RATIONALE OF THE STUDY
The Nobel Prize, established in 1901 by Alfred Nobel, is recognized globally as the pinnacle of achievement for contributions that enhance humanity Awarded annually by the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm, Sweden, it honors significant advancements in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace, with a memorial prize in economic sciences introduced in 1968 Among these, the Nobel Peace Prize stands out, recognizing individuals from any country who have made remarkable contributions to the pursuit of peace Each Nobel Prize is considered the most prestigious accolade in its respective field, reflecting Nobel's vision of a better world through knowledge, science, and humanism.
According to Lundestad (2019:1), the Nobel Peace Prize is the most prestigious prize in the world It has probably never been in a stronger position than it is today
The Oxford Dictionary of Contemporary History refers to the Nobel Peace Prize as "the world’s most prestigious prize." In 2012, American conservative writer Jay Nordlinger published a book titled "Peace, They Say," which explores the significance of the Peace Prize.
History of the Nobel Peace Prize, the Most Famous and Controversial Prize in the World”, had not received the Peace Prize but he also came to admire the Peace
Prize and concluded that no prize, not even the Oscars, had greater prestige than the Nobel Peace Prize: “The Nobel Peace Prize is almost certainly No 1.”
The Nobel Prize, established in 1901, honors individuals for significant contributions in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, economics, and peace The Nobel Peace Prize specifically recognizes those who have made outstanding efforts toward fostering international fraternity, reducing military forces, and promoting peace initiatives Receiving this prestigious award can dramatically transform a laureate's life, as it often leads to new opportunities and recognition, opening many doors for future endeavors.
In recent years, the exploration of linguistic objectives through Appraisal Theory has gained significant traction This theory, rooted in Systemic Functional Linguistics, extends Halliday's linguistic frameworks to provide a comprehensive analysis of evaluative language in discourse Developed by a group of Functional linguists in Sydney during the late 1980s and early 1990s, Appraisal Theory focuses on how language expresses the opinions of writers and speakers regarding people and objects By utilizing this approach, language effectively conveys "Attitude."
In the context of English learners (ELs), the concepts of "Affect," "Judgement," and "Appreciation" are crucial for fostering understanding and empathy in communication This empathetic engagement ultimately serves the persuasive intent of the speaker, making it a valuable approach for effective interaction and connection with the audience.
"Attitude refers to the evaluation and personal significance a speaker conveys through their words This concept serves as a valuable method for uncovering the underlying attitudes and meanings expressed by a speaker Utilizing ELNPLs, this approach can be effectively applied."
This article explores the attitudinal linguistic features present in English lectures delivered by Nobel Peace Prize Laureates, focusing on how these figures express emotions and convey appreciation for global harmony and peace Given the significance of the Nobel Peace Prize, the research aims to deepen understanding of the emotional and evaluative language used by laureates The thesis, titled “An Investigation into ‘Affect’, ‘Judgement’ and ‘Appreciation’ in English Lectures by Nobel Peace Prize Laureates,” seeks to apply an appraisal framework to analyze these aspects in detail.
Theory to analyze this study in terms of syntactic realizations and semantic features
This study aims to contribute to English language education in Vietnam by helping learners understand and apply the concepts of "Attitude" and Appraisal Theory in their teaching and learning processes.
The “Attitude”sub-categories are illustrated by the following bolded extracts from ELNPLs in which the extracts have been used the evaluative language of the category “Attitude”
(1.1) I am very proud of the 2,300 hard working men and women that make up the IAEA staff - the colleagues with whom I share this honour
Source: (https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2005/elbaradei/26138- mohamed-elbaradei-nobel-lecture-2005-2/)
In this example, the term "proud" is part of the "Affect" subsystem within the "Attitude" framework, highlighting a positive sense of "Happiness" through the use of "Affect" markers in ELNPLs This expression reflects the sentiments of laureates, showcasing their emotional response when receiving an award.
(1.2) Still, we are at war, and I am responsible for the deployment of thousands of young Americans to battle in a distant land
Source: (https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2009/obama/26183-nobel- lecture-2009/)
The adjective "responsible" exemplifies the positive trait of "Veracity," conveyed through "Judgement" markers This term reflects the speaker's attitude and behavior towards others, highlighting the importance of accountability in interpersonal interactions.
(1.3) It is clear that global challenges must be met with an emphasis on peace, in harmony with others, with strong alliances and international consensus
Source: (https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2002/carter/lecture/)
In this example, “clear” belongs to the “Appreciation” subsystem of
“Attitude” It is the positive “Composition-Complexity” by means of
“Appreciation”markers It is also used to evaluate the things related to the global challenges occurring in the world.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
Aims of the Study
The study is aimed at identifying and describing the linguistic features of
“Affect”, “Judgement” and “Appreciation” used in ELNPLs in terms of syntactic realizations and semantic features
This study is also expected to help the Vietnamese learners of English raise the awareness of Appraisal language resources and know how to use evaluative language effectively in ELNPLs.
Objectives of the Study
This study is intended to achieve the following objectives:
- To identify and describe the syntactic realizations and semantic features of
“Affect”, “Judgement” and “Appreciation” in ELNPLs
- To suggest some implications for Vietnamese lecturers and university students of English and those who are interested in this field.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
In order to attain the aims and objectives mentioned above, this study seeks to answer the following questions:
1 What are the syntactic realizations of “Affect”, “Judgement” and
2 What are the semantic features of the above-mentioned sub-categories of
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study explores the concepts of "Affect," "Judgement," and "Appreciation" within English Language Non-Profit Letters (ELNPLs), focusing on their syntactic structures as defined by Downing and Locke (2006) and their semantic characteristics through the lens of Appraisal Theory by Martin and White (2005).
The Nobel Prize, first awarded in 1901, recognizes outstanding contributions to humanity and is administered by the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm, Sweden As of 2024, a total of 627 prizes have been awarded to 1,012 laureates, including individuals and organizations Each Nobel Prize consists of a medal, a diploma, and a cash award, with the current prize amount set at SEK 11 million The laureates, honored with a laurel wreath, represent achievements in various fields, including peace, literature, and sciences, reflecting society's ongoing quest for harmony and advancement in the 21st century.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
By investigating the syntactic realizations and semantic features of “Affect”,
The study on "Judgement" and "Appreciation" in English Language Non-Proficient Learners (ELNPLs) aims to enhance understanding of the discourse features and language utilized by Vietnamese learners of English.
The findings aim to enhance readers' understanding of evaluative language and English Language Narrative Peace Literature (ELNPLs), while also providing insight into the author's perspective on peace This thesis is intended to serve as a valuable resource for educators and students in higher education institutions studying English.
ORGANISATION OF THE STUDY
This study consists of five chapters as follows:
Chapter One: Introduction outlines the rationale behind the chosen topic, detailing the aims and objectives of the research, along with the key research questions It defines the scope of the study and highlights its significance, while also presenting the organizational structure of the paper This chapter serves as the foundational framework for the entire research.
Chapter Two: Literature Review and Theoretical Background summarizes previous studies and includes the authors' insights, providing a theoretical framework related to research conceptions It explores the concept of "Attitude" within the Appraisal paradigm and delves into its sub-categories, offering specific examples to illustrate these classifications.
Chapter Three: Research Methodology outlines the study's research design and methods, detailing the materials and procedures used It describes the analytical instruments, data collection techniques, and data analysis processes Additionally, the chapter addresses the reliability and validity of the thesis, ensuring the credibility of the research findings.
Chapter Four: Findings and Discussion addresses the research questions by exploring the syntactic realizations and semantic features of "Attitude" expressions within English Language Native Proficiency Learners (ELNPLs) This section delves into the results of discourse analysis, offering valuable insights into evaluative language that can benefit both learners and educators of English.
Chapter Five: Conclusions and Implications encapsulates the thesis's key findings, offering practical recommendations for educators and learners of English It addresses the study's limitations while highlighting valuable insights for enhancing teaching and learning practices Additionally, the chapter suggests avenues for future research to further explore the topic.
Chapter Two LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
PREVIOUS RESEARCHES RELATED TO THE STUDY
Appraisal theory, developed in the early 1990s, gained prominence through the "Write It Right" project of the New South Wales Disadvantaged Schools Program, led by linguist James R Martin in the 1980s This initiative aimed to investigate the literacy demands across various disciplines, including science, technology, media, history, geography, English literature, and visual arts The comprehensive presentation of this theory can be found in the 2005 publication, "The Language of Evaluation – Appraisal in English."
Appraisal Theory focuses on the linguistic tools that writers and speakers use to convey their attitudes towards events and issues, express agreement or disagreement with potential reader responses, and build their identities within a text By utilizing appraisal items, individuals can effectively articulate their evaluations, navigate their relationships with audiences, and shape their personas in discourse.
Numerous studies have utilized the Appraisal framework, particularly focusing on the "Attitude" category White (2004) serves as a foundational reference, distinguishing between "emotion" and "opinion." He defines "emotion" as the descriptions of emotional reactions or states experienced by individuals, while "opinion" pertains to the intrinsic qualities of the evaluated phenomenon Additionally, White suggests that opinions can be further categorized into subtypes.
“Appreciation” (opinion about aesthetics) and “Judgement” (opinion about ethics)
Andy (2008) demonstrated that the reality-producing effect of language is an act of design, fostering a deeper understanding of how creative behaviors are interconnected across social spaces and mediated by language.
Besides, Bednarek (2009), with the help of Appraisal Theory (Martin, J R., & White, P R R., 2005) distinguishes between different types of evaluation She investigates how far linguistic patterns support this “Attitude” category
Cheng's (2008) study, titled "Attitudinal Meanings: A Contrastive Study of English and Chinese Linguistics Book Reviews," employs Appraisal theory to analyze the similarities and differences in the attitude variables of "Affect," "Judgment," and "Appreciation" between English and Chinese linguistics book reviews The research also uncovers genre-dependent and language-specific rhetorical preferences, shedding light on the underlying reasons for these distinctions.
Liu and Thompson (2009) explored the use of evaluative language in the argumentative writing of a Chinese student, while Susan (2004) applied Appraisal theory in her study, "Taking a Stance in Academic Writing," focusing on the construction of evaluative stances in English academic literacy Additionally, Painter (2003) utilized Appraisal theory to enhance the "Attitude" category in her research, advocating for a broader understanding of interpersonal language development that encompasses the emergence of evaluative and attitudinal language in children's expression of feelings and behaviors.
Recent cross-linguistic studies based on Appraisal theory have explored the differences between English and Vietnamese, with notable research conducted by Tôn Nữ Hồng Hà in 2011 Her study, titled “A Study of Linguistic Devices to Attribute Source of Information in News Reports – English and Vietnamese,” examines the linguistic mechanisms used in news reporting across these two languages.
The M.A thesis examines the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic characteristics of attribute sources of information through the lens of Appraisal Theory It highlights both the similarities and differences in the linguistic devices used to convey these attributes across two languages.
In their research paper entitled “An Expansion Resources Analysis of English and Vietnamese Political Editorials in the Light of Appraisal Theory”, Nguyễn Thị
Thu Hiền and her colleague (2014) investigated the use of Expansion resources in the English and Vietnamese political editorials about North Korea by drawing on Appraisal Theory
Nguyễn Văn Khôi (2006) conducted “A Study of Proclaim Markers in English and Vietnamese” In this paper, he pointed out Proclaim markers in English and
The article explores the theoretical framework of Appraisal in Vietnamese, focusing on the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic characteristics of proclaim markers It delves into aspects of epistemic modality and evidentiality, as well as speech acts, force dynamics, politeness principles, and a dialogistic perspective.
In his M.A thesis, Trần Hữu Thuần (2014) explored the use of “Appreciation” in football commentaries in English and Vietnamese His thesis focuses on
The concept of "Appreciation," which falls under the "Attitude" category of Appraisal Theory, is explored in this descriptive qualitative study Utilizing a framework grounded in functional grammar, appraisal, and speech acts theory, the research aims to provide insights into how appreciation is expressed and understood.
In summary, extensive research has been carried out across various subfields and materials within the framework of Appraisal Theory However, there has been a lack of in-depth exploration of the components "Affect," "Judgment," and "Appreciation" in English Language Non-Professional Learners (ELNPLs) This gap in research is a key motivation for undertaking this thesis.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Appraisal Theory by Martin & White (2005)
Appraisal Theory, developed by Martin and colleagues from 2000 to 2005 within the framework of Systemic Functional Linguistics, serves as an analytical tool to examine how language is utilized for evaluation, stance adoption, persona construction, and the management of interpersonal relationships.
Appraisal Theory analyzes how speakers and writers express their values regarding entities within their texts This theoretical framework aims to describe and explain language usage, focusing on evaluation, stance adoption, textual persona construction, and interpersonal relationship management Situated within the Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) framework, the Appraisal Framework provides a structure for examining how individuals assess people, places, events, and situations, highlighting both positive and negative evaluations in their communication styles.
Appraisal Theory focuses on how writers and speakers shape their authorial identities, align or disalign with their audiences, and construct an ideal audience for their texts (Martin & White, 2005) This theory is divided into three key sub-categories: "Attitude," "Graduation," and "Engagement."
“Engagement” The “Attitude” deals more comprehensively with feelings including
The Appraisal framework encompasses three key components: "Affect," "Judgement," and "Appreciation," focusing on the language used to evaluate degrees of meaning Within this framework, "Graduation" is divided into two sub-systems: force and focus Additionally, the system of "Engagement" addresses the linguistic tools that position a text's proposals inter-subjectively This system includes two categories, Monogloss and Heterogloss, which help articulate the level of commitment to the propositions presented.
A brief introduction of the Appraisal framework is presented by the Figure 2.1 as follows:
Figure 2.1 Overview of Appraisal Resources [Martin & White, 2005:38]
Angela Downing and Philip Locke (2006) adopt a functional approach to English grammar, drawing on Halliday's (2004) theories This perspective emphasizes the relationship between language functions and their grammatical expressions, offering valuable insights for second language acquisition by clarifying the difference between form and function.
To establish a basis for further exploration of the syntactic realizations of the "Attitude" sub-categories in English language narratives, this study draws on Martin and White's (2005) perspective alongside the semantic features outlined in Downing and Locke's (2006) theoretical framework, highlighting the interconnectedness of these two theories.
The notion of “Attitude” and realizations of its sub-systems
"Attitude," a key component of Appraisal Theory, encompasses our emotional reactions, judgments of behaviors, and evaluations of objects (Martin & White, 2005:35) This framework serves to map feelings as expressed in texts, focusing on emotional responses, assessments of human actions, and evaluations of products and processes.
Martin & White (2005:35) categorize "Attitude" into three sub-categories: "Affect," "Judgement," and "Appreciation." This framework serves as the foundation for our study, and the following section will provide a detailed explanation of these sub-categories, beginning with "Affect."
"Affect," a key component of "Attitude," serves as a semantic resource that illustrates emotional responses It encompasses the expression of both positive and negative feelings, prompting questions such as whether we feel happy or sad, confident or anxious, and interested or bored.
Martin & White (2005) identify six key factors that categorize "Affect": cultural influences, emerging emotions, responses to specific emotional events, general mood or undirected mood, the intensity of feelings, and the intention behind reactions.
Based on those criteria, “Affect” emotion groups are divided into four major sets:
- Dis/Inclination: how the speaker/ writer inclined or disinclined to something
The typical words classified in this region are:miss, long for, etc
- Un/Happiness: emotional feeling of the speaker/ writer whether he is happy or sad The typical words classified in this region are:cheerful, gloomy, buoyant, etc
The speaker's emotions, including anxiety, fear, confidence, and trust, are intricately linked to their ecosocial well-being and the surrounding environment Feelings of confidence and comfort play a crucial role in fostering a trusting relationship with one's surroundings, highlighting the importance of emotional security in navigating social interactions and environmental challenges.
Dis/satisfaction encompasses emotions related to the pursuit of goals, including feelings of ennui, displeasure, curiosity, and respect Common descriptors for these emotions include terms such as engrossed, satisfied, and pleased The manifestations of "Affect" are anticipated to vary across different grammatical functions and types, as illustrated in Tables 2.1 and 2.2.
Table 2.1 Grammatical Realization of “Affect” (Martin & White, 2005:46)
Epithet Attribute Circumstance a happy woman She was sad
Comment Modal Adjunct Happily, the man won
Nominalizations Subject, Object, … sadness, grief, etc
Table 2.2 Main subclasses of “Affect” (Martin & White, 2005:48-51)
Desire tremble/ shudder/ cower suggest/ request/ demand wary/ fearful/ terrorized miss/ long for/ yearn for
- affection whimper/ cry/ wail rubbish/ abuse/ revile chuckle/ laugh/ rejoice shake hands/ hug/ embrace down/ sad/ miserable dislike/ hate/ abhor cheerful/ buoyant/ jubilant be found of/ love/ adore
Security restless/ twitching/ shaking start/ cry out/ faint uneasy/ anxious/ freaked out startled/ jolted/ staggered
- trust declare/ assert/ proclaim delegate/ commit/ entrust together/ confident/ assured comfortable with confident in/ abouttrusting
In the realm of judgment, individuals often experience a spectrum of emotions and responses While some may find pleasure in fidgeting or yawning, signaling a lack of engagement, others may tune out entirely, exercising caution against overwhelming stimuli Positive reinforcement, such as a pat on the back or a compliment, can motivate industrious behavior and foster attentiveness Conversely, feelings of being flat, stale, or jaded can lead to frustration, with individuals becoming cross or fed up with their circumstances Ultimately, the goal is to cultivate satisfaction and a sense of being impressed or charmed, transforming negative emotions into a thrilling experience of fulfillment.
Judgement, as defined by Martin & White (2005:52), refers to the domain of meaning that shapes our attitudes toward individuals and their actions It encompasses evaluations of human behavior, categorizing it as positive or negative based on conventional norms This evaluative process allows us to label behaviors as moral or immoral, legal or illegal, and socially acceptable or unacceptable Ultimately, judgement serves as a linguistic tool for critiquing, praising, condemning, or applauding the actions, beliefs, and deeds of individuals or groups.
1 Adverbial: justly, fairly, virtuously, honestly, pluckily, indefatigably, cleverly, stupidly, eccentrically
2 Attribute and Epithet: a corrupt politician, that was dishonest, don’t be cruel, she’s very brave, he’s indefatigable, a skillful performer, truly eccentric behavior
3 Nominal: abrutal tyrant, a cheat and a liar, a hero, a genius, a maverick
4 Verbal: to cheat, to deceive, to sin, to lust after, to chicken out, to triumph
According to Martin & White (2005), "Judgement" can be categorized into two main types: Social Esteem and Social Sanction Social Esteem encompasses aspects such as Normality, Capacity, and Tenacity, while Social Sanction focuses on Veracity and Propriety.
Social esteem refers to the evaluation of individuals' behavior based on social ethics and standards of appropriateness This concept encompasses three key judgments: 'normality,' which assesses how typical or unusual a person is, using terms like normal, natural, and stable; 'capacity,' which evaluates an individual's capabilities with words such as powerful, healthy, and fit; and 'tenacity,' which measures a person's resolve and reliability through descriptors like loyal, tireless, and plucky.
Social sanction refers to the judgments made about individuals' behavior based on established legal or religious rules Unlike social esteem, which relies on unwritten norms, social sanctions are typically codified and documented Consequently, violations of these rules often result in penalties, whereas breaches of social esteem norms may only lead to social disapproval.
“unfortunate” or, at the worst level, “strange” The latter stigma is about the worst
Violating social esteem rules can lead to the necessity of legal assistance (Martin & White, 2005:53; Martin & Rose, 2003:68) Social sanctions encompass two key traits: a) "Veracity," which refers to an individual's truthfulness, with terms such as truthful, candid, and tactful; and b) "Propriety," which assesses ethical behavior, including descriptors like polite, ethical, and law-abiding.
Like “Affect”, values of “Judgement” have either positive or negative status The realization of full system of “Judgement” is set out below
Table 2.3 Types of “Judgement” (Martin & White 2005:53)
ESTEEM Positive [admire] Negative [criticize]
Is the person special? They may be considered lucky or fortunate, embodying a sense of charm and familiarity, or they could be viewed as cool and stable, fitting seamlessly into current fashion trends Alternatively, they might be celebrated or remain unsung, facing the duality of being perceived as unlucky or hapless, perhaps even star-crossed Some may find them odd or eccentric, while others see them as erratic and unpredictable They could also be labeled as dated or retrograde, existing in obscurity as an also-ran in the grand narrative of life.
A capable person is often described as powerful, vigorous, and robust, embodying sound health and fitness They are typically adults who are mature, experienced, and possess a witty sense of humor Insightfulness and cleverness highlight their gifted nature, while being balanced and sane reflects their emotional stability Sensible and shrewd, they are also literate and educated, showcasing their competence and accomplishments In contrast, an incapable individual may be seen as mild or weak, often struggling with health issues and immaturity They may exhibit dullness and a lack of intelligence, appearing flaky or neurotic, and can be naive or uneducated, leading to incompetence and unproductiveness.
When assessing a person's dependability, consider their qualities: they may exhibit bravery and heroism, demonstrating a plucky and courageous nature A dependable individual is often cautious, patient, and meticulous, showcasing thoroughness in their actions Their reliability is marked by tireless perseverance and resolute determination, as well as faithfulness and loyalty On the other hand, characteristics such as timidity, rashness, and impulsiveness can indicate unreliability Individuals who are weak, distracted, or despondent may also be deemed undependable Furthermore, stubbornness and obstinacy can hinder one's ability to be adaptable and accommodating, ultimately affecting their trustworthiness.
(Is the person honest?) truthful, honest, credible…; frank, candid, direct…; discrete, tactful… dishonest, deceitful, lying…; deceptive, manipulative, devious, blunt, blabbermouth…
Differences among “Affect”, “Judgement” and “Appreciation”
Martin & White (2005) establish clear boundaries among the three sub-divisions of "Attitude" to prevent confusion regarding their domains These defined borders serve as an objective framework, allowing researchers to ensure that their work remains aligned with the intended focus of their study.
“Attitude” itself divides into three sub-systems
“Affect”: the characterization of phenomena by reference to emotion
“Judgement”: the evaluation of human behavior with respect to social norms
“Appreciation”: the evaluation of objects and products (rather than human behavior) by reference to aesthetic principles and other systems of social value
The initial step in defining borders involves identifying which entity objects to specific elements of "Attitude" and determining the evaluation criteria for the entity This process is detailed in Table 2.5.
Table 2.5 Points of Differences/Borders (Martin & White, 2005:57-60)
Kind of Attitude To Evaluate Points of Evaluation
Affect human and other conscious beings emotion, feelings, things that happen in the heart
Judgement human and other conscious beings behavior/conduct/character
Appreciation things/phenomena; be it phenomena of nature or linguistics (language- related) the values, composition and the things impact on speakers
To make the differences clearer, there are relational clause formulas (for
The appraisal elements "Affect" and "Judgement," along with the mental clause "Appreciation," are analyzed to determine their appropriate categorization The findings are illustrated in Table 2.6.
Table 2.6 Clauses for Clearing Differences (Martin & White, 2005:58-59)
Kinds of Attitude Clauses to check Examples
Affect Person feels affect about something
It makes person feel affect that
I feel happy (about that/that they‟ve come)
It makes me feel happy that they‟ve come
Judgement It was judgement for person/of person to do that (for person) to do that was judgement
It was silly of/for them to do that
(For them) to do that was silly
Appreciation Person considers something appreciation
Person sees something as appreciation
They see it as beautiful.
Syntactic Elements of Groups by Downing & Locke (2006)
According to Downing & Locke (2006:18), Nominal Groups, Verbal Groups, Adjectival Groups, Adverbial Groups, and Prepositional Phrases are five types of groups
Nominal Groups are composed of three primary elements or functions: a head noun (h) preceded by a pre-modifier (m) and followed by a post-modifier (m)
- Pre-modifiers which consist of all items precede the head – notably nouns and adjectives
- Post-modifiers, including all the items follow the head – notably prepositional phrases, non-finite clauses, and relative clauses
In Nominal Groups, modifiers describe or classify the head, while determiners specify it regarding definiteness, quantity, and possessiveness Both determiners and modifiers, whether pre-modifiers or post-modifiers, hold equal syntactic importance as primary components of Nominal Groups.
An example of a Nominal Group is “those beautiful paintings by Goya,” where “paintings” serves as the Head noun It is enhanced by the Pre-modifier “beautiful” and followed by the Post-modifier “by Goya.” Additionally, “those” functions as the Determiner in this structure.
In Verbal Groups, the lexical verb serves as the primary component, functioning independently in either finite or non-finite forms, or accompanied by auxiliary verbs The first auxiliary present is referred to as the main auxiliary.
The "finite operator" (o) is a crucial component that provides essential information regarding tense, modality, number, and person, thereby ensuring that verbal groups are finite and fully functional In more intricate verbal constructions, each element is interconnected, as demonstrated in examples such as "plays" (v), "has played" (ov), "will be playing" (oxv), and "must have been played" (oxxv).
Determiners + Pre-modifiers + Head Noun + Post-modifiers
Adjectival Groups are structured around three key components: a Head adjective (h), which is preceded by a Pre-modifier (m) and followed by a Complement The Pre-modifier, often an adverb, appears before the head adjective, enhancing its meaning The Complement, positioned after the head, further elaborates on the adjective.
(c) is considered as a special type of post-head element Complements of adjectives are introduced by a PrepositionPhraseor by a that-clause which is controlled by the head-word of the group
In the adjectival group "extremely difficult to translate," the word "difficult" serves as the head adjective It is enhanced by the adverb "extremely" before it and is further specified by the post-modifying to-infinitive phrase "to translate."
An Adverbial Group is primarily defined by an adverb that serves as its head This adverb can be enhanced through modifications, which may occur before it (pre-modification), after it (post-modification or qualification), or through a combination of both.
In the adverbial group "more fluently than before," the word "fluently" serves as the head adverb It is enhanced by the pre-modifier "more" and further specified by the post-modifier "than before."
Prepositional phrases (PPs) consist of two essential components: the prepositional head (h) and its complement (c) Additionally, there is an optional modifier (m), often expressed through adverbs of degree such as "right" or "quite." This structure highlights the fundamental organization of PPs in language.
In the prepositional phrase "right across the road," the word "across" serves as the prepositional head This phrase is enhanced by the adverb of degree "right," which modifies the preposition, while the noun phrase "the road" acts as the post-modifier.
Overview of English Lectures by Nobel Peace Prize Laureates
The Nobel Prize is a prestigious international award founded by Swedish
Pre-modifiers + Head Adjective + Complement
Pre-modifiers + Adverb + Post-modifiers
The Nobel Prize, established by chemist Alfred Nobel, is regarded as the most prestigious academic award, representing the aspiration of researchers, activists, and writers worldwide Since its inception in 1901, the prize has honored individuals with exceptional contributions in Physics, Chemistry, Literature, Medicine, Economics, and Peace Among these, the Nobel Peace Prize stands out as one of the original five categories, recognizing efforts toward global harmony and humanitarian achievements.
The Nobel Peace Prize, awarded by the Norwegian Nobel Committee in Oslo on December 10th each year, has been presented 100 times While the prizes do not need to be awarded annually, they must be given at least once every five years, and once awarded, they cannot be revoked The prize is exclusively given to living recipients, with the exception that if a winner dies after the announcement but before the award ceremony, they still receive the prize Each year, a maximum of three individuals can be honored with the Nobel Peace Prize.
A laureate is an individual or organization recognized for their significant contributions to promoting fraternity among peoples, advocating for the reduction or abolition of standing armies, and fostering friendship between nations Additionally, the concept of "lecture" as presented by NPPLs emphasizes the importance of sharing knowledge and insights in these areas.
According to Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary - 10th Edition (2015),
“lecture” is defined as an educational talk to an audience, especially one of students in a university or college
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecture),
A lecture is an oral presentation aimed at educating individuals on a specific topic, typically delivered by a university or college instructor It serves to communicate essential information, including historical context, foundational theories, and relevant equations.
A politician's speech, a minister's sermon, and a businessman's sales presentation often resemble a lecture in structure Typically, the lecturer stands at the front of the room, delivering information pertinent to the topic at hand.
A Nobel Prize lecture is a presentation related to the recipient's awarded work, as outlined by the Nobel Foundation statutes This lecture must be delivered before or within six months following the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony, held annually in Oslo on December 10th.
Among different concepts about “lecture”, in this study, the researcher took the view of the Nobel Prize because it is suitable for this research.
SUMMARY
This chapter reviews the existing literature relevant to the thesis and introduces Appraisal Theory, focusing on the "Attitude" category and its subsystems: "Affect," "Judgement," and "Appreciation." Key concepts for the descriptive framework are drawn from the perspectives of Martin & White (2005) regarding semantic features and Angela Downing & Philip Locke (2006) concerning syntactic realizations The Appraisal framework by Martin & White (2005) provides a nuanced understanding of various types of "Attitude" and the linguistic strategies for their expression, highlighting its comprehensive scope in analyzing attitudes within language.
The article explores the concept of "Attitude," which encompasses "Affect," "Judgement," and "Appreciation." It also presents the linguistic manifestations of the "Attitude" category The subsequent chapter details the methods and procedures employed in the study.
This chapter outlines the study's methodology, beginning with the research design and the descriptive method employed It proceeds to detail the data collection process, including the subjects and instruments used The chapter further explains the data analysis techniques for identifying and classifying the data Lastly, it addresses the concepts of reliability and validity, ensuring the robustness of the research findings.
RESEARCH DESIGN
The thesis design employed a mixed-methods approach, integrating both qualitative and quantitative methodologies The qualitative aspect focused on describing and analyzing data to explore the unique manifestations of "Affect," "Judgement," and "Appreciation" in terms of their syntactic and semantic characteristics within ELNPLs Conversely, the quantitative analysis provided valuable insights into the frequency of these sub-types, expressed as percentages.
Thanks to both quantitative and qualitative approaches, the researcher could describe, analyze, and then draw conclusions in order to reach the aims of the study.
RESEARCH METHODS
This study aims to explore the sub-categories of "Attitude" in English Language Non-Proficient Learners (ELNPLs) by examining their syntactic realizations and semantic features To achieve this objective, a descriptive method was employed to detail and clarify the linguistic characteristics and realizations involved.
“Attitude” sub-categories in terms of syntactic realizations and semantic features.
DATA COLLECTION
Sampling
To prepare the data for research, the researcher collected samples featuring markers from the "Attitude" sub-categories of ELNPLs, ensuring that these samples adhered to specific criteria.
- Firstly, the samples must be in the written form
- Secondly, they must be a complete sentence of all types denoting linguistic expressions demnostrating either “Affect”, “Judgement” or “Appreciation” taken from ELNPLs
- Thirdly, all samples are taken from the official website of the Nobel Prize from the time of the beginning of the 21 st century to 2019
With such criteria, 395 samples were chosen in 25 ELNPLs from the official website of the Nobel Prize to serve the goal of the study
The collected data were analyzed to uncover the linguistic features associated with the category "Attitude," focusing on both syntactic realizations and semantic characteristics.
Instrument of Data Collection
To conduct this research, the Sketch Engine tool was used which is a corpus manager and text analysis software developed by Lexical Computing Limited since
In 2003, a research tool was utilized to analyze the frequency of various word types, including nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, focusing on the three aspects of "Attitude" as reflected in their syntactic structures and semantic characteristics.
Figure 3.1 Data processing interface of the Sketch Engine tool
DATA ANALYSIS
Data collected are mainly analyzed on the basic of the following points:
After having been collected as the data from 25 ELNPLs, 395 samples were found for analysis
- Firstly, they were collected and grouped into the three sub-categories of
The concept of "Attitude" encompasses three key components: "Affect," "Judgment," and "Appreciation." Data within each category was systematically organized and classified Subsequently, the structure of each group was analyzed and represented in charts, facilitating the drawing of meaningful insights.
To analyze semantic realizations, samples from each sub-category of "Attitude" were organized into positive and negative groups The semantic features were then presented in charts for better understanding.
The sample sizes for each type were established, and the results were visually represented using graphs through a quantitative approach These findings were expressed in percentages to facilitate analysis and evaluation.
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY
This thesis examines the reliability and validity of language through a detailed analysis of the syntactic realizations and semantic features of "Affect," "Judgement," and "Appreciation." The study is grounded in the theoretical framework established by Downing & Locke (2006) concerning syntactic realizations, as well as the perspectives of Martin & White on semantic features.
In 2005, researchers recognized the significance of semantic features in evaluative language, drawing on meticulously selected data from a reputable international website This careful collection process ensures that both the data and theoretical frameworks utilized in this study are reliable and credible.
This thesis satisfies all necessary validity criteria, ensuring that its conclusions are firmly grounded in thorough analysis, evidence, and statistics The researcher maintains objectivity throughout the study, free from bias towards predetermined outcomes Ultimately, the research's objectivity is firmly established.
SUMMARY
This chapter outlines the research methods and data collection techniques, detailing sample collection procedures It also addresses data analysis, as well as the reliability and validity of the thesis Furthermore, this chapter provides essential preparations for the findings and discussions that will follow in Chapter 4.
Chapter Four FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter is divided into two sections: the first section analyzes the syntactic realizations of the "Attitude" sub-categories found in ELNPLs, while the second section explores the semantic features associated with these sub-categories.
SYNTACTIC REALIZATIONS OF “ATTITUDE” SUB-CATEGORIES
Syntactic Realizations of “Affect”
In the Appraisal framework, "Affect" is one of the three subsystems under the category of "Attitude." As outlined by Martin & White (2005:46), "Affect" encompasses various forms of expression that convey feelings or the author's emotions within texts This section focuses on how "Affect" can be syntactically realized through the structure of nominal groups.
Nominal Groups, particularly the complex type defined by a Head noun and its modifiers, play a crucial role in expressing emotions in English Language Nominal Phrase Lists (ELNPLs) Laureates frequently utilize this structure to convey their feelings upon receiving awards, encapsulating a wealth of embedded information within these phrases.
(4.1) However, our joy of being on the right side of history made it easier for us to bear the devastating irony (EL-2011c)
(4.2) I know the honour also gives a deep sense of pride to our men, both old and young (EL-2004)
In conclusion, I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to the Norwegian Nobel Committee for acknowledging the potential and rights of impoverished individuals, particularly women, to lead dignified lives This recognition highlights the crucial role of microcredit in empowering these individuals and unlocking their potential for a better future.
(4.4) It is my fervent hope that this award will spur on efforts to make the Chemical Weapons Convention a truly universal norm (EL-2013)
The structure of complex Nominal Groups in the examples metioned above is illustrated in the Table 4.1
Table 4.1 “Affect” in the structure of complex Nominal Groups
Determiner Pre-modifier Head Noun Post-modifier
(4.1) our joy of being on the right side of history
(4.3) my deep gratitude to the Norwegian Noble
(4.4) my fervent hope that this award will spur on effort
Table 4.1 illustrates that pre-modifiers in complex nominal groups, such as adjectives like "deep" and "fervent," are connected to possessive determiners like "my," modifying head nouns such as "gratitude" and "hope" in examples (4.3) and (4.4) Prepositional phrases serve as the most common post-modifiers, providing additional information about the head noun in examples (4.1), (4.2), and (4.3), while that-clauses are also present in the remaining case (4.4) Additionally, verbal groups are used to express "affect" realizations.
The verb is the most central and indispensable part of the clause Among
The verb "affect" is frequently used by laureates to convey their positive emotions upon receiving prestigious awards This section highlights how verbal groups reflect the feelings and emotions of these award recipients Notable examples of verbal groups serving as "affect" markers are drawn from the data, illustrating the heartfelt responses of laureates in ELNPLs.
Despite my concerns that my words may fall short, I hope to convey the deep emotions I feel, inspiring those who listen to respond with urgency and take action.
(4.6) Dear friends, I hope that this distinguished prize awarded to me will encourage individuals and organizations to continue their efforts for peace
Affect markers are represented by emotional verbs such as "fear" and "hope." These verbal groups are typically straightforward, often consisting of a single word expressed in the Simple Present tense.
“Affect” of Verbal Groups can appear with other tenses For example:
(4.7) When people asked me whether I aspired to win the Nobel Peace Prize, I always answered that, for me, the actual prize was peace in Colombia (EL-2016)
(4.8) I had expected the talks with the North Korean leader to be extremely tough, and they were (EL-2000)
Table 4.2 “Affect” in the structure of Verbal Groups
Subject Auxiliary Main Verb Noun Phrase/ To-infinitive or that clause
(4.6) I hope that this distinguished prize awarded to me
(4.7) I aspired to win the Nobel Peace Prize
(4.8) I had expected the talks with the North Korean leader
In these cases (4.7), (4.8), “Affect” is understood as the feelings that the laureates receive under the influence of other agents The past participles
“aspire”and “expect”express the positive feelings and emotions of the laureates in
ELNPLs c “Affect” Realizations by means of Adjectival Groups
The data reveals that the majority of adjectives used are inherently positive, highlighting the positive feelings and emotions of the laureates To illustrate this, the structure of Adjectival Groups is examined, with selected examples provided to showcase how these emotions are effectively expressed in ELNPLs.
(4.9) I am immensely proud of those staff members, from the OPCW as well as the UN, who have volunteered to work in Syria in what are extremely challenging circumstances (EL-2013)
(4.10) The Nobel Peace Prize is a solemn message that inspires all humanity to dedicate ourselves to peace I am infinitely grateful to be given the honor
(EL-2000) (4.11) I feel deeply privileged to be able to address you on this occasion The
Nobel Committee has a long history of honouring achievement in disarmament
(EL-2013) (4.12) Muhammad Yunus The Nobel Peace Prize 2006 (BANGLADESH) Your
Majesties, Your Royal Highnesses, Honorable Members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, Grameen Bank and I are deeply honoured to receive this most prestigious of awards (EL-2006)
The Table 4.3 exemplifies the structure of Adjectival Groups expressing
Table 4.3 “Affect” in the structure of Adjectival Groups
Adverb Head Adjective Prepositional Phrase or To-infinitive
(4.9) immensely proud of those staff members
(4.10) infinitely grateful to be given the honor
(4.11) deeply privileged to be able to address you on this occasion
(4.12) deeply honoured to receive this most prestigious of awards
The Table 4.3 exemplifies the structure of Adjectival Groups expressing positive
The qualitative analysis presented in Table 4.3 highlights the clear expression of positive feelings and emotions among laureates in ELNPLs The head adjectives related to "Affect" can be expanded both forwards and backwards Similar to other groups, the "Affect" attribute is often pre-modified by intensifier adverbs such as "immensely," "infinitely," and "deeply." Additionally, post-modification of "Affect" attributes occurs through prepositional phrases and is further expanded by non-finite clauses, particularly to-verb clauses.
Among “Affect” resources in the data, no cases of feelings emotions and are signified by Adverbial Groups in “Affect” realizations in ELNPLs because
In the evaluation of feelings and emotions, laureates predominantly utilize Nominal Groups and Adjectival Groups, while Adverbial Groups are seldom employed in English Language Non-Personal Letters (ELNPLs) Additionally, "Affect" can be expressed through Prepositional Phrases, highlighting the varied ways emotions are articulated in this context.
Data from "Affect" resources indicates that emotions and feelings of the laureates are often expressed through prepositional phrases Here are some notable examples:
(4.13) What I am feeling now can be compared with the joy I have felt when seeing the changes that peace has brought to the lives of people
(EL-2008) (4.14) For six months in prison, I awaited the execution day Often, I shuddered with fear of death (EL-2000)
The structure of Prepositional Phrases in “Affect” markers is presented in the Table 4.4
Table 4.4 “Affect” in the structure of Prepositional Phrases
Head Noun Verb Phrase Prepositional Phrase
What I am feeling now can be compared with the joy
(4.14) I shuddered with fear of death
From the qualitative results shown in the Table 4.4, Prepositional Phrases of
“Affect” markers in ELNPLs have function as Verb phrase Complement in texts (4.13) and (4.14).
Syntactic Realizations of “Judgement”
According to Martin & White (2005), "Judgement" refers to the way individuals express their attitudes toward others' behaviors and capabilities This includes assessments of a person's normalcy, reliability, trustworthiness, and morality Similar to the "Affect" subcategory, the syntactic expressions that convey "Judgement" characteristics will be analyzed, focusing on their syntactic forms and providing typical examples One significant realization of "Judgement" is through the use of nominal groups.
Nominal Groups serve as powerful tools for expressing attitudes and behaviors, with data indicating that "Judgement" is the most prevalent component These groups consist of elements such as Determiners, Head nouns, Pre-modifiers, and Post-modifiers The concept of "Judgement" can be articulated through various components within complex Nominal clauses, as illustrated in the following examples.
As a continent that has transformed from devastation to one of the world's strongest economies, Europe holds a unique responsibility to millions in need, given its advanced social systems and status as the largest global aid donor.
(EL-2012) (4.16) I accept this award on behalf of Ethiopians and Eritreans, especially those who made the ultimate sacrifice in the cause of peace (EL-2019)
(4.17) The enduring spirit of the great women whose work transcended gender and geographical boundaries is in this room with us (EL-2011a)
Achieving and consolidating disarmament goals requires a pragmatic and clear-minded approach, emphasizing the need for effective tools Governments must demonstrate political courage by making difficult decisions that benefit the global community.
The Table 4.5 exemplifies the structure of complex Nominal Groups expressing
Table 4.5 “Judgement” in the structure of complex Nominal Groups
Determiner Pre-modifier Head Noun Post-modifier
(4.15) a special responsibility to millions of people
(4.16) the enduring spirit of the great women
(4.17) the ultimate sacrifice in the cause of peace
(4.18) the political courage to take tough decisions
From the Table 4.5, Pre-modifiers in the structure of Nominal Groups of
“Judgement” are mostly adjectives as “special”, “enduring”, “ultimate” and
“political” linked the Determiners “the” or “a” with the Head noun as
The concepts of "responsibility," "spirit," and "sacrifice" are often expanded through prepositional phrases, serving as common post-modifiers for the head nouns in examples (4.15), (4.16), and (4.17) Additionally, the head noun "courage" can be enhanced by the use of a post-modifying to-infinitive in example (4.18) Furthermore, the realization of "judgement" is conveyed through various verbal groups.
From “Judgement” resources in the data, the verbs in the passive form: “Be + Part Participle” were used more frequently in this category Here are some typical examples:
(4.19) I was convinced that the imaginary wall separating our two countries for much too long needed to be torn down (EL-2019)
The recent news has inspired African people everywhere, highlighting the success of our peaceful youth revolution This movement emphasizes the universal values of freedom, democracy, human rights, and freedom of expression It advocates for peace, human coexistence, and the fight against corruption and organized crime, while also addressing terrorism and resisting violence, extremism, and dictatorship These ideals are not only vital to our society but are also embraced by the entire international community.
The structure of Verbal Groups in the examples mentioned above is illustrated in the Table 4.6
Table 4.6 “Judgement” in the structure of Verbal Groups
(4.19) I was convinced that the imaginary wall separating our two countries
African people everywhere are encouraged by this new
The values and objectives of fredom … are cherished by the whole international community
As shown in the Table 4.6, it can be seen that the pattern of Verbal Group extracted from the data is “BE + Part Participle” carrying mostly positive
“Judgement” This is demonstrated by looking at the verbs “encouraged”,
“convinced”,and “cherished” in the examples (4.19), (4.20) and (4.21) c “Judgement” Realizations by means of Adjectival Groups
Adjectival Groups, similar to Nominal Groups in "Judgement" realizations, serve as powerful tools for describing characters, qualities, and expressing opinions or attitudes, particularly in English Language Non-Professional Learners (ELNPLs) These groups can be expanded through both pre-modifiers and post-modifiers, enhancing their descriptive capacity Let's explore typical examples of "Judgement" conveyed through Adjectival Groups.
(4.22) We are well aware of all these difficulties and fully aware of the challenges that lie ahead (EL-2015b)
(4.23) Still, we are at war, and I am responsible for the deployment of thousands of young Americans to battle in a distant land (EL-2009)
(4.24) Let us embrace democratic governance, protect human rights, and protect our environment I am confident that we shall rise to the occasion (EL-2004)
(4.25) I am humbled that the Nobel Committee has selected me for this precious award (EL-2014)
The Table 4.7 below shows the structure of Adjectival Groups expressing
Table 4.7 “Judgement” in the structure of Adjectival Groups
Adverb Head Adjective Prepositional Phrase or That-clause
(4.22) well fully aware aware of all these difficulties of the challenges
(4.23) responsible for the deployment of thousands of young
(4.24) confident that we shall rise to the occasion
(4.25) humbled that the Nobel Committee has selected me for this precisous award
The Table 4.7 shows the structure of Adjectival Groups expressing positive
“Judgement” in ELNPLs The Head adjectives “aware”, “responsibbe”,
The terms "confident" and "humbled" can be expanded in both directions, reflecting a positive form of "Judgement." This concept of "Judgement" is often enhanced by adverbs such as "well" or "fully." Additionally, numerous attributes related to "Judgement" emerge through prepositional phrases Finite clauses also serve as alternatives to modify the head adjective Furthermore, "Judgement" can be realized through adverbial groups, enriching its expression.
Evaluating actions or behaviors through verbal forms can be effectively achieved using Adverbial Groups However, the use of Adverbial Groups as "Judgement" markers is notably limited in English Language Non-Professional Learners (ELNPLs) Below are selected representative examples illustrating this concept.
(4.26) What I do know is that meeting these challenges will require the same vision, hard work, and persistence of those men and women who acted so boldly decades ago (EL-2009)
I am honored to accept the Centennial Nobel Peace Prize and pledge to dedicate my life to advancing human rights and peace, both in my country and globally Inspired by the lessons of history and the vision of Alfred Nobel, I commit to fostering reconciliation and cooperation among my people.
Let‟s consider the examples (4.26), (4.27), (4.28) and we obtained an analytic Table 4.8
Table 4.8 “Judgement” in the structure of Adverbial Groups
Subject Adverb Verb Noun Phrase or that-clause
(4.27) I humbly accept the Centennial Nobel Peace
(4.28) I humbly pledge that the great heroes of history have taught us
Table 4.8 illustrates that Adverbial Groups serve as positive "Judgement" markers and function as verb Modifiers in examples (4.27) and (4.28) The adverb "humbly" is commonly employed in ELNPLs to convey the laureates' attitudes Additionally, "Judgement" realizations are also expressed through Prepositional Phrases.
“Judgement” markers as Prepositional Phrases were found at least in the remaining groups Let‟s consider some typical examples below:
(4.29) Ladies and Gentlemen, Since the first Nobel Peace Prize in 1901, millions of people have died in wars could have been avoided with a little wisdom and courage (EL-2011c)
Around the globe, countless men and women have faced imprisonment and violence in their quest for justice Many work tirelessly within humanitarian organizations to alleviate suffering, while countless others perform acts of courage and compassion that inspire even the most hardened skeptics.
The Table 4.9 shows the structural elements of Prepositional Phrases expressing
Table 4.9 “Judgement” in the structure of Prepositional Phrases
Noun Phrase Verb Phrase Prepositional Phrase
Millions of people have died in wars could have been avoided with a little wisdom and courage
Across the globe, countless men and women endure imprisonment and violence in their quest for justice They work tirelessly within humanitarian organizations to alleviate suffering, demonstrating acts of courage and compassion that often go unrecognized Their inspiring efforts highlight the importance of standing up for human rights and providing relief to those in need.
As can be seen from the Table 4.9, the Prepositional Phrases of “Judgement” in ELNPLs have function as Verb Phrase Complement in texts (4.29) and (4.30).
Syntactic Realizations of “Appreciation”
The subcategory "Appreciation" evaluates the worth of various entities, including creations, performances, and natural phenomena Similar to "Affect" and "Judgement," it examines syntactic realizations through different syntax groups, such as Nominal Groups, Verbal Groups, Adjectival Groups, Adverbial Groups, and Prepositional Phrases The structure and examples of these groups are detailed in the "Appreciation" section of ELNPLs, focusing particularly on how appreciation is realized through Nominal Groups.
Nominal Groups play a significant role among the collected samples of "Appreciation" markers, which can take various forms, including a Determiner, a Head noun, and both Pre-modifiers and Post-modifiers These complex structures carry substantial "Appreciation" meaning through their modifiers and are frequently found in ELNPLs This typical structure is commonly used by laureates to convey their appreciation, encapsulating most of the embedded information effectively.
(4.31) As we celebrate today, we are mindful of the enormous challenges that we still face (EL-2011a)
(4.32) The remarkable success of chemical disarmament was born out the promise made by Nobel Peace Prize laureate (EL-2013)
(4.33) Five centuries later in India, Buddhism rose to preach the supreme importance of one's dignity and rights as a human being (EL-2000)
(4.34) Ultimately, peace requires an enduring vision And my vision of peace is rooted in the philosophy of Medemer (EL-2019)
(4.35) Your Excellencies, Ladies, and Gentlemen, the concrete engagement of the
European Union in the world are deeply marked by our continent’s tragic experience of extreme nationalism, wars, and the absolute evil of the Shoah
The structure of complex Nominal Groups in the examples mentioned above is illustrated in the Table 4.10
Table 4.10 “Appreciation” in the structure of complex Nominal Groups
Determiner Pre- modifier Head Noun Post-modifier
(4.31) the enormous challenges that we still face
(4.32) the remarkable success of chemical disarmament
(4.33) the supreme importance of one‟s dignity and rights as a human being
(4.34) my enduring vision of peace
(4.35) the concrete engagement of the European Union in the world
In complex Nominal Groups, Pre-modifiers, primarily adjectives, serve to categorize, label, describe, and evaluate the Head noun, while Prepositional Phrases act as post-modifiers, providing additional details without an intervening verb Examples from the study illustrate that these Prepositional Phrases are the most common form of post-modifiers, enhancing the meaning of the Head noun Furthermore, the Head noun can also be combined with post-modifying finite clauses The research indicates that complex Nominal Groups function as Complements or Objects within sentences, with all examined complex Noun Phrases serving as Objects.
Verbal Groups play a significant role in the sub-category of "Appreciation," where they represent a small yet notable portion Laureates tend to favor the construction "MUST + BARE INFINITIVE" when expressing their ideas This pattern highlights a preference for a specific verbal form in their communication.
(4.36) Further, industry and global institutions must appreciate that ensuring economic justice, equity and ecological integrity are of greater value than profits at any cost (EL-2004)
Inaction can burden our conscience and result in more expensive interventions down the line Therefore, it is essential for all responsible nations to recognize the critical role that militaries, equipped with a clear mandate, can play in maintaining peace.
Originating from India, a civilization steeped in ancient traditions and wisdom, I believe that the philosophy of "Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam," which translates to "the whole universe is one family," should guide our global efforts to safeguard the common heritage of humanity.
The modal verb "must" emphasizes the urgency of necessary actions that are essential for strengthening the nation and fostering global peace.
Verbal Groups are also appreared in the passive form: “BE + PART PARTICIPLE” Here are some typical examples:
(4.39) This tendency is strengthened day after day with all available means of communication, thanks to the rapid and astonishing development of information technology and the communications revolution (EL-2011c)
The unwavering human desire for freedom ensures that China will ultimately evolve into a nation governed by the rule of law, where human rights are prioritized I am hopeful that this progress will be evident in the upcoming trial, as I anticipate a fair and impartial decision from the collegial bench—one that will endure the scrutiny of history.
(4.41) The scourge of racism has been vanquished, either in the red hills of our state or around the world (EL-2002)
Table 4.11 “Appreciation” in the structure of Verbal Groups in passive forms
(4.39) This tendency is strengthened day after day with all available means of communications
This sort of progress can be reflected in this trial
The scourge of racism hasbeenvanquish ed either in the red hills…
Table 4.11 illustrates that the complex verbal groups extracted from the data predominantly feature passive constructions in the form of "BE + PART PARTICIPLE," which convey a positive and appreciative meaning This is evidenced by the verbs "strengthen," "reflect," and "vanquish," which play significant roles in the clauses.
Predicates of sentences realize the “Thing appreciated” c “Appreciation” Realizations by means of Adjectival Groups
The data reveals that a significant majority of adjectives convey inherently positive appreciation, although there are some notable exceptions that reflect negative appreciation This article illustrates the structure of adjectival groups and demonstrates how both positive and negative appreciation can be expressed in English language noun phrase labels (ELNPLs) Below are selected representative examples.
Despite significant challenges, both public and private sectors in Norway have consistently demonstrated a commitment to the core values of openness, integrity, and justice.
(4.43) We understand, as never before, that each of us is fully worthy of the respect and dignity essential to our common humanity (EL-2001)
Listening to the victims of this war has revealed their heartbreaking stories, emphasizing the urgent need for a stable and lasting peace Their presence today serves as a poignant reminder of why we must prioritize peace-building efforts.
(4.45) We create what we want What we want and how we get to it depends on our mindsets It is extremely difficult to change mindsets once they are formed
The structure of Adjectival Groups in the examples mentioned above is illustrated in the Table 4.12 expressing both positive and negative “Appreciation” in ELNPLs
Table 4.12 “Appreciation” in the structure of Adjectival Groups
Adverb Head Adjective Prepositional Phrase or To-infinitive
(4.42) consistent with your historic adherence
(4.43) fully worthy of the respect and dignity essential
(4.44) so important to build a stable and lasting peace
(4.45) extremely difficult to change mindsets
The Table 4.12 exemplifies the structure of Adjectival Groups expressing positive Appreciation“consistent”, “worthy” and “important”, except the token
The term "difficult" conveys a negative appreciation, as highlighted in the qualitative analysis presented in Table 4.12 The appreciated adjective phrase enhances the subject's description and serves as a Subject Complement in sentences Additionally, Prepositional Phrases or To-infinitive clauses further articulate this meaning.
“Thing Appreciated”, that is to say the Object of the Appreciation d “Appreciation” Realizations by means of Adverbial Groups
Adverbial Groups, despite being the smallest proportion in language structures, play a crucial role in evaluating communication, both in form and content In English Language Non-Personal Letters (ELNPLs), these groups are predominantly used to modify adjectives, as demonstrated in various examples.
The proliferation of advanced science and technology raises concerns about the reliance on nuclear weapons, as this dependency may make such weapons more appealing to others.
(4.47) Not even four days had passed after the surprising plebiscite when the
Norwegian Committee announced an equally surprising award of the Nobel Peace Prize (EL-2016)
Let‟s consider the examples (4.46), (4.47) and we obtained an analytic Table 4.13
Table 4.13 “Appreciation” in the structure of Adverbial Groups
Noun Phrase Verb Phrase Adverb Phrase
(4.46) These same weapons will become increasingly
As can be seen from the Table 4.13, the adverb phrases can be realized mostly positive “Appreciation” and function as Modifiers of the adjective“attractive”and
“surprising” in instances (4.46), (4.47) Moreover, the subject positions in the clauses are “Thing appreciated” e “Appreciation” Realizations by means of Prepositional Phrases