选题理由
Language serves as a vital communication tool for humanity, with ongoing exploration and research into its complexities Every culture, whether Eastern or Western, possesses unique expressions and terminologies Rather than merely a set of rules and grammar, language is a medium through which individuals convey their emotions and thoughts, fostering deeper mutual understanding In everyday life, language communicates significant information, and the ways in which people express their intended messages are referred to as "speech acts."
"Stopping" refers to the act of compelling someone to cease their actions, which, when done improperly, can lead to emotional barriers and communication breakdowns To effectively stop someone without causing them to feel attacked, it is essential to choose the right phrasing that respects their dignity and facilitates acceptance It is evident that when we attempt to halt someone, we often employ various strategies to minimize the perceived threat, while those being stopped may also use different tactics to maintain their viewpoints The discourse surrounding stopping and being stopped is rich with cultural nuances and diverse strategies, highlighting the importance of this issue in communication.
Different ethnic groups have distinct social perspectives, leading to varied forms of prohibition and compliance While the official languages of China and Vietnam are largely similar, subtle differences exist that influence how the people of both nations experience and express these concepts Currently, there has been no thorough examination comparing the prohibitive speech acts in modern Chinese with those in Vietnamese.
Research on the cessation of speech acts remains limited, highlighting the significance of my study in filling this gap Cessation of speech acts is an essential component of communication As a Chinese language educator, I recognize the critical role that these acts play in effective interaction This study compares the cessation of speech acts between Chinese and Vietnamese, examining their expressions, semantic and pragmatic features, and usage It identifies key similarities and differences, analyzes their underlying causes, and aims to enhance communication between Vietnamese students and their Chinese peers, enabling a clearer understanding while minimizing cross-cultural misunderstandings.
The study of "prohibitive" speech acts, a subset of directive speech acts, is a relatively new field During the research process, I encountered significant challenges, particularly due to the scarcity of Vietnamese language corpora I will strive to explore a wide range of linguistic facts from multiple perspectives to accurately and objectively reveal the patterns of prohibitive speech acts in modern Chinese and Vietnamese.
Due to the reasons mentioned above, I propose to title this research as "A Study on the Prevention of Linguistic Behavior in Modern Chinese: A Comparative Analysis with Vietnamese."
研究目的
This paper aims to explore the similarities and differences in speech act cessation between Chinese and Vietnamese at the levels of grammar, semantics, and pragmatics By examining these aspects, the study deepens the understanding of sociolinguistic theories of language behavior and enhances effective communication skills Additionally, it contributes to the investigation of various communication strategies influenced by language, culture, and social factors It is hoped that this research will serve as a valuable reference for learners of Chinese and Vietnamese.
研究范围与对象
本论文的研究对象：
This article focuses on the speech act of prohibition in both Chinese and Vietnamese languages It primarily examines the use of prohibitive speech acts in modern communication within these two linguistic contexts.
本论文的研究范围：
•汉、越南语的文学作品，影视作品中的拟会话语料。
•真实语料，主要是日常生活中真实会话的记录。
•北京大学汉语语言学研究中心语料库。
研究仸务
为了达到上面所提出的目的，本论文需要完成以下几项仸务：
(1)了解有关课题的理论基础。
This article examines indirect refusal expressions in Chinese, highlighting their distinctive characteristics, semantic features, pragmatic functions, and cultural implications.
(3) 现代汉语言语行为与越南语对应表达方式之对比，指出二者异同之处。
研究方法
This paper aims to explore the characteristics, semantics, pragmatics, and cultural implications of indirect prohibitive expressions in Chinese It also seeks to identify the similarities and differences between indirect prohibitive expressions in Chinese and Vietnamese The research methods employed in this study include various analytical approaches.
Discourse analysis focuses on the study of modern Chinese indirect prohibitive expressions, examining their forms, semantic characteristics, pragmatic functions, and discourse patterns.
2 描写法：对现代汉语间接制止语的结极进行描写。
3 归纳法：将所描写的汉语间接制止语的语义及结极归纳成几项特点。
The comparative method involves analyzing the indirect prohibitive expressions in Chinese and Vietnamese, focusing on their structural, semantic, pragmatic, and cultural implications This interlingual comparison highlights the similarities and differences in how prohibitions are conveyed and understood in both languages, enriching our understanding of their unique cultural contexts.
5 社会语言学的调查法：对中国人和越南人间接制止语的实际使用情况
论文结极
除了前言，结语，参考文献之外，本文共有三章：
Chapter One primarily introduces the theoretical foundations related to speech act theory, focusing on directive actions It examines the concept of "prohibitive" speech acts within directive behavior, discussing the criteria for defining "prohibitive" speech acts and proposing methods for their classification.
Chapter Two: An Examination of the Prohibitive Speech Acts in Modern Chinese This section primarily discusses the characteristics of prohibitive speech acts in modern Chinese, including the means of expression and strategic choices, as well as the various factors that influence these prohibitive speech acts within the language.
Chapter 3: A Comparative Analysis of Modern Chinese Speech Acts and Their Corresponding Expressions in Vietnamese This section examines the similarities and differences between Vietnamese and Chinese in terms of speech acts by analyzing relevant corpora.
相关理论依据
1.1.1 言语行为理论简介
1.1.1.1 言语行为的定义
Language serves as a crucial communication tool for humanity The exploration and study of verbal expression have been ongoing for centuries Recently, researchers in linguistics have focused on sentences and words with distinct functional characteristics due to their significant theoretical value and practical implications.
In the process of communication, humans use language to convey information, with speakers often aiming to influence listeners through their words This highlights that language use is an active behavioral process The concept of speech acts emerged from the speech act theory proposed by British philosopher John Austin in the 1950s According to this theory, the fundamental unit of human communication is not sentences or other expressions but rather the execution of specific actions Speech acts are closely tied to context, allowing us to predict them based on situational cues.
John Austin emphasizes that while performative utterances do not possess truth values, certain conditions must be met for them to effectively carry out an action These necessary conditions include appropriate procedures, personnel, context, and the mental state of the individuals involved.
J.R Searl, an American philosopher, asserts that using language is a purposeful and intentional activity governed by specific rules When people speak, they engage in various speech acts that adhere to these linguistic regulations He emphasizes that the fundamental unit of verbal communication is not merely language itself but rather the speech acts it comprises Thus, effective communication is essentially constructed from a series of individual speech acts.
根据言语行为理论，说话者说话时可能同时实施三种行为：言内行为
Locutionary acts involve the utterance of words, phrases, and clauses that convey literal meanings through syntax and vocabulary Illocutionary acts reflect the speaker's intention behind the words spoken, indicating the actions performed while communicating Perlocutionary acts refer to the effects or changes that result from the spoken words, highlighting the consequences of the discourse.
Since inner speech is part of the linguistic system, and subsequent actions are not considered linguistic acts but rather complex psychological processes, linguists have historically focused on external behaviors rather than delayed actions.
1.1.1.2 言语行为的分类
In the academic field, there are three primary classifications of speech acts: Austin's fivefold categorization, Searle's distinctions, and a third approach that further elaborates on these theories.
五分法及Leech 的四分法。
（1）奥斯丁（Austin）的分类：
According to Austin (1962), the number of performative verbs corresponds to the number of performative acts He categorizes performative verbs into five main types.
A verdict refers to a decision made by a jury, arbitrator, or judge based on evidence or reasoning regarding the nature of certain events For instance, when a jury finds someone not guilty, they are making a judgment based on the evidence presented to them.
（2） 行使类（exercitivers/ Hành xử）行使类涉及权利的使用。
Commitment types (permissives) focus on the speaker's obligation to perform a specific action When an individual makes a promise, they take on the responsibility to carry out the committed behavior.
Expositive verbs are utilized in expository actions to clarify viewpoints, develop arguments, and specify usage and references.
Behabitives, also known as expressive behaviors, are closely related to social interactions and involve responding to the actions of others These behaviors reflect our reactions and attitudes towards social situations, highlighting the importance of communication in our daily lives.
John Austin's classification has faced criticism for its lack of uniform standards and systematic approach His student, John Searle, argues that Austin conflated the relationship between speech acts and speech act verbs, suggesting that the presence or absence of verbs should not serve as a criterion for categorizing speech acts Furthermore, Searle contends that certain verbs that do not inherently perform an action should not be included in the classification of performative verbs.
（2 ）赛尔（Searle）的分法
In 1975, Searle identified twelve distinct aspects of speech acts, using them as criteria for categorization However, he focused on four key bases for classifying speech acts: (1) the purpose of the speech act, (2) the alignment between discourse and the objective world, (3) the psychological state of the speaker, and (4) the propositional content Based on these criteria, Searle categorized speech acts into five main types.
（1） 断言类（assertives/ Xác tín）如主张，预告，描述等。
（2） 指令类（directives/ Điều khiển）如请求，命令，威胁等。
（3） 承诺类（commiasives/ Cam kết）如许诺，起誓等。
（4） 表达类（experessives/ Biểu lộ）如道歉，批评，夸奖等。
（5） 宜告类（declarations / Tuyên bố）如断言，命名等。
赛尔（Searle）的分类具有一定的科学性，但还是相当概括的。要把那么多
Classifying speech acts into distinct categories is a challenging task, and no one has yet proposed a more coherent classification system than that of Searle One significant limitation of Searle's classification is its static perspective, which separates speech acts from their context and distinguishes between non-literal actions and the most common conversational activities According to Searle's framework, prohibitive speech acts fall under the category of directives.
现代汉语制止言语行为
1.2.1 “指令”类言语行为
Most scholars agree that directive speech acts primarily involve the speaker encouraging the listener to act according to their intentions.
We believe that the conditions distinguishing directive behaviors from other actions primarily exhibit three key characteristics.
第一， 说话者对听话者的行为作出指令
第二， 说话者有让听话者事实行的意图
The speaker intends to influence the state of the real world through the actions that the listener is instructed to perform.
This paper analyzes directive speech acts, focusing on the core concept of "discourse power." It examines how directive speech acts influence communication dynamics and authority in conversations The study highlights the significance of understanding discourse power in effective communication and its implications for interpersonal interactions.
在这一视角下，可将指命言语行为分为“三大类别”。
（1） 强调自身话语权的指令言语行为
（2） 模糊彼此话语的指令言语行为
（3） 强电对方话语权利的指令言语行为
The issue of "disposal of discourse power" has led to the problem of "degree of directive." This paper analyzes speech acts, categorizing directive speech acts into three levels: mandatory commands, general directives, and weak directives These can be further detailed into categories such as "threats," "orders," "suggestions," and "requests."
强指令 一般指令 弱指令
表1：“指令类”言语行为力度等级
The classification presented in the table appears vague and incomplete, lacking clarity in its definitions It is impossible to categorize every situation with absolute precision; instead, we primarily rely on varying degrees of classification.
1.2.2 制止言语行为
1.2.2.1 制止言语行为的界定
In 1962, Austin categorized speech acts into five types based on performative verbs: declarative, operative, commissive, performative, and explicative Searle (1976) highlighted the limitations of Austin's classification system.
A significant drawback is the absence of a consistent classification standard Building on Searle's critique of Austin's categorization, twelve distinct aspects that differentiate various speech acts have been identified The three most crucial aspects are the illocutionary point, the direction of fit, and the expressed psychological state.
（expressed psychological state）。以上面所说的三个方面为主要根据，赛尔
（Searle）对言语行为进行了重新分析：断言类，指令类，承诺类，表达类，宣告
赛尔（Searle）将“制止”归为指令类言语行为，并根据一些具体条件，如
命题内容条件 说话人言及听话人将要做的动作
准备条件 （1） 说话人有理由相信这个动作对听话人是有力的
The speaker does not believe that the action is something the listener is expected to perform However, the speaker genuinely believes that this action will be beneficial and impactful for the listener.
基本条件 尽可能对听话人有力的
表2 ：：赛尔（Searle）对“制止”的解释
赛尔（Searle）认为“制止”就是说话人言及到自己认为对听话者有力，并
希望听话者能够按照自己的言语去做一件事情。
本论文将“制止言语行为”界定如下：
（1） 一种指令性言语行为
（2） 说要人言及到听话人要做的事
（3） 说话人言及此事是真诚的希望，相信对听话人有利
（4） 听话人有利行动目的主权
According to Searle's theory of speech acts, several conditions, known as "felicity conditions," must be met for a speech act to be successfully performed Searle identifies four specific felicity conditions that vary depending on the type of speech act being executed.
(1) 命题内容条件
说话者说话内容必须是听话者要做的事情。
第一，说话者认为听话者有能力做某事
第二，说话人认为听话人会做出不利于听话人的事
The speaker genuinely desires the listener to take action and firmly believes that the listener will follow through on the spoken words.
制止言语行为的基本条件是提出自己的主张，试图听者做某事。
制止言语行为研究状况
1.3.1 国外相关问题的研究现状
The theory of speech acts in linguistics emerged in the 1950s and has since garnered significant attention from scholars, leading to substantial achievements in understanding various sociolinguistic phenomena Upon its introduction to China, this theory sparked considerable interest and debate among researchers Many Chinese scholars have highlighted the differences in language strategies between Chinese and Western individuals, attributing these variations to cultural differences The insights and comparative findings from this theory have been widely applied in numerous doctoral and master's theses, as well as academic reports.
Most international scholars studying speech act cessation focus on a cross-cultural perspective, often comparing Vietnamese speech acts with those in English and Chinese However, research specifically addressing the cessation of speech acts in Vietnamese remains scarce.
温锁林（2008）的《汉语口语中表示制止的祈使习用语》，《应答词“是”、
The analysis of the speech functions of "对" and "好" by Zhao Cong (2006) and Wu Xing's (2012) study on modern Chinese prohibitive response words both explore the significance of speech acts that indicate cessation, particularly in relation to the intensity of dependency in competitive contexts.
1.3.2 国内相关问题的研究成果
Tại Việt Nam, Đỗ Hữu Châu (1993, 2001), Nguyễn Đức Dân (1998) và Nguyễn Thiện Giáp (2000) đã đặt nền tảng cho nghiên cứu ngữ dụng học, với nhiều luận án tiến sĩ, luận văn thạc sĩ và báo cáo khoa học dựa vào các lý thuyết này để phân tích hành vi ngôn ngữ trong tiếng Việt.
Trước những năm 90, nghiên cứu ngôn ngữ Việt Nam chủ yếu bị giới hạn trong cấu trúc chủ-vị Tuy nhiên, sự xuất hiện của dự án nghiên cứu do Tiến sĩ Nguyễn Hữu Châu thực hiện đã mở ra một hướng nghiên cứu mới cho lĩnh vực này.
Ngôn ngữ không chỉ tồn tại trong hệ thống mà còn nằm giữa con người với con người, được nghiên cứu trong mối quan hệ tâm lý, xã hội học và văn học Đóng góp lớn nhất của Tiến sĩ Nguyễn Hữu Châu trong "ứng dụng học" chính là việc đặt vấn đề nghiên cứu ngôn ngữ trong mối quan hệ của người sử dụng, mở ra hướng đi liên ngành giữa văn học và ngôn ngữ.
PGS.TS Đào Thanh Lan, Vũ Ngọc Hoa, Nguyễn Thị Hoàng Yến và Nguyễn Thu Hạnh đã tiến hành nghiên cứu về hành vi ngôn ngữ, cho thấy rằng quan điểm của các nhà nghiên cứu về nội hàm của khái niệm "thỉnh cầu" không hoàn toàn thống nhất.
There is no unified naming convention for such sentences, as research primarily focuses on their use in flat contexts Scholars have begun to examine the pragmatic actions within discourse, sharing a fundamental understanding of imperatives Imperatives are defined as the speaker's request for the listener to perform a specific action in the future, exhibiting varying degrees of directive force These actions can be categorized into several subtypes, including requests, pleas, invitations, wishes, commands, prohibitions, and advice.
However, the topic of curbing verbal behavior has yet to be explored by anyone to date I hope my discussion will shed light on this important issue.
文会给越南言语行为研究添加一块砖瓦。
Stopping and preventing are among the most common verbal behaviors worldwide Different cultural backgrounds exhibit various forms of stopping, and within the same culture, groups may express it differently based on social factors such as status, gender, age, and communication intent The primary goal of stopping is often constructive, aiming for the recipient to recognize their shortcomings and make corrections However, this verbal behavior can pose a threat to the face of both the recipient and the speaker, as it risks undermining their positive and negative face Therefore, to ensure that the recipient is willing to accept the stopping remarks, the speaker must consider multiple factors to protect both parties' face and maintain a harmonious relationship while achieving the intended stopping effect.
The principle of politeness in communication has garnered significant attention from experts and scholars, who analyze it from various perspectives This paper adopts Brown and Levinson's concepts of positive and negative face as its theoretical framework to examine the speech acts and responses in modern Chinese It aims to identify the usage and characteristics of various face-saving strategies employed in these interactions Additionally, the study compares the findings from modern Chinese with Vietnamese, highlighting the fundamental similarities and differences between the two languages.
现代汉语制止言语行为的特点
Searle corrected Austin's misclassification of speech acts by introducing a new categorization method based on speech acts He proposed five distinct categories: assertives (or representatives), expressives, directives, and commissives.
According to Searle's classification, speech acts such as requests, persuasion, suggestions, commands, and threats fall under the category of directive speech acts These acts share a common intention: the speaker aims to direct the listener to perform a certain action, typically in the future The primary goal is to alter the objective world to align with the speaker's discourse Psychologically, the speaker hopes the listener will align with their behavioral intentions However, these directive speech acts can also pose varying degrees of threat to the listener's face, highlighting the complexity and differences among the subcategories within directive speech acts.
Many scholars believe that the acts of warning, threatening, and prohibiting are similar However, my research indicates that there are both connections and distinctions among these three forms of speech Due to their similar expressions, warnings and threats are often categorized together Moreover, warnings and threats frequently involve prohibitions, leading to a blurred line between the three Therefore, it is essential to differentiate and understand them clearly.
第一：威胁言语行为：威胁言语行为是人们日常生活中普遍的交际现象。
《现代汉语词典》（第六版）对“威胁”的定义是：用威力逼迫恫吓使人屈朋。
The dictionary defines "threat" as an act of coercion or intimidation, where the speaker uses alarming language to compel the listener to comply This form of verbal behavior involves the speaker explicitly stating potential harmful actions that may be taken if their demands are not met Typically, the speaker positions themselves as the subject of the threat, emphasizing their own intentions to enforce compliance.
Warning speech acts are communicative actions where the speaker aims to alert the listener to potential negative consequences, encouraging them to remain vigilant In essence, a warning can be defined as a verbal act intended to advise the listener against possible adverse outcomes, grounded in the speaker's perspective while considering the listener's viewpoint.
The term "prohibition" is defined in the sixth edition of the Modern Chinese Dictionary as "not permitted." This definition indicates that prohibition means to forbid or disallow certain actions The purpose of prohibition is to prevent undesirable behaviors Therefore, we summarize the definition of prohibiting verbal actions as a speaker's attempt to prevent a listener from engaging in actions they are about to take or may wish to take.
Both warning speech acts and threatening speech acts aim to influence the listener's actions However, threatening speech acts employ coercive means to compel the listener to act (or refrain from acting) according to the speaker's desires, prioritizing the speaker's interests over those of the listener The fundamental distinction between warning and threatening speech acts lies in this self-serving intention of the speaker, who seeks to achieve their own goals through the threat, rather than considering the listener's perspective.
The primary purpose of a warning is to alert the recipient, making them aware of potential dangers through verbal communication In contrast, prohibition simply aims to halt or prevent the recipient's actions, representing a denial of those behaviors The speaker's perspective in warning speech acts is centered on the recipient, while the stance in prohibitive acts can belong to either the speaker or the recipient In threatening speech acts, the speaker's actions are contingent upon whether the recipient follows through with their behavior, conveying the speaker's desire for the recipient to either take or refrain from certain actions in alignment with the speaker's wishes.
我们可以仍下表中看出三者的区别与联系
分类 内容 警告 威胁 禁止
不同之处 定义方面 发话人
To alert the recipient and help them avoid potential negative consequences, it is essential to issue a warning in advance.
发话人 为了使受话人 屈朋，而对其 发出的恫吓行 为。
To prevent undesirable behaviors from occurring, the speaker issues a restraining action aimed at the listener's forthcoming actions This proactive approach emphasizes the speaker's position in addressing potential issues.
的立场受话人 的立场
受话人 的立场
The speaker's perspective may align with that of the listener, particularly regarding future actions This shared viewpoint can be examined through the lens of tense, highlighting how both parties anticipate upcoming behaviors and responses.
目的方面 发话人对听话人的动作或者行为进行阻止
表3：“警告，禁止，威胁言语行为”对比表
Warnings, threats, and prohibitions are fundamentally three distinct speech acts Understanding the differences among these speech acts aids in selecting appropriate expressions and language for communication, thereby minimizing pragmatic errors in interactions.
Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy rằng việc ngăn chặn hành vi ngôn ngữ có tính ổn định tương đối cao Cấu trúc "Nếu A thì B" thường được sử dụng để diễn đạt điều này.
Trong ngữ cảnh giao tiếp, người nói có thể sử dụng các câu để ngăn chặn, đe dọa hoặc cảnh báo người nghe không tiếp tục hành động A Những câu này thường mang tính chất nghiêm túc và thể hiện sự quyết liệt trong việc yêu cầu dừng lại hành động không mong muốn.
Con người không chỉ đạt được mục đích ngăn chặn thông qua hình thức hành vi ngôn ngữ "nếu A thì B", mà còn thông qua việc tác động đến người nói.
影响汉语中制止言语行为的诸多因素
2.2.1 空间距离因素
Spatial distance refers to the physical proximity between communicators When the distance is so great that the speaker does not need to raise their voice, it exceeds the normal range for verbal communication In such cases, speakers tend to use shorter sentences to convey information, often at the expense of politeness and formality Conversely, when communicators are face-to-face and closer in distance, it subjectively reduces emotional distance, leading to a warmer and friendlier tone, while politeness and formality may be less emphasized In situations where the spatial distance is neither too far nor too close, the context should guide the communication style.
Long-distance communication often relies on concise, impactful statements combined with high volume to create a more startling effect, making it easier to achieve the intended communicative goal.
（例83）银行考虑到参与商战企业还贷款难，提出警告说“如果今后谁家再
搞商战，就要在贷款上实行制裁。
（例84）赵雅芝好不容易才见到这位神的导演，谁知导演像不认识她似的，
After being warned that she would be reported to the police if she continued to harass them, Zhao Yizhi lost her composure and was subsequently sent to a mental institution.
《中国北漂艺人生存实录》
A police officer escorted her home in handcuffs and warned her husband, "You must not hit your wife again; if you do, I will take you away."
The sentences above convey a strong tone due to the distance, making the speaker's intentions clear Most of them illustrate the consequences of predictions to prevent certain actions from occurring.
In close social interactions, people often avoid using polite language to command or prohibit others from doing certain things Instead, speakers tend to express their intentions directly, using strong tone and resolute eye contact to ensure their message is understood clearly.
In close-range communication, speakers have a variety of choices and can select appropriate phrases based on different linguistic contexts.
Chen Dalei immediately stood up and responded loudly, “Report to the Political Commissar, that chairman of the maintenance committee is Old Song, a true ally with a loyal heart He frequently gathers intelligence for our army.”
政委气着笑骂道：“别装蒜，我不是问那个老宋，是问你怎么回事？”
（《我的兄弟叫宋溜》）
（例87）景旗全明白了，忙插了嘴：“不行就算了，上那边看看”
掌柜乙：“别介，少东家，好商量啊！”
（例88）刘素娥：“给我”
孔大远：“你拉倒吧。别想一出是一出”。
2.2.2 心里距离因素
In communication, the psychological distance between parties varies based on their relationship depth Generally, when individuals have a more distant relationship, they tend to use more polite forms of interaction In such cases, speakers are less likely to be direct, opting instead for a more tactful or gentle tone, which enhances politeness and courtesy in their exchanges.
（例89）许三多（敬礼）：“……一连长好”。
In a relaxed manner, the squad leader remarked, "Alright, let's settle this; in this house, there's no distinction in size If we’re talking about size, his son is the biggest."
In the military, soldiers typically salute their superiors and greet them with "Hello, Commander." However, when the commander is unfamiliar with the soldier, the response may be brief before parting ways In contrast, the commander mentioned in this article interacts with the soldiers as if they were family, fostering a more personal and approachable atmosphere.
（例90）孙公：“如果你没有钱，别说娼妓，连你老婆都不会爱你”
龙雯：“别说了，教我背着诗”
（《大秦英豪榜》）
2.2.3 文化层次差异
Individuals with a higher cultural level tend to emphasize the politeness and elegance of their language, while those with a lower cultural level often prefer a simpler, more direct approach Therefore, when choosing the appropriate way to express oneself, it is essential to consider the cultural background of the communication partner.
（1）文化层次高
（例91）太春：“叶落归根，迟早是要回去的”
那生：“您趁早歇了吧。我回去艾琳娜怎么办？”
"I'm sorry, I'm not Ning Wei If I were in his position, I wouldn't attempt to escape from prison I would accept my rehabilitation and work towards becoming a better person It's only fifteen years; why spend the entire sentence behind bars?"
"If you were in his position, you would likely need to accomplish something extraordinary Therefore, I would like to borrow some of your insights What do you think Ning Wei's first action will be after escaping from prison?"
（例93）巧柔：“黑香米是咱地方名产，上心种，不吃亏”
广顺：“你拉倒吧！有不是没种过，就那么点产量，能挣几个打钱”
（例94）“我也犯过生活错误，我和林芬芳，就是那个林大胖子……”
徐玉兰说：“许三观，你说这些干什么?”
（《许三观卖血记》）
（例 95）秋蝉话中带刺：“那你回来干什么？出外的人谁不指望着衣绵还乡，
苏代：“秋蝉，你少说两句，还不去做饭。”
（《大秦英豪榜》）
（2）文化层次低
Trong một cuộc tranh cãi căng thẳng, Trung Nhảy Minh đã không kiềm chế được cơn giận của mình và bất chấp thân phận, đã lao vào chửi bới với Bát Ca, thể hiện sự tức giận mãnh liệt khi nghe thấy những lời lẽ xúc phạm.