绪论
现代汉语同音词概论
1.1.1现代汉语同音词的界定
（一）同音词的概念
Current research on homophones indicates that they are typically understood as words that share the same pronunciation but have different meanings.
Cen Yunqiang explains that homophones are words that share identical phonetic forms but have different meanings These homophones collectively form a group known as a homophone cluster There are two types of homophones: the first is homophonic and homographic, where both the written and spoken forms are the same yet the meanings differ, such as the Chinese words "花" (flower) and "花" (to spend); the second type is homophonic but heterographic, where the phonetic form is the same but the meanings and written forms differ, like "会议" (meeting) and "会意" (to understand) Additionally, words can form homographic clusters based on their written forms, which consist of homographs—words that share the same spelling but have different meanings There are two types of homographs: the previously mentioned homophonic and homographic, and another type that is heterophonic, where the pronunciation differs while the written form remains the same, such as "登场 55/35" (to arrive at the threshing ground) and "登场 55/214" (to appear on stage).
Homophones have no intrinsic connection between their meanings, as they are distinct words unrelated to the aggregation of meanings However, homophones play a significant role in language use, particularly in folk songs, jokes, and literary works, where authors often employ them to convey deeper thoughts For instance, Cao Xueqin skillfully utilized homophones when naming characters in "Dream of the Red Chamber" to subtly express his feelings and critiques of the decaying feudal society The name "Jia Yucun" can be interpreted as "fake speech village," allowing the author to convey irony and criticism Similarly, other names like "Ying Lian," meaning "should be cherished," also illustrate this technique Homophones are frequently used in riddles and idiomatic expressions, enhancing the expressive power of language.
In modern Chinese, monosyllabic and disyllabic words make up the vast majority of the vocabulary, while trisyllabic and tetrasyllabic words are relatively rare Consequently, homophones and homophonic disyllabic structures, which can be either words or phrases, are quite prevalent, as exemplified by terms like "书市" in Mandarin.
—舒适”、“授奖—受奖”、“家具—加剧”都同音。汉字承担区分同音结构的 作用。” ③
Zhang Yongyan states that words in a language that have the same pronunciation and spelling but different meanings are known as homophones, also referred to as homophonic words.
② 叶蜚声、徐通锵《语言学纲要》，北京大学出版社，1984 年，P151
③ 钱乃荣《现代汉语研究论稿》，学林出版社，2006 年，P7
葛本仪说:“同音词是指语音形式相同而意义完全不同的词。” ⑤
Homophones, also known as homophonic words, are defined as words that share the same pronunciation, including tone and rhyme, but have different meanings that are unrelated to each other.
齐泸扬也说：“同音词是音同而意义不同的一组词彼此互为同音词。”
After years of in-depth discussions among experts and scholars, there is now a consensus on the definition and explanation of homophones.
⑤ 葛本仪《汉语词汇研究》，山东教育出版社，1985 年，P123
⑥ 吴启主《现代汉语教程》，湖南师范大学出版社，2003 年，P217
（二）同音词的分类
Homophones in Chinese are quite complex and exhibit relatively weak statistical significance Depending on varying standards, homophones can generally be categorized into two main types.
Homophones can be categorized based on their form into homographs and heterographs Homographs are homophones that share identical spelling, while heterographs are homophones that have different or partially different spellings Additionally, homographs can be further divided into monosyllabic homographs.
Homophones can be categorized into two types: monosyllabic homophones, such as "翻" (fan) and "番" (fan), and disyllabic homophones, like "生气" (angry) with its different meanings These variations highlight the complexity and richness of language, showcasing how similar sounds can convey different meanings.
（如：经历—精力，他们—她们）。
Homophones can be categorized based on their parts of speech into two groups: homophones with the same part of speech and those with different parts of speech Homophones with the same part of speech, such as "think" (verb) and "sound" (verb), share grammatical functions Conversely, homophones with different parts of speech have distinct grammatical roles, illustrating the diversity in meaning despite their similar pronunciations.
“拦（动词）—蓝（形容词）”。
（三）同形同音词与多义词的区分
Homographs and polysemous words are two distinct lexical phenomena that can often be confused in everyday language due to their shared spelling and pronunciation while conveying multiple meanings Accurately distinguishing between homographs and polysemous words is not only practically significant but also holds substantial theoretical importance.
同形同音词是在形体和读音上完全相同，但意义上却没有任何关 系。
例1：（a）要是山被你点着，就更倒霉了。（第52课）
（b）星期六晚上七点。（第23课）
Trong ví dụ 1a, "điểm" được sử dụng như một động từ, có nghĩa là "đốt" (引着火), trong khi trong ví dụ 1b, "điểm" lại là một lượng từ, biểu thị đơn vị thời gian, tương đương với một phần hai mươi bốn của một ngày đêm (giờ) Điều này cho thấy rằng ý nghĩa của "điểm" trong hai trường hợp này hoàn toàn không có mối liên hệ nào với nhau.
Polysemous words are terms that possess two or more meanings These words exhibit multiple meanings that are often interconnected.
例 2：（a）浇铸这样的车盖即使采用现代工艺也有相当大的难度。（第 90
（b）我常在梦中感觉有一双替我盖被子。（第99课）
（c）现代北京的大楼越盖越多。（第49课）
Trong ví dụ 2a, từ "盖" (tiếng Việt: nắp đậy) là danh từ, chỉ vật dụng có chức năng che đậy ở phần trên Trong ví dụ 2b, "盖" (tiếng Việt: đắp) là động từ, có nghĩa là che phủ từ trên xuống Còn trong ví dụ 2c, "盖" (tiếng Việt: làm, dựng) là động từ, chỉ hành động xây dựng (nhà cửa).
现代汉语同音词与文化关系
1.2.1语言的概念
Language is a product of human society and a unique social phenomenon, with no true equivalent outside of it While many animals use sounds to convey information, these sounds are simple and limited in meaning, lacking the ability to form syllables or decompose into basic linguistic units for new expressions Therefore, animal calls cannot be classified as language Unlike economic factors, language is a social construct that serves the same ethnic group across different historical periods.
Language serves as a vital tool for individuals to understand and transform the world, facilitating clearer thought organization and concept formation It plays a crucial role in the transmission of culture across generations As human society evolves, language also adapts and changes; for instance, since China's reform and opening up, numerous new terms have emerged to reflect societal and ideological shifts, such as "reflection," "interpersonal," "karaoke," "consensus," and "capital consciousness." Thus, language is in a constant state of flux, where stability is relative This dynamic relationship is dialectical; without a degree of stability, effective communication becomes challenging, and without evolution, language cannot keep pace with human thought and social changes.
1.2.2文化的概念
中国古代的“文化”概念：从文献记载看，“文化”这个词儿的意思，早
Over 2,000 years ago, the concept of "culture" began to take shape in China, as reflected in the saying from the "I Ching": "By observing celestial phenomena, rulers can understand seasonal changes; by observing human society, they can govern through education." This highlights the early connection between cultural observation and governance During the Tang Dynasty, scholar Kong Yingda offered further insight, suggesting that "the observation of human culture encompasses poetry, literature, rites, and music," indicating that culture primarily refers to the arts and social customs This definition of culture is narrow, focusing on the spiritual aspects of society However, by the late 19th century, the term "culture" in Chinese, through Japanese translation, evolved to encompass a broader range of meanings, including social material wealth and national spirit.
The concept of "culture" in China currently encompasses three conventional interpretations: first, it refers to the spiritual wealth accumulated by a nation or ethnic group over time; second, it denotes the spiritual civilization that corresponds to material civilization, which includes aspects of refinement such as language, social atmosphere, and moral standards; third, it pertains to cultural and artistic activities distinct from economics, technology, and education These three interpretations are often used interchangeably.
The term "culture," as defined in the Modern Chinese Dictionary, encompasses the totality of material and spiritual wealth created by humanity throughout social and historical development, with a particular emphasis on spiritual wealth such as literature, art, education, and science Additionally, in archaeology, culture refers to artifacts and characteristics that define a specific historical period, regardless of their geographical distribution.
The integration of relics and artifacts reflects the characteristics of a specific culture, as seen in the similarities of tools, utensils, and manufacturing techniques found in cultures like the Yangshao and Longshan Additionally, the ability to use written language and general knowledge, including the study of culture and cultural literacy, plays a significant role in understanding these cultural traits.
Broad culture encompasses the totality of material and spiritual wealth created by humanity throughout social and historical development, specifically referring to social ideology In class societies, culture serves as a weapon in class struggle, reflecting and influencing the political and economic landscape Historical events such as Hong Xiuquan's Taiping Rebellion, Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao's reform movements, He Ziyuan's educational innovations, and Sun Yat-sen's democratic revolution all exemplify culture's role as a driving force for societal progress.
Narrowly defined, culture refers to the spiritual wealth created by ideology, encompassing elements such as religion, beliefs, customs, moral values, academic thoughts, literature and art, scientific and technological advancements, and various social systems.
The internal structure of culture consists of several layers: material culture, institutional culture, behavioral culture, and mental culture Material culture encompasses the methods and products of human material production, representing tangible cultural entities Institutional culture refers to the various social behavior norms established through social practices Behavioral culture manifests in interpersonal interactions through established patterns of etiquette, customs, and traditions Mental culture embodies the subjective factors such as values, aesthetic preferences, and modes of thinking that arise from social consciousness, often referred to as spiritual culture or social awareness This framework represents the core of culture.
I believe that everyone perceives "culture" from different perspectives The concept of "culture" is inherently broad and particularly abstract From my personal viewpoint, I find this interpretation to be both reasonable and scientifically valid.
1.2.3同音词与文化的关系
Language is a unique cultural phenomenon that serves as a mirror reflecting various cultural aspects while also facilitating cultural transmission It embodies culture itself and acts as a vital tool for the dissemination and inheritance of cultural values.
Culture, as a social phenomenon, requires communication among its members, with language serving as the primary tool for social interaction Consequently, the various cultures created by humanity are recorded through language, which acts as a mirror reflecting cultural characteristics Due to the inherent stability and historical continuity of language, certain cultural phenomena, despite their disappearance, are preserved within the language itself, akin to how photographs can be kept for a long time Therefore, the cultural function of language refers to its role in documenting and storing the cultural information it conveys.
Homophones are a unique linguistic phenomenon that serve the cultural function of recording and storing cultural information This is also true for Chinese homophones, which are closely linked to Chinese culture and carry profound cultural significance.
In Chinese society, the traditional ideals of a happy and prosperous family, along with wealth, good fortune, and longevity, are viewed as life's ultimate goals This aspiration is evident not only in daily activities but also in language During festive occasions such as the Spring Festival, weddings, birthdays, or housewarmings, people often use auspicious words or phrases that sound similar to their wishes for descendants, wealth, good fortune, and longevity Conversely, there is a strong aversion to speaking words that sound like those associated with bad luck, reflecting a widespread cultural practice in China.
In Chinese culture, auspicious phrases are commonly used to symbolize good fortune, wealth, longevity, happy marriages, and prosperous families These phrases often incorporate homophones or similar-sounding words that represent their ideals, reflecting a rich tradition of using language as a means of expressing hope and positivity.
现代汉语同音词的文献综述
The issue of homophones emerged as an academic topic following the reform of Chinese characters It gained attention in the 1920s and 1930s with the introduction of "Guoyu Romanization" and "Northern Latinized New Characters." By the 1950s, the publication and implementation of the "Pinyin Scheme" further heightened public interest in this subject The evolution of the "Qieyin Character Movement" has continued to influence discussions on homophones to this day.
The concept of "dual-language expression" has evolved over more than a century of modern language movements in China, marked by ongoing debates Since the modernization of the Chinese language, particularly with the reform towards phonetic spelling, the issue of homophones has become increasingly prominent The demand for Pinyin to address homophones is closely linked to the broader reform of Chinese characters The discussion surrounding homophones has persisted from the "phonetic character movement" to the current "dual-language expression," reflecting a long-standing and complex dialogue.
Homophones in Chinese have existed since ancient times and are increasingly utilized, yet systematic research on them remains insufficient Scholars have been studying the definition of homophones since the early 20th century, and disagreements persist among them However, a commonality in their research is the emphasis on phonetic form and semantic content Works such as Sun Changxu's "Chinese Vocabulary," Zhang Yongyan's "Introduction to Lexicology," and Ge Benyi's "Research on Chinese Vocabulary" present varying perspectives on the definition of homophones Sun and Ge consider the distinction of meanings a necessary criterion, placing equal importance on meaning and phonetics, while Zhang introduces the term "homophones with different meanings," further narrowing the concept's scope Most scholars provide only a brief introduction to the topic without in-depth analysis, but many are currently exploring modern Chinese homophones.
In 2005, Liu Lijuan conducted an analysis of homophonic misuse in modern Chinese, highlighting its prevalence across various written materials She identified two primary causes of this phenomenon: objective factors, which stem from the inherent characteristics of homophones, such as identical pronunciations, similar forms, and close meanings, and subjective factors, which arise from human error Additionally, Liu noted that homophonic misuse exhibits tendencies related to frequency of use, parts of speech, and psychological factors, with variations in the connotative meanings of homophones.
In 2008, Dai Jian Tao conducted a thorough investigation and analysis of homophones in Modern Chinese, focusing on their classification He categorized homophones into three main types based on different criteria: monosyllabic and disyllabic homophones according to syllable count, homographs and heterographs based on form similarity, and homonyms and heteronyms based on grammatical category Through detailed statistical data, he provided an in-depth analysis of the current state of homophones in Modern Chinese, as well as the reasons for their prevalence and their impact in practical usage.
In 2008, Feng Li conducted a study on homographs and homophones in the "Modern Chinese Dictionary." Through quantitative statistical analysis of entries from various editions of the dictionary, she summarized the developmental changes in the inclusion of these terms Her research aimed to explore the origins of homographs and homophones and to establish methods for distinguishing them from polysemous words, ultimately contributing to the standardization of dictionary compilation.
The 1982 translation of "Chinese Language and Culture: A Study of Homophones, Auspicious Expressions, and Taboos" by Hong Chengyu from Indiana University highlights the innovative perspectives of its author, despite its age in the research field The article critiques the academic focus on the internal structure of language while neglecting the relationship between language and society It presents intriguing linguistic phenomena as case studies, thoroughly analyzing their underlying causes and expanding on other culturally rich language phenomena The work illustrates how homophones are used in Chinese to convey meaning, emphasizing the inseparable connection between language and human culture.
This article builds upon previous research on homophones, with each author addressing different aspects of the topic It aims to further explore specific issues related to homophones while also discussing their implications for teaching Vietnamese and Chinese languages.
Language is an integral part of culture and serves as a mirror reflecting the vibrant cultural forms of a nation As research on homophones in the Chinese language expands and deepens, it becomes evident that there is a close relationship between homophonic words in Chinese and Chinese culture.
The system of homophones in modern Chinese evolves continuously due to the emergence of new words and the disappearance of old ones The sources of homophones in contemporary Chinese include phonetic coincidences, changes in phonetic forms, differentiation of meanings, and the incorporation of loanwords.
Homophones represent a unique linguistic phenomenon in Chinese, rich in cultural significance In auspicious speech, homophones are used to express desires for offspring, wealth, fortune, and longevity Conversely, the mention of inauspicious terms can evoke anxiety and a sense of impending misfortune This has led to the emergence of language taboos, including prohibitions against certain homophonic phrases in the Chinese language.
The issue of homophones has been thoroughly analyzed by several scholars from various perspectives Notable works include "Modern Chinese Homophones" by Dai Jiantao, Liu Lijuan's study on "The Phenomenon of Homophone Misuse in Modern Chinese," and Yan Mianzuo and Hong Chengyu's research on "Chinese Language and Culture: Homophones, Auspicious Words, and Taboo Language." Each scholar approaches the topic differently, with some focusing on homophones as a unique linguistic phenomenon, while others explore their cultural implications Their collective aim is to highlight the characteristics of homophones within the Chinese language.
现代汉语同音词的研究与其文化涵义
同形同音词与异形同音词
2.1.1同形同音词
Homographs and homophones are unique types of words that share both spelling and pronunciation but have different meanings These words can be referred to as homographs when focusing on their written form and as homophones when emphasizing their phonetic form Homographs and homophones intersect, and it's important not to exclude them from either category; they must meet the criteria of having identical spelling and pronunciation In the realm of Chinese homophones, homographs and homophones represent a minority.
Homographs can be categorized based on the number of syllables they contain, distinguishing between single-syllable homographs and double-syllable homographs.
2.1.1.1单音节同形同音词
Monosyllabic homographs are groups of words that share the same spelling and pronunciation but have different meanings, consisting of a single syllable I identified 13 sets of monosyllabic homographs from the vocabulary list in the "Chinese Language Course for Foreigners Undergraduate Series Textbook."
Đặt lọ hoa tươi ở giữa bàn, sắp xếp bánh sinh nhật trên bàn và cắm nến lên bánh.
（b）朋友们都说我傻，花钱受骗。（第52课）
Trong ví dụ 3a, "hoa" là danh từ, chỉ bộ phận sinh sản hữu tính của thực vật có hạt, bao gồm cánh hoa, đài hoa, đế hoa và nhị hoa Hoa có nhiều màu sắc khác nhau, một số loài có màu sắc rực rỡ và tỏa hương thơm.
语：hoa）；例3b中，“花”是动词，表示用或耗费（越南语：tiêu）
例4：：（a）请等一会儿。先生，给您钱。（第10课）
（b）像“黑心”、“黑社会”、“黑手”、“黑市”等等，都与丑恶和犯罪连 在一起。（第100课）
例 4a 中，“等”是动词，表示等候或等待（越南语：đợi, đợi chờ）；
例4b中，“等”是代词，表示列举后煞尾（越南语：vân vân ）
例5：（a）那个箱子里有两件衣服、一把伞和一瓶香水。（第15课）
（b）请把您口袋里的东西都掏出来。（第 50课）
Trong ví dụ 5a, "把" được sử dụng như một lượng từ, biểu thị rằng tân ngữ là đối tượng chịu tác động của động từ phía sau, thường mang nghĩa xử lý Trong ví dụ 5b, "把" được coi là giới từ (từ ảo), được dùng cho các dụng cụ có tay cầm.
例6：（a）飞机马上就要起飞了，请大家把安全带系好。（第50课）
（b）不回来。要带午餐。（第25课）
例 6a 中，“带”是名词性语素，它的意思是带子或像带子的长条物；
例6b中，“带”是动词，表示随身拿着，携带。
从上面的四个例子来看，“花 —花 ”、“等 —等 ”、“把 —把 ”、
The words "带" and "带" exhibit two key characteristics: firstly, they consist of a single syllable; secondly, their written and phonetic forms are identical, yet their meanings are entirely different Therefore, these words are classified as homographs and homophones.
2.1.1.2 双音节同形同音词
Bilingual homographs are pairs of words that share the same spelling and pronunciation but have different meanings, consisting of two syllables In the vocabulary list of the "Undergraduate Series of Chinese Language Textbooks for Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language," I identified only one group of such bilingual homographs.
例7：（a）球迷们的呐喊使得城市变得年轻而有生气。（第94课）
（b）我有一点生气了。（第76课）
Trong ví dụ 7a, "生气" được sử dụng như một danh từ, biểu thị cho sức sống hoặc năng lượng Trong ví dụ 7b, "生气" lại là một động từ, có nghĩa là cảm thấy không vui do không được như ý muốn.
The phrase "生气 1 —生气 2" exhibits two key characteristics: it consists of two syllables and has identical written and spoken forms, yet their meanings are entirely different This makes it an example of a disyllabic homograph and homophone.
2.1.2异形同音词
Homophones with different forms are words that sound the same but have completely or partially different spellings While most words have distinct forms, homophones with similar shapes are relatively rare Both monosyllabic and disyllabic homophones contribute significantly to the overall language These homophones can be further categorized into two types: those with completely different forms and those with partially different forms.
Homophones with completely different forms, known as full heteronyms, consist of groups of words that sound the same but have distinct spellings Examples of single-syllable full heteronyms include pairs like "xi - ji - ji," "pu - pu," and "jia - jia." Additionally, there are two-syllable full heteronyms such as "zhuming - zhuming" and "yaoshi - yaoshi."
Một số từ đồng âm có hình dạng khác nhau, với cấu trúc âm tiết thường từ hai trở lên Các từ có hai âm tiết có thể được phân loại theo kiểu "AB—式" (quyền lợi - quyền lực).
The term "式" refers to both "they" and "she." The vocabulary list in the "Chinese Language Textbook Series for Foreigners" does not include three-syllable homophones or four-syllable homophones.
Heteronyms, or words that sound the same but have different meanings, can be categorized based on the number of syllables they contain They are divided into monosyllabic heteronyms and disyllabic heteronyms.
2.1.2.1 单音节异形同音词
现代汉语同音词的语法特征
In modern Chinese vocabulary, homophones are more prevalent among content words than function words, with verbs being the most common type of homophones, followed by nouns and adjectives Function words, such as adverbs and conjunctions, also exhibit homophonic phenomena This article categorizes homophones into two types: those with the same part of speech and those with different parts of speech Most homophones share the same grammatical category, particularly among verbs, leading to frequent misuse, such as confusing "照" (to shine) with "罩" (to cover) or "握" (to hold) with "卧" (to lie down) Although there are instances of misuse among homophones of different parts of speech, such as the verb "画" (to draw) and the noun "话" (speech), these occurrences are relatively rare.
2.2.1词性相同的同音词
Homophones with the same part of speech refer to groups of words that share identical pronunciations and grammatical categories Based on my analysis, there are approximately six types of such homophones: verb-verb, pronoun-pronoun, particle-particle, measure word-measure word, adjective-adjective, and noun-noun Examples for each type will be provided for clarity.
动词—动词： 有20组，占62.5%
例17：（a）赔了冰淇淋你可以走了！（第73课）
（b）我想明天去报名，你陪我一起去，好吗？（第31课）
例 17a中，“赔”表示赔偿，17b句中，“陪”表示陪伴。
例 18：（a）有意义的日子虽然总是那么短，但对我来说，这一天胜过百 年。（第89课）
（b）里边还剩几张胶卷？（第50课）
例 18a 中，“胜”表示比另一个优越（后面常带“于、过”等）；例 18b 句中，“剩”表示剩余。
例 19：（a）这时，司机从车里伸出头来，又喊了一声：“看车！没长眼睛 啊！”（第76课）
（b）这天白天，黄河水猛涨。（第80课）
例 19a 中，“长”表示生长或成长；例 19b 中，“涨”表示（水位）升 高。
名词—名词：有五组（前—钱、洲—周、东—冬、权利—权力，经历—精 力），占15.625%
例 20：（a）明天早上七点在楼前集合上车，七点一刻准时出发。（第 25
（b）苹果一斤多少钱？（第9课）
例 20b中，“前”表示在正面的（指空间，跟“后”相对）；例 20b 中，
“钱”表示铜钱或货币。
Lớp học của chúng tôi có mười sáu học sinh đến từ mười một quốc gia thuộc năm châu lục: Á, Phi, Âu, Mỹ và Úc.
（b）时间过得真快，下周就要放寒假了。
例 21a 中，“洲”表示一块大陆和附近岛屿的总称；例 21b 中，“周”是 星期。
代词—代词： 有两组（他—她—它、他们—她们） 占6.25%
例22：（a）他是中国人吗？（第13课）
（b）她也是留学生。（第13课）
（c）先把它拿下来，把照相机拿出来，我想在飞机上照两张相。
In example 22, "he" refers to a person other than the speaker and the listener, while in example 22b, "she" denotes a specific female outside of the speaker and listener In example 22c, "it" is used to refer to non-human entities Additionally, there are two sets of particles (得—地—的, 吗—嘛) that account for 6.25% of the content.
例23：（a）我汉语说得不好，也不会表演。（第29课）
（b）她在信上高兴地告诉我，姐姐下个月就要结婚了。（第39课）
（c）这是王老师的书。（第5课）
Trong ví dụ 23a, từ "得" được sử dụng sau động từ để chỉ khả năng hoặc sự cho phép Trong ví dụ 23b, từ "地" cho thấy từ hoặc cụm từ đứng trước nó là trạng ngữ Còn trong ví dụ 23c, từ "的" được đặt sau định ngữ, thể hiện mối quan hệ bổ nghĩa giữa định ngữ và từ trung tâm.
例24：（a）汉语难吗？（第2课）
（b）朋友越多越好，“在家靠父母，出门靠朋友”嘛。（第49课）
例 24a 中，“吗”用在句末表示疑问；例 24b 中，“嘛”表示道理显而易 见。
形容词—形容词：有两组（男—难、青—清），占6.25%
例25：（ ）这个男学生是我的朋友。
（ ）汉语难吗？（第 课）
例 25a 中，“男”表示男性（跟“女”相对）；例 25b 中，“难”表示不容 易或做起来费事（跟“易”相对）。
量词—量词：只有一组（只—枝），占3.125%
例26：（a）树上飞下来几只鸟。（第49课的练习2）
（b）我要买两枝铅笔。
例 26a 中，“只”用于动物（多指飞禽、走兽）；例 26b 中，“枝”用于杆状的东西。
Based on my analysis, there are a total of 32 pairs of homophones that share the same part of speech The following statistical table presents these findings.
序号 词性相同的同音词 组数 占所有词性相同的同音词比例
5 形容词—形容词 2 6.25%
Most homophones with the same part of speech are found in the "verb-verb" category, while the remaining five groups of homophones are significantly fewer in number, with some categories having only one pair, such as "measure words-measure words" and "adjective-adjective."
2.2.2词性相异的同音词
Homophones with different parts of speech refer to a set of words that sound the same but have varying grammatical functions These homophones can consist of two or more words, with the potential to reach up to eight distinct parts of speech, provided that each word in the group has a unique grammatical role and only one part of speech.
Some words can possess two or more parts of speech, leading to various grammatical forms within a group of homophones An incomplete analysis suggests that homophones with differing parts of speech can be categorized into several types.
动词—名词（名词—动词）：有16组，占17.39%
例27：（a）我要一碗鸡蛋汤。你喝吗？（第8课）
（b）这是一些药。（第15课）
例 27a 中，“要”是动词，表示希望得到、希望保持；例 27b 中，“药” 是名词，它的意思是药物。
例28：（a）谁知我周围的人们，却把我的好心情给搅了。（第96课）
Trong một khoảnh khắc đáng yêu, một đứa trẻ đã đưa chân nhỏ của mình ra trước mặt một viên cảnh sát Với nụ cười trên môi, viên cảnh sát đã cúi xuống và giúp đứa trẻ buộc dây giày lại.
Trong ví dụ 28a, từ "搅" là động từ, có nghĩa là làm rối, làm phiền; trong ví dụ 28b, từ "脚" là danh từ, chỉ phần dưới cùng của chân người và động vật, tiếp xúc với mặt đất để nâng đỡ cơ thể.
动词—形容词：有10组，占10.874%
例29：（a）远处来了一辆汽车，我连忙伸手拦车。（第70课）
（b）你要深颜色的还是要浅的？（第22课）
Trong ví dụ 29a, từ “伸” là một động từ, mang nghĩa là mở rộng (các bộ phận của cơ thể hoặc vật thể); trong khi đó, từ “深” trong ví dụ 29 là một tính từ, có nghĩa là đậm.
Tôi quỳ trước mộ của cha, chân thành nói: "Cha yên tâm, con có một người cha kế yêu thương con như cha."
（b）四块？太贵了。三块五吧。（第9课）
例 30a中，“跪”是动词，表示两膝弯曲，使一个或两个膝盖着地；例
30b中，“贵”是形容词，表示价格高，价值大（跟“贱”相对）。
动词—量词：有7组，占7.61%
例 31：（a）他让来往的车都先停下来，然后扶着这两位老人。（第 53
（b）哎，这幅画儿挂在什么地方比较好？（第51课）
例 31a中，“扶”是动词，用手支持使人、物或自己不倒；例 31b中，
“幅”是量词，用于布帛、呢绒、图画等。
例 32：（a）突然，听见“啪、啪”几声，三根缆绳接连被拉断。（第 80
（b）这一段工作太忙，回头再说吧。（第63课）
Trong ví dụ 32a, "断" là động từ, có nghĩa là chia thành hai hoặc nhiều đoạn; còn trong ví dụ 31b, "段" là lượng từ, dùng để chỉ các phần của một vật dài đã được chia nhỏ.
名词—形容词：有6组，占6.52%
例33：（a）丈夫是一位美籍华人。（第85课）
（b）放下电话我就急急忙忙骑上自行车出发了。（第82课）
例 33a中，“籍”是名词，表示代表个人对国家、组织的隶属关系；例
33b中，“急”是形容词，表示想要马上达到某种目的的而激动不安，着急。
例 34：（a）这些诗和画不但表现了美丽的大自然，也表现了美好的人 品。（第53课）
Họ là cặp vợ chồng đi làm cả hai, có lẽ không thể quay lại để thu dọn, vì vậy họ đã mang chăn vào ký túc xá đơn của mình để tránh bị ướt.
现代汉语同音词的文化涵义
2.3.1同音词可以构成修辞上的谐音式双关
Homophonic puns, while theoretically based on similar sounds, require careful consideration in their usage Language serves to convey emotions and ideas, necessitating different expressions and materials for varying sentiments This rhetorical device is particularly effective for subtly and indirectly articulating complex and profound feelings, infusing humor and liveliness into communication Throughout history, love has been portrayed as rich and intricate, often difficult to express openly due to the inherent shyness and tenderness between partners Similarly, dissatisfaction, satire, and resentment towards authority must be conveyed with nuance and indirectness to avoid severe repercussions.
In this poetic excerpt, the imagery highlights the opulence and grandeur of a palace made of white jade and gold, juxtaposed with the idea that even such magnificence cannot contain the vastness of history found in Jinling The mention of the East Sea lacking a jade bed suggests a longing for beauty and luxury, while the Dragon King’s invitation to the King of Jinling signifies a connection between power and wealth The phrase “bountiful years bring great snow” evokes a sense of abundance, with pearls and gold being as common as dirt and iron, emphasizing the richness of the era.
In the fourth chapter of "Dream of the Red Chamber," the use of the word "snow" serves as a homophone for "Xue," cleverly revealing the prominence and power of the four major feudal families: Jia, Shi, Wang, and Xue.
Ancient poetry often employs vivid imagery and contrasting elements to convey deep emotions, as exemplified in Liu Yuxi's "Bamboo Branch Songs," which features lines like "The green willows line the river's edge, while the sound of a man's song drifts from the river." This work highlights the interplay of nature and human feelings, showcasing how the rising sun in the east and the rain in the west can symbolize a connection between seemingly opposite experiences, illustrating that even in the absence of clear skies, emotions can still flourish.
“情”双关天晴的“晴”和感情的“情”，表达了初恋女郎复杂微妙的心理。
Chinese homophones play a significant role in wedding customs, as people often incorporate items or benefits that symbolize these concepts during marriage ceremonies Commonly used decorations include round fruits, walnuts, jujubes, chestnuts, and peanuts The round fruits and walnuts, which sound like "round" and "harmonious," symbolize a perfect union and a harmonious marriage lasting a century.
“枣”谐“早”之音，“栗子”谐“立子”，也是“早生贵子”。
Many customs in life reflect the Han people's desire for wealth and aversion to poverty A staple in New Year dishes is whole fish, symbolizing "abundance year after year" due to the homophonic relationship between "余" (surplus) and "鱼" (fish) This symbolizes a prosperous life, particularly during festive seasons when families hope for abundance Additionally, auspicious patterns often feature the plum blossom deer, as the ancient term for official salaries was "俸禄," with "鹿" (deer) sharing a similar pronunciation.
“禄”谐音，寓意财富。
Chinese couplets are rich in national characteristics and often showcase homophonic puns A poor scholar, during the New Year, affixed a couplet to his door, with the upper line reading: "Two, three, four."
The phrase "Five" is paired with the line "Six, Seven, Eight, Nine." While many may find it puzzling, one individual remarked, "How pitiful, this scholar is lacking in clothing (one) and food (ten)."
Về vấn đề đã nêu, trong tiếng Việt cũng tồn tại cấu trúc "Chơi chữ đồng âm" Do đó, từ góc độ văn hóa của các từ đồng âm, bài luận này sẽ so sánh hiện tượng chơi chữ trong tiếng Việt.
Cả tiếng Việt và tiếng Trung đều sử dụng hiện tượng đồng âm để tạo ra các biện pháp tu từ, với tiếng Việt có "chơi chữ đồng âm" và tiếng Trung có hiện tượng hài âm Những đặc điểm văn hóa này phản ánh tính hài hước, sự châm biếm những điều xấu xa, tâm lý dân tộc kín đáo và tính cách địa phương.
例47：Bà già đi chợ Cầu Đông（老太婆去东桥市场）
Xem bói một quẻ lấy chồng lợi chăng（占个仆看看嫁给人能图利 吗？）
Thầy bói gieo quẻ nói rằng（卜筮占可说道）
Lợi thì có lợi nhưng răng không còn.（牙床还有，但牙齿没了）
Từ "lợi" trong bài thơ vừa có nghĩa là lợi ích, vừa chỉ về lợi hàm Bài thơ châm biếm một bà lão đã già, không còn răng, chỉ còn lợi, nhưng vẫn mong muốn lấy chồng để tìm kiếm lợi ích Sự việc này được các tác giả dân gian sử dụng âm điệu của từ "lợi" để chỉ trích và chế giễu hành động của bà lão.
While both Vietnamese and Chinese people share a desire for good fortune and avoidance of misfortune, their expressions of these sentiments differ significantly due to distinct cultural characteristics Each country showcases unique rhetorical methods influenced by its cultural traits, such as the use of homophones in Chinese, which reflects aspirations for good luck, taboos against misfortune, and the practice of renaming places to align with favorable meanings and cultural preferences.
Một điểm khác biệt giữa tiếng Việt và tiếng Trung là hiện tượng "chơi chữ đồng âm" trong tiếng Việt chủ yếu được sử dụng trong các thể loại nghệ thuật dân gian như ca dao, dân ca và câu đối Trong khi đó, hiện tượng đồng âm trong tiếng Trung không chỉ xuất hiện trong nghệ thuật dân gian mà còn được áp dụng rộng rãi trong văn học chính thống và nhiều lĩnh vực hiện đại như sáng tác tiểu thuyết, quảng cáo, mạng internet và tạo từ đồng âm.
例48： 子 自从他得着这点美差 看自来水 他夜里不定叫醒我多少遍。一
会儿 娘子 鸡还没打鸣儿哪
大妈 吓 他可倒真鸡集呀
老舍 《龙须沟》
In Example 48, the character of the middle-aged woman is portrayed as a homemaker who, during the early years of liberation, is unfamiliar with some trendy new terms, mistakenly writing "积极" (positive) as "鸡集" (jī jí) This phonetic error enhances the authenticity of the character and reflects the era's cultural atmosphere.
Một điểm khác biệt thứ hai là tiếng Việt sử dụng các âm tiết đơn âm để tạo ra những từ đa âm tiết, dẫn đến hiện tượng chơi chữ đồng âm Đây là một biện pháp tu từ đặc biệt, chỉ tồn tại trong tiếng Việt.
汉语谐音却没有。
例49：Thằng mù nhìn 1 thằng mù nhìn 2 , thằng mù nhìn 2 không nhìn 1 thằng mù
（瞎子看傀儡，傀儡不看瞎子） nhìn1 : （动词）看、nhìn2 ：（“mù nhìn”的 nhìn），mù nhìn 还叫“bù nhìn”)：傀儡。