The integumentary system consists of the skin and its accessory organs: the hair, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. The skin is the largest organ in the body and protects the body from the external environment. It shields the body against injuries, infection, dehydration, harmful ultraviolet rays, and toxic compounds. Beneath the skin’s surface is an intricate network of sensory receptors that register sensations of temperature, pain, and pressure. The millions of sensory receptors and a vascular network aid the functions of the entire body in maintaining homeostasis, which is the stable internal environment of the body. (See Fig. 3–1.)
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W O R D E L E M E N T S
64 C H A P T E R 3 • Integumentary System
Figure 3-1 Structure of the skin and subcutaneous tissue.
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous tissue
Papilla Hair shaft
Sweat gland pore
Stratum corneum Basal layer
Touch receptor
Sebaceous (oil) gland
Hair follicle
Nerve Sudoriferous
(sweat) gland Adipose tissue
Arteriole Venule
T h i s s e c t i o n i n t r o d u c e s c o m b i n i n g f o r m s ( C F s ) r e l a t e d t o t h e i n t e g u m e n t a r y s y s t e m . I n c l u d e d a r e k e y s u f f i x e s ; p r e f i x e s a r e d e f i n e d i n t h e r i g h t - h a n d c o l u m n a s n e e d e d . R e v i e w t h e f o l l o w i n g t a b l e , a n d p r o n o u n c e e a c h w o r d i n t h e w o r d a n a l y s i s c o l u m n a l o u d b e f o r e y o u b e g i n t o w o r k t h e f r a m e s .
Word Element Meaning Word Analysis C o m b i n i n g F o r m s
adip/o fat adip/o/cele (ĂD-ĭ-pō-sēl): hernia containing fat or fatty tissue -cele:hernia, swelling
lip/o lip/o/cyte (LĬP-ō-sīt): fat cell -cyte:cell
steat/o steat/itis (stē-ă-TĪ-tĭs): inflammation of fatty tissue -itis:inflammation
cutane/o skin cutane/ous (kū-TĀ-nē-ŭs): pertaining to the skin -ous:pertaining to
dermat/o dermat/o/logist (dĕr-mă-TŎL-ō-jĭst): physician specializing in treating skin disorders -logist:specialist in the study of
derm/o hypo/derm/ic (hī-pō-DĔR-mĭk): under or inserted under the skin, as in a hypodermic injection
hypo-:under, below, deficient -ic:pertaining to
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Anatomy and Physiology Overview • C H A P T E R 3 65
Word Element Meaning Word Analysis
hidr/o sweat hidr/aden/itis (hī-drăd-ĕ-NĪ-tĭs): inflammation of a sweat gland aden:gland
-itis:inflammation
Do not confuse hidr/o (sweat) with hydr/o (water).
sudor/o sudor/esis (sū-dō-RĒ-sĭs): condition of profuse sweating; also called diaphoresis and hyperhidrosis
-esis: condition
ichthy/o dry, scaly ichthy/osis (ĭk-thē-Ō-sĭs): any of several dermatologic conditions characterized by noninflammatory dryness and scaling of the skin and commonly associated with other abnormalities of lipid metabolism
-osis:abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells)
A mild form of ichthyosis, called winter itch, is commonly seen on the legs of older pa- tients, especially during the dry winter months.
kerat/o horny tissue; kerat/osis (kĕr-ă-TŌ-sĭs): any condition of the skin characterized by an hard; cornea overgrowth and thickening of the skin
-osis:abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells)
melan/o black melan/oma (mĕl-ă-NŌ-mă): malignant tumor of melanocytes that commonly begins in a darkly pigmented mole and can metastasize widely
-oma:tumor
Melanomas are caused by intense exposure to sunlight and commonly metastasize throughout the body.
myc/o fungus dermat/o/myc/osis (dĕr-mă-tō-mī-KŌ-sĭs): fungal infection of the skin (plural, fungi)
dermat/o:skin
-osis:abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells) onych/o nail onych/o/malacia (ŏn-ĭ-kō-mă-LĀ-shē-ă): abnormal softening of the nails
-malacia:softening
pil/o hair pil/o/nid/al (pī-lō-NĪ-dăl): growth of hair in a dermoid cyst or in a sinus opening on the skin
nid:nest -al:pertaining to
A pilonidal cyst commonly develops in the sacral region (fourth segment of the lower spinal column) of the skin. The cystic tumor contains elements derived from the ecto- derm, such as hair, skin, sebum, or teeth.
trich/o trich/o/pathy (trĭk-ŎP-ă-thē): any disease of the hair -pathy:disease
scler/o hardening; sclera scler/o/derma (sklĕr-ō-DĔR-mă): chronic disease with abnormal hardening (white of eye) of the skin caused by formation of new collagen
-derma:skin
seb/o sebum, sebaceous seb/o/rrhea (sĕb-or-Ē-ă): increase in the amount and, commonly, an alteration of the quality of the fats secreted by the sebaceous glands
-rrhea:discharge, flow
squam/o scale squam/ous (SKWĀ-mŭs): covered with scales or scalelike -ous:pertaining to
xer/o dry xer/o/derma (zē-rō-DĔR-mă): chronic skin condition characterized by excessive roughness and dryness
-derma:skin
Xeroderma is a mild form of ichthyosis.
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66 C H A P T E R 3 • Integumentary System
Word Element Meaning Word Analysis S u f f i x e s
-derma skin py/o/derma(pī-ō-DĔR-mă): any pyogenic infection of the skin py/o:pus
-oid resembling derm/oid(DĔR-moyd): resembling skin derm:skin
-phoresis carrying, dia/phoresis(dī-ă-fō-RĒ-sĭs): condition of profuse sweating, also called transmission sudoresisand hyperhidrosis
dia-:through, across
-plasty surgical repair dermat/o/plasty(DĔR-mă-tō-plăs-tē): surgical repair of the skin dermat/o:skin
-therapy treatment cry/o/therapy(krī-ō-THĔR-ă-pē): treatment using cold as a destructive medium cry/o: cold
Warts and actinic keratosis are some of the common skin disorders treated with cryotherapy.
Pronunciation Help Long sound a¯in ra¯te e¯in re¯birth ı¯in ı¯sle o¯in o¯ver u¯in u¯nite
Short sound a˘in a˘lone e˘in e˘ver ı˘in ı˘t o˘in no˘t u˘in cu˘t
Visit the Medical Terminology Simplifiedonline resource center at DavisPlusfor an audio exercise of the terms in this table. It will help you master pronunciations and meanings of the selected medical terms.
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