The skin is a sensory organ that also provides protection for the body. The accessory organs of the skin include the hair, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
Skin
3–1 The skin is considered an organ and is composed of two layers of tissue:
the outer epidermis, which is visible to the naked eye, and the inner layer, the dermis.
Identify and label the (1) epidermisand the (2) dermisin Figure 3–2.
Frame 3–1to Frame 3–1 Skin and Accessory Organs • C H A P T E R 3 67
S E C T I O N R E V I E W 3 - 1
For the following medical terms, first write the suffix and its meaning. Then translate the meaning of the
remaining elements starting with the first part of the word. The first word is an example that is completed for you.
Term Meaning
1. hypo/derm/ic -ic: pertaining to; under, below, deficient; skin 2. melan/oma
3. kerat/osis 4. cutane/ous 5. lip/o/cyte 6. onych/o/malacia 7. scler/o/derma 8. dia/phoresis 9. dermat/o/myc/osis 10. cry/o/therapy
3971_Ch03_063-106 13/02/14 11:30 AM Page 67
3–2 The epi/derm/is forms the protective covering of the body and does not have a blood or nerve supply. It is dependent on the dermis’s network of capillaries for nour- ishment. As oxygen and nutrients flow out of the capillaries in the dermis, they pass through tissue fluid, supplying nourishment to the deeper layers of the epidermis.
When you talk about the outer layer of skin, you are referring to the __________ / __________ / _____.
When you talk about the deeper layer of skin, consisting of nerve and blood vessels, you are talking about the __________ / _____.
3–3 The epi/derm/is is thick on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet, but relatively thin over most other areas.
Identify the element in epi/derm/is that means above or upon:__________
a part of speech (noun):_____.
3–4 The CF derm/orefers to the skin. Derm/o/pathy is a disease of the __________.
3–5 Although the epidermis is composed of several layers, the (3) stratum corneumand the (4) basal layerare of greatest importance.
The stratum corneum is composed of dead, flat cells. Its thickness is correlated with normal wear of the area it covers. Only the basal layer is composed of living cells. It is where new cells are continuously reproduced. Label these two structures in Figure 3–2.
3–6 As new cells form in the basal layer, they move toward the stratum corneum.
Eventually, they die and become filled with a hard protein material called keratin.
The relatively waterproof characteristic of keratin prevents body fluids from evapo- rating and moisture from entering the body. These keratinized cells gradually flake away and are replaced in a continuous cycle. The entire process by which a cell forms in the basal layers, rises to the surface, becomes keratinized, and sloughs off takes about 1 month.
Check the basal layer in Figure 3–1 to see the single row of newly formed cells in the deepest layer of the epi/derm/is.
3–7 In addition toderm/o,two other CFs for skin are cutane/oand dermat/o.
Cutane/ous means pertaining to the __________.
Dermat/o/logy is the ____________________ of the __________.
3–8 A physician who specializes in treating skin diseases is called a ____________________ / _____ / __________.
3–9 Use dermatto build a word meaning inflammation of the skin.
____________________ / __________
68 C H A P T E R 3 • Integumentary System
Boldfaceindicates a word root or combining form. Blueindicates a suffix. Pinkindicates a prefix.
epi- -is
skin
skin study, skin
dermat/o/logist dĕr-mă-TŎL-ō-jĭst
dermat/itis dĕr-mă-TĪ-tĭs epi/derm/is ĕp-ĭ-DĔR-mĭs derm/is DĔR-mĭs
3971_Ch03_063-106 13/02/14 11:30 AM Page 68
3–10 The prefix sub-means under or below; the prefix hypo-means under, below, deficient.
A sub/cutane/ous injection occurs beneath the __________.
A hypo/derm/ic needle is inserted under the __________.
3–11 Sub/cutane/ous literally means pertaining to under the __________.
3–12 When you see the terms derm/a, derm/is, and derm/oid, you will know the roots refer to the __________.
3–13 As discussed previously, suffixes -al, -ic, -ior,and -ousare adjective endings that mean pertaining to.Terms such as derm/al and derm/ic mean pertaining to the __________.
Frame 3–2to Frame 3–13 Skin and Accessory Organs • C H A P T E R 3 69
(1)
(2)
(8) (3)
(4)
(6)
(5)
(7)
( )
( )
Sweat gland pore
Figure 3-2 Identifying integumentary structures.
skin skin
skin
skin
skin
3971_Ch03_063-106 13/02/14 11:30 AM Page 69
3–14 In the basal layer, specialized cells, called melan/o/cytes, produce a black pigment called melanin.Production of melanin increases with exposure to strong ul- traviolet light. This exposure creates a suntan that provides a protective barrier from damaging effects of the sun.
The CF melan/orefers to the color black. Build a word that literally means black cell: :____________________ / _____ / __________
black tumor: :____________________ / __________
3–15 Activity of melan/o/cytes is genetically regulated and inherited. Local accu- mulations of melanin are seen in pigmented moles and freckles. Environmental and physiological factors also play a role in skin color. Locate the basal layer in Figure 3–1.
3–16 Absence of pigment in the skin, eyes, and hair is most likely due to an inher- ited inability to produce melanin. This lack of melanin results in the condition called albin/ism. A person with this condition is called an albino.
Deficiency or absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes due to an abnormality in production of melanin is known as ____________________ / __________.
3–17 The number of melan/o/cytes is about the same in all races. Differences in skin color are attributed to production of melanin. In people with dark skin, melan/o/cytes continuously produce large amounts of melanin. In people with light skin, melan/o/cytes produce less ____________________.
When defining a medical word, first define the suffix. Second, define the beginning of the word; finally, define the middle of the word. Below is an example of a term, which is translated as abnormal condition of a skin fungus.
dermat / o / myc / osis
(2) (3) (1)
3–18 The term derm/is is a noun that means pertaining to the skin.Identify the part of speech in
derm/ic:____________________
derm/al:____________________
3–19 Label Figure 3–2 as you learn about the parts of the dermis. The second layer of skin, the derm/is, contains the (5) hair follicle,(6) sebaceous (oil) gland, and (7) sudoriferous (sweat) gland.
3–20 Dermat/itis is an ____________________ of the __________.
3–21 Derm/o/pathy is a disease of the skin; dermat/o/pathy is also a ____________________ of the __________.
70 C H A P T E R 3 • Integumentary System
Boldfaceindicates a word root or combining form. Blueindicates a suffix. Pinkindicates a prefix.
melan/o/cyte MĔL-ăn-ō-sīt melan/oma mĕl-ă-NŌ-mă
albin/ism ĂL-bĭn-ĭzm
melanin MĔL-ă-nĭn
adjective adjective
inflammation, skin
disease, skin
!
3971_Ch03_063-106 13/02/14 11:30 AM Page 70
3–22 An aden/oma is a benign (not malignant) neo/plasm in which the tumor cells form glands or glandlike structures. The tumor is usually well circumscribed, tending to compress rather than infiltrate or invade adjacent tissue.
Build a word that means tumor composed of glandular tissue.
__________ / __________
3–23 Lip/oand adip/oare CFs that mean fat.A lip/ectomy is excision of fat or adipose tissue.
Use adip/oto form another surgical term that means excision of fat.
__________ / ____________________
3–24 Adip/oma and lip/oma are terms that mean fatty tumor.Both are benign tu- mors consisting of fat cells.
The CFs in this frame that mean fat are __________ / _____ and __________ / _____.
A third CF that refers to fat is ____________________ / _____.
3–25 The dermis is attached to underlying structures of the skin by (8) subcuta- neous tissue.Identify and label the layer of subcutaneous tissue in Figure 3–2.
3–26 Sub/cutane/ous tissue forms lip/o/cytes, also known as fat cells.
Determine words in this frame that mean pertaining to under or below the skin:
__________ / ____________________ / __________
fat cells:__________ / _____ / ____________________
3–27 Whereas a lip/o/cyte is a fat __________, an adip/oma is a fatty ____________________.
Competency Verification: Check your labeling of Figure 3–2 in Appendix B: Answer Key, page 567.
3–28 Suction lip/ectomy, also called lip/o/suction,is removal of sub/cutane/ous fat tissue using a blunt-tipped cannula (tube) introduced into the fatty area through a small incision. Suction is applied and fat tissue is removed. Locate the
sub/cutane/ous tissue in Figure 3–1.
3–29 Identify terms in Frame 3–28 that mean
under the skin:__________ / ____________________ / __________
excision of fat:__________ / ____________________ or __________ / _____ / ____________________.
Frame 3–14to Frame 3–29 Skin and Accessory Organs • C H A P T E R 3 71
aden/oma ăd-ĕ-NŌ-mă
adip/ectomy ăd-ĭ-PĔK-tō-mē
adip/o, lip/o steat/o
sub/cutane/ous sŭb-kū-TĀ-nē-ŭs lip/o/cytes LĬP-ō-sītz
cell, tumor
sub/cutane/ous sŭb-kū-TĀ-nē-ŭs
lip/ectomy orlip/o/suction lĭ-PĔK-tō-mē, LĪP-ō-sŭk- shŭn
3971_Ch03_063-106 13/02/14 11:30 AM Page 71
3–30 Lip/o/suction is performed for cosmetic reasons and used primarily to re- move or reduce localized areas of fat around the abdomen, breasts, legs, face, and upper arms, where skin is contractile enough to redrape in a normal manner.
Lip/o/suction literally means suction of__________.
3–31 List three CFs that refer to the skin.
__________ / _____, ____________________ / _____, and ____________________ / _____
3–32 Use dermat/oto form a word meaning
surgical repair (of ) skin: ____________________ / _____ / ____________________
inflammation (of the) skin:
____________________ / __________
3–33 The noun suffixes -logyand -logistcontain the same root, log/o,which means study of.The yat the end of a term means condition or processand denotes a noun ending. The definitions of both suffixes are easier to remember if you analyze their components: -logymeans study of;-logistmeans specialist in the study of.
The root in each suffix that means study ofis __________.
The element in the suffix -logistthat means specialist is __________.
The element in the suffix -logythat means condition or processis _____.
3–34 Refer to Frame 3–33 and use dermat/oto develop words that mean study of the skin:____________________ / _____ / __________
specialist who treats skin disorders:____________________ / _____ / ____________________
3–35 Use dermat/oto practice forming words that mean tumor of the skin:____________________ / __________
disease of the skin:____________________ / _____ / __________
study of the skin:____________________ / _____ / __________
3–36 Scler/osis is an abnormal condition of ____________________.
3–37 Scler/o/derma, a chronic hardening and thickening of the skin, is caused by new collagen formation. It is characterized by inflammation that ultimately develops into fibrosis (scarring), then sclerosis (hardening) of tissues.
Systemic scler/o/derma can be defined as hardening of the __________.
72 C H A P T E R 3 • Integumentary System
Boldfaceindicates a word root or combining form. Blueindicates a suffix. Pinkindicates a prefix.
fat
derm/o, dermat/o, cutane/o
dermat/o/plasty DĔR-mă-tō-plăs-tē dermat/itis
dĕr-mă-TĪ-tĭs
log -ist -y
dermat/o/logy dĕr-mă-TŎL-ō-jē dermat/o/logist dĕr-mă-TŎL-ō-jĭst
dermat/oma dĕr-mă-TŌ-mă dermat/o/pathy dĕr-mă-TŎP-ă-thē dermat/o/logy dĕr-mă-TŎL-ō-jē
hardening
skin
3971_Ch03_063-106 13/02/14 11:30 AM Page 72
3–38 System/ic scler/osis, a form of scler/o/derma, is characterized by formation of thickened collagenous fibrous tissue, thickening of the skin, and adhesion to un- derlying tissues. The disease progresses to involve tissues of the heart, lungs, muscles, genit/o/urin/ary tract, and kidneys.
A form of scler/o/derma that causes fibr/osis and scler/osis of multiple body systems is known as ____________________ / _____ ____________________ / __________.
If you check scler/oin Appendix A: Glossary of Medical Word Elements, you will see that scler/omeans hardening; sclera (white of eye).In the integumentary system, how ever, scler/ospecifically refers to ____________________.
3–39 The CF kerat/omeans horny tissue; hard; cornea.(The cornea of the eye is covered in Chapter 11.)
When kerat/ois used in discussions of the skin, it refers to ____________________
____________________ or __________.
When kerat/ois used in discussions of the eye, it refers to the ____________________.
3–40 Kerat/osis, a skin condition, is characterized by hard, horny tissue. A person with a skin lesion in which there is overgrowth and thickening of the epidermis most likely would be diagnosed with ____________________ / __________.
3–41 A kerat/oma is a horny ____________________, also called kerat/osis.
Accessory Organs of the Skin
3–42 Accessory organs of the skin include the sebaceous (oil) glands, sudoriferous (sweat) glands, hair, and nails. Refer to Figure 3–1 to complete this frame.
Oil-secreting glands of the skin are called ____________________ glands.
Sweat glands are called ____________________ glands.
3–43 Sebaceous glands are found in all areas of the body that have hair. The oily material, called sebum, is secreted by the sebaceous gland. It keeps hair and skin soft and pliable and inhibits growth of bacteria on the skin. Increased activity of seba- ceous glands at puberty may block the hair follicle and form blackheads (comedos).
As bacteria feed on the sebum, they release irritating substances that produce inflam- mation. Large numbers of bacteria produce infection, forming whiteheads (pustules).
Identify the medical term for blackheads:____________________
whiteheads:____________________
3–44 Comedos and pustules are the result of hypersecretion of sebum by the ____________________ (oil) glands.
Frame 3–30to Frame 3–44 Skin and Accessory Organs • C H A P T E R 3 73
system/ic scler/osis sĭs-TĔM-ĭk sklĕ-RŌ-sĭs hardening
horny tissue, hard cornea
kerat/osis kĕr-ă-TŌ-sĭs
tumor
sebaceous sē-BĀ-shŭs sudoriferous sū-dŏr-ĬF-ĕr-ŭs
comedos KŎM-ē-dōs pustules PŬS-tūlz
sebaceous sē-BĀ-shŭs
3971_Ch03_063-106 13/02/14 11:30 AM Page 73
3–45 Sweat glands that are not associated with hair follicles open to the surface of the skin through pores, as illustrated in Figure 3–1. These glands are stimulated by temperature increases or emotional stress and produce perspiration that evaporates on the surface of the skin and provides a cooling effect.
Sweat, or perspiration, is produced by the ____________________ (sweat) glands.
3–46 The CF for sweat is hidr/o. Use -osisto form a word that means abnormal condition of sweat:__________ / __________
3–47 The term dia/phoresis denotes a condition of profuse or excessive sweating.
The following two terms also refer to sweating.
The term hidr/aden/itis means hidr:____________________
aden:____________________
-itis:____________________
The term hyper/hidr/osis means
hyper-:____________________, ____________________ ____________________
hidr:____________________
-osis:____________________ ____________________
3–48 Although hidr/oand hydr/osound alike, they have different meanings.
Hidr/orefers to _______________. Hydr/o refers to _______________.
3–49 An/hidr/osis is an abnormal condition characterized by inadequate perspiration.
When a person suffers from an absence of sweating, you would say the person has a condition called __________ / __________ / __________.
3–50 The CF myc/orefers to a fungus (plural, fungi). Combine myc/oand -osis to form a word that means abnormal condition caused by fungi.
__________ / __________
3–51 Dermat/o/myc/osis, a fungal infection of the skin, is caused by dermato- phytes, yeasts, and other fungi. When you see this term in a medical report, you will know it refers to a fungal infection of the __________.
3–52 Myc/o/dermat/itis, an inflammation of the skin, is caused by a ____________________.
74 C H A P T E R 3 • Integumentary System
Boldfaceindicates a word root or combining form. Blueindicates a suffix. Pinkindicates a prefix.
sudoriferous sū-dŏr-ĬF-ĕr-ŭs
hidr/osis hī-DRŌ-sĭs
sweat gland
inflammation
excessive, above normal sweat
abnormal condition
sweat, water
an/hidr/osis ăn-hī-DRŌ-sĭs
myc/osis mī-KŌ-sĭs
skin
fungus FŬN-gŭs
3971_Ch03_063-106 13/02/14 11:30 AM Page 74
3–53 Use derm/oto form a medical term that means disease of the skin.
__________ / _____ / ____________________
3–54 The CF trich/orefers to the hair. Construct medical terms that mean disease of the hair:____________________ / _____ / ____________________
abnormal condition of the hair:__________ / __________
3–55 Combine trich/o +myc+-osisto form a medical term that means abnor- mal condition of the hair caused by a fungus.
____________________ / _____ / __________ / __________
3–56 Another CF for hair is pil/o.Whenever you see pil/oor trich/oin a word, you will know it refers to the __________.
3–57 Pil/o/cyst/ic refers to a derm/oid cyst containing hair.
The element in this frame that means hair is __________ / _____. The element in this frame that means resembling is __________.
3–58 Label the structures of the fingernail in Figure 3–3 as you read the following material. Each nail is formed in the (1) nail rootand is composed of keratin, a hard fibrous protein, which is also the main component of hair. As the nail grows from a (2) matrixof active cells beneath the (3) cuticle,it stays attached and slides forward over the epithelial layer called the (4) nail bed. Most of the (5) nail bodyappears pink because of the underlying blood vessels. The (6) lunulais the crescent-shaped area at the base of the nail. It has a whitish appearance because the vascular tissue underneath does not show through.
Here is a review of the three basic rules of word building:
• Rule 1:Word root links a suffix that begins with a vowel.
• Rule 2:Combining form (root + o) links a suffix that begins with a consonant.
• Rule 3:Combining form (root + o) links a root to another root to form a compound word. (This rule holds true even if the next root begins with a vowel.)
Frame 3–45to Frame 3–58 Skin and Accessory Organs • C H A P T E R 3 75
trich/o/pathy trĭk-ŎP-ă-thē trich/osis trĭ-KŌ-sĭs
trich/o/myc/osis trĭk-ō-mī-KŌ-sĭs
hair
pil/o, -oid
(4) (5) (2)
(6) (3)
(1)
Figure 3-3 Structure of a fingernail.
derm/o/pathy dĕr-MŎP-ă-thē
!
3971_Ch03_063-106 13/02/14 11:30 AM Page 75
3–59 The CF onych/orefers to the nail(s). Form medical words that mean tumor of the nail (or nail bed):____________________ / __________
disease of the nail:____________________ / _____ / ____________________
3–60 The term malacia means abnormal softening of tissue.This term is also used in words as a suffix.
Build a word with -malaciathat means softening of the nail(s).
____________________ / _____ / ____________________
3–61 Nails become white, opaque, thickened, and brittle when a person has a dis- ease called onych/o/myc/osis.
Identify elements in onych/o/myc/osis that mean nail:____________________ / _____
fungus:__________
abnormal condition:__________
3–62 When you see the term onych/o/myc/osis in a medical chart, you will know it means an infection of the __________ caused by a fungus.
3–63 The noun suffix -derma denotes skin.A person with excessive dryness of the skin has a condition called xer/o/derma.
From xer/o/derma, identify the CF that means dry.
__________ / _____
3–64 The suffix -celerefers to a ____________________ or ____________________.
3–65 A hernia containing fat or fatty tissue is called an adip/o/cele or __________ / _____ / __________.
Competency Verification:Check your labeling of Figure 3–3 in Appendix B: Answer Key, page 567.
76 C H A P T E R 3 • Integumentary System
Boldfaceindicates a word root or combining form. Blueindicates a suffix. Pinkindicates a prefix.
onych/oma ŏn-ĭ-KŌ-mă onych/o/pathy ŏn-ĭ-KŎP-ăth-ē
onych/o/malacia ŏn-ĭ-kō-mă-LĀ-shē-ă
onych/o myc -osis
nail(s)
xer/o
hernia, swelling
lip/o/cele LĬP-ō-sēl
3971_Ch03_063-106 13/02/14 11:31 AM Page 76
Frame 3–59to Frame 3–65 77
Skin and Accessory Organs • C H A P T E R 3
S E C T I O N R E V I E W 3 - 2
Using the following table, write the CF, suffix, or prefix that matches its definition in the space provided to the left of the definition. There may be more than one word element that matches a definition.
Combining Forms Suffixes Prefixes
adip/o pil/o -cele epi-
cutane/o scler/o -derma hypo-
derm/o steat/o -logist
dermat/o trich/o -malacia
hidr/o xer/o -osis
lip/o -pathy
onych/o -rrhea
1. disease
2. dry
3. fat
4. discharge, flow
5. hair
6. hardening; sclera (white of the eye)
7. hernia, swelling
8. nail
9. skin
10. softening
11. specialist in the study of
12. above, upon
13. abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells)
14. sweat
15. under, below; deficient
Competency Verification:Check your answers in Appendix B: Answer Key, page 567. If you are not satisfied with your level of comprehension, go back to Frame 3–1 and rework the frames.
Correct Answers ×6.67 = % Score
When defining a medical word, first define the suffix. Second, define the beginning of the word. Finally, define the middle of the word. Here is an example using the term
sub / cutane / ous
(2) (3) (1)
!
3971_Ch03_063-106 13/02/14 11:31 AM Page 77
Combining Forms Denoting Color
Skin
3–66 Examine the CFs that denote color and their meanings in the left-hand col- umn of the table below. Examples of medical terms with their definitions are pro- vided in the middle column. In the right-hand column, use a slash to break down each word into its basic elements.
3–67 The -aending in cyan/o/derma, erythr/o/derma, leuk/o/derma, and melan/o/derma designates that these words are (adjectives, nouns)
____________________.
3–68 Use -dermato build medical words that mean
skin that is red:____________________ / _____ / ____________________
skin that is black:____________________ / _____ / ____________________
skin that is yellow:____________________ / _____ / ____________________
skin that is dry:__________ / _____ / ____________________
Cells
3–69 You already learned that a cell is the smallest basic unit of the human organ- ism and that every tissue and organ in the human body is made up of cells.
Cyt/o/logy is the study of ____________________.
The word elements cyt/oand -cyteare used to build words that refer to a __________.
78 C H A P T E R 3 • Integumentary System
Boldfaceindicates a word root or combining form. Blueindicates a suffix. Pinkindicates a prefix.
albin/ism ĂL-bĭn-ĭzm cyan/o/derma sī-ă-nō-DĔR-mă erythr/o/derma ĕ-rĭth-rō-DĔR-mă leuk/o/derma loo-kō-DĔR-mă melan/o/derma mĕl-ăn-ō-DĔR-mă xanth/oma zăn-THŌ-mă
Combining Form Medical Term Word Breakdown
albin/o: white albinism: white condition a l b i n i s m cyan/o: blue cyanoderma: blue skin c y a n o d e r m a erythr/o: red erythroderma: red skin e r y t h r o d e r m a leuk/o: white leukoderma: white skin l e u k o d e r m a melan/o: black melanoderma: black skin m e l a n o d e r m a xanth/o: yellow xanthoma: yellow tumor x a n t h o m a
nouns
erythr/o/derma ĕ-rĭth-rō-DĔR-mă melan/o/derma mĕl-ăn-ō-DĔR-mă xanth/o/derma zăn-thō-DĔR-mă xer/o/derma zē-rō-DĔR-mă
cells cell
3971_Ch03_063-106 13/02/14 11:31 AM Page 78