研究综述及相关理论基础
报纸新闻标题的相关研究综述
The study of title language is a crucial area within modern Chinese language research, yet it has not received adequate attention Prior to the 1980s, there was limited research on titles; however, as information volume increased, interest in title studies grew, resulting in a surge of related articles Most of these works focus on aspects like communication responsibilities, methods, timeliness, aesthetic qualities, and rhetorical artistry from a journalist's perspective In contrast, there is a scarcity of studies that examine title language from a linguistic standpoint Since the 1990s, research on title language has gained significant traction, leading to a proliferation of related papers and monographs.
1.1.1 报纸新闻标题在中国的研究情况
News headlines first emerged in the late Qing Dynasty and have become increasingly significant in modern society due to the advent of the information age and the growing influence of media In recent years, there has been a surge in research papers and monographs related to news headlines, highlighting their importance in contemporary discourse.
1.1.1.1.关于新闻标题语言特点的研究
Before the 1980s, there was little research on titles, but since then, the increasing volume of information has led to a growing interest in this area, resulting in a rise in related articles.
In recent years, research on news language in China has flourished, highlighting the significance of newspaper headlines Zheng Xingdong (2001) asserts that if a headline fails to convey the essence of the news or is dull and difficult to understand, readers are unlikely to engage with the article Liu Baoquan (2011) summarizes the perspectives of over 100 scholars on news headlines, categorizing 61 types of headlines and analyzing over 2,000 examples to identify common pitfalls in headline creation and suggest corrective measures Ouyang Xia (2014) emphasizes that headlines serve as the "eyes" of newspaper articles, underscoring their critical role in attracting reader attention.
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the characteristics of news headlines, highlighting essential techniques for crafting effective headlines The insights offered by Han Shugang emphasize the importance of clarity and engagement in headline creation to capture reader attention.
（2014）将新闻标题对整篇文章以及对读者阅读欲望所起的作用概括为：
The article explores the linguistic features of news headlines in prominent Chinese newspapers such as the People's Daily, Global Times, and Hebei Daily Researchers like Yin Shichao (2005) have identified common headline formats and analyzed both informative and nominal titles, highlighting their characteristics Duan Yehui summarizes these features as precise word choice, logical sentence structure, and appropriate rhetorical techniques Su Longpeng (1996) outlines the language style of news headlines as accurate, complete, concise, colloquial, fresh, and lively Zhang Qi (2012) examines the colloquial and unfamiliar aspects of headline language, while Peng Daina (2006) analyzes grammatical features through word classes, sentence types, and structures Zhang Yan (2008) focuses on distinctive characteristics such as neologisms, slang, colloquialism, and abbreviations Wu Huangqing'e (2009) investigates the use of punctuation marks in headlines, emphasizing their role in attracting readers and enhancing rhetorical effect Lastly, Zhang Liping (2010) analyzes word usage and rhetorical features in newspaper title design, identifying methods and patterns in headline language.
Each type of news publication possesses unique characteristics, leading to distinct linguistic features Analyzing the headlines across various media formats can aid publications in evolving towards a more specialized direction.
In her study "A Study on the Linguistic Features of News Headlines in Southern Weekend," Kong Wenjing quantitatively analyzes various news headlines from the publication She identifies key characteristics of these titles, noting their conciseness, accessibility, vivid imagery, dynamic appeal, and eye-catching novelty The headlines frequently incorporate internet slang, popular phrases, and abbreviations, while employing more neutral language and objective attitudes Additionally, the sentence structures are diverse and rich, showcasing a rhythmic quality that balances rationality and emotion.
In her article "An Exploration of the Language of News Headlines in Southern Weekend," Ma Dengkui analyzes the distinctive features of news headlines from a modern Chinese language perspective She discusses the characteristics of these headlines through the lenses of vocabulary, grammar, and rhetoric, providing a comprehensive examination of their linguistic attributes.
In his work "Characteristics of Contemporary News Headlines," Han Lian identifies seven key features of modern news titles: the emergence of headline news, innovation in large headlines, the development of symbolic titles, breakthroughs in summary titles, the revival of long and thick headlines, a pursuit of sensational impact, and a focus on visual imagery While new forms have emerged, much of this evolution involves the innovation and expansion of traditional formats.
In his 2010 article titled "Linguistic Features of Headline Titles in People's Daily," Han Shougeng analyzes the unique language characteristics of headlines in People's Daily based on collected data The author highlights the distinctions between the headlines of news articles and those of other literary forms, allowing readers to appreciate the specific features that set People's Daily apart in the realm of journalism.
1.1.1.2.新闻标题的修辞研究
News headlines, with their vibrant rhetorical techniques, capture the attention of audiences and spark the interest of experts and scholars alike Numerous researchers have explored the use of various rhetorical devices in news headlines.
In her article "Rhetorical Phenomena in News Headlines," Zhu Tingyu examines the use of rhetorical devices in news titles She discusses nine specific figures of speech, including metaphor, rhetorical questions, parallelism, allusion, citation, personification, imitation, metonymy, and interpretation, highlighting their application in crafting impactful headlines.
In her article "A Study on the Rhetorical Phenomena of Sports News Headlines," Gao Kuili explores the rhetorical strategies used in sports news headlines through three main aspects: commonly used rhetorical devices, typical rhetorical devices, and ambiguous rhetoric She discusses six prevalent rhetorical devices, including quotation, parallelism, imitation, metonymy, questions, and exclamations Additionally, she provides a detailed analysis of metaphor as a typical rhetorical device, noting that some scholars focus on specific rhetorical forms such as metaphor and imitation in their research on news headlines.
In his study "Cognitive Research on Metaphors in News Headlines," Yu Haibo explores the application of metaphors in news titles Utilizing conceptual metaphor theory, he conducts a detailed analysis of metaphorical expressions in the corpus, categorizing them into three types: ontological metaphors, structural metaphors, and orientational metaphors.
相关理论
1.2.1 汉语言特点简介
（1）词汇的定义
According to Wang Tongyi's definition in the "New Modern Chinese Dictionary" (1993), vocabulary refers to "the total sum of words used in a language, as well as the words used within a specific domain." Additionally, vocabulary can be summarized as the building blocks of language, encompassing all words and fixed phrases within a language or a designated scope, also known as lexicon It represents the entirety of words and phrases in a particular language, the total vocabulary possessed by an individual, and the complete set of words and phrases found within a specific work.
（2）词汇的基本特点
Most Chinese morphemes are monosyllabic; when used independently, they function as words, while in combination, they serve as components for word formation For instance, "光" (light) and "明" (bright) are both individual morphemes and words, which combine to form a new word The principles of word formation closely align with syntax, primarily due to the lack of morphological variation in Chinese Compound words are the main method for creating new terms, with many disyllabic words evolving from ancient monosyllabic phrases, such as "妻子" (wife) and "困乏" (fatigue) Although most disyllabic words are compound words, some are simple disyllabic forms, notably reduplicated words and coalescent words Reduplicated words consist of the same character repeated, like "关关" (chirping) and "交交" (exchanging), while coalescent words are typically formed from two characters with a similar phonetic relationship, such as "逍遥" (free and easy) and "流离" (wandering) Both reduplicated and coalescent words share a common feature: the individual characters do not convey meaning but serve to record syllables, with the combined syllables representing specific meanings Additionally, there is a significant number of loanwords in the Chinese language.
（包括少数民族词语），音译外来词自古就有，如：匈奴（ Huna） 、佛
（ buddha ） 等 ， 属 于 古 代 的 音 译 外 来 词 ； 雪 茄 （ cigar ） 、 康 拜 因
Modern Chinese incorporates foreign loanwords, primarily through pure phonetic translation, as seen in terms like "gallon." There are also semi-translated words that combine phonetics and meaning, such as "ultimatum" (哀的美敦书), "jeep" (吉普车), and "beer" (啤酒) Furthermore, the trend of bisyllabic formation in Chinese vocabulary is notable, with monosyllabic words often expanding into bisyllabic forms, while polysyllabic terms tend to be condensed Examples include "车" becoming "车子," "鸟" evolving into "飞鸟," and terms like "对外贸易" being shortened to "外贸." Additionally, the language features a significant number of four-character phrases that enrich its expressiveness.
1 王同亿（1993）《新现代汉语词典》，海南出版社，P.254
Chinese idioms, as linguistic units, primarily function as phrases but serve the role of single words in sentence construction The vocabulary of any language is in a constant state of evolution, and Chinese vocabulary will continue to develop and enrich alongside the advancements in China's material and spiritual civilization.
Words are fundamental units of language that can operate independently to convey complete concepts, as defined by Wang Tongyi in the "New Modern Chinese Dictionary" (1993) They are the smallest language units capable of standing alone in a sentence, distinguishing them from morphemes and phrases Key characteristics of words include: (1) a fixed phonetic form that remains consistent and tightly integrated, preventing interruptions in pronunciation; (2) a clear and complete meaning that corresponds to its phonetic form, as seen with the word "glass," which has a specific meaning, unlike its components "bo" or "li," which do not function as words; (3) grammatical functionality that allows words to respond to questions independently or form sentences, as well as combine freely with other words; and (4) these features establish words as the smallest linguistic units, differentiating them from phrases and morphemes.
In vocabulary analysis, all words can be examined through three key aspects: phonetics, semantics, and functionality.
Fixed phrases are specific combinations of words that generally cannot be altered or rearranged In contrast, free phrases are temporary word combinations formed based on the needs of expression and are commonly referred to as "phrases." Fixed phrases can be categorized into two types: proper names and idiomatic expressions Proper names refer to complex phrases that denote the names of entities such as countries, cities, book titles, organizations, and individuals.
Idioms are commonly used fixed phrases that serve as unique vocabulary units in language They function similarly to words in sentence construction, making them essential language units The main types of idioms include proverbs, colloquial expressions, and sayings Fixed phrases are characterized by their structured consistency, which distinguishes them from more flexible language forms.
2 王同亿（1993）《新现代汉语词典》，海南出版社，P.254
Fixed phrases typically have a qualitative and rigid structure, with their components and forms being fixed and not subject to arbitrary changes in word order or substitution For example, the phrase "任重道远" cannot be altered to "道远任重" or "任重路远." Additionally, many fixed phrases possess unique extended or metaphorical meanings, and understanding their true significance often requires knowledge of the literary allusions and historical events that shaped them.
In summary, both Chinese and Vietnamese are syllabic isolating languages They express grammatical meanings through factors beyond just words; for example, to indicate that an action is currently taking place, the word "zài" (在) is used.
In Chinese, the completion of actions is indicated by words such as "了," "过," and "已经," while future actions are expressed using "会," "将," and "将要," differing from many Indo-European languages Additionally, the Chinese writing system, which is logographic, allows speakers to employ homophonic puns as a rhetorical device to enhance expressive impact.
Abbreviations play a crucial role in communication, emphasizing the need for brevity and economic use of language In an era characterized by information overload, the simplification of language has become increasingly important, leading to the rise of abbreviations to meet communication demands Abbreviations are formed by systematically shortening or omitting elements in the names of objects for convenience Additionally, there are acronyms, which are tightly structured forms of abbreviation that have evolved into independent linguistic units used freely in language.
According to Zhang Qingyun (1995), abbreviations are simplified variants of full terms or prototype words, representing a unique phenomenon within the vocabulary system They are characteristic of the languages of various ethnic groups in the new era and accompany the surge of new terminology For instance, "SARS" is an abbreviated form of "severe acute respiratory syndrome," while "NPC" stands for "National People's Congress."
Abbreviations are words that have been compressed or omitted in language There are five main methods for creating shortened phrases: 1) Segmental abbreviation, which involves breaking down the full term and extracting a component from each segment, such as "science and technology" becoming "sci-tech"; 2) Truncation, which focuses on the most distinctive feature of the full name, for instance, "Tsinghua University" shortened to "Tsinghua"; 3) Composite abbreviation, which combines both truncation and segmental abbreviation; 4) Retaining differences while omitting similarities, allowing for more concise communication.
3 张庆云（1995）汉语缩略语特点，《鲁东大学学报：哲学社会科学版》
In academic writing, it's essential to streamline content by omitting repetitive elements while retaining unique components, such as combining "science" and "engineering" into "STEM." Additionally, summarizing similar aspects using numerical representation can enhance clarity, as seen in the phrase "three goods," which encapsulates the ideas of being healthy, excelling in studies, and performing well at work.
中国进入 21 世纪的国内外社会背景与《人民日报》新闻标题的关系
In the current era of globalization, particularly since the 21st century, countries around the world, including China and Vietnam, are experiencing an explosion of information and rapid technological advancements As a major player in the East, China has witnessed significant historical events across various sectors while grappling with numerous challenges, such as environmental pollution, the outbreak of diseases, and heightened tensions in transportation and trade, especially in the context of the US-China trade war A critical focus remains on enhancing international communication and leveraging both domestic and international advantages to promote the comprehensive development of China's socio-economic and cultural landscape, a situation that is similarly reflected in Vietnam.
During the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, President and General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized the importance of development as a core focus for the nation His vision aims to enhance economic growth, improve living standards, and promote sustainable practices, highlighting the need for innovation and modernization in various sectors This strategic approach seeks to position China as a leading global power while ensuring social stability and environmental responsibility.
The concept of "21st Century Marxism" and the construction of a "Community of Shared Future for Mankind" signify the Chinese Communist Party's theoretical consciousness and confidence, serving as a guiding light for China's development in the 21st century The idea of a Community of Shared Future holds significant value in the theoretical framework of 21st Century Marxism in four key aspects.
21st-century Marxism embodies the mission of transcending capitalist civilization to achieve human liberation It establishes the central theme of a shared human destiny, addressing the questions of "what is socialism and how to build it," and further exploring "what is a community with a shared future for mankind and how to promote its construction." This theme necessitates a holistic development of Marxist theory, requiring continuous advancement from multiple dimensions To construct a community with a shared future, Marxism must integrate with contemporary practices, ensuring that 21st-century Marxism remains a dynamic and relevant framework.
This era marks the process of concretization and nationalization, representing a time when China is building a scientific theoretical system to lead its national rejuvenation.
In this context, the Chinese nation is advancing on a significant journey marked by new historical characteristics The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China is strategically enhancing the theoretical framework of socialism with Chinese characteristics by coordinating the overall layout of "five-in-one" and promoting the "four comprehensives." Against this backdrop, the People's Daily, as a key spokesperson for the Central Committee and an important media outlet for information dissemination, has the mission to promptly report on recent social developments It is essential for the newspaper to track progress in various aspects of domestic and international politics, economy, and socio-culture, accurately conveying the latest and most prominent issues in social evolution Thus, the interplay between the domestic and international social context serves as a fertile ground for news reporting, highlighting the close relationship between the two, particularly for the People's Daily.
1.3.2.中国《人民日报》简介
人民日报（People's Daily）是中国党中央委员会机关报。1948 年 6 月
On March 15, 1949, a new newspaper was launched in Handan City, Hebei Province, resulting from the merger of the Jin-Cha-Ji Daily and the Jin-Ji-Lu-Yu People's Daily This publication served as the official newspaper for the North China Central Bureau and also fulfilled the functions of the Central Committee's official newspaper.
The People's Daily, which moved to Beiping along with central government agencies, was designated as the official newspaper of the Communist Party of China on August 1 of the same year, continuing its publication from the June 15, 1948 issue As China's largest newspaper, it was recognized as one of the world's top ten newspapers by UNESCO in 1992 Since its inception, the People's Daily has maintained a commitment to proper reporting, actively promoting the Party's theories and policies, disseminating significant central government decisions, and providing timely information across various fields, thereby playing a crucial role in the Communist Party's efforts to lead the nation in achieving revolutionary, construction, and reform victories.
Since the beginning of the new century, the People's Daily has adhered to the guiding principles of the "Three Represents" and the Scientific Outlook on Development It has consistently upheld the banner of progress, focused on the overall situation, served the people, and promoted reform and innovation The publication has effectively maintained a correct public opinion direction while deeply promoting the path, theoretical system, and institutions of socialism with Chinese characteristics It has highlighted the significant achievements of reform and opening up, showcased the inspiring stories of unity and progress among the masses, and celebrated the spirit of the Chinese nation, making a positive contribution to the comprehensive construction of a moderately prosperous society for all ethnic groups in the country.
As a prestigious and serious comprehensive daily newspaper, the People's Daily is known for its high-quality editorial team, enabling it to respond swiftly and effectively to news events at any time Its timely, accurate, and in-depth coverage of significant domestic and international events has become a hallmark of the publication, earning the trust of a vast readership both in China and abroad.
The People's Daily publishes 24 pages from Monday to Friday, with pages 1 to 6 dedicated to major news, pages 9 to 15 focusing on domestic news, pages 17 to 20 featuring special editions, and pages 21 to 23 covering international news.
The 7th edition is the theoretical version, while the 24th edition serves as the supplement (with the 20th edition published on Tuesdays and Fridays) Each week features an emerging media edition and an opinion edition, with eight editions available on weekends and four on holidays The People's Daily has established 38 reporting stations across various provinces, cities, autonomous regions, economic special zones, and major cities in China, as well as offices in Hong Kong and Macau, and correspondents stationed in Taiwan Internationally, it maintains 32 permanent reporting stations in key countries and cities around the world.
In today's era of information overload, newspapers are increasingly recognized as a vital communication medium The linguistic characteristics of news headlines have emerged as an intriguing research topic, with significant findings in China, while studies in Vietnam remain limited Facing intense competition, newspapers must effectively present rapidly changing information across political, economic, and cultural spheres to engage readers and enhance their desire to read The design of newspaper headlines plays a crucial role in this process To create compelling headlines, designers must thoroughly understand relevant linguistic theories, including vocabulary, morphology, phrase structures, grammatical features, punctuation, and especially rhetorical techniques Effective communication also requires adherence to the principle of economy, which applies to headline design as well Therefore, designers must grasp the characteristics and requirements of newspaper language, particularly in crafting impactful headlines.
The characteristics of Chinese vocabulary and writing provide unique linguistic materials for newspaper headlines, facilitating their design Headline creators must master various rhetorical techniques in the Chinese language to effectively apply them in their designs Recognizing the significance of headlines is crucial, as they are considered the "eye-catchers" of newspapers; a compelling headline can attract readers and stimulate their desire to read Effective headline design involves careful word choice and arrangement, as well as attention to punctuation, font size, style, and color, all of which are essential silent components that contribute to the overall impact of the headline.
In the process of translating Chinese newspaper headlines into Vietnamese, translators must first understand the theoretical foundations of translation, including standards, principles, and especially strategies and techniques With a solid grasp of these theories, we can effectively analyze the linguistic characteristics of Chinese newspaper headlines and their Vietnamese translations This chapter reviews relevant research findings and provides a theoretical summary, establishing a reliable framework for this study.
