conversation between Mr Wang and Jacky
Mr Wang, the purchasing manager at Guangdong Light Industry Trade Co., LTD, aims to attract potential buyers for his products and successfully schedules a telephone appointment to discuss opportunities with his counterparts.
Mr Wang ( the purchasing manager of Guangdong light industry Trading Co.LTD)
Alice ( the operator) Mr Frank ( the marketing manager of ABC company)
Mr Jacky ( the importing manager of ABC company)
Alice: Hello ABC Trading company, can I help you?
Wang: Hello, this is Wang Guang from “ Guangdong Light Industry Trading Coporation.LTD” I would like to speak to Mr.Jacky , your importing manager, please
A: OK just a second I‟ll put you through
W: Good morning , Mr Jacky This is WangGuang from Guangdong Light Industry Trading Coporation.LTD How are you?
J: Exellent, thank you How are you?
W: Great Mr.Jacky, our company has just introduced a new rang of fabric products I‟m calling to invite you to attend the No.29 Spring Conton Fair this Sunday We‟re sincerely looking forward to establishing business relationship with you
J : Nice to hear from you But I should look through my schedule first It‟s
W: It‟s very kind of you to visit us Please let me tell you the details Our booth is NO.168 and the canton Fair will be ended at 7:pm So you can arrive at there in the morning We‟ll arrange the tour for you
J: Thank you There is nothing like seeing things with one‟s own eyes
W: OK, if you have any questions, please call me We‟ll see you then Goodbye
Here is conversation between Wang and Jacky He tries to negotiate Jacky, the importing meanager, ABC company, to sale his company‟s product
Negotiation in the Canton Fair:
W: Good morning Are you Mr Jacky Welcome to our booth I‟m waiting for you so long
J: Yes, I‟m Mr Jacky How do you do This my name card
W: How do you do， and this is my business card
J: Thank you, Mr Wang Now please, allow me to introduce my associate to you This is Mr Frank, our marketing magager
W: Nice to meet you, Mr Frank
Frank expressed his pleasure in meeting and mentioned that they recently consulted the GuangDong Chamber of Commerce, which provided positive feedback on the products This favorable review has heightened their interest in the products offered.
W: hah, hah, you‟re flattering us Now let me show our exhibition here This way, please
J: Before that, can you give us a explanation of your scope of business
W: Of course, here is our catalogue and price list You can go over it first
J:Ok Go ahead, I want to see everything
W: We handle various kinds of items, which have been on the market for a few months But it is already popular
W: There‟s a lot to say for them In the first place they are made of 3D fabrics, secondly, they‟re more durable than any other similar ones on the market
J: I‟m interested in the towels I would like to purchase a few batch of towels for hotel bathing service Well, how many colors are avaible for this item
W: How about the No 70030 in white and No 70032 in yellow? They are made of 100% cotton Our target customers have a good eyes on them for its good quality and competitive price
F: I‟m happy to hear that But I‟d like to get the ball rolling by talking about prices
W: $4 per piece CIF Rotterdam But it depends on quatity If your order is big enough, we may reconsider our price
J: Ok We place the substantial order right now 1000 article for white and yellow Is it possible that you lower the price a bit?
W: Considering our long- standing business relationship , we have to ask for
J: Perfect, you make a good choice, hah hah, now let‟s coming into nexr part, what is your regular practice concerning the terms of payment
W : Revocable L/C at sight is our usual practice What‟s you idea in mind
F:That‟ ll tie up my money and increase my cost, could you make an exception and accept D/A or D/P ?
W: I‟ m afraid not We insist on revocable sight L/C
F: I‟m sorry hear that OK when will you want to issue the L/C?
W: You should notify the issuing bank to open the L/C in May The reason is that we must make a preparation for producting the products If not, then our factory will be fully committed, we can‟t effect the shipment on time
F: OK, we understand By the way, can you tell us a definite date of shipment for the time being
W: Oh, don‟t worry, we assure you that shipment will be made no later than December 2011
F: Nope, nope December is absolutely too late You see, we should catch the selling season, especially before Chrismas Day So we request that the shipment should be reached us by the end of November
W: Granted Please rest assure of that This is our intitial order, we will spare all our effort to meet your need
F: Good, you‟re considerate Now could you defined your ways of packing
W: Yes, we usually pack our articles each 10 dozen in the carton, each dozen to a poly bag and packing 12 items for a dozen In addition, the carton should be lined with the dampness- proof cotton
F: No problem, we accept your arrangement of package Shall we finish the remaining for insurance
W: Yes, what would you like to know?
Jacky: What coverage would you like to insure?
W: We‟d like to cover this shipment against all rishes
J: It is acceptable But how should we gain the compesation if it occur any losses and damages in transit
W: You may lodge a claim with the insurance agent at you port
J: OK, it really make sense
W: I‟m so glad to see that we come on those agreement in our intitial transation Is it possible for us to draft the contract?
(a few minutes later, everything is ready)
W: Here is our contract, and see if everything is OK
F: OK, let me read it through
(after a few seconds) The contract contains basiclly all we have agreed upon during the negotitaitons I have no questions about the terms
All right Everything is OK, the where shall I put my signature
W: Here, we‟ll sign two original, each in Chinese and English Language,
J: OK, I have signed it Now please contersign it You may keep one original and two copies for yourself
J: I‟m delight our negotiation has come to a sucessful conclusion
W: Yes, I hope this transation will lead to further stable business between us Jacky and Fank: We also hope so (shaking hands with each other)
Jacky: What a wonderful day it is Shall we go to have a cerebration for our intial cooperation tonight
W: That‟s a good idea Let me treat you, please don‟t refuse that Jacky and Frank hah, hah, hah
Revocable sight L/C Thư tín dụng có thể hủy ngang
Favorable products Sản phẩm phù hợp
Intial cooperation Hợp tác lần đầu
Terms of payment Diều kiện thanh toán
Competitive price Giá cạnh tranh
Long- standing business relationship Quan hệ kinh tế lâu dài
DA(documents against acceptance) Chứng từ giao khi chấp nhận thanh toán DP(document against payment) Chứng từ giao khi thanh toán
In the dialogue, Mr Wang successfully reached a final agreement with Jacky, who convinced him to accept the initial offer that aligned well with his property This negotiation allowed both parties to achieve their objectives while strengthening their long-standing business relationship.