论文有关理论基础
术语的性质
Terminology is used to express specialized concepts within various fields, resulting in a limited scope of usage Typically, terms are derived from the general vocabulary of a language, but once they become established as terminology, they often lose their original meanings Consequently, only individuals with expertise in a specific area are likely to understand the significance and application of these terms.
Every scientific discipline possesses unique characteristics, leading to a vast array of specialized vocabulary that describes its attributes Scientific terminology has a precise semantic range; it not only conveys a concept but also distinguishes its meaning from similar concepts The scientific nature of terminology demands brevity and accuracy, leaving no room for ambiguity or multiple interpretations This characteristic significantly influences the language expression within each scientific field.
The primary distinction between terminology and general vocabulary lies in its univocality, meaning that within a specific professional domain, a term has a single, clear meaning This univocality is crucial, as the same term may convey different concepts in various fields Terminology consists of words with unique meanings that are typically unambiguous, ensuring that even polysemous words from general vocabulary must adopt a singular, precise definition when used in specialized contexts.
Terminology is typically univocal within different professional fields, although some specialized terms may exhibit polysemy For instance, the term "movement" applies to various domains such as sports, politics, philosophy, and physics, but it retains a singular meaning within the context of each specific field.
Terminology refers to the specialized vocabulary used in scientific and technological concepts The language of scientific literature is characterized by accuracy, precision, and conciseness, which necessitates that the terms employed have singular and clear meanings, and that sentence structures are clear and straightforward.
Ambiguity can arise from the use of vague language, which lacks logical rigor and typically avoids rhetorical flourishes Linguistic experts emphasize that each specific concept theoretically possesses a unique name, underscoring the importance of precise terminology in communication.
Terms serve as key expressions within a knowledge system of a discipline and should aim for conciseness, readability, and memorability to facilitate communication and promotion Many related documents emphasize that "terms should be as brief as possible," highlighting brevity as a key attribute of terminology Zheng Shupu notes that the "principle of economy" is a universally significant guideline in language use, where users tend to select concise and efficient expressions This principle applies equally to specialized vocabulary and terminology, as historical trends indicate that terms consistently favor shorter, more compact forms to achieve this economical goal.
The phenomenon of term lengthening is an inevitable aspect of its development Nonetheless, the principles of efficiency and linguistic economy emphasize that conciseness remains a fundamental characteristic of terminology, serving as a crucial requirement for the creation of new terms.
In today's rapidly advancing era of science and technology, new disciplines, concepts, theories, and methods emerge daily, leading to the continuous creation of numerous new terms to facilitate effective communication in the tech field Statistics indicate that over 90% of the new words in contemporary language are specialized vocabulary.
It is impractical for people to create a new word for every emerging concept; instead, new terms are often derived from existing words through morphological processes The productivity of terminology is influenced by both subjective and objective factors, highlighting its arbitrary nature Consequently, individuals tend to build upon established terms to formulate new ones This practice aligns with the natural evolution of language For instance, in Chinese, the term "药" (medicine) led to the development of specific terms like "配" (to prepare) and "熬" (to decoct) for processing traditional Chinese medicine, illustrating this linguistic progression.
In both Chinese and Vietnamese, the terms "medicine" and "brewing medicine" are closely linked to their productivity, which is significantly associated with reasoning.
In any field of science or technology, the significance of each term can only be defined within the context of the entire conceptual system of that discipline Linguists have varying perspectives on the systematic nature of terminology We align with the view of Russian scholar Budakoff, who posits that terminology possesses two aspects of systematization: it serves as a component of the terminology system and simultaneously functions as an element of the language system.
Systematicity is a crucial characteristic of terminology As pointed out by Zheng Shupu (2008) in his article "On the Dialectics of Terminology Standardization," systematicity is a fundamental requirement for the terminology of any discipline Terminology within a field should not be seen as a random collection of terms, but rather as an interconnected system where terms are organically related and mutually constrained Similarly, Wu Likun emphasizes in her paper "On Terminology and the Systematic Nature of Terminology Systems" that systematicity is the most important attribute of terminology, highlighting that each term functions as part of a larger terminology system.
Terminology exists as a composite of various components, a widely accepted perspective in contemporary terminology studies Terminologists consistently emphasize this notion.
Systematicity is one of the most essential conditions for the existence of terminology Terms can only exist as components of a terminological system This characteristic of systematicity in terminology is clearly evident in practice.
武术术语概说
1.4.1 武术术语概念武术术语概念武术术语概念武术术语概念
Martial arts, a traditional Chinese sport, focuses on combat techniques and emphasizes the integration of internal and external practices As an essential part of Chinese culture, the term "martial arts" first appeared in the Southern Dynasties in Yan Yanniang's poem, which highlights its historical significance Developed over thousands of years, martial arts originated from ancient practices where early humans used basic fighting techniques for survival against beasts and enemies As productivity improved, the focus shifted from mere survival to fulfilling spiritual and recreational needs, leading to martial arts being utilized for fitness and entertainment Throughout different historical periods, the meaning of "martial arts" has evolved, initially referring to military activities and later encompassing self-defense and physical health.
Martial arts strongly reflect the characteristics of traditional Chinese culture, which can be seen in its division into two main forms: routine exercises and combat sports The principles of martial arts embody traditional Chinese philosophical thought, while its techniques illustrate conventional ethical values Additionally, the foundational theories of martial arts are closely linked to traditional Chinese medicine and wellness practices In essence, martial arts serve as a comprehensive practice for self-defense, physical fitness, and personal cultivation.
于一体的体育运动。
武术概念的内涵 武术的内容和运动形式，始终是围绕着“技击”这
Martial arts, originally developed as a combat technique in ancient times, is a fundamental attribute that continually evolves over time.
Martial arts, whether in the context of small-scale combat or large military confrontations, are fundamentally rooted in techniques that emphasize offensive and defensive value This essential characteristic defines martial arts as a collection of combat techniques However, with the advent and advancement of firearms, the practical application of martial arts in real combat has diminished, leading to a shift towards fitness and wellness Today, martial arts have evolved into a modern sport, yet they still retain their core principles of combat and technique, benefiting practitioners in various ways.
掌握一定的攻防技击技术和能力。
武术概念的外延 这里是指那些具有武术本质属性的，包括不同运
动 形 式 和 不 同演 练特 点 的所有 武 术 项 目 。总的划分 为 套 路 和 格 斗 两 部
武术套路运动包括拳术套路、器械套 路、对练套路和集 体演练这
Martial arts encompass a variety of styles and forms, including different techniques and weapon use, as well as solo, partner, and group practices A key feature of these disciplines is the structured arrangement of martial movements performed in a specific sequence Even in paired routines, practitioners follow a predetermined order to enhance their skills and coordination.
预先编排的动作顺序进行假设性的攻防实战练习。
格斗运动是二人在 一定条件下，按照一定的规则，自由地运用某
The practice of physical confrontation involves various offensive and defensive techniques Practitioners adapt their movements based on the real-time dynamics of the encounter, with no predetermined sequence for offensive or defensive actions.
Martial arts encompass various techniques, including specialized practices and solo forms During training, practitioners often select specific methods and solo forms to complement their routines or combat needs These techniques serve as supplementary tools that enhance the effectiveness of both form practice and fighting skills.
是武术的主要运动形式。
武术的上属概念 武术在其发生、发展的过程中，和中国历史上的
Philosophy, politics, economics, military affairs, religion, ethics, and education are intricately interconnected, reflecting the rich cultural heritage of the Chinese nation This deep-rooted relationship highlights the significance of these fields as invaluable components of China's precious ethnic cultural legacy.
Martial arts, while primarily recognized for their combat characteristics, also serve as a form of physical exercise, embodying the principle of "training the body through combat." This dual function has become increasingly significant, especially with the advancement of firearms, leading to the evolution of martial arts into a recognized sport As this transformation aligns with the historical development of China, martial arts maintain a strong national identity, reflecting the rich heritage of traditional Chinese sports.
重要组成部分。
武术概念的嬗变 在探讨武术概念的发展变化时，需要考察不同历
The social practices of martial arts during historical periods reflect the evolving understanding of its concepts, shaped by the conditions of the time To grasp the essence of martial arts, it is essential to explore its development alongside the deepening recognition of its significance among people.
As the practical combat effectiveness of martial arts diminishes, people are increasingly exploring its value in physical and mental fitness, as well as aesthetic appreciation However, this shift does not entirely dismiss the fighting aspects of martial arts.
点和功能。所以在上述概念中既强调武术“可供给自卫功能”，又说武术
“可作锻炼体格之工具”。这也与当时中国的民族危机日益深重，提出的
“强国强种”、“御侮图存”的口号相一致，与孙中山在《精武本纪序》中
所述“我国人曩 昔仅 袭得他人物质文明之粗末，遂自弃其本体固有之技
Martial arts, often perceived as ineffective, are essential for survival and self-defense This perspective highlights the combat characteristics of martial arts, emphasizing their athletic nature Furthermore, martial arts represent a traditional physical activity unique to our nation, aligning with contemporary discussions on physical fitness and self-protection.
武术的上属概念是中国传统体育项目相一致。这种认识是正确的、进步
50 年代有人提出“武术即是技击”的观点，当时这是一种具有一定
代表性的看法。后来被当作“唯技击论”受到了批判。
1961 年 出版的 《 体 育 学院本科 讲 义ã武 术 》 是我国首部全 面 讲释
Martial arts are defined as a form of national sports consisting of boxing techniques, weapon routines, and related training methods, emphasizing their role in strengthening the body, enhancing health, and cultivating willpower This definition highlights martial arts as a "national form of sports," addressing its physical practices and social functions However, it notably omits the combat characteristics of martial arts and does not mention the defensive and offensive skills that practitioners can acquire While later discussions in the material acknowledge that martial arts are derived from combat techniques, they tend to downplay these fighting aspects This shift reflects a broader trend in the early 1960s, following critiques of the "pure combat theory," indicating a changing perception of the concept of martial arts over the decades.
在 1978 年出版的《体育系通用教材ã武术》中，对武术概念的表
Martial arts encompass various combat techniques such as kicking, striking, grappling, and thrusting, structured into forms that reflect the principles of offense and defense, movement dynamics, and the interplay of strength and softness This traditional sport not only enhances physical fitness but also cultivates willpower and trains fighting skills, making it a distinctive cultural practice.
Martial arts serve a dual purpose in society: they enhance physical fitness and cultivate willpower Additionally, they are characterized by their combat techniques, which are defined through specific and representative methods The essence of martial arts lies in the dynamic interplay of offensive and defensive movements, highlighting the transformative nature of conflict.
律”也 是 武术攻防 技术 的 变化规 律。 文中 还 提出 了“训练格斗 技 能”的功
能。既强调武术的 技击特点，又说明武术的上属 概念是“民族形式的体
育 运 动”，从 而 确定 了 现 代 武 术 的 体 育 属 性 ，较 好地解 决了二 者的 关
自 1979 年 在全国武 术 观摩交流 大 会开 始试行 武术 的 对抗性 项 目
汉越语言接触与越南语武术专业术语
Due to the unique geographical and historical conditions between China and Vietnam, both countries share a cultural space, leading to a significant presence of Chinese loanwords in the Vietnamese language As both Mandarin and Vietnamese are syllabic languages, it is common for Vietnamese to have multiple terms, including Chinese borrowings, for the same object or phenomenon.
Trong tiếng Việt, có hai cách diễn đạt phổ biến cho nhiều khái niệm, chẳng hạn như "phụ nữ" và "đàn bà" để chỉ "妇女"; "nhân lực" và "sức người" để diễn tả "人力"; "vật lực" và "sức của" cho "物力"; và "tương đồng" cùng "giống nhau" để nói về "相同".
According to linguists, approximately 70% of Vietnamese vocabulary consists of Chinese loanwords, categorized into three types: ancient Sino-Vietnamese words, Sino-Vietnamese words, and Vietnamized Sino-Vietnamese words After integrating Chinese vocabulary, Vietnamese has developed a distinct set of Sino-Vietnamese terms, which are influenced by the phonetic and morphological rules of the Vietnamese language This results in various adaptations and modifications of the original Chinese terms.
用。其词类、词义、用法都不变，比如“学习” (học tập)、“武术” (võ thuật)、
“力量” (lực lượng)；（2）经过越南人使用中的创新产生了差别。有的在词
Sự thay đổi trong ngôn ngữ giữa tiếng Trung và tiếng Việt thể hiện rõ qua các từ như "hứng thú", "đặc sắc", "tâm đắc", vốn là danh từ trong tiếng Trung nhưng lại trở thành tính từ và động từ tâm lý trong tiếng Việt Bên cạnh đó, một số cấu trúc câu cũng có sự thay đổi, chẳng hạn như từ "例外" trong tiếng Trung tương ứng với "ngoại lệ" trong tiếng Việt.
Trong tiếng Trung, từ "成长" tương đương với "trưởng thành" trong tiếng Việt, và "答复" tương ứng với "phúc đáp" Một số từ có ý nghĩa đã thay đổi, chẳng hạn như "生产" trong tiếng Trung tương đương với "sản xuất" trong tiếng Việt; trong khi đó, "sinh sản" trong tiếng Việt lại tương ứng với "繁殖" trong tiếng Trung Tương tự, "仔细" trong tiếng Trung có nghĩa tương đương với từ nào đó trong tiếng Việt.
Trong tiếng Nam, từ "tỉ mỉ" tương đương với từ "tử tế" trong tiếng Việt, có nghĩa là "tốt bụng" trong tiếng Hán Tương tự, từ "cao đẳng" trong tiếng Việt tương đương với "大专" trong tiếng Hán, trong khi "高等" lại tương ứng với "đại học" Một số từ Hán có thể kết hợp với các yếu tố từ tiếng Việt để tạo thành các từ ghép hai âm tiết, giúp làm rõ nghĩa giữa hai ngôn ngữ.
Trong tiếng Việt, một số từ được hình thành từ các yếu tố như “thiên lệch” hoặc bằng cách kết hợp một yếu tố tiếng Việt với một từ vay mượn từ tiếng Trung, chẳng hạn như “trắng bạch” Ngoài ra, cũng có những từ do người Việt sáng tạo dựa trên các yếu tố vay mượn từ tiếng Trung mà trước đây chưa từng tồn tại trong tiếng Trung.
语。比如 “lịch sự”，“ngoại tình”，“hồ sơ” 等。
Chinese loanwords have significantly enriched the Vietnamese vocabulary Once integrated into Vietnamese, monosyllabic Chinese loanwords demonstrate strong word formation capabilities The interaction between Chinese and Vietnamese has enhanced the richness of the Vietnamese lexicon; however, it has also led to a complex phenomenon of synonyms and near-synonyms, increasing the challenges for Vietnamese learners of Chinese in terms of translation between the two languages.
Trong lĩnh vực thuật ngữ võ thuật, sự tiếp xúc giữa tiếng Hán và tiếng Việt đã tạo điều kiện thuận lợi cho sự hình thành và phát triển của các thuật ngữ võ thuật trong tiếng Việt Một phần trong hệ thống thuật ngữ võ thuật tiếng Việt được vay mượn từ các thuật ngữ chuyên ngành võ thuật tiếng Hán, chẳng hạn như chưởng căn (掌根), chưởng ngoại diên (掌外沿) và ngũ tổ quyền.
（五祖拳）；chính quyền （正拳）， Ôn Châu nam quyền（温州南拳）； trường quyền (长拳) 等等。
有关术语研究现状简介
1.6.1 世界上术语研究概况世界上术语研究概况世界上术语研究概况世界上术语研究概况
Terminology is a young and emerging discipline that has existed alongside human social activities since their inception Its history is as long as that of human society itself The use of philosophical concepts and terminology in ancient Greece and Rome reflects a significant stage in the flourishing development of ancient European science and culture.
术 语 学 在 20 世纪三十年 代初 期正式创立 。 从那时 起 ， 术 语 学 的 理
论 、原 则和 方 法 开始广泛应 用于 各个 专业 领 域 的 术 语 规范 工作 。 一般认
Terminology studies, proposed as a discipline by Austrian professor Eugen Wüster (1898–1977), who founded the Vienna School of Terminology, have seen contributions from various scholars Notably, in the early 1930s, Soviet researchers such as Chaplygin (1868–1942) and Lott (1898–1950) began their own investigations into terminology, with Lott's work "Principles of Scientific and Technical Terminology" serving as a foundational theory for Soviet terminology efforts Chaplygin, an aerodynamics expert, and Lott are considered pioneers of the Moscow School of Terminology Meanwhile, the Prague School of Linguistics has continued to influence terminology studies in Czechoslovakia In the 1970s, the Quebec School emerged in Canada, making significant advancements in terminology databases and translation, including machine translation Laval University in Quebec, under Professor Rondo, established lectures on terminology theory and has trained master's and doctoral students in the field.
1.6.2 术语在中国的研究状况术语在中国的研究状况术语在中国的研究状况术语在中国的研究状况
中国是世界上最古老的文明古国之一，中国古代科学技术是具有独特
体 系 ，反 映古代 科 学技术 成 就 和概 念的 术 语 ， 也具有光 荣的传 统。早在
Over 2,000 years ago, China's first dictionary, "Er Ya," included numerous terms that encompassed foundational concepts in both the humanities and natural sciences Additionally, the Tang Dynasty's "Yi Qie Jing Yin Yi" provided annotations for Buddhist terminology.
During the Northern Song Dynasty, the "Yingzao Fashi" established essential terminology for the construction industry In the Ming Dynasty, Li Shizhen's "Bencao Gangmu" introduced a wide range of names for animals, plants, and minerals Xu Guangqi's "Nongzheng Quanshu" generated numerous terms related to agriculture, soil, and water conservancy Additionally, Song Yingxing's "Tian Gong Kai Wu" contained a wealth of engineering and technical terminology Other significant works include the Qing Dynasty's "Gezhi Jingyuan" and the "Cihai," which was compiled in 1936.
Reference books indicate that China has long established scientific principles for the naming and interpretation of terms in its terminology work.
In 1950, China established the Academic Terminology Unification Work Committee This was followed by the creation of the National Scientific and Technological Terminology Approval Committee in April 1985, and the National Terminology Standardization Technical Committee in October of the same year In 1993, the State Council approved the establishment of the China Terminology Working Network.
In 1997, Feng Zhiwei published "Introduction to Modern Terminology," marking the first systematic theoretical work on terminology in China and establishing the foundational framework for Chinese terminology studies This publication sparked increased attention to terminology research in China, leading to significant scholarly contributions, including numerous master's and doctoral theses, as well as specialized monographs These studies have explored various aspects of terminology in depth Notably, Feng Zhiwei's works, such as "The Structure of Chinese Word-Type Terminology" and "The Structure of Chinese Phrase-Type Terminology," focus on terminology structure, while his research on metaphor in terminology naming, along with contributions from Song Zishou, highlights the diverse methods of term formation.
The article discusses various studies on the use of metaphors and metonymy in scientific terminology, including Pei Yajun's research on the abbreviation issues of scientific terms and Liu Lifeng's comparison of the construction methods of Chinese and English terms It highlights the semantic aspects of terminology, referencing Sun Huan's analysis of the semantic structure of terms Additionally, it addresses the standardization of foreign terms, citing Huang Zhonglian and Li Yashu's work on the principles and methods for translating terms into Chinese, as well as Zeng Jianping's contributions to the field of humanities.
会 科 学 术 语 译名的 规范 化问 题 》 、袁 宜平的 《 科技术 语 译名的 接 受 问
In the realm of terminology dictionary compilation, Chen Chuxiang's work, "Terminology: Terminology Studies and Terminology Dictionary," stands out as a significant contribution Additionally, in the context of terminology standardization, Huang Zhaohao's "Standardization of Chinese Science and Technology Terminology" is noteworthy.
The works "On the Approval and Standardization of Scientific and Technical Terminology" and Li Chenghua's "On Terminological Ambiguity and Disambiguation" have significantly contributed to the research and development of modern Chinese terminology studies.
The study of terminology in China has a long history and has achieved significant accomplishments, evidenced by numerous related papers and a variety of terminology dictionaries This research encompasses both structural and semantic aspects In addition to ontological studies, some scholars focus on comparative studies of terminology across different languages, with notable research on Chinese-English and Chinese-Russian terminology comparisons These findings lay a solid theoretical foundation for our research on martial arts terminology.
1.6.3 术语在越南的研究状况术语在越南的研究状况术语在越南的研究状况术语在越南的研究状况
In Vietnam, the emergence of scientific terminology occurred relatively late, with Vietnamese scholars beginning to pay attention to the establishment and study of terminology only in the early 20th century During this period, they expressed their views in various publications, highlighting the importance of terminology development in the academic landscape.
广含（Dương Quảng Hàm）和阮文盛（Nguyễn Văn Thịnh）是比较著名的 学者。
