选题理由
In communication, individuals often employ compensatory strategies to minimize face-threatening acts One such strategy is the use of unmarked negation, which has gained attention in Chinese linguistic studies since the 1990s Researchers have recognized the significant role of unmarked negation in the communication process The expression of unmarked negation in Chinese is notably complex and diverse, a characteristic that is also present in Vietnamese While both languages share common features, they also exhibit distinct characteristics, leading to common errors among Chinese learners and Vietnamese learners.
Previous linguists and grammarians have studied the unmarked negation expressions in Chinese, with several comparative articles between Chinese and Vietnamese addressing this issue primarily from a grammatical perspective However, there is still a significant gap in research focusing on the pragmatic comparison of unmarked negation expressions in both languages This gap motivates our choice of "A Comparative Study of Unmarked Negation in Modern Chinese and Its Corresponding Expressions in Vietnamese" as the topic for our Master's thesis in Chinese language studies.
研究目的
本论文研究主要目的是：
This study examines and compares the unmarked negation expressions in Chinese and Vietnamese to highlight their similarities and differences It also explores the manifestations of Chinese and Vietnamese cultural psychology in relation to the use of these linguistic phenomena in communication.
Writing this paper deepens the understanding of non-negation expressions in Chinese, while enhancing knowledge of negation methods and the cultural communication characteristics of the Chinese people.
为越南汉语学习者提供参考资料。
现代汉语无标记否定在越南语相对应表达手段的考察 阮氏梅 K16
研究任务
为了达到上述的目的，本论文需要完成以下几项任务：
（1）综述相关理论基础。
（2）探讨现代汉、越语无标记否定手段。
This article compares the unmarked negation expressions in Modern Chinese and Vietnamese, highlighting their similarities and differences while reflecting the unique psychological and cultural characteristics of each language.
研究方法
This paper primarily employs a comparative analysis to reveal the similarities and differences in unmarked negative expressions between Chinese and Vietnamese languages.
（1）演绎法：针对现代汉、越语无标记否定手段进行描写、解释。
（2）统计法：按照研究目的，对调查语料进行统计并分类。
（3）分析法：通过对所考察的实例及其有关问题进行分析，揭示它们的 特点。
（4）例证法：以带有无标记否定手段的大量实例来证实其语义特征。
The comparative method examines the expression of unmarked negation in modern Chinese and its corresponding forms in Vietnamese, highlighting the similarities and differences between the two languages.
In addition to the five methods mentioned above, this paper also employs discourse analysis and contrastive linguistics approaches.
研究对象与范围
This paper examines the expression methods of unmarked negation in modern Chinese and Vietnamese It focuses on the similarities and differences in how these two languages convey negation without explicit markers The study aims to enhance the understanding of negation in both linguistic contexts.
析词语、话句、表达等三种手段。
This paper focuses on a synchronic study of unmarked negative expressions in Chinese and Vietnamese languages It emphasizes the analysis of how these negative forms are utilized in both languages, highlighting their structural and functional characteristics.
段的语用方面之研究对比。
研究语料
本论文所使用的研究语料包括：
This paper extensively utilizes materials from contemporary Chinese novels such as "Miss, Don't Yell," the TV drama "Teahouse," modern Chinese language textbooks, and Chinese magazines, alongside a significant amount of data from the Peking University corpus.
现代汉语无标记否定在越南语相对应表达手段的考察 阮氏梅 K16
2）越南当代小说《Bước đường cùng走到尽头》、幽默笑话、电视居
In addition, this paper references several grammar books and example sentences from related research articles to support its comparative study.
研究预期假设
Chinese and Vietnamese belong to different language families, exhibiting both similarities and differences in phonetics, vocabulary, and grammar Our research aims to uncover the similarities and differences in the unmarked negation expressions between the two languages, providing insights into their communication strategies and the cultural psychological characteristics of each ethnic group.
论文结构
本论文的结构分为前言、结语、参考文献以外，共三个章结：
第一章：相关理论基础
本章着重介绍汉、越语中的无标记否定手段的相关理论及研究综述。
1．相关理论基础。
2．汉、越语中的无标记否定手段的研究现状。
第二章：现代汉、越语中的无标记否定的表达手段
1．现代汉语中的无标记否定的表达手段。
2．现代越语中的无标记否定的表达手段。
第三章：现代汉语与越南语无标记否定表达手段的异同
This chapter examines the corresponding expressions of unmarked negation in modern Chinese within the Vietnamese language, highlighting the similarities and differences between the two It also identifies their respective communication strategies and the cultural psychological characteristics inherent to each language community.
现代汉语无标记否定在越南语相对应表达手段的考察 阮氏梅 K16
第一章 相关理论基础
In language communication, speakers use language to perform actions directed at listeners, which is known as speech acts For instance, the phrase "Please help me take down the towel" exemplifies a request as a speech act From a pragmatic perspective, speech acts can be categorized into five distinct types.
A: 承担性语言功能： 指说话人表示将要干什么，如许诺、恐吓等。
B: 指示性功能：指具有使对方做某事的语言行为，如建议、请求、或者命 令。
C: 宣告性功能：指能改变世界上某种事态的语言行为。
Expressive functions refer to the speaker's ability to convey their emotions and attitudes toward something, including actions such as apologizing, complaining, thanking, and wishing well.
Descriptive functions refer to linguistic actions that convey the state of the world or events, such as assertions, claims, and reports.
People can perform speech acts both directly and indirectly Indirect speech acts refer to instances where the speaker's intention is conveyed through implied meaning rather than explicit statements.
The concept of "implicature" refers to the idea that a statement can convey a specific meaning while simultaneously suggesting another, often unspoken, meaning This is commonly known as "implicit meaning" or "hidden meaning." Non-marked negation falls under the category of indirect speech acts, where the intended message is conveyed without explicit denial.
1.2 语言交际中的语用推理
Morris and Carnap (1930) identified three fundamental aspects of language: syntax, semantics, and pragmatics Syntax addresses the rules governing sentence structure, semantics focuses on how meaning is determined, and pragmatics examines the effects and influences of language use within specific contexts.
Previously, discussions about negation often focused solely on grammatical and semantic aspects However, it has become clear that the issue of negation is closely linked to pragmatics as well Understanding negation requires a comprehensive approach that considers both linguistic structure and contextual meaning.
现代汉语无标记否定在越南语相对应表达手段的考察 阮氏梅 K16
Defining negation expressions solely through their literal meanings, such as syntax and semantics, is insufficient; it is essential to understand the implied meanings behind them In Eastern cultures, maintaining smooth communication is closely tied to preserving good interpersonal relationships As a face-threatening act that can easily disrupt communication, negation expressions require a more tactful and indirect approach It is also important to provide explanations and identify the patterns associated with these negation expressions.
In her 2007 analysis of pragmatic negation, Galina emphasizes that negation can be understood not only through cultural lenses but also through principles of pragmatics such as cooperation, politeness, self-protection, and appropriateness This relationship is complementary, as the means of expressing negation can enhance our understanding of these pragmatic principles By navigating these principles, communicators can discern the appropriate context and audience for their messages, thereby boosting their confidence in communication Unmarked negation is closely tied to these pragmatic principles, which can be further elaborated upon.
Grice's (1975) Cooperative Principle highlights the mutual collaboration between communicators to achieve successful interaction When one party's speech seemingly violates this principle, the other party must infer the implied meaning based on the context, allowing communication to continue The Cooperative Principle consists of four maxims: quantity, quality, relation, and manner Adhering to these maxims ensures the most efficient and rational communication, as speakers convey their intended messages clearly, enabling listeners to understand without requiring additional inference.
To facilitate smooth communication, both parties must adhere to the four maxims of the cooperative principle However, in practice, these conversational maxims are often violated, leading to situations where the cooperative principle fails to explain the indirectness in communication To address this, renowned linguist Leech (1983) introduced the "Politeness Principle" as a complement to the cooperative principle Gu Riguo (1992) explored the relationship between modern notions of politeness and the ancient Chinese concept of "li" (礼), proposing five maxims of politeness: the maxim of self-deprecation and respect for others, the addressing maxim, the elegance maxim, the maxim of seeking common ground, and the maxim of virtue, speech, and action.
现代汉语无标记否定在越南语相对应表达手段的考察 阮氏梅 K16
1.2.3 自我保护原则
People engage in communication for various purposes, often prioritizing their own interests over pure interaction According to Shu Dingfang (1989), individuals are inclined to consider their social status and identity during communication, striving to protect their interests and maintain dignity by avoiding vulgar language They prefer to use positive expressions to describe themselves or related subjects The principles of self-protection and politeness are complementary yet can conflict; ultimately, when these principles clash, the self-protection principle takes precedence over politeness.
He Chunyan (2002) in "Types of Pragmatic Negation and Their Motivations" emphasizes that the "principle of appropriateness" refers to the necessity of expressing the most suitable words in the most appropriate manner, tailored to specific times, occasions, and audiences From the fundamental perspective of communication, the appropriateness of discourse is not merely about politeness; rather, it aims to achieve the best communicative outcomes.
The analysis reveals that individuals may violate certain principles to uphold others, particularly in communication People employ various pragmatic strategies—either adhering to or deviating from cooperative principles, or using indirect approaches—primarily to maintain positive interpersonal relationships and facilitate effective language interactions Consequently, listeners must engage in pragmatic reasoning to grasp the speaker's true intentions.
1.3 语言对比略论