The abdominopelvic cavity is further divided into quadrants and regions. (See Figs. 2–4A and B.)
Frame 2–44to Frame 2–54 Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions • C H A P T E R 2 45
ventr/al cavity VĔN-trăl
super/ior soo-PĒ-rē-or infer/ior ĭn-FĒ-rē-or
Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
Right hypo- chondriac Right lumbar Right inguinal
Left hypo- chondriac
Left lumbar Left inguinal Umbilical Epigastric
Hypo- gastric
Figure 2-4 Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions. (A)Four quadrants of the abdomen.
(B)Nine regions of the abdomen showing superficial organs.
A B
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
2–55 Because the abdomin/o/pelv/ic cavity is a large area and contains many organs, it is useful to divide it into smaller sections. One method divides the abdomin/o/pelv/ic cavity into quadrants. A second method divides the abdomin/o/pelv/ic cavity into regions. Physicians and other health-care professionals use quadrants or regions as a point of reference.
The larger division of the abdomin/o/pelv/ic cavity consists of four quadrants: right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), and left lower quadrant (LLQ). Locate these quadrants in Figure 2–4A.
2–56 After you have located and reviewed the quadrants, determine the meaning of the following abbreviations.
RUQ: __________ __________ ____________________
LUQ: __________ __________ ____________________
RLQ: __________ __________ ____________________
LLQ: __________ __________ ____________________
2–57 Quadrants are useful in describing the location in the body in which a surgi- cal procedure will be performed. They are also useful in denoting incision sites or the location of abnormal masses such as tumors.
A tumor located in the right lower quadrant will most likely be denoted in the medical record with the abbreviation __________.
2–58 Quadrants may also be used to describe the location of a patient’s symp- toms. The physician may pinpoint a patient’s abdominal pain in the RLQ. Such a finding could indicate a diagnosis of appendicitis, because the appendix is located in that quadrant. Pain in another quadrant, such as the LLQ, would indicate a different diagnosis.
Identify the abbreviation for the right lower quadrant: __________
left lower quadrant: __________
2-59 Locate the quadrant that contains a major part of the stomach.
This quadrant is the __________ __________ ____________________
and its abbreviation is __________.
Abdominopelvic Regions
2–60 Whereas larger sections of the abdomin/o/pelv/ic cavity are divided into four quadrants, the smaller sections are divided into nine regions, each of which cor- responds to a region near a specific point in the body. As with quadrants, body region designation is also used to describe the location of internal organs and the origin of pain. Review Figure 2–4B to see the location of various organs within these regions.
Boldfaceindicates a word root or combining form. Blueindicates a suffix. Pinkindicates a prefix.
46 C H A P T E R 2 • Body Structure
right upper quadrant left upper quadrant right lower quadrant left lower quadrant
RLQ
RLQ LLQ
left upper quadrant, LUQ
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2–61 Now that you have examined the nine regions, let us review some of the terms within each region. These terms are commonly used to describe a location of organs within the abdominal cavity.
Although the CFs in the left-hand column below denote a body structure, when at- tached to directional elements, they form terms denoting specific regions of the ab- domen. Study the meaning of each regional term, then divide each one in the right-hand column into its basic elements. The first term is completed for you.
2–62 Suffixes -ac, -ic, -ous and -ior mean pertaining to.Can you identify the parts of speech of these suffixes? ____________________
2–63 Use gastr/oto develop medical words that pertain to the area under or below the stomach: __________ / __________ / __________
above or on the stomach: __________ / __________ / __________
2–64 The epi/gastr/ic region may be the location of “heartburn” pain. Pain in this area could be symptomatic of many abnormal conditions, including indigestion or heart attack.
The area of heartburn pain may be felt in the __________ / __________ / __________ region.
2–65 The right and left hypo/chondr/iac* regions are located on each side of the epi/gastr/ic region and directly under the cartilage of the ribs.
Identify the elements in hypo/chondr/iacthat mean pertaining to: ___________
under, below, deficient: ___________
cartilage: ____________________
Refer to Figure 2–4B to answer the following frames. If needed, use Appendix A: Glossary of Medical Word Elements.
Frame 2–55to Frame 2–65 Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions • C H A P T E R 2 47
hypo/chondr/iac hī-pō-KŎN-drē-ăk epi/gastr/ic ĕp-ĭ-GĂS-trĭk inguin/al ĬNG-gwĭ-năl lumb/ar LŬM-băr umbilic/al ŭm-BĬL-ĭ-kăl
adjectives
epi/gastr/ic ĕp-ĭ-GĂS-trĭk
-iac hypo- chondr hypo/gastr/ic hī-pō-GĂS-trĭk epi/gastr/ic ĕp-ĭ-GĂS-trĭk
Combining Form Meaning Regions of the Abdomen
chondr/o cartilage h y p o / c h o n d r / i a c*
gastr/o stomach e p i g a s t r i c
inguin/o groin i n g u i n a l
lumb/o loins (lower back) l u m b a r
umbilic/o umbilicus, navel u m b i l i c a l
*Although chondr/omeans cartilage, hypo/chondr/iacalso refers to the right and left regions below the ribs (see Fig. 2–4B).
!
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2–66 The lumbar regions consist of the middle right and middle left regions, located near the waistline of the body. The term lumb/armeans
pertaining to the __________ (__________ __________)
2–67 Combine lumb/o+abdomin+-al to form a term that means pertaining to the loins and abdomen.
__________ / _____ / ____________________ / __________
2–68 The center of the umbilic/al region marks the point where the umbilic/al cord of the mother enters the fetus. This point is called the navelor, in layman’s terms, the “belly button.”
The region that lies between the right and left lumbar regions is designated as the ____________________ / ____________________.
2–69 CF umbilic/orefers to the umbilicus, ornavel.The region that literally means pertaining to the navelis the ____________________ / __________ region.
2–70 A hernia is a protrusion or projection of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it. A common type of hernia that may occur, particu- larly in males, is an inguin/al hernia. This hernia would be located in the right or left ____________________ / __________ region.
2–71 Locate the right inguin/al region and the left inguin/al region in Figure 2–4B. A hernia on the right side of the groin is called a __________
____________________ / __________ ____________________.
2–72 The area between the right and left inguin/al regions is called the hypo/gastr/ic region. This region contains the large intestine (colon), which is involved in the removal of solid waste from the body.
Identify the name of the region below the stomach that literally means pertaining to below the stomach.
__________ / __________ / __________
Boldfaceindicates a word root or combining form. Blueindicates a suffix. Pinkindicates a prefix.
48 C H A P T E R 2 • Body Structure
loins (lower back)
lumb/o/abdomin/al lŭm-bō-ăb-DŎM-ĭ-năl
umbilic/al region ŭm-BĬL-ĭ-kăl
inguin/al ĬNG-gwĭ-năl
hypo/gastr/ic hī-pō-GĂS-trĭk right inguin/al hernia ĬNG-gwĭ-năl HĔR-nē-ă umbilic/al
ŭm-BĬL-ĭ-kăl
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S E C T I O N R E V I E W 2 - 4
Using the table below, write the combining form, suffix, or prefix that matches its definition in the space provided to the left of the definition. There may be more than one word element that matches a definition.
Combining Forms Suffixes Prefixes
abdomin/o lumb/o -ac epi-
chondr/o pelv/i, pelv/o -ad hypo-
crani/o poster/o -al
gastr/o spin/o -ic
inguin/o thorac/o -ior
umbilic/o
1. toward
2. groin
3. stomach
4. pelvis
5. cartilage
6. above, on
7. pertaining to
8. loins, (lower back)
9. chest
10. under, below, deficient
11. cranium (skull)
12. spine
13. umbilicus, navel
14. back (of body), behind, posterior
15. abdomen
Competency Verification:Check your answers in Appendix B: Answer Key, page 565. If you are not satisfied with your level of comprehension, go back to Frame 2–34 and reword the frame.
Correct Answers × 6.67 = % Score
Frame 2–66to Frame 2–72 Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions • C H A P T E R 2 49
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ABBREVIATIONS
This section introduces body structure and abbreviations related to radiology and their meanings.