Rationale
In today's global landscape, English serves as the primary international language for communication across various fields, including science, business, and entertainment Learning English is essential for gaining a deeper understanding of the world One effective method to enhance English skills is by translating weather terms, as this practice is crucial for disseminating news and information Over time, this activity can also become an enjoyable pastime.
Language evolves alongside society, making strong reading skills essential for success My fascination with English weather terminology stems from its vibrant language features, highlighting the importance of studying it for better comprehension Consequently, I undertook this research to provide learners with a deeper understanding of English weather terms.
- Introducing theoretical background of translation, terminology
- Giving an analysis of English weather terms
- Pointing out some difficulties, command mistakes possibly made by Vietnamese learners and suggesting some solutions to avoid misunderstanding when translating it.
Scope of the research
English weather terminology is vast and complex, making it a challenging area of study This article focuses on the characteristics of English weather terms, highlights common translation issues, and outlines effective strategies for translating these terms accurately.
Method of the research
In order to achieve the mentioned aims, in my research process, I store knowledge from a lot of different resources:
- Some websites, books about translation, terminology and English weather terms to establish the theoretical background for my research
- Collect and analyze some English weather terms
- Give how to translate some English weather terms.
Design of the research
This paper is structured into three sections, with the second section being the most crucial Part I outlines the rationale, objectives, methodologies, scope, and design of the research, providing readers with a comprehensive overview of the study.
Part II: Mentions the main content of the research and it is divided into 3 chapters:
Chapter I: Theoretical background of translation, English for specific purpose (ESP)
Chapter II: Terminology, English weather terms and simply analysis; including definition of term, weather, characteristics of weather terms
Chapter III: Some difficulties in translation process and some suggestions for translating English weather terms
Part III: Part three summarizes main ideas mentioned in previous parts and gives some suggestions for further research.
Theoretical background of translation 1 Definition of translation
Equivalences
Baker examines the concept of equivalence in the translation process, integrating various aspects of translation by combining both linguistic and communicative approaches She identifies distinct levels of equivalence that are crucial for effective translation.
Equivalence in translation can occur at both the word level and above According to Baker, when using a bottom-up approach, translators first focus on word-level equivalence As they analyze the source text (ST), they examine individual words to find direct equivalents in the target language (TL) It's important to note that a single word may have multiple meanings in different languages and can be viewed as a more complex unit or morpheme Therefore, translators must consider various factors, including number, gender, and tense, when evaluating a single word for accurate translation.
Grammatical equivalence highlights the diversity of grammatical categories across languages, which can lead to challenges in finding direct correspondences in the target language (TL) Variations in grammatical structures between the source language (SL) and TL can significantly alter how information is conveyed Consequently, translators may need to add or omit information in the translated text (TT) due to the absence of specific grammatical elements in the TL Baker identifies several grammatical devices that can complicate translation, including number, tense, aspect, voice, person, and gender.
Textual equivalence refers to the relationship between the source language (SL) text and the target language (TL) text in terms of information and cohesion Texture plays a crucial role in translation, offering essential guidelines for understanding and analyzing the source text (ST), which aids the translator in creating a cohesive and coherent text for the target culture (TC) audience within a specific context The translator must determine whether to preserve the cohesive ties and coherence of the SL text, guided by three key factors: the target audience, the purpose of the translation, and the type of text being translated.
Pragmatic equivalence in translation involves understanding implicatures and employing avoidance strategies to convey the intended message Implicatures focus on the implied meanings rather than the explicit content, requiring translators to decipher these nuances to effectively communicate the source text's message The translator's role is to express the author's intent in a way that resonates with the target culture, ensuring clarity for the target audience.
ESP in translation
ESP, or English for Specific Purposes, refers to the teaching of English tailored to specific fields or objectives While some define ESP broadly as English instruction for any defined purpose, others emphasize its focus on English used in academic contexts or for vocational and professional applications.
Tony Dudley-Evans, co-editor of the ESP journal give an extended definition of ESP in terms of “absolute and variable characteristics”
- ESP is defined to meet specific needs of the learners
- ESP makes use of underlying methodology and activities of the discipline it serves
- ESP is centered on the language appropriate to the activities in terms of grammar, lexis, register, study skill, discourse and genre
- ESP may be related to or designed for specific disciplines
- ESP may use in specific teaching situation, a different methodology from that of general English
- ESP is likely to be designed for adult learners, either at tertiary level institution or in professional work situation It could, however, be for learners at secondary school level
- ESP is generally designed for intermediate or advanced student
- Most ESP courses assume some basic knowledge of language systems
David Carter (1983) identified 3 types of ESP:
- English for academic and occupational purposes
Air traffic controllers and waiters exemplify the use of restricted language in English According to Mackay and Mountford (1987), there is a distinct difference between restricted language and general language, highlighting the specialized communication required in specific professional contexts.
“… the language of international air-traffic control could be regarded as
The term "special" refers to the specific and limited repertoire required by a controller, which can be precisely identified based on the situation, similar to the linguistic needs of a dining-room waiter or an air hostess.
Restricted repertoires do not constitute a true language, similar to how a tourist phrasebook lacks the depth of grammar Mastering a limited "language" hinders effective communication in new situations or beyond specific vocational contexts.
The second type of ESP identified by Carter (1983) is English for academic and occupational purposes In the “tree of ELT” (Hutchinson &Waters, 1987), ESP is broken down into 3 branches:
- English for Science and Technology (EST)
- English for Business and Economic (EBE)
- English for Social Studies (ESS)
Each of the subject areas is further divided into 2 branches:
- English for Academic purpose (EAP)
- English for Occupational purposes (EOP)
And example of EOP for the EST branch is “English for technicians” whereas an example of EAP for the EST branch is “English for medical studies”
The third type of English for Specific Purposes (ESP), as identified by Cater (1983), focuses on special topics rather than just purpose This category addresses the specific English language needs of professionals, such as scientists, who require proficiency for postgraduate studies, conference participation, or employment in international settings.
Weather ESP translation is crucial, as most weather documents are primarily written in English, requiring a deep understanding of the language Achieving a comprehensive translation that accurately conveys the universal meaning of the source language in weather texts is challenging without a thorough grasp of weather terminology, highlighting the significance of technical translation in this context.
Sofer (1991) differentiates between technical and literal translation, stating that the primary distinction in the translation field lies between literary and technical translation Literal translation encompasses genres such as fiction, poetry, drama, and the humanities, typically performed by writers or translators with a literary mindset In contrast, technical translation is a rapidly growing field with a larger pool of practitioners and abundant opportunities for those involved.
Newmark (1981) differentiates between technical translation and institutional translation, stating that technical translation is a subset of specialized translation, while institutional translation encompasses areas such as politics, commerce, finance, and government He suggests that technical translation is inherently non-cultural and universal, as the advantages of technology extend beyond any single speech community.
Technical translation focuses on accurately translating specialized terms, while institutional translation emphasizes cultural nuances, often transferring terms unless they relate to international organizations Despite their differing approaches, both authors recognize that specialized translation is fundamentally characterized by its use of specialized terminology.
4.5 Translation in the area of weather terms
Weather terminology is a dynamic field that evolves over time, making accurate translation essential To ensure precise translations, it's crucial to regularly update glossaries that cover both general weather concepts and specific topics The complexity of translating weather terms demands not only strong translation skills but also a deep understanding of the domain Additionally, a thorough knowledge of word formation in the weather field will enhance the clarity and accuracy of future translations.
Terminology and English weather terms 1 Definition of English terms
Characteristics of terms
Terminology, as a unique aspect of language, possesses distinctive characteristics that set it apart Linguists identify several essential qualities of terminology, including accuracy, systematic organization, international relevance, national identity, and widespread usage.
Accurate terminology is essential as it conveys specific concepts clearly, preventing misunderstandings Each term in a professional context should represent a singular concept within that system The meaning of a term arises from a combination of linguistic signals rather than just the sum of its components According to Luu Van Lang (1977), each linguistic signal carries a fundamental meaning, while a concept is linked to a specific linguistic signal in context New Mark (1998) highlighted that concept-words can have varied meanings across different technologies Therefore, when coining terms in a specific field, it is crucial to consider potential homophones and synonyms, which are common in linguistics.
The second criterion of a scientific term emphasizes its role within a terminological system, where each term holds a specific position and meaning in relation to others When a term is isolated from its system, its meaning becomes vague, highlighting the importance of systematism in terminology Terminologists have differing opinions on terminology's characteristics; some focus on systematic formation, while others prioritize content Ultimately, terminology is defined by the interplay of both content and expression, making it essential to recognize that a concept's position in the system shapes its meaning.
Terms are specialized words that convey common scientific concepts and facilitate international collaboration in science and technology Globalization has led to the widespread use of these terms across various languages, accelerating the development of international science Consequently, numerous terms have been internationalized in fields such as medicine, physics, and telecommunications Each language, including Vietnamese, has its own unique terminology principles influenced by cultural factors, reflecting characteristics of nationalism and popularity.
Terminology is a unique linguistic unit intrinsic to specific professions and is inherently tied to the national language In Vietnam, it is essential that terminology reflects Vietnamese culture and the distinctive characteristics of the Vietnamese language This ensures that terms are suitable and relatable for the Vietnamese people, encompassing both lexicological and grammatical considerations.
Terminology is essential for making scientific and technological advancements accessible to everyone As a key aspect of linguistics, it significantly contributes to the advancement of science, necessitating that it be easily understood in terms of reading, writing, speaking, and memorizing.
In summary, the general characteristics of terminology have been reviewed They are the vital principles in the creation and existence of terminology in science and technology.
The creation of terminology
According to the International Standardization Organization (ISO, 1988), the following factors of essential consideration in the creation of terminology are:
Terms must consistently exhibit the defining characteristics of the concepts they represent to ensure precise reference They should be concise to prevent ambiguity and adhere to the lexical, phonological, and morphological rules of the language Additionally, terms must comply with the common word-formation rules, allowing for necessary composition and derivation Importantly, the meaning of a term should be context-free Term creation, which includes both primary and secondary formations, is influenced by various factors and motivations As new concepts emerge, primary term formation occurs, while secondary term formation involves the monolingual revision of terminology or the adaptation of terms in the target language following knowledge transfer between linguistic communities.
Technical terminology is constantly evolving due to the rapid advancements in science and technology The formation of both primary and secondary terms in the tech field is influenced by an abundance of variants and synonyms, which arise to meet the demand for more accessible scientific language and to differentiate products in the market.
4 The distinction between term and word
It is necessary to distinguish between terminology and ordinary words Baker
According to 1998, terms are distinct from words as they possess a specific reference, indicating that they denote unique conceptual entities, properties, activities, or relationships that make up the knowledge domain of a particular subject area.
Meanwhile words serve as general references across various subjects, while terms have specific meanings within particular disciplines These terms retain their significance only when they contribute to the knowledge system that defines them.
The distinction between terms and words is not always clear-cut; many terms evolve into everyday words through frequent use in daily life, while common words can transform into specialized terms within particular fields.
Weather describes the atmospheric conditions, such as temperature, humidity, and wind, and is primarily observed in the troposphere It encompasses daily variations in temperature and precipitation, distinguishing it from climate, which refers to long-term averages of these conditions Typically, when "weather" is mentioned, it pertains to the conditions on Earth.
Weather terms that describe weather under a number of headings that include, weather description terms, weather phenomena terms, meteorological terms and abbreviation terms
These terms are often adjectives, describe characteristics of weather In the following tables, it is some forms of description terms
Bland Dễ chịu, dịu nhẹ
Raw RÐt c¨m c¨m mild Ôn hoà
Balmy Dịu, êm dịu(gió)
Breezy Cã giã hiu hiu
Nippy Lạnh cóng, tê buốt
Some other terms are derived words such as: arid from aridity, humid from humidity…
These terms are nouns, compound nouns
Tornado Vòi rồng zephr Giã t©y
Autumn wind Giã heo may
Land-breeze Gió lục địa
Dust devil Gió xoáy mang bụi
Dust storm Cơn bão bụi
Dust air Không khí nhiễm bẩn
Tidal wave Sóng cồn(lớn)
Meteorological terms describe as instrument for gathering weather data, measuring level of weather phenomena and convention used in weather map
Altitude Độ cao so với mặt n-ớc biển
Atmospheric pressure Ap suất không khí
Dew-point Độ nhiệt ng-ng
Cold front Frông lạnh(không khí lạnh)
Warm front Frông nóng(không khí nóng)
Trough Vùng áp suất thấp
Thermal Luồng khí nóng ridge Vùng áp suất cao kéo dài
Temperature lapse rate Đoạn nhiệt
Occluded front Frông bít( không khí tĩnh)
Condensation Sù ng-ng tô
Abbreviation terms are shortened words or phrases commonly used in the weather field to enhance efficiency in communication These abbreviations often consist of the initial letters of multiple words or just a single word This study aims to present some of the most widely accepted abbreviation terms utilized in weather reporting.
Abbreviation Full of form Vietnamese
Côc thêi tiÕt quèc gia
NOAA National oceanographic & atmospheric administration
Cơ quan quản lí hải d-ơng học và khí quyển quốc gia
MSL Mean sea level Mùc n-íc biÓn
Nhiệt độ mặt n-ớc biển
Trung tâm bão quốc gia
Cơ quan dự báo thời tiết
Trung tâm dự báo bão
MSLP Mean sea level pressure
Ap suÊt mùc n-íc biÓn
Hệ thống dự báo toàn cầu
Cảnh báo lũ ven biển
SCO Seasonal climate Khí hậu theo mùa
English weather terms
Weather describes the atmospheric conditions, including temperature and precipitation, experienced daily, and primarily occurs in the troposphere It encompasses various states such as hot or cold, wet or dry, and calm or stormy In contrast, climate refers to the long-term average of these conditions When the term "weather" is used, it typically refers to the weather patterns on Earth.
Weather terms that describe weather under a number of headings that include, weather description terms, weather phenomena terms, meteorological terms and abbreviation terms
These terms are often adjectives, describe characteristics of weather In the following tables, it is some forms of description terms
Bland Dễ chịu, dịu nhẹ
Raw RÐt c¨m c¨m mild Ôn hoà
Balmy Dịu, êm dịu(gió)
Breezy Cã giã hiu hiu
Nippy Lạnh cóng, tê buốt
Some other terms are derived words such as: arid from aridity, humid from humidity…
These terms are nouns, compound nouns
Tornado Vòi rồng zephr Giã t©y
Autumn wind Giã heo may
Land-breeze Gió lục địa
Dust devil Gió xoáy mang bụi
Dust storm Cơn bão bụi
Dust air Không khí nhiễm bẩn
Tidal wave Sóng cồn(lớn)
Meteorological terms describe as instrument for gathering weather data, measuring level of weather phenomena and convention used in weather map
Altitude Độ cao so với mặt n-ớc biển
Atmospheric pressure Ap suất không khí
Dew-point Độ nhiệt ng-ng
Cold front Frông lạnh(không khí lạnh)
Warm front Frông nóng(không khí nóng)
Trough Vùng áp suất thấp
Thermal Luồng khí nóng ridge Vùng áp suất cao kéo dài
Temperature lapse rate Đoạn nhiệt
Occluded front Frông bít( không khí tĩnh)
Condensation Sù ng-ng tô
Abbreviation terms are shortened words or phrases commonly used in the weather field to enhance communication efficiency These abbreviations often consist of the initial letters of multiple words or a single word This study aims to present some of the most widely accepted abbreviation terms utilized in weather reporting.
Abbreviation Full of form Vietnamese
Côc thêi tiÕt quèc gia
NOAA National oceanographic & atmospheric administration
Cơ quan quản lí hải d-ơng học và khí quyển quốc gia
MSL Mean sea level Mùc n-íc biÓn
Nhiệt độ mặt n-ớc biển
Trung tâm bão quốc gia
Cơ quan dự báo thời tiết
Trung tâm dự báo bão
MSLP Mean sea level pressure
Ap suÊt mùc n-íc biÓn
Hệ thống dự báo toàn cầu
Cảnh báo lũ ven biển
SCO Seasonal climate Khí hậu theo mùa outlook
AWIPS Advanced weather information processing system
Hệ thống thông tin thời tiết tiên tiến
Khí quyển tiêu chuẩn quốc tÕ
UV Ultra violet Tia cùc tÝm
Translation of English weather terms into Vietnamese 1 Some problems in translating English weather terms
Misunderstanding
In translation, a common challenge arises when general English words possess multiple meanings, leading to the expression of new concepts in specialized contexts This ambiguity can result in misunderstandings during the translation process.
Firstly, the translators often misunderstand the meaning of word between general English and specific English or among fields
“Fair” in general English has meaning “thẳng thắn”, “đúng”, but in specific English- weather term, “fair weather” we understand that it means “ thêi tiÕt tốt/đẹp”
The term "precipitation" has three distinct meanings: in general English, it refers to "haste"; in chemistry, it denotes "sedimentation"; and in meteorology, it signifies "rainfall." These variations highlight the differences across specific fields, and when translating, they can lead to misunderstandings and inaccurate translations.
Secondly, in a certain field, a word can carry 2 or more than 2 things, thus it is reason why the translators often misunderstand the meanings of word even in a field
“precipitation” in weather field has 2 meanings
A heavy precipitation: mét trËn m-a d÷ déi
Average precipitation: l-ợng m-a trung bình
Surely, translators will have confusion how to use exactly and flexibly Vietnamese equivalent to avoid misunderstanding.
Difficulties
Due to limitation of knowledge about the specific field and the variety of both
Translating specialized terms can be challenging for translators, particularly when dealing with newly coined terms that may not yet be included in dictionaries This is especially true for weather-related terminology, where concepts such as El Niño and La Niña pose difficulties in translation into Vietnamese As new weather phenomena continue to emerge, the need for accurate and coherent translations becomes increasingly important.
In weather forecast news, certain terms like El Niño and La Niña remain untranslated in Vietnamese, leading to confusion among many listeners These phenomena are defined by the warming and cooling of surface waters in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, respectively Understanding these terms is crucial for interpreting climate patterns and their impact on weather conditions.
Many compound terms and phrases can be easily translated by understanding the meaning of each individual word However, there are numerous compound terms that, while translatable word by word, pose challenges in grasping their overall meaning or finding suitable Vietnamese equivalents.
Some compound terms we can translate easily such as:
Some suggestions for the problems
Atmospheric pressure Ap suất không khí
Autumn wind Giã heo may
Land-breeze Gió lục địa
On the contrary, such as:
The term “Green Flash”, you can translate individual word “green” and
“flash” but it is difficult to guess the meaning of the whole term
Translators with limited subject knowledge may struggle to grasp the meanings of specific terms Without adequate experience and understanding of the translation field, they often find it challenging to locate accurate definitions in dictionaries.
The most difficulty to translate ESP is terminology which is often translated practically and exactly in requirement Generally, the best translation should be performed according to some following steps:
Translators should thoroughly understand new terms and the overall intention of the text they are translating To achieve this, it's essential to read the entire text to convey the intended message clearly and naturally in the target language This technique allows translators to grasp the detailed meaning of words within the context Additionally, consulting a dictionary for unfamiliar terms is crucial, as many terms are derived from the original words in general English.
Translators should thoroughly research the subject matter of the translation to gain a solid understanding of the relevant terms This knowledge enables them to use the terms accurately, thereby reducing potential difficulties By doing so, translators can select the most appropriate equivalents in Vietnamese and minimize misunderstandings.
Translators should refrain from translating word-for-word, as this can distort the original meaning and diminish the elegance of the expression While many terms are effectively conveyed using general words, there are instances where translating an English word requires a longer phrase or even a complete sentence to ensure clarity for the reader.
2.2 Some ways to translate English weather terms
There are many ways applied to translate single terms However, due to the limited time and knowledge, this paper concentrates on one of the most popular ways: recognized translation
Many words can be translated from their original context in general texts Because words often have multiple meanings and vary by translation field, their original meanings may shift slightly However, skilled translators can easily recognize these nuances and identify the closest equivalent in the target language (TL).
Condensation Sù ng-ng tô
Nippy Lạnh cóng, tê buốt
Bland Dễ chịu, dịu nhẹ
Raw RÐt c¨m c¨m mild Ôn hoà
Tornado Vòi rồng zephr Giã t©y
That is one type of translation which has change in the word order, and offers translators no choice
This article illustrates the feature of automatic shift translation using the compound word "sand storm." In this case, "sand" translates to "cát" and "storm" to "bão" in Vietnamese, resulting in "bão cát." Notably, the position of the words changes in the target language, as "sand" precedes "storm" in English but appears after in Vietnamese.
In Vietnamese translation, the arrangement of words often differs from English, as seen in terms like "storm." The automatic shift translation method is applied flexibly, allowing for a natural conversion of terms without the addition of extra expressions This strategy is also utilized for translating various compound nouns.
Atmospheric pressure Ap suất không khí
Autumn wind Giã heo may
Land-breeze Gió lục địa
The other case, also, involves the change in grammar from SL to TL However, the TL is added or omitted words comparing with SL
In the source language (SL), the term "lasting rain" is formed by a verb in the gerund form and a noun; however, when translated into the target language (TL), the gerund "lasting" transforms into an adjective This illustrates a grammatical shift that occurs during translation Additionally, "dust air" refers to polluted air.
Noun+ noun noun + verb+ adjective
In the TT, you can see that it is added word “bị nhiễm” comparing with SL Adding words make readers understand clearer and more exactly about the terms
Dust devil Gió xoáy mang bụi
Dust air Không khí nhiễm bẩn
2.2.3 Translation of abbreviation by using loan words
Loanwords have significantly enriched human language, particularly in the context of work and study In recent decades, the Vietnamese language has incorporated numerous new loanwords from English, including terms like "chat" (nói chuyện), "copy" (sao chép), "menu" (danh sách), and "list" (danh sách) Additionally, in the field of meteorology, loanwords often appear in the form of abbreviations.
An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase, typically consisting of letters derived from the original term For instance, "abbreviation" can be abbreviated as "abbr" or "abbrev." Organizations often use abbreviations, such as ATC Bank, WTO, ASEAN, and NATO Among the various types of abbreviations, acronyms are particularly common, formed from the initial letters of multiple words.
Obviously, that is useful way to simplify terms or make them to be shortened and avoid the redundancy
The following attached reference table is illustration about abbreviation in order that readers can closely approach with this strategy:
Abbreviation Full of form Vietnamese
NSW(Côc thêi tiÕt quèc gia)
NOAA(Cơ quan quản lí hải d-ơng học và khí atmospheric administration quyÓn quèc gia)
MSL Mean sea level MSL(Mùc n-íc biÓn)
SST(Nhiệt độ mặt n-ớc biÓn)
CB Cumulonimbus cloud CB (M©y vò tÝch)
NHC (Trung tâm bão quốc gia)
WFO Weather forecast office WFO (Cơ quan dự báo thời tiÕt)
SPC (Trung tâm dự báo bão)
MSLP Mean sea level pressure
MSLP (áp suất mực n-ớc biÓn)
GFS Global forecast system GFS (Hệ thống dự báo toàn cầu) CFW Coastal flood warning CFW (Cảnh báo lũ ven biÓn) ISA International Standard
ISA(khí quyển tiêu chuẩn quèc tÕ)
UV Ultra violet UV(Tia cùc tÝm)
ASOS (Hệ thống quan sát thời tiết tự động)
ENSO (Dao động nam Thái Bình D-ơng)
SCO (Khí hậu theo mùa)
AWIPS Advanced weather information processing system
AWIPS (Hệ thống thông tin thời tiết tiên tiến)
UVI Ultra violet index UVI (chỉ số đo tia cực tím)
Conclusion
In today's world, the frequent use of English has become essential in the workplace, impacting various sectors such as economics, science, politics, medicine, and education As a result, English for Specific Purposes (ESP) has gained significant importance This graduation paper is structured into three key sections to explore this topic further.
The rationale, aims, methods, scope and design of the research are mentioned in part one with the aim that the readers could have an overview of may research
Part two of the article comprises three chapters Chapter I establishes the theoretical framework for translation, while Chapter II focuses on terminology, defining key terms and exploring the characteristics of weather-related terminology Finally, Chapter III addresses the challenges encountered in the translation process and offers practical suggestions for overcoming these difficulties.
Part three summarizes main ideas mentioned in previous parts and gives some suggestions for further research
This research highlights the intriguing yet extensive nature of English weather terminology It suggests several avenues for future exploration, including the examination of English used in weather forecasts and the role of weather-related idioms in the language.
At last, due to the limitation of time and knowledge, and the poor experience, mistakes are unavoidable in this paper All remarks, contribution are deeply welcome and highly appreciated
In conclusion, this thesis aims to enhance the study of English-Vietnamese translation within universities and the media It serves as a valuable resource for individuals striving to improve their translation skills Readers are encouraged to utilize this work for future studies or professional endeavors, viewing it as a worthwhile reference.
Balmy Dịu, êm dịu(gió)
Breezy Cã giã hiu hiu
Nippy Lạnh cóng, tê buốt
Hot and stuffy Nắng oi
Dreich M-a nh- trót muggy Oi bức
Autumn wind Giã heo may
Land-breeze Gió lục địa
Dust devil Gió xoáy mang bụi
Dust storm Cơn bão bụi
Tornado Vòi rồng zephr Giã t©y
Thermal Luồng khí nóng ridge Vùng áp suất cao kéo dài
Temperature lapse rate Đoạn nhiệt
Altitude Độ cao so với mặt n-ớc biển
Atmospheric pressure Ap suất không khí
Dew-point Độ nhiệt ng-ng
Cold front Frông lạnh(không khí lạnh)
Warm front Frông nóng(không khí nóng)
Trough Vùng áp suất thấp
- Baker (1992) in other words: a course book on translation, London and New York; Routlege