INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the study
Communication differences between countries are largely influenced by high and low context cultures A common saying highlights this: "A high-context joke from a high-context culture will not translate well to someone of a different culture." This emphasizes the importance of adapting to local customs, as illustrated by the phrase "When in Rome, do as the Romans do." To truly understand others, individuals must recognize the context they are in and be aware of any underlying meanings that may exist in conversations.
Vietnam is characterized by a high context culture, while the United States is typically classified as low context However, this study reveals that many Americans, including former President Obama, utilize high context elements in their communication By analyzing Obama's inaugural speeches, this research aims to highlight the presence of both high and low context elements in American discourse.
This thesis analyzes two American presidential inaugurals to explore their significance An inaugural address serves not only to outline the president's intentions and duties but also to reveal their personality and enthusiasm By examining these speeches, the author aims to capture the American status at the time and President Obama's aspirations for the nation Additionally, the research demonstrates how an individual from a low-context culture can effectively incorporate high-context elements, thereby enhancing the objectivity and persuasiveness of the study.
Analyzing both of Obama's inaugurals reveals patterns in his use of high-context versus low-context elements, highlighting the significance of context in his speeches This comparative approach underscores that understanding the nuances of his communication style requires examining both events rather than isolating one.
Scope and objectives of the study
This study examines the high and low context elements in President Barack Obama's inaugural addresses from 2009 and 2013, utilizing Edward T Hall's high and low context culture theory The research aims to uncover the differences in Obama's use of these elements over time while addressing similar topics, evaluate the frequency of high context elements in his speeches despite the United States being predominantly a low context culture, and analyze the underlying meanings in specific instances.
Hall's high and low context culture theory stands out for its clarity and simplicity compared to other complex and poorly written works This theory is well-organized and easily digestible, as it effectively categorizes communication styles into sub-groups: high context, low context, and the contrast between the two.
Research questions
In order to fulfill its objectives stated above, this paper needs to answer the following research questions:
1 In what circumstances does Obama employ high context elements to express his ideas instead of using low context elements?
2 What are the meanings between the lines in those circumstances?
3 To what extend does Obama use high context elements to express the same content in both of his inaugural speech?
DEVELOPMENT
Context, as defined by Phil McNulty (2012), refers to the surrounding circumstances and environment that clarify the meaning of an event or occurrence For example, understanding the context of a confrontation can reveal underlying tensions in a relationship In linguistics, context pertains to the surrounding text that aids in interpreting the meaning of a word or passage.
Context in language use refers to the relevant constraints of a communicative situation that shape language variation and discourse In the language sciences, including linguistics, sociolinguistics, and pragmatics, context is understood in two primary ways: verbal context, which pertains to the linguistic elements present, and social context, which considers the social factors influencing communication.
Verbal context encompasses the surrounding text or dialogue associated with an expression, such as a word, sentence, or speech act, significantly influencing our understanding of that expression This underscores the importance of not quoting individuals out of context In contemporary linguistics, which often focuses on texts, discourses, and conversations, the analysis of verbal context is rooted in examining discourse structures and their interrelationships, particularly the coherence relations between sentences.
In sociolinguistics, social context has traditionally been understood through objective social variables like class, gender, age, and race However, contemporary approaches increasingly define social contexts based on the social identities that language users construct and express through their spoken and written communication.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Context theory
Context, as defined by Phil McNulty (2012), refers to the surroundings and circumstances that clarify the meaning of an event or occurrence For instance, understanding the context of a conflict can reveal underlying tensions, such as a strained relationship In linguistics, context encompasses the text surrounding a word or passage, which is essential for determining its meaning.
Context in language use refers to the relevant constraints of a communicative situation that impact language variation and discourse In the language sciences, including linguistics, sociolinguistics, and pragmatics, context is understood in two primary ways: as verbal context and social context.
Verbal context encompasses the surrounding text or conversation that influences our understanding of expressions, such as words, sentences, or speech acts This highlights the importance of not citing individuals out of context In contemporary linguistics, the analysis of verbal context focuses on text, discourse, and conversations, examining discourse structures and their interrelationships, particularly the coherence between sentences.
In sociolinguistics, social context has traditionally been defined by objective variables like class, gender, age, and race However, contemporary perspectives increasingly focus on how social identity is constructed and expressed through language in both text and conversation.
I.1.2 Influences of context to communication, language and learning
I.1.2.1 Ron Burnett and Emily Carr
In their paper "Context, Communication and Learning – The Meaning of Learning Project," Ron Burnett and Emily Carr emphasize that the experience of learning is heavily influenced by its context This context encompasses a multitude of complex factors that are essential for successfully completing various tasks and meeting diverse demands and expectations.
Context is a dynamic concept that encompasses various approaches and interpretations, highlighting the influence of numerous factors on both individuals and society.
Learning is deeply influenced by the intricate dynamics of classroom and school culture The context of education is shaped by narratives, and often, the stories that inform and enrich the learning experience are more fleeting than we might like to acknowledge.
I.1.2.2 Bellon ML and Rees RJ
Bellon ML and Rees RJ, in their study The effect of context on communication: a study of the language and communication skills of adults with acquired brain injury
A study conducted in 2006 investigates the impact of varying contexts on the language and communication skills of adults with acquired brain injuries Researchers observed four participants across different settings, including a baseline phase, two intervention phases (a 3-day camp and a post-camp period), and a 2-month follow-up The findings revealed that participants showed significant improvements in constructive language production during the intervention phases, highlighting the importance of structured support, cueing, and positive experiences in enhancing language abilities However, the follow-up results indicated a return to baseline levels of language and communication skills, suggesting that the benefits may not be sustained over time.
The findings suggest that implementing sustained interventions for language and communication skills in community-based rehabilitation programs is crucial Establishing supportive environments can enhance language and communication behaviors, promoting better community inclusion.
High and low context theory
I.2.1 Views on high and low context culture
In her book "A Quick Guide to Cultural Competency," Dr Sangeeta Gupta emphasizes the significance of recognizing that communication styles can vary widely among different groups She cautions that while discussing these styles, it is essential to understand that generalizations may overlook the unique variations present within each group.
Individuals from high context cultures often communicate in an indirect and formal manner, relying on both verbal and nonverbal cues to convey meaning In contrast, those from low context cultures tend to communicate directly and informally To fully grasp the message in high context communication, listeners must interpret subtle nuances and read between the lines, making strong listening and observational skills essential in these interactions.
When someone seems to be listening but displays closed body language, such as folded arms and a frown, it indicates they may not be receptive to your message This disconnect highlights the importance of understanding nonverbal cues in communication High-context cultures, including many in Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and South America, often rely heavily on these nonverbal signals, making it crucial to interpret body language accurately.
Low context cultures prioritize the literal meaning of words, favoring explicit communication where the message is conveyed primarily through language These cultures often prefer written communication, as it eliminates the need for nonverbal cues Notable examples of low context cultures include the United States, Germany, Switzerland, and Scandinavian countries.
I.2.1.2 Brett Rutledge, World Champion of Public Speaking and Executive Communication Specialist writes about communication (August 21, 2011)
In today's interconnected world, effective communication is crucial yet increasingly challenging, often due to subtle cultural differences rather than language barriers A key distinction lies between high context and low context cultures, where the nuances of communication can significantly impact understanding and interaction.
In a low context culture, communication is clear and explicit, relying heavily on what is said or written, which places the onus on the listener to maintain their knowledge and engage with informal networks Conversely, a high context culture assumes shared knowledge and perspectives among communicators, leading to more implicit and indirect forms of communication.
Low context cultures include Anglos, Germanics and Scandinavians High context cultures include Japanese, Arabs and French The implications are obvious
Interactions between high and low context peoples can be problematic For example:
Japanese can find Westerners to be offensively blunt Westerners can find Japanese to be secretive, devious and bafflingly unforthcoming with information
French can feel that Germans insult their intelligence by explaining the obvious, while Germans can feel that French managers provide no direction
High context cultures often experience communication breakdowns due to assumptions of shared understanding, relying heavily on indirect communication methods, particularly in diverse settings Conversely, low context cultures typically struggle with diversity, exhibiting insularity and a tendency to communicate explicitly, which can lead to offense and resentment In today's diverse world, these cultural differences can manifest not only across international borders but also in local interactions, highlighting that a shared geographic location does not ensure a common cultural heritage.
High-context cultures emphasize ceremony and tradition, clearly defining individual roles, which may appear overly formal and rigid to outsiders Conversely, low-context cultures can seem disorganized and disrespectful, as they often lack the same level of adherence to tradition and courtesy, leading to perceptions of rudeness.
Low and High-Context in Written Communication
High-context and low-context cultures differ significantly in their writing styles, particularly in the amount of contextual detail provided High-context cultures tend to omit explicit explanations, assuming that readers share a common understanding, much like twins using a shorthand language In contrast, low-context cultures provide extensive details and thorough explanations, aiming to make messages clear and self-contained, regardless of the reader's background This distinction highlights how high-context cultures rely on shared knowledge while low-context cultures prioritize clarity and explicitness in communication.
Low and High-Context in More General Communications
In the United States, business meetings are typically low-context, characterized by informal interactions such as brief introductions and handshakes, allowing for a more flexible communication style Conversely, Japan's business meetings are high-context, where participants adhere to strict protocols for greetings, business card exchanges, and topic introductions, reflecting a more structured approach to communication.
The degree of high-context and low-context communication varies significantly even within cultures, as seen in the U.S where events like weddings, court proceedings, funerals, and sporting events impose structured behaviors on participants This distinction between high and low-context cultures reflects both how a culture perceives itself and its actual practices, with low-context cultures often taking pride in their straightforwardness while underestimating the influence of context on behavior.
Homogeneous (inside/outside clearly defined)
Heterogeneous (open to outsiders) Individual oriented
Encourages variation Active and solution oriented Conflict encouraged (productive) Procedural (rules govern behavior) Welcome risk
(adapted from Ting-Toomey, 71-86, qtd in Andrews, 9)
I.2.2 Concept of high and low context culture by Edward T Hall (1976, p105) I.2.2.1 Context
The context gives additional information, which is necessary to encode the whole situation / background of given information
High context communication relies heavily on shared knowledge and situational cues For instance, when I ask where my black pepper is, the answer "above my microwave" makes sense only to those familiar with my apartment layout and kitchen setup This understanding stems from their awareness of who I am and my living environment Without this contextual information, the meaning of the request would be unclear, highlighting the importance of shared experiences in high context communication.
In high context communication, [a piece of] information can have different meanings according It needs additional information to encode (understand) Speaking in examples is also high context information
High Context Communication is prevalent in many Western countries, particularly in Britain, where it can be challenging for foreigners to grasp the true meaning behind their words For instance, the phrase "you must come for dinner" is often interpreted as a straightforward invitation, but it is typically used out of politeness and may not lead to an actual invite Additionally, when a Brit begins a sentence with "with the greatest respect," it often implies the opposite sentiment, suggesting they think the other person is foolish Understanding these nuances is crucial for effective communication in British culture.
I hear what you say I disagree and do not want to discuss it further
He accepts my point of view
You are an idiot He is listening to me
That‘s not bad That‘s good That‘s poor
That is a very brave You are insane He thinks I have courage proposal
Quite good A bit disappointing Quite good
I would suggest Do it or be prepared to justify yourself
Think about the idea, but do what you like
Oh, incidentally/ by the way
The primary purpose of our discussion is
That is not very important
I am annoyed that It doesn‘t really matter
Very interesting That is clearly nonsense They are impressed
I‘ll bear it in mind I‘ve forgotten it already They will probably do it I‘m sure it‘s my fault It‘s your fault Why do they think it was their fault?
You must come for dinner
It‘s not an invitation, I‘m just being polite
I will get an invitation soon
I almost agree I don‘t agree at all He‘s not far from agreement
I only have a few minor comments
Please rewrite completely He has found a few typos
Could we consider some other options
I don‘t like your idea They have not yet decided
(adapted from 'Translation table explaining the truth behind British politeness becomes internet hit' by Alice Philipson, the Telegraph, 02 Sep 2013)
A well-crafted manual exemplifies low context communication, where the information is clear and self-explanatory In this type of communication, each piece of information conveys a singular meaning, requiring no additional context for comprehension This straightforward approach ensures that users can easily understand the content without needing extra details.
I.2.2.4 High Context vs Low Context
Take a look how members of high and low contextual cultures see themselves and their opposites:
High Context claims Low Context
2 ―cannot read between the lines‖
Low Context claims High Context
(adapted from 'Notes on Intercultural Communication', The Journalist v1.9 Theme, Word Press, 18 July 2009)
LITERATURE REVIEW
Applications of E T Hall`s Theories of the Context
Hall‘s theory, for its plausibility, can be found in a number of studies of the influences of high and low context elements A brief summary of such works is as follows
II.1.1 Website Design in High and Low Context Cultures
Tendency in Low Context Cultures Animation High use of animation, especially in connection with images of moving people
Lower use of animation, mainly reserved for highlighting effects e.g., of text
Promotion of Images promote values Images promote values values characteristic of collectivist societies characteristic of individualistic societies
Individuals separate or together with the product
Featured images depict products and merchandise in use by individuals
Images portray lifestyles of individuals, with or without a direct emphasis on the use of products or merchandise
Links promote an exploratory approach to navigation on the website; process-oriented
Clear and redundant cues in connection with navigation on a website; goal-oriented
Linear vs parallel navigation on the website
Many sidebars and menus, opening of new browser windows for each new page
Few sidebars and menus, constant opening in same browser window
(adapted from 'Notes on Intercultural Communication', The Journalist v1.9 Theme, Word Press, 18 July 2009)
II.1.2 Studies on influences of high and low context
The study by Rieko Maruta Richardson and Sandi W examines the impact of high-context and low-context cultures, along with power distance (PD), on students' media choices when communicating with professors in Japan and the United States It tests the hypothesis that Japan exhibits higher levels of context and power distance compared to the U.S Additionally, the research investigates how individual cultural values influence the selection of communication media.
In his 2009 study, "Uncertainty Reduction and Predictability of Behavior in Low and High Context Cultures," William B Gudykunst explores the dynamics of initial interactions across different cultural contexts The research highlights that individuals from high context cultures tend to be more cautious and rely heavily on assumptions based on a stranger's cultural background compared to their low context counterparts While those in high context cultures ask more questions about a stranger’s background, this does not necessarily enhance their predictive certainty regarding future behavior The findings contribute valuable insights to uncertainty reduction theory and enrich Hall's framework of high and low context cultures.
In a collaborative study, Elizabeth G Chua and William B Gudykunst explore conflict resolution styles across low and high context cultures, analyzing data from 355 international undergraduates in the US Utilizing an organizational communication conflict instrument, the research aligns with R Ting-Toomey's theoretical predictions and E T Hall's definitions of communication contexts The findings reveal that low context culture members tend to favor solution-oriented approaches, while those from high context cultures are more inclined towards non-confrontational methods This study highlights the significant impact of cultural context on interpersonal conflict resolution styles.
Also being inspired by Hall‘s concepts of culture, in 2005, the article Intercultural
The article "Communication on Websites: A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Websites from High Context Culture and Low Context Culture" by Elizabeth Würtz, published in the Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, investigates the strategies employed by high context cultures in leveraging the Internet—a predominantly low context medium—for communication and marketing The study posits that individuals from high context cultures are more inclined to utilize visual elements to convey their messages effectively compared to their low context counterparts It explores how high context cultures can maximize the opportunities presented by today's Internet generation, particularly focusing on the importance of visual communication in web design By applying Hall's high and low context dimensions, the analysis of McDonald's websites reveals five distinct strategies that utilize visual communication to enhance high context communication traits.
Researches on high and low context elements in two inaugural speeches of 2009 and
2009 and 2013 by American President Barack H Obama
Junling Wang, a student at the School of Foreign Languages, Northwest Normal University in Lanzhou, China, explores the application of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) in political discourse, particularly in public speeches designed to elicit favorable responses from audiences His paper, "A Critical Discourse Analysis of Barack Obama’s Speeches," employs CDA theory and Systematic Functional Linguistics to examine Obama's presidential speeches through the lenses of transitivity and modality This analysis reveals how language functions to convey ideology and power, enhancing our understanding of the political objectives behind these speeches.
The study "Critical Discourse Analysis of President Barack Obama’s Inauguration Speech" by Fadipe Modupeoluwa Ebunoluwa explores the persuasive strategies employed in Obama's inaugural address, grounded in Norman Fairclough's Critical Discourse Analysis framework It asserts that ideologies are embedded in texts and highlights the diverse interpretations they can evoke The research evaluates the ideological and persuasive elements within the speech, examining the interplay between textual features and power dynamics Ultimately, it reveals how Obama's language strategies empower the populace and enhance political awareness, showcasing the connection between language, ideology, and reality.
John Gary Stobbs has another way to critically analyze Obama‘s Inaugural through his paper Critical Discourse Analysis of Barack Obama’s 1st Inaugural Speech
(May 26, 2012) This study investigates the methods and lexis used by Barack Obama to foster a sense of inclusion of the American public in his inaugural speech
This article examines the use and frequency of pronouns in Barack Obama's speeches to evaluate how they foster public inclusion in governmental processes By comparing Obama's linguistic inclusivity to that of recent presidents, the research aims to determine if he employs a significantly more inclusive approach It analyzes syntactic choices that enhance the flow and emotional resonance of his speeches, as well as the phrases and structures that shape his narrative and persona Additionally, the study explores how various narratives within his speeches contribute to his overarching persona Defining political discourse as a formal exchange of reasoned views on societal issues, the article investigates how Obama articulates his rationale for addressing social problems through careful lexical and syntactical choices that promote consensus While a politician's ideology may be overtly stated, often deeper intentions lie beneath the rhetoric, and this analysis seeks to uncover those underlying ideologies Ultimately, the study assesses whether Obama's language is more or less inclusive compared to his predecessors.
William A Galston offers keen insights into President Obama's second inaugural address in his critique of the 2013 State of the Union He argues that Obama's 2012 election victory significantly shapes the context and implications of his presidency moving forward.
With Republicans controlling the House of Representatives, the administration faces a crucial decision: either engage with the opposition or leverage public opinion to influence House Republicans Recent negotiations regarding the fiscal cliff indicate that the White House favors the latter approach The president's 2013 State of the Union address, a pivotal moment to shape his second-term agenda, further underscores this strategic choice, which he believes is vital for the future of his presidency.
On January 23, 2013, Allan Erickson from Portland Political Buzz expressed his belief that Americans desire to trust and respect their leaders, stating that this becomes challenging when leaders treat them as fools He critiques President Obama's second inaugural address, providing in-depth analysis of its content Similarly, Sam Leith describes Obama's speech as a collection of rhetorical devices, likening it to a "greatest hits" album released just in time for Christmas, showcasing all of Obama's favorite oratorical techniques in a dramatic fashion.
David Lightman’s analysis of President Obama’s second inaugural address highlights its coherence and depth, marking it as a significant speech that presents a clear worldview Unlike recent inaugural addresses, particularly those of reelected presidents, Obama’s speech avoids a mere laundry list format, instead making a compelling argument that invites future reflection While it may lack memorable lines, the address articulates a crucial aspect of American political thought, simultaneously exposing the superficiality and confusion inherent in the progressive worldview within U.S politics.
In conclusion, previous research has extensively analyzed and critiqued Obama's two inaugural addresses from both discourse and political perspectives However, a literature review reveals that prior studies primarily focus on political content or general discourse analysis, lacking a methodological evaluation of high and low context elements This study aims to address this gap in the existing literature.
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY III.1 Research methodology
The qualitative method utilized in this research focuses on document analysis rather than numerical data or statistics, making it particularly effective for gathering culturally specific insights into the values, opinions, behaviors, and social contexts of distinct populations By categorizing data into patterns, this approach serves as the primary framework for organizing and reporting findings, allowing researchers to closely examine individual texts and apply various analytical strategies.
The analysis of texts employs both synthetic and analytic methods, where the analytic perspective focuses on identifying and isolating specific elements, while the synthetic perspective examines how these elements interrelate within the whole By objectively analyzing two inaugural speeches through high and low elements, the meanings hidden between the lines can be clarified Ultimately, the synthesis of findings reveals the contexts in which these high and low elements are utilized.
This study employs descriptive and comparative methods to deliver in-depth analyses and evaluations of meaning By examining two inaugural texts instead of one, the research enhances the credibility of its findings The paper logically explores the descriptions and comparisons between these texts, while also utilizing descriptive research methods to capture specific behaviors in their natural environments Among the various descriptive research techniques, observation emerges as the primary focus.
This thesis analyzes two inaugural speeches by examining the characteristics of high and low context elements, as defined by Hall's high and low context theory (1976) The study is structured into two distinct sections, each detailing the specific traits associated with high context and low context elements.
Less verbally explicit communication, less written/formal information
More internalized understandings of what is communicated
Multiple cross-cutting ties and intersections with others
Strong boundaries- who is accepted as belonging vs who is considered an
Decisions and activities focus around personal face-to-face relationships, often around a central person who has authority
Rule oriented, people play by external rules
More knowledge is codified public, external, and accessible
Sequencing, separation–of time, of space, of activities, of relationships
More interpersonal connections of shorter duration
Knowledge is more often transferable
Task-centered Decisions and activities focus around what needs to be done, division of responsibilities
(adapted from 'Communicating Across Cultures' by Jennifer E Beer, 1997-2003)
The article examines the characters presented in Obama's inaugural speeches, highlighting the use of high and low context elements through selected lines It analyzes the significance of these examples, exploring their meanings and determining if they effectively represent high or low context By providing a parallel comparison of both inaugurals, the author seeks to answer whether Obama employs high context elements to convey similar themes in each speech Ultimately, the paper synthesizes the contexts in which Obama utilizes these elements, offering overarching insights and evaluations from the author.
This data analysis schedule is based on these steps below:
1 Reading and doing an analysis to get the contents and formats of both texts (Analytic method)
2 Giving an overview of both texts according to the purposes, presentation approaches, ideologies (Synthetic method)
3 Comparing two scripts to produce the same and differences between their formats and between their contents Examining the appearance of high and low context elements in both speeches to express the same idea (Comparative method)
4 Providing an assessment of the influences of high and low context elements on changing the idea of the speakers or the way to understand of the audiences (Descriptive method)
This section presents the results of implementing the previously outlined steps and evaluates the impact of high and low context elements on the content of both inaugural addresses.
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION IV.1 Brief introduction of the inaugural addresses
2.2.1.3 Multiple cross-cutting ties and intersections with others
“These are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics.”
The challenges we confront today are significant and numerous, and addressing them will require time and effort.
To grasp the meanings of these lines, it is essential to connect them with the societal, educational, economic, and military contexts of the time, a task best suited for those who experienced it firsthand rather than outsiders.
This generation of Americans has faced significant challenges that have strengthened our determination and resilience As we conclude a decade of war and embark on an economic recovery, the potential for America is boundless We embody the qualities needed in a borderless world: youthful energy, diversity, openness, a willingness to take risks, and a remarkable ability to reinvent ourselves.
The inaugural address connects various events and concepts, including crises, the timeline of the war, and economic recovery For effective communication, it is essential that both the speaker and listeners share a common background knowledge, enabling them to understand and relate to the events referenced by Obama.
Our journey has been defined by hard work and determination, avoiding shortcuts and complacency It is not for the faint-hearted or those who prioritize leisure over effort Instead, it is the risk-takers and diligent creators—often unsung heroes—who have guided us along the challenging road to prosperity and freedom.
“This is the journey we continue today”
To fully grasp the significance of Obama's words, audiences must possess a long-term understanding of their nation's history, recognizing the journey from its inception and the influential figures he references in his speech.
“Today we continue a never-ending journey, to bridge the meaning of those words with the realities of our time.”
“For more than two hundred years, we have….”
A long-term relationship is essential for analyzing the purpose, results, and processes of actions, particularly in understanding a country's history and development This connection allows audiences to share a common background with influential figures like Obama, making presidential speeches more comprehensive and persuasive.
IV.2.2.1.5 Strong boundaries- who is accepted as belonging vs who is considered an ―outsider‖
―For everywhere we look, there is work to be done”
“But this crisis has reminded us that without a watchful eye, the market can spin out of control.”
To grasp the nuances of Obama's first public address as President, audiences must be insiders, as the speech's deeper meanings and the crises he references are not immediately apparent The distinction between insiders and outsiders highlights the high-context elements present in his communication, emphasizing the importance of understanding the underlying messages conveyed in his words.
Our generation's mission is to ensure that the principles of Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness are tangible for every American Upholding our founding documents does not necessitate a unanimous agreement on every aspect of life; it acknowledges that our interpretations of liberty and the journey toward happiness may differ.
“For now decisions are upon us, and we cannot afford delay”
Insiders, such as those standing before Obama, possess a unique understanding of his ideas, while outsiders may struggle to grasp their significance This American generation, represented by these insiders, is the primary audience Obama seeks to engage, persuade, and inspire through his message.
IV.2.2.1.6 Knowledge is situational, relational
“We will not apologize for our way of life, nor will we waver in its defense”
“For we know that our patchwork heritage is strength, not a weakness….”
“As we consider the role that unfolds before us…”
“And yet at this moment, a moment that will define a generation, it is precisely this spirit that must inhabit us all.”
The promises and information conveyed in this speech are context-specific and not universally applicable Obama’s emphasis on these words highlights their situational nature, indicating that the insights he shares are relevant only to the current moment and the specific audience present.
“That is our generation's task …”
“It is now our generation's task to carry on what those pioneers began …”
“We, the people, declare today that the most evident of truths - that all of us are created equal - is the star that guides us still…”
In his second speech, Obama effectively utilizes situational context and specific details to emphasize the unique responsibilities and roles of his generation He inspires pride and a strong sense of determination among the audience, urging them to unite and advocate for their lives and their country.
IV.2.2.1.7 Decisions and activities focus around personal face-to-face relationships, often around a central person who has authority
―My fellow citizens, I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you've bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors.”
The essence of our liberty and beliefs is reflected in the unity of men, women, and children from diverse races and faiths, celebrating together in this grand space It symbolizes the progress we've made, allowing a man, whose father faced discrimination just decades ago, to now stand before you and take a revered oath.
“Today I say to you that …‖
In his inaugural speech, Obama emphasizes his authority and leadership by frequently using the words "my" and "I," which reflect his ownership of the promises made and the responsibility he bears to guide the nation.
In my oath today, I reaffirm my commitment to God and country, transcending party lines and factions This pledge mirrors the dedication of soldiers and the dreams of immigrants, highlighting a shared promise to uphold our values Ultimately, it reflects the pride we all feel for our flag and the unity it represents.
2.2.2.1 Rule oriented, people play by external rules
On this day, we unite to embrace hope instead of fear, prioritizing a shared purpose over division We come together to declare an end to trivial disputes and empty promises, moving beyond the blame and outdated ideologies that have hindered our political progress for too long.
―Rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things‖
Obama emphasizes the significance of choosing hope over fear and unity over conflict, urging people to embrace their identities as risk-takers and creators He calls for an end to petty grievances and false promises, advocating for a collective purpose that resonates with all, even those who join the conversation later His message is clear and accessible, creating a cohesive understanding for everyone present.
Every presidential inauguration reaffirms the resilience of our Constitution and the commitment to our democratic values It serves as a reminder that the unity of our nation transcends race, religion, and heritage.
“Today we continue a never-ending journey, to bridge the meaning of those words with the realities of our time”
In his interactions with the public, Obama often encourages them to align with his vision and objectives Following his first term, he has gained a deeper understanding and increased confidence in his approach Consequently, his second address is viewed as more persuasive, practical, and promising than the first Obama aims to leverage both the positive and negative experiences from his initial term to effectively regain the trust of his constituents.
IV.2.2.2.2 More knowledge is codified public, external, and accessible
“As for our common defense ”
“To those who cling to power through corruption and deceit and the silencing of dissent …”
“To the people of poor nations …”
Obama effectively addresses specific topics such as the economy, defense, and finance, demonstrating a deep understanding of the issues at hand He knows how to communicate clearly to gain the trust of the public While his discussions on politics and military matters may lack clarity, he consistently provides straightforward and dependable insights on topics that can be articulated with certainty.
“Together, we determined that a modern economy requires railroads and highways to speed travel and commerce; schools and colleges to train our workers.”
“Together, we discovered that a free market only thrives when there are rules to ensure competition and fair play.”
“Together, we resolved that a great nation must care for the vulnerable, and protect its people from life's worst hazards and misfortune.”
Obama presents his announcements in a familiar and accessible manner, outlining various criteria across key areas such as the economy, market, and nation His well-organized structure ensures that listeners can easily follow along, making it simple for outsiders and newcomers to grasp his message.
IV.2.2.2.3 Sequencing, separation–of time, of space, of activities, of relationships
“At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office,…”
“Today I say to you that …”
“On this day, we gather because …”
The current economic landscape demands immediate and decisive action to generate new jobs and establish a strong foundation for future growth We will invest in infrastructure, including roads, bridges, electric grids, and digital networks, to enhance commerce and connectivity By prioritizing science and leveraging technological advancements, we aim to improve healthcare quality while reducing costs Additionally, we will utilize renewable energy sources like solar and wind to power our vehicles and industries Finally, we are committed to reforming our educational institutions to prepare for the challenges of a new era.
Obama emphasizes clarity in his communication by specifying the time, place, and future activities, such as creating new jobs, building infrastructure, and improving healthcare quality His approach ensures that his intentions and directives are easily understood by the public, fostering transparency and engagement in his vision for progress.
“For more than two hundred years, we have …”
As circumstances evolve, we recognize the necessity of adapting our approaches while remaining true to our core principles Addressing new challenges effectively demands innovative responses, and safeguarding our individual freedoms ultimately relies on our ability to unite and take collective action.
“This generation of Americans has been tested by crises that steeled our resolve and proved our resilience A decade of war is now ending.”
The inauguration address is characterized by a clear and logical progression of time, place, and activities, making it both cohesive and impactful Obama skillfully avoids unnecessary repetition, addressing each issue thoroughly and succinctly, which contributes to the clarity and organization of his speech, ensuring it is easy to follow.
IV.2.2.2.4 More interpersonal connections of shorter duration
In his inaugural speech, President Obama addresses a vast audience, including those present at the ceremony and those tuning in via television and radio The connection he establishes with the American people is fleeting, lasting only until the conclusion of the inauguration After this moment, the personal touch and eye contact will fade, leaving behind a sense of distance as the shared experience comes to an end.
This address targets audiences gathered in the square, as well as those watching TV or listening to the radio at home Once the speech concludes, the connection is severed, leaving many ordinary citizens with little hope of ever meeting the President in person.
IV.2.2.2.5 Knowledge is more often transferable
In times of crisis, it is the compassion shown by individuals who welcome strangers and the dedication of workers willing to sacrifice their own hours to protect their colleagues that help us endure our toughest moments The bravery of firefighters confronting danger and the nurturing spirit of parents devoted to their children ultimately shape our destiny.
Obama's examples of everyday workers, such as firefighters and parents, illustrate concepts that are easily understood and transferable across generations These clear and straightforward ideas can be retold and applied in various contexts, allowing them to resonate not only between individuals and nations but also through time The low-context elements in his speech enhance comprehension, making his messages accessible and impactful for all.
We are committed to protecting our citizens and upholding our values through military strength and adherence to the rule of law We will demonstrate the bravery to seek peaceful resolutions to our differences with other nations.
“And we must be a source of hope to the poor, the sick, the marginalized, the victims of prejudice …”