选题理由
In communication, individuals often employ compensation strategies to minimize the impact on others' face, with unmarked negation being a prominent verbal expression of this approach Research on unmarked negation in Chinese has gained traction only recently, particularly in the 1990s, highlighting its significant role in communication The forms of unmarked negation in Chinese are complex and varied, a characteristic that is also present in Vietnamese While both languages share common features, they also exhibit distinct characteristics, which can lead to errors among learners of Chinese and Vietnamese.
Previous linguists and grammarians have researched the unmarked negative expressions in Chinese Several comparative studies between Chinese and Vietnamese have addressed this issue, primarily focusing on grammatical aspects However, there is still a lack of research that compares the unmarked negative expressions of Chinese and Vietnamese from a pragmatic perspective, highlighting a significant area for further exploration This gap in the literature has motivated us to choose "A Comparative Study of Unmarked Negative Expressions in Modern Chinese and Their Corresponding Expressions in Vietnamese" as the topic for our Master's thesis in Chinese.
研究目的
本论文研究主要目的是：
This study examines and compares the unmarked negation expressions in Chinese and Vietnamese, highlighting their similarities and differences Additionally, it explores the cultural and psychological aspects of the Chinese and Vietnamese peoples, as well as how these factors influence the use of language in interpersonal communication.
Writing this paper deepens my understanding of the means of expressing negation in Chinese, while enhancing my knowledge of the methods of negation in the Chinese language and the cultural communication characteristics of the Chinese people.
为越南汉语学习者提供参考资料。
现代汉语无标记否定在越南语相对应表达手段的考察 阮氏梅 K16
研究任务
为了达到上述的目的，本论文需要完成以下几项任务：
（1）综述相关理论基础。
（2）探讨现代汉、越语无标记否定手段。
This article compares the unmarked negation expressions in Modern Chinese and Vietnamese, highlighting their similarities and differences while exploring the cultural and psychological characteristics inherent in each language.
研究方法
This paper aims to reveal the similarities and differences in unmarked negation expressions between Chinese and Vietnamese.
（1）演绎法：针对现代汉、越语无标记否定手段进行描写、解释。
（2）统计法：按照研究目的，对调查语料进行统计并分类。
（3）分析法：通过对所考察的实例及其有关问题进行分析，揭示它们的 特点。
（4）例证法：以带有无标记否定手段的大量实例来证实其语义特征。
The comparative method examines the expressions of unmarked negation in modern Chinese and their corresponding forms in Vietnamese, highlighting the similarities and differences between the two languages.
In addition to the five methods mentioned above, this paper also employs discourse analysis and contrastive linguistics as key approaches.
研究对象与范围
This paper examines the expression methods of unmarked negation in modern Chinese and Vietnamese It focuses on the similarities and differences in how both languages convey negation without explicit markers, highlighting the linguistic features that characterize unmarked negation in each language.
析词语、话句、表达等三种手段。
This paper focuses on a synchronic study of unmarked negation expressions in Chinese and Vietnamese languages It examines the characteristics and usage of these negation forms, highlighting their significance in both linguistic contexts.
段的语用方面之研究对比。
研究语料
本论文所使用的研究语料包括：
This article extensively utilizes contemporary Chinese novels such as "Miss, Please Don't Yell," the television series "Teahouse," modern Chinese language textbooks, and Chinese magazines, alongside a significant amount of data sourced from the Peking University Corpus.
现代汉语无标记否定在越南语相对应表达手段的考察 阮氏梅 K16
2）越南当代小说《Bước đường cùng走到尽头》、幽默笑话、电视居
In addition, this paper references several grammar books and example sentences from relevant research papers as comparative study materials.
研究预期假设
Chinese and Vietnamese belong to different language families, exhibiting both similarities and differences in phonetics, vocabulary, and grammar Our research aims to uncover the similarities and differences in unmarked negation expressions between the two languages, providing insights into their communication strategies and the cultural psychological characteristics of each nation.
论文结构
本论文的结构分为前言、结语、参考文献以外，共三个章结：
第一章：相关理论基础
本章着重介绍汉、越语中的无标记否定手段的相关理论及研究综述。
1．相关理论基础。
2．汉、越语中的无标记否定手段的研究现状。
第二章：现代汉、越语中的无标记否定的表达手段
1．现代汉语中的无标记否定的表达手段。
2．现代越语中的无标记否定的表达手段。
第三章：现代汉语与越南语无标记否定表达手段的异同
This chapter examines the corresponding expressions of unmarked negation in modern Chinese within the Vietnamese language, highlighting the similarities and differences between the two It also identifies the communication strategies employed in both languages and reflects on the cultural and psychological characteristics inherent to each nation.
现代汉语无标记否定在越南语相对应表达手段的考察 阮氏梅 K16
第一章 相关理论基础
In language communication, speakers use language to perform actions directed at listeners, a concept known as speech acts For example, the phrase "Please help me get the towel" exemplifies a request as a form of speech act From a pragmatic perspective, speech acts can be categorized into five distinct types.
A: 承担性语言功能： 指说话人表示将要干什么，如许诺、恐吓等。
B: 指示性功能：指具有使对方做某事的语言行为，如建议、请求、或者命 令。
C: 宣告性功能：指能改变世界上某种事态的语言行为。
Expressive function refers to the speaker's ability to convey their emotions and attitudes towards a subject, encompassing actions such as apologizing, complaining, expressing gratitude, and offering well-wishes.
Descriptive functions refer to linguistic actions that depict the state of the world or events, including assertions, claims, and reports.
People can perform speech acts both directly and indirectly Indirect speech acts refer to situations where the speaker's intention is not explicitly stated in their words.
The article discusses the concept of indirect speech acts, specifically focusing on the idea of implied meanings or "subtext" in communication It highlights how certain expressions convey both a direct message and an underlying significance, often referred to as "implicit meaning" or "hidden implications." Additionally, it notes that unmarked negation falls under this category of indirect speech acts, illustrating the complexity of language and the nuances in meaning that can arise during communication.
1.2 语言交际中的语用推理
Morris and Carnap (1930) identified three fundamental aspects of language: syntax, semantics, and pragmatics Syntax addresses the rules governing sentence structure, semantics focuses on how meaning is determined, and pragmatics explores the effects and influences of language use within specific contexts.
Previously, discussions about negation often focused solely on grammar and semantics However, it is now recognized that the issue of negation is closely tied to pragmatics as well Understanding negation requires a broader perspective that includes how context influences meaning.
现代汉语无标记否定在越南语相对应表达手段的考察 阮氏梅 K16
Defining negation solely through its literal syntax and semantics is insufficient; it is essential to understand the implied meanings behind the literal expressions In Eastern cultures, maintaining smooth communication is synonymous with preserving good interpersonal relationships As a form of face-threatening behavior that can easily disrupt interactions, negation should be expressed more subtly and indirectly Additionally, it is crucial to provide explanations and identify the underlying patterns of negation expressions.
In her 2007 analysis of pragmatic negation, Galina emphasizes that the means of expressing negation can be thoroughly understood through principles of pragmatics such as cooperation, politeness, self-protection, and appropriateness, which are also mutually enlightening This interplay allows communicators to discern the appropriate language to use in specific contexts and with particular individuals, thereby enhancing their confidence in communication Unmarked negation is likely connected to these pragmatic principles, which can be further explained through four key concepts.
Grice's (1975) Cooperative Principle highlights the mutual collaboration necessary for effective communication between parties When one party's utterance seemingly violates this principle, the other must infer the implied meaning based on the context, allowing the conversation to continue The Cooperative Principle encompasses four maxims: quantity, quality, relevance, and manner Adhering to these maxims ensures the most efficient and rational communication, as speakers convey their intended messages directly, enabling listeners to understand quickly and easily without the need for extensive inference.
Effective communication requires adherence to four maxims of the cooperative principle; however, these conversational maxims are often violated in language interactions This leads to the need for a supplementary concept, the "Politeness Principle," introduced by renowned linguist Leech in 1983, which helps explain indirect speech Research by Gu Riguo in 1992 explored the relationship between modern notions of "politeness" and ancient Chinese concepts of "ritual." Building on this, he proposed five maxims of politeness: the maxim of self-deprecation and respect for others, the address maxim, the elegance maxim, the agreement maxim, and the maxim of virtue, words, and actions.
现代汉语无标记否定在越南语相对应表达手段的考察 阮氏梅 K16
1.2.3 自我保护原则
People engage in communication for various purposes, often prioritizing personal interests over pure interaction According to Shu Dingfang (1989), individuals tend to consider their social status and identity during communication, striving to protect their interests and maintain dignity by avoiding vulgar language This self-protection principle complements the politeness principle, although it can also constrain it When there is a conflict between these principles, the self-protection principle ultimately takes precedence over the politeness principle.
He Chunyan (2002) in "Types of Pragmatic Negation and Their Motivations" emphasizes that the "principle of appropriateness" refers to the necessity of communicating in a manner that is suitable for a specific time, place, and audience The fundamental goal of communication is not merely politeness but to achieve the most effective communicative outcome.
The analysis indicates that individuals may violate certain principles to uphold others, particularly in communication People employ various pragmatic strategies—either adhering to or flouting cooperative principles or employing diversionary tactics—all aimed at maintaining positive interpersonal relationships and facilitating effective language exchange Consequently, listeners must engage in pragmatic reasoning to grasp the speaker's true intentions.
1.3 语言对比略论