绪论
现代汉语同音词概论
1.1.1现代汉语同音词的界定
（一）同音词的概念
Based on existing research on homophones, it is commonly understood that homophones are defined as words that sound the same but have different meanings.
Cen Yunqiang explains that homophones are words that share identical phonetic forms but have different meanings These homophones can be categorized into two types: homographs, where both the spelling and pronunciation are the same yet the meanings differ, such as the Chinese words "花" (flower) and "花" (to spend), and homophones with different forms, where the pronunciation is the same but the spelling and meanings differ, like "会议" (meeting) and "会意" (to understand) Additionally, words can form homograph clusters, where homographs share the same spelling but have different meanings There are two types of homographs: the previously mentioned homophones with the same spelling and pronunciation, and those with different pronunciations but identical spellings, such as "登场" (to arrive at the threshing ground) and "登场" (to appear on stage).
Homophones have no intrinsic connection between their meanings and are distinct words unrelated to the aggregation of meanings However, they play a positive role in language use, particularly in folk songs, jokes, and literary works, where authors often utilize homophones to convey their thoughts For instance, Cao Xueqin cleverly employed homophonic characteristics in naming characters in "Dream of the Red Chamber," using names like "Jia Yucun" to subtly criticize the decaying feudal society Similarly, other names, such as "Yinglian," convey deeper meanings Homophones are also frequently used in riddles and idiomatic expressions, enhancing the expressiveness of language.
In modern Chinese, monosyllabic and disyllabic words make up the vast majority of the vocabulary, while trisyllabic and tetrasyllabic words are relatively rare Consequently, homophones and homophonic disyllabic structures, which can be words or phrases, are quite common in the language For instance, in Mandarin, the term "书市" (book market) exemplifies this phenomenon.
—舒适”、“授奖—受奖”、“家具—加剧”都同音。汉字承担区分同音结构的 作用。” ③
Zhang Yongyan states that words with the same pronunciation and spelling but different meanings are referred to as homophones, also known as homophonic words.
② 叶蜚声、徐通锵《语言学纲要》，北京大学出版社，1984 年，P151
③ 钱乃荣《现代汉语研究论稿》，学林出版社，2006 年，P7
葛本仪说:“同音词是指语音形式相同而意义完全不同的词。” ⑤
Homophones, also known as homophonic words, are defined as words that share the same pronunciation, including tone and rhyme, yet possess different meanings that are unrelated to each other.
齐泸扬也说：“同音词是音同而意义不同的一组词彼此互为同音词。”
After years of in-depth discussions among experts and scholars, there is now a consensus on the definition and explanation of homophones.
⑤ 葛本仪《汉语词汇研究》，山东教育出版社，1985 年，P123
⑥ 吴启主《现代汉语教程》，湖南师范大学出版社，2003 年，P217
（二）同音词的分类
Homophones in Chinese are quite complex and exhibit relatively weak statistical significance Depending on different criteria, homophones can generally be categorized into two main types.
Homophones can be categorized based on their form into homographs and heterographs Homographs are homophones that have identical written forms, meaning their characters are completely the same In contrast, heterographs are homophones with different or not entirely identical written forms Additionally, homographs can be further divided into monosyllabic homographs.
Homophones can be categorized into two types: single-syllable homophones, such as "fan" and "number," and double-syllable homophones, like "angry 1" and "angry 2." These words share the same pronunciation but have different meanings, illustrating the complexity of language.
（如：经历—精力，他们—她们）。
Homophones can be categorized based on whether they share the same part of speech or not Homophones with the same part of speech, such as "think" (verb) and "sound" (verb), belong to one group In contrast, homophones with different parts of speech represent another group, illustrating the diversity in meaning despite identical pronunciations.
“拦（动词）—蓝（形容词）”。
（三）同形同音词与多义词的区分
Homographs and polysemous words are two distinct linguistic phenomena; however, they are often confused in everyday life because they share the same spelling and pronunciation while conveying multiple meanings Correctly distinguishing between homographs and polysemous words is not only practically significant but also holds considerable theoretical importance.
同形同音词是在形体和读音上完全相同，但意义上却没有任何关 系。
例1：（a）要是山被你点着，就更倒霉了。（第52课）
（b）星期六晚上七点。（第23课）
Trong ví dụ 1a, từ "điểm" được sử dụng như một động từ có nghĩa là "đốt" trong tiếng Việt Trong khi đó, ở ví dụ 1b, "điểm" lại đóng vai trò là một lượng từ, chỉ đơn vị thời gian, cụ thể là một phần hai mươi bốn của một ngày đêm Điều này cho thấy rằng hai nghĩa của từ "điểm" không có bất kỳ mối liên hệ nào về mặt ý nghĩa.
Polysemous words are those that have two or more meanings These words exhibit multiple meanings that are often interconnected.
例 2：（a）浇铸这样的车盖即使采用现代工艺也有相当大的难度。（第 90
（b）我常在梦中感觉有一双替我盖被子。（第99课）
（c）现代北京的大楼越盖越多。（第49课）
Trong ví dụ 2a, từ "盖" (tiếng Việt: nắp đậy) là danh từ, chỉ vật dụng có chức năng che đậy ở phần trên Ở ví dụ 2b, "盖" (tiếng Việt: đắp) là động từ, diễn tả hành động che phủ từ trên xuống Cuối cùng, trong ví dụ 2c, "盖" (tiếng Việt: làm, dựng) là động từ, ám chỉ đến việc xây dựng (nhà cửa).
现代汉语同音词与文化关系
1.2.1语言的概念
Language is a product of human society and a unique social phenomenon Outside of human society, there is no true language; while many animals use sounds to convey information, these sounds are simplistic and lack the complexity of human language Animals cannot break down sounds into syllables or recombine basic units to form new statements, which distinguishes their vocalizations from true language Although language is not an economic entity, it serves as a social phenomenon that evolves alongside the history of a particular ethnic group.
Language serves as a vital tool for understanding and transforming the world, helping individuals organize thoughts and form clear concepts while enabling the transmission of culture across generations It emerges with human society and evolves alongside it, reflecting societal changes and new ideas Since China's reform and opening up, numerous new terms have arisen, such as "reflection," "interpersonal," "karaoke," "consensus," and "capital consciousness," illustrating the dynamic nature of language This continuous evolution and relative stability of language are dialectically unified; without a degree of stability, communication would be hindered, and without development, language would fail to keep pace with human thought and societal changes.
1.2.2文化的概念
中国古代的“文化”概念：从文献记载看，“文化”这个词儿的意思，早
The concept of "culture" in China can be traced back over 2000 years, as noted in the "I Ching," which states that rulers can understand seasonal changes by observing celestial phenomena and can govern society through education by observing human affairs This marks the beginning of the Chinese understanding of culture, though the term "culture" had not yet been fully formed In the Tang Dynasty, scholar Kong Yingda interpreted this idea, emphasizing that human culture encompasses literature, art, and rituals, reflecting a narrower definition focused on the spiritual aspects of society By the late 19th century, the term "culture" in Chinese was redefined through Japanese translation to include a broader range of meanings, encompassing social material wealth and national spirit.
The current concept of "culture" in China encompasses three conventional interpretations: first, it refers to the spiritual wealth accumulated by a nation or ethnic group over time; second, it denotes the spiritual civilization that corresponds with material civilization, which includes issues of education, language, social atmosphere, and moral standards; third, it pertains to cultural and artistic activities that are distinct from economics, technology, and education These three interpretations are often used interchangeably.
The term "culture," as defined in the Modern Chinese Dictionary, encompasses the totality of material and spiritual wealth created by humanity throughout social and historical development, with a specific emphasis on spiritual wealth such as literature, art, education, and science Additionally, in archaeological terminology, it refers to artifacts and characteristics that are consistent across a particular historical period, regardless of their geographical distribution.
The complex of relics and artifacts reflects the characteristics of a specific culture, as seen in the similarities of tools, utensils, and manufacturing techniques found in cultures such as the Yangshao and Longshan Additionally, the ability to use written language and general knowledge is essential for understanding and learning about cultural heritage and levels of cultural development.
Broad culture encompasses the totality of material and spiritual wealth created by humanity throughout social and historical development, specifically referring to social ideology In class societies, culture serves as a weapon in class struggle, reflecting the political and economic conditions of a given society while also exerting significant influence on them Historical events such as Hong Xiuquan's Taiping Rebellion, Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao's reform movements, He Ziyuan's educational innovations, and Sun Yat-sen's democratic revolution all exemplify how culture acts as a driving force for societal progress.
Narrowly defined, culture refers to the spiritual wealth created by ideology, encompassing elements such as religion, beliefs, customs, moral values, academic thought, literature and art, scientific technology, and various social systems.
The internal structure of culture comprises several layers: material culture, institutional culture, behavioral culture, and mental culture Material culture refers to the tangible aspects of cultural artifacts and the modes of human production Institutional culture encompasses the various social norms established through human social practices Behavioral culture manifests in interpersonal interactions through customs, traditions, and social practices Finally, mental culture represents the subjective factors such as values, aesthetic preferences, and modes of thinking that arise from social consciousness, often referred to as spiritual culture or social awareness This represents the core of culture.
I believe that everyone perceives "culture" from different perspectives The concept of "culture" is inherently broad and abstract From my personal viewpoint, I find this understanding of culture to be both reasonable and scientifically valid.
1.2.3同音词与文化的关系
Language is a unique cultural phenomenon characterized by its ability to reflect and transmit cultural heritage It serves not only as a form of culture itself but also acts as a mirror that showcases various cultural aspects As a vital tool for cultural communication and preservation, language plays a crucial role in the dissemination and inheritance of cultural values.
Culture, as a social phenomenon, must be communicated among its members, with language serving as the most vital tool for social interaction Consequently, various cultural expressions created by humanity are recorded through language, making it a mirror reflecting cultural characteristics Additionally, due to the stability and historical continuity of language, certain cultural phenomena may fade away yet remain preserved within the language, similar to how photographs can be kept over time Thus, the cultural function of language refers to its role in recording and storing the cultural information expressed by that language.
Homophones are a unique linguistic phenomenon that serve the cultural function of recording and storing cultural information This is also true for Chinese homophones, which are closely linked to Chinese culture and carry profound cultural significance.
In Chinese society, the traditional ideals of a happy and prosperous family, along with the aspirations for good fortune, wealth, and longevity, are seen as key life goals This desire for an ideal life is reflected not only in daily activities but also in language During festive occasions like the Spring Festival, weddings, birthdays, or housewarming celebrations, people often use auspicious words or phrases that sound similar to their wishes, expressing hopes for descendants, wealth, and longevity Conversely, there is a strong aversion to mentioning words that sound like bad omens, as this custom is widely practiced in China.
In Chinese culture, it is a common practice to associate certain auspicious signs with good fortune, wealth, longevity, happy marriages, and flourishing families These symbols often rely on the phonetic sounds of words that reflect the desired ideals, utilizing homophones or similar-sounding characters to convey their meanings.
现代汉语同音词的文献综述
The issue of homophones emerged as an academic topic following the reform of Chinese characters In the 1920s and 1930s, it gained attention with the introduction of "Guoyu Romanization" and "Northern Latinized New Characters." By the 1950s, the publication and implementation of the "Pinyin Scheme" further elevated its significance, transforming it into a subject of increasing concern, evolving from the "Cutting Homophone Character Movement" to the present day.
The evolution of the Chinese language over the past century has been marked by ongoing debates, particularly regarding the modernization of language and the reform of its phonetic system Since the push for linguistic modernization, especially with the implementation of pinyin, the issue of homophones in Chinese has become increasingly prominent The call for pinyin to address the challenges posed by homophones is intrinsically linked to the broader context of character reform This discussion has persisted from the "Qieyin Character Movement" to the current concept of "Bilingualism," highlighting the enduring complexity of the topic.
Homophones in Chinese have existed since ancient times and are increasingly utilized, yet systematic research on them remains insufficient Since the early 20th century, scholars have explored the definition of homophones, but disagreements persist among them A common ground among researchers is the emphasis on phonetic form and semantic content For instance, in works like Sun Changxu's "Chinese Vocabulary," Zhang Yongyan's "Introduction to Lexicology," and Ge Benyi's "Studies on Chinese Vocabulary," differing perspectives on the definition of homophones are presented Sun Changxu and Ge Benyi consider the distinction in meaning a necessary criterion for defining homophones, placing significance and phonetics on equal footing, while Zhang Yongyan introduces the term "homophones with different meanings," further narrowing the concept Most of their discussions are introductory, lacking in-depth analysis Currently, many scholars are engaged in studying and discussing modern Chinese homophones.
In 2005, Liu Lijuan conducted an analysis of the phenomenon of homophonic misuse in modern Chinese, highlighting its prevalence in various written materials She identified two primary causes for such errors: objective factors, which arise from the inherent characteristics of homophones—such as identical pronunciation, similar characters, and close meanings—and subjective factors, which stem from human influence Additionally, Liu noted that homophonic misuse exhibits tendencies related to frequency of use, parts of speech, and psychological factors, with variations in color meaning among homophones.
In 2008, Dai Jian Tao conducted a thorough examination of homophones in modern Chinese, focusing on their classification He categorized homophones into three main types based on different criteria: monosyllabic and disyllabic homophones according to syllable count; homographs and heterographs based on form similarity; and same-part-of-speech and different-part-of-speech homophones based on grammatical function His analysis, grounded in statistical data, provided a comprehensive overview of the current state of homophones in modern Chinese, as well as an exploration of the reasons for their prevalence and their practical implications.
In 2008, Feng Li conducted a study on homographs and homophones in the "Modern Chinese Dictionary." Through quantitative statistical analysis of entries from various editions of the dictionary, she summarized the development and changes in the inclusion of these terms Her research aimed to explore the causes of homographs and homophones, identify methods for distinguishing them from polysemous words, and ultimately promote the standardization of dictionary compilation.
The work "Chinese Language and Culture: A Study of Homophones, Auspicious Words, and Taboo Language," translated by Hong Chengyu in 1982 at Indiana University, remains a valuable reference despite its age The author presents innovative perspectives on language research, highlighting a significant oversight in academia regarding the relationship between language and society, while focusing too heavily on internal linguistic structures The article examines intriguing linguistic phenomena from everyday life, analyzing their underlying causes and extending the discussion to other culturally rich language phenomena It illustrates how Chinese employs homophones for semantic expression, emphasizing the inseparable connection between language and human culture.
Several studies have explored various aspects of homophones, with each author addressing different issues related to them This serves as a reliable reference for literature This paper aims to build upon the foundational research of previous scholars and further investigate the specific issues at hand, while also discussing their implications for Vietnamese-Chinese language teaching applications.
Language is an integral part of culture and serves as a mirror reflecting the diverse cultural forms of a nation Through the lens of a people's language, the vibrant essence of their culture is revealed With the expansion and deepening of research on homophones in Chinese, a strong connection has been established between homophonic words in the Chinese language and Chinese culture.
The system of homophones in modern Chinese evolves continuously due to the emergence of new words and the extinction of old ones The sources of homophones in contemporary Chinese include phonetic coincidence, changes in phonetic forms, differentiation of meanings, and the incorporation of loanwords.
Homophones are a unique linguistic phenomenon rich in cultural significance within the Chinese language In auspicious speech, homophones are often used to express desires for offspring, wealth, good fortune, and longevity Conversely, mentioning inauspicious terms can evoke feelings of anxiety and fear of impending misfortune This has led to the emergence of language taboos, including the prohibition of certain homophonic words in Chinese.
The issue of homophones has been extensively analyzed by various scholars from different perspectives Notable works include Dai Jiantao's "Modern Chinese Homophones," Liu Lijuan's research on "The Phenomenon of Misuse of Modern Chinese Homophones," and Yan Mianzuo and Hong Chengyu's "Chinese Language and Culture: A Study of Homophones, Auspicious Expressions, and Taboos." Each scholar approaches the topic uniquely, with some focusing on homophones as a distinct linguistic phenomenon while others delve into their cultural implications Their collective aim is to highlight the characteristics of homophones within the Chinese language.
现代汉语同音词的研究与其文化涵义
同形同音词与异形同音词
2.1.1同形同音词
Homographs and homophones are unique types of words that share identical spelling and pronunciation but have different meanings When focusing on their written form, these words can be classified as homographs, while emphasizing their phonetic aspect categorizes them as homophones Homographs and homophones intersect in the realm of homonymous words, and it is essential to recognize their dual nature without excluding them from either category These words not only require identical spelling but also demand complete phonetic similarity, making them a minority within the broader category of homophonic words in the Chinese language.
Homographs can be categorized based on syllable count into monosyllabic and disyllabic homographs.
2.1.1.1单音节同形同音词
Monosyllabic homographs are a set of words that share the same spelling and pronunciation but have different meanings I identified 13 groups of these monosyllabic homographs from the vocabulary list in the "Chinese Language Course for International Students" textbook series.
Đặt lọ hoa tươi ở giữa bàn, sắp xếp bánh sinh nhật trên bàn và cắm nến lên bánh.
（b）朋友们都说我傻，花钱受骗。（第52课）
Trong ví dụ 3a, "hoa" là danh từ, chỉ cơ quan sinh sản hữu tính của thực vật có hạt, bao gồm cánh hoa, đài hoa, đế hoa và nhị hoa Hoa có nhiều màu sắc khác nhau, một số loài có vẻ ngoài rất rực rỡ và có hương thơm.
语：hoa）；例3b中，“花”是动词，表示用或耗费（越南语：tiêu）
例4：：（a）请等一会儿。先生，给您钱。（第10课）
（b）像“黑心”、“黑社会”、“黑手”、“黑市”等等，都与丑恶和犯罪连 在一起。（第100课）
例 4a 中，“等”是动词，表示等候或等待（越南语：đợi, đợi chờ）；
例4b中，“等”是代词，表示列举后煞尾（越南语：vân vân ）
例5：（a）那个箱子里有两件衣服、一把伞和一瓶香水。（第15课）
（b）请把您口袋里的东西都掏出来。（第 50课）
Trong ví dụ 5a, "把" là một lượng từ, cho thấy tân ngữ là đối tượng chịu tác động của động từ phía sau, thường mang ý nghĩa về sự xử lý Trong ví dụ 5b, "把" được sử dụng như một giới từ (từ không có nghĩa), áp dụng cho các dụng cụ có tay cầm.
例6：（a）飞机马上就要起飞了，请大家把安全带系好。（第50课）
（b）不回来。要带午餐。（第25课）
例 6a 中，“带”是名词性语素，它的意思是带子或像带子的长条物；
例6b中，“带”是动词，表示随身拿着，携带。
从上面的四个例子来看，“花 —花 ”、“等 —等 ”、“把 —把 ”、
The four-word group "带 —带" features unique characteristics: first, each term consists of a single syllable; second, both the written and spoken forms are identical, yet their meanings differ entirely Thus, they are classified as homographs and homophones.
2.1.1.2 双音节同形同音词
Bimorphemic homographs are pairs of words that share the same spelling and pronunciation, consisting of two syllables In the vocabulary list of the "Undergraduate Series of Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language," I found only one pair of bimorphemic homographs.
例7：（a）球迷们的呐喊使得城市变得年轻而有生气。（第94课）
（b）我有一点生气了。（第76课）
Trong ví dụ 7a, "生气" được sử dụng như một danh từ, mang ý nghĩa là sức sống hoặc năng lượng Trong ví dụ 7b, "生气" lại là một động từ, có nghĩa là cảm thấy không vui vì không đạt được mong muốn.
The term "生气 1 —生气 2" features two key characteristics: it consists of two syllables and has identical written and spoken forms, yet the meanings are entirely different This makes it an example of a disyllabic homograph and homophone.
2.1.2异形同音词
Heterographic homophones are words that sound the same but have completely different or partially different written forms While most words have distinct shapes, homographs are relatively rare, meaning that both monosyllabic and disyllabic heterographic homophones make up a significant portion of the language These heterographic homophones can be further categorized into two types: completely heterographic homophones and partially heterographic homophones.
Homophones with completely different forms, known as full-form homophones, include monosyllabic examples such as "xi—ji—ji," "pu—pu," "jia—jia," and "jiao—jiao." Additionally, there are disyllabic full-form homophones like "zhùmíng—zhùmíng" and "yàoshi—yàoshi."
Một số từ đồng âm có hình dạng không hoàn toàn giống nhau, với số âm tiết chắc chắn từ hai trở lên Các loại từ hai âm tiết có thể được phân loại thành kiểu "AB—" (quyền lợi - quyền lực).
The term “式” (shì) refers to the pronouns "they" (for males) and "they" (for females) in Chinese Notably, the vocabulary list in the "Chinese Language Course for Foreigners Undergraduate Series" does not include three-syllable or four-syllable homophones with different forms.
Homophones can be categorized based on the number of syllables into monosyllabic and disyllabic homophones.
2.1.2.1 单音节异形同音词
现代汉语同音词的语法特征
In modern Chinese vocabulary, homophones are more prevalent among content words than function words, with verbs being the most common type of homophones, followed by nouns and adjectives Function words, such as adverbs and conjunctions, also exhibit homophonic phenomena This article categorizes homophones into two types: those with the same part of speech and those with different parts of speech Most homophone pairs share the same grammatical category, particularly among verbs, leading to frequent misuse, such as the confusion between verbs like "照" (to shine) and "罩" (to cover), or "握" (to hold) and "卧" (to lie down) While there are instances of misuse involving homophones of different parts of speech, such as the confusion between the verb "画" (to draw) and the noun "话" (speech), these occurrences are relatively rare.
2.2.1词性相同的同音词
Homophones with the same part of speech consist of groups where all words share the same grammatical category Based on my research, there are approximately six types of such homophones: verb-verb, pronoun-pronoun, particle-particle, measure word-measure word, adjective-adjective, and noun-noun Examples of each type will be provided for clarity.
动词—动词： 有20组，占62.5%
例17：（a）赔了冰淇淋你可以走了！（第73课）
（b）我想明天去报名，你陪我一起去，好吗？（第31课）
例 17a中，“赔”表示赔偿，17b句中，“陪”表示陪伴。
例 18：（a）有意义的日子虽然总是那么短，但对我来说，这一天胜过百 年。（第89课）
（b）里边还剩几张胶卷？（第50课）
例 18a 中，“胜”表示比另一个优越（后面常带“于、过”等）；例 18b 句中，“剩”表示剩余。
例 19：（a）这时，司机从车里伸出头来，又喊了一声：“看车！没长眼睛 啊！”（第76课）
（b）这天白天，黄河水猛涨。（第80课）
例 19a 中，“长”表示生长或成长；例 19b 中，“涨”表示（水位）升 高。
名词—名词：有五组（前—钱、洲—周、东—冬、权利—权力，经历—精 力），占15.625%
例 20：（a）明天早上七点在楼前集合上车，七点一刻准时出发。（第 25
（b）苹果一斤多少钱？（第9课）
例 20b中，“前”表示在正面的（指空间，跟“后”相对）；例 20b 中，
“钱”表示铜钱或货币。
Lớp học của chúng tôi có mười sáu học sinh đến từ mười một quốc gia thuộc năm châu lục: Á, Phi, Âu, Mỹ và Úc.
（b）时间过得真快，下周就要放寒假了。
例 21a 中，“洲”表示一块大陆和附近岛屿的总称；例 21b 中，“周”是 星期。
代词—代词： 有两组（他—她—它、他们—她们） 占6.25%
例22：（a）他是中国人吗？（第13课）
（b）她也是留学生。（第13课）
（c）先把它拿下来，把照相机拿出来，我想在飞机上照两张相。
In example 22, "he" refers to a person other than the speaker and the listener, while in example 22b, "she" denotes a specific female outside of the speaker and listener Additionally, in example 22c, "it" is used to refer to objects or entities that are not human The article also discusses two sets of particles—得, 地, 的 and 吗, 嘛—which together account for 6.25% of the content.
例23：（a）我汉语说得不好，也不会表演。（第29课）
（b）她在信上高兴地告诉我，姐姐下个月就要结婚了。（第39课）
（c）这是王老师的书。（第5课）
Trong ví dụ 23a, từ "得" được sử dụng sau động từ để chỉ khả năng hoặc sự cho phép; trong ví dụ 23b, từ "地" thể hiện rằng từ hoặc cụm từ đứng trước nó là trạng ngữ; còn trong ví dụ 23c, từ "的" được đặt sau định ngữ, thể hiện mối quan hệ sửa đổi giữa định ngữ và từ trung tâm.
例24：（a）汉语难吗？（第2课）
（b）朋友越多越好，“在家靠父母，出门靠朋友”嘛。（第49课）
例 24a 中，“吗”用在句末表示疑问；例 24b 中，“嘛”表示道理显而易 见。
形容词—形容词：有两组（男—难、青—清），占6.25%
例25：（ ）这个男学生是我的朋友。
（ ）汉语难吗？（第 课）
例 25a 中，“男”表示男性（跟“女”相对）；例 25b 中，“难”表示不容 易或做起来费事（跟“易”相对）。
量词—量词：只有一组（只—枝），占3.125%
例26：（a）树上飞下来几只鸟。（第49课的练习2）
（b）我要买两枝铅笔。
例 26a 中，“只”用于动物（多指飞禽、走兽）；例 26b 中，“枝”用于杆状的东西。
Based on my analysis, there are a total of 32 pairs of homophones that share the same part of speech Below is the corresponding statistical table.
序号 词性相同的同音词 组数 占所有词性相同的同音词比例
5 形容词—形容词 2 6.25%
It is evident that most homophones with the same part of speech are found in the "verb-verb" category, while the remaining five pairs of homophones are significantly fewer in number, with some categories, such as "measure word-measure word" and "adjective-adjective," having only one pair.
2.2.2词性相异的同音词
Homophones with different parts of speech refer to groups of words that sound the same but have varying grammatical functions These groups can consist of two or more words, with the maximum reaching up to eight distinct parts of speech, provided that each word has a unique grammatical role and only one part of speech.
Some words can possess two or more parts of speech, leading to a variety of grammatical categories for homophones An incomplete analysis indicates that homophones with different parts of speech can be classified into several types.
动词—名词（名词—动词）：有16组，占17.39%
例27：（a）我要一碗鸡蛋汤。你喝吗？（第8课）
（b）这是一些药。（第15课）
例 27a 中，“要”是动词，表示希望得到、希望保持；例 27b 中，“药” 是名词，它的意思是药物。
例28：（a）谁知我周围的人们，却把我的好心情给搅了。（第96课）
Cảnh sát mỉm cười khi thấy đứa trẻ đưa chân nhỏ của mình về phía trước, và anh cúi xuống để buộc dây giày cho bé.
Trong ví dụ 28a, từ "搅" được sử dụng như một động từ, có nghĩa là làm rối loạn hoặc quấy rối; trong ví dụ 28b, từ "脚" là danh từ, chỉ phần dưới của chân người và động vật, tiếp xúc với mặt đất để hỗ trợ cơ thể.
动词—形容词：有10组，占10.874%
例29：（a）远处来了一辆汽车，我连忙伸手拦车。（第70课）
（b）你要深颜色的还是要浅的？（第22课）
Trong ví dụ 29a, từ "伸" là động từ, có nghĩa là mở rộng (các bộ phận của cơ thể hoặc vật thể); trong ví dụ 29, từ "深" là tính từ, mang ý nghĩa là đậm.
Tôi quỳ trước mộ của cha, chân thành nói: "Cha yên tâm, con có một người cha kế yêu thương con như cha."
（b）四块？太贵了。三块五吧。（第9课）
例 30a中，“跪”是动词，表示两膝弯曲，使一个或两个膝盖着地；例
30b中，“贵”是形容词，表示价格高，价值大（跟“贱”相对）。
动词—量词：有7组，占7.61%
例 31：（a）他让来往的车都先停下来，然后扶着这两位老人。（第 53
（b）哎，这幅画儿挂在什么地方比较好？（第51课）
例 31a中，“扶”是动词，用手支持使人、物或自己不倒；例 31b中，
“幅”是量词，用于布帛、呢绒、图画等。
例 32：（a）突然，听见“啪、啪”几声，三根缆绳接连被拉断。（第 80
（b）这一段工作太忙，回头再说吧。（第63课）
Trong ví dụ 32a, "断" là động từ, có nghĩa là chia thành hai hoặc nhiều đoạn Trong ví dụ 31b, "段" là lượng từ, được sử dụng để chỉ các phần được chia từ những vật dài.
名词—形容词：有6组，占6.52%
例33：（a）丈夫是一位美籍华人。（第85课）
（b）放下电话我就急急忙忙骑上自行车出发了。（第82课）
例 33a中，“籍”是名词，表示代表个人对国家、组织的隶属关系；例
33b中，“急”是形容词，表示想要马上达到某种目的的而激动不安，着急。
例 34：（a）这些诗和画不但表现了美丽的大自然，也表现了美好的人 品。（第53课）
Họ là cặp vợ chồng đi làm cả ngày, không thể trở về để thu dọn, vì vậy đã mang chăn vào ký túc xá đơn của mình để tránh bị ướt.
现代汉语同音词的文化涵义
2.3.1同音词可以构成修辞上的谐音式双关
Homophonic puns can theoretically be formed as long as the pronunciations are identical; however, a deeper analysis reveals that language serves to convey emotions and meanings that require different linguistic materials, expressions, and methods This rhetorical device is particularly effective for subtly and indirectly expressing rich, profound, and complex thoughts and feelings, adding humor and liveliness to language Throughout history, love has been seen as intricate and challenging to articulate, often compounded by shyness and tenderness between partners, making certain sentiments difficult to express openly Similarly, dissatisfaction, satire, resentment, and resistance towards authority cannot be voiced directly and must instead be conveyed in a nuanced and indirect manner to avoid repercussions, ranging from reprimands to severe punishments.
In this poetic excerpt, the imagery of luxury and grandeur is depicted, contrasting the opulence of a jade and gold palace with the inability to house the history of Jinling The mention of the Dragon King seeking the King of Jinling highlights a connection between power and prosperity, while the metaphor of abundant snow likens pearls to soil and gold to iron, emphasizing the richness of the land.
In Chapter Four of "Dream of the Red Chamber," the use of "snow" serves as a homophone for "Xue," highlighting the prominence and power of the four major feudal families: Jia, Shi, Wang, and Xue This clever linguistic play reveals the social dynamics and hierarchical structures within the narrative.
Ancient poetry often employs techniques that convey deep emotions, as seen in Liu Yuxi's "Bamboo Branch Song," which illustrates the beauty of nature and the complexity of feelings: "The green willows sway by the river, where I hear my beloved singing The sun rises in the east while rain falls in the west, suggesting that even in the absence of clear skies, emotions still flourish."
“情”双关天晴的“晴”和感情的“情”，表达了初恋女郎复杂微妙的心理。
Chinese homophones play a significant role in wedding customs, with people incorporating items that reflect these phonetic meanings into marriage ceremonies Commonly used items during celebrations include round objects, walnuts, dates, chestnuts, and peanuts The round objects and walnuts symbolize "round" and "harmony," representing the ideal of a harmonious and lasting marriage.
“枣”谐“早”之音，“栗子”谐“立子”，也是“早生贵子”。
Many customs in Chinese culture reflect the Han people's desire for wealth and aversion to poverty A staple dish during the New Year is whole fish, symbolizing abundance with its homophonic connection to "surplus" (余) This connection implies a prosperous life, especially during festive seasons when families enjoy affluence Additionally, auspicious patterns often feature the plum blossom deer, as the ancient term for official salaries was "lu," which sounds like "deer" (鹿).
“禄”谐音，寓意财富。
Chinese couplets are rich in national characteristics and often feature homophonic puns A poor scholar, during the New Year, affixed a couplet to his door, with the first line reading: "Two, three, four."
The phrase "Five" is paired with the response "Six, Seven, Eight, Nine." While many may find this puzzling, one individual remarks, "How unfortunate, this scholar is lacking in clothing (one) and food (ten)."
Về vấn đề đã nêu, trong tiếng Việt cũng tồn tại hiện tượng "Chơi chữ đồng âm" Do đó, từ góc độ nội dung văn hóa của từ đồng âm, bài luận này sẽ so sánh sự hài hước trong tiếng Việt.
Cả tiếng Việt và tiếng Trung đều sử dụng hiện tượng đồng âm để tạo ra các biện pháp tu từ, với tiếng Việt có "chơi chữ đồng âm" và tiếng Trung có hiện tượng hài âm Những đặc điểm văn hóa này thể hiện sự hài hước, châm biếm những điều xấu xa, tâm lý dân tộc kín đáo và tính cách đặc trưng của từng vùng miền.
例47：Bà già đi chợ Cầu Đông（老太婆去东桥市场）
Xem bói một quẻ lấy chồng lợi chăng（占个仆看看嫁给人能图利 吗？）
Thầy bói gieo quẻ nói rằng（卜筮占可说道）
Lợi thì có lợi nhưng răng không còn.（牙床还有，但牙齿没了）
Từ "lợi" vừa có nghĩa là lợi ích, vừa chỉ về lợi hàm Câu hát này ám chỉ rằng bà lão đã già, không còn răng, chỉ còn lợi nhưng vẫn muốn lấy chồng để tìm kiếm lợi ích Qua đó, tác giả dân gian đã sử dụng sự đồng âm của từ "lợi" để châm biếm việc bà lão vẫn muốn tái hôn.
While both Vietnamese and Chinese cultures share a common desire for good fortune and the avoidance of misfortune, their expressions of these sentiments differ significantly Each country boasts its own cultural characteristics, which influence their unique rhetorical methods Specifically, in the Chinese language, the use of homophones reflects cultural traits such as the aspiration for good luck, the avoidance of bad omens, and the practice of renaming places to align with auspicious meanings and cultural preferences.
Điểm khác biệt đầu tiên là hiện tượng "chơi chữ đồng âm" trong tiếng Việt chủ yếu được sử dụng trong các thể loại nghệ thuật dân gian như ca dao, dân ca và câu đối, trong khi hiện tượng đồng âm trong tiếng Trung không chỉ xuất hiện trong nghệ thuật dân gian mà còn được áp dụng trong nhiều lĩnh vực khác nhau của văn học chính thống và xã hội hiện đại, bao gồm sáng tác tiểu thuyết, quảng cáo, mạng internet và tạo từ đồng âm.
例48： 子 自从他得着这点美差 看自来水 他夜里不定叫醒我多少遍。一
会儿 娘子 鸡还没打鸣儿哪
大妈 吓 他可倒真鸡集呀
老舍 《龙须沟》
In example 48, the character of the elderly woman is portrayed as a homemaker who, during the early days of liberation, is unfamiliar with some trendy new terms, mistakenly writing "积极" (active) as "鸡集" (chicken gathering) This phonetic error adds a sense of authenticity to the character and reflects the era's atmosphere.
Một điểm khác biệt thứ hai là tiếng Việt sử dụng âm tiết đơn âm để tạo ra những từ đồng âm đa âm tiết, dẫn đến hiện tượng chơi chữ đồng âm Đây là một biện pháp tu từ đặc biệt chỉ tồn tại trong tiếng Việt.
汉语谐音却没有。
例49：Thằng mù nhìn 1 thằng mù nhìn 2 , thằng mù nhìn 2 không nhìn 1 thằng mù
（瞎子看傀儡，傀儡不看瞎子） nhìn1 : （动词）看、nhìn2 ：（“mù nhìn”的 nhìn），mù nhìn 还叫“bù nhìn”)：傀儡。