理论依据及相关研究综述
汉、越能性范畴相关研究成果综述
Các khảo sát ngôn ngữ cho thấy nhiều ngôn ngữ trên thế giới sử dụng động từ trợ để diễn đạt khái niệm khả năng Tiếng Trung và tiếng Việt cũng không phải là ngoại lệ Trong tiếng Trung hiện đại, khái niệm khả năng không chỉ được thể hiện qua động từ trợ khả năng mà còn qua các bổ ngữ, động từ, trạng từ và danh từ liên quan đến khả năng Trong khi đó, tiếng Việt chủ yếu sử dụng trạng từ, động từ và cấu trúc khả năng như "V + được", "nổi", "xuể", "xiết", "kịp" để diễn đạt ý nghĩa khả năng.
1.1.1.汉语能性范畴的研究成果
As previously mentioned, expressing the modality of ability in Chinese can be achieved through various lexical means such as modal verbs, adverbs, and adjectives, as well as grammatical tools like complement structures In the following section, we will review relevant research findings from previous scholars on this topic.
1.1.1.1.现代汉语表达能性范畴的词汇手段研究综述
（1） 能性副词的研究现状
In his 1997 work "Chinese Spoken Grammar," Zhao Yuanren categorizes adverbs such as "certainly," "possibly," and "probably" as "modal adverbs," highlighting their role in expressing possibility within the Chinese language.
In his 2005 study, "A Study of Modal Adverbs," Yao Jie explores the concept of "possibility," derived from the field of logic, specifically the branch known as modal logic, which examines forms of reasoning characterized by uncertainty He defines uncertainty as the indistinct, ambiguous, and indeterminate nature of thought processes Yao identifies modal judgments as those that reflect an uncertain assertion about reality Within traditional logic, there are objective and subjective modal judgments; the former arises from the inherent uncertainty of changing circumstances, while the latter stems from the uncertainty in human understanding In his master's thesis, Yao Jie analyzes subjective modal adverbs such as "probably," "approximately," "maybe," and "perhaps."
The study focuses on the adverb "恐怕" (kǒngpà) and its usage in conjunction with quantifiers and temporal expressions, as well as its relationship with modal verbs This exploration aims to uncover the nuances of meaning and grammatical structures associated with these combinations, enhancing our understanding of adverbial functions in the Chinese language.
1 吴福祥（2002），《汉语能性述补结构“V 得/不 C”的语法化》，《中国语文》第 1 期
This article analyzes the usage and modification of the word "是," focusing on the semantic differences among various adverbs It also examines the co-occurrence of these adverbs with other words, their impact on tone selection, and their cohesive functions within the text.
Li Chengjun (2005) in "Adverbs - A Brief Discussion on 'Yiding'" analyzes the adverb 'yiding' through its morphological, semantic, and pragmatic aspects He examines two examples to illustrate its usage.
（6）一定1 要努力工作。
（7）这半天还不会来，一定2 是没搭到车。
例（6）含义为：―必须努力工作，不努力不行‖，例（6）的―一定‖相当
In this context, the term "must" is used to convey a strong assumption, as illustrated in the example: "Having not returned for such a long time, it is certain that they did not catch a ride." Here, "must" reflects a form of speculation or judgment Therefore, it is important to differentiate between the homographs "must 1" and "must 2" in terms of their meanings and implications.
2‖在语义、词语搭配等特点进行了比较和分析。
总之，到目前汉语研究界主要将―一定、也许、大概、大约、或许、恐
The article examines the relationship between modal adverbs and other adverbs, focusing on their meanings and grammatical functions It highlights the lack of separate research on the modal meanings conveyed by these adverbs and notes the need to explore whether there are similarities or differences in the modal meanings expressed by these adverbs compared to other modal vocabulary Additionally, it addresses how these adverbs function in practical usage.
（2） 能性助动词的研究现状
Modal auxiliary verbs are a crucial means of expressing semantic categories, making them frequently appear in research papers focused on semantic categories.
Li Min (2006) and Wang Xiaoling (2007) explored the realm of non-real categories, highlighting how modal verbs such as "should," "might," "will," and "can" express perspectives on events that may involve speculation, assumptions, certainty, or doubt, thus rendering these events non-realized They also noted that in the negative forms of modal verbs, only dynamic modals like "can," "be able to," and "be willing to" are capable of being negated effectively.
The negation "不" can be used alongside "没" for certain verbs, highlighting that dynamic modal verbs represent a unique subset of modal verbs Other modal verbs, however, can only be negated with "不," emphasizing the distinct characteristics of dynamic modal verbs within the broader category of modal verbs.
Li Jianying (2007) in her work "Research on the Modal Category of Modern Chinese" introduces relevant theories of modality to study the category of capability She identifies three modal meanings: dynamic modality, deontic modality, and epistemic modality Li posits that the capability category is a subcategory of modality, with its five semantic subclasses corresponding to the three modal meanings Li also supports Wu Fuxiang's view that the capability category includes capability auxiliaries and complements The third chapter of her work primarily focuses on the meanings of capability auxiliaries, exploring their significance from a diachronic perspective and discussing typical capability auxiliaries such as "会" (will), "可以" (can), "应该" (should), and "能" (able) from a semantic orientation.
In her 2015 article, "The Subjectivity and Subjectivization of Chinese Modal Auxiliaries," Yang Lili analyzes modals from the perspectives of subjectivity and subjectivization She argues that the transition from objectivity to subjectivity represents a diachronic developmental process.
The development chain of modality in Chinese, represented as "dynamic modality > deontic modality > epistemic modality," holds typological significance Chinese modal auxiliary verbs originate from both concrete verbs, such as "能" (can) and "会" (will), and adjectives, illustrating the diverse sources of modality in the language.