Scope of the study 2
The study mainly focuses on the Architecture terms in the material “Neufert” The major aspects to be considered are their:
structural patterns of AT in English
Aims of the study 2
To work out the similarities and differences between English and their Vietnamese equivalents
This article explores effective strategies, procedures, and methods for translating architectural terms, with a particular focus on addressing non-equivalence in English architectural terminology when translating into Vietnamese.
Method of the study 2 5 Design of the study 2
This study aims to explore the similarities and differences between English architectural terms and their Vietnamese counterparts, while also identifying effective strategies, procedures, and methods for translating these terms as presented in Neufert's work.
To carry out the thesis the author went through the following steps:
Collecting and grouping English architecture terms in Neufert and their Vietnamese equivalents for description, analysis and induction
Draw out strategies, procedures and methods in translation of architecture terms
The architectural terminology in English examined in this study is sourced from "Neufert" and "English for Building and Constructing," with corresponding translations provided by Vietnamese architects and educators specializing in this domain.
The study consists of three main parts, references and appendixes as follows:
The rationale for the study, scope, aims, methods and design of the study are orderly presented in this part
There are three chapters in this part:
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 4
Terminology 4
Terminology has been defined by various linguists to clarify its structure and meaning Mr Do Huu Chau (1981) describes terms as specialized words used in scientific, professional, or technological fields, emphasizing that scientific and technical terminology includes lexical units that denote objects and activities in industrial technologies and the natural or social sciences Similarly, Mr Nguyen Thien Giap (1998) offers a distinct definition, viewing terminology as special linguistic units comprising words and fixed phrases that provide precise definitions and objectives specific to particular scientific areas.
Various definitions highlight the existence of specialized terminology across different fields of knowledge, such as mathematics, business, and medicine These terms are distinct from ordinary words, as they possess a unique form of reference that pertains to specific conceptual entities, properties, activities, or relationships within a particular subject area (Baker, 1998: 261).
Further important differences between terms and words are:
1 Terms have special reference within a particular discipline whereas words function in general reference over a variety of subject fields
2 Terms keep their lives and meanings only for as long as they serve the system of knowledge that gave rise to them
Lexical items encompass terms, words, and proper names, each serving distinct purposes Names identify specific objects and individuals, while words represent general concepts Terms, on the other hand, denote specific concepts with precision The distinction between terms and words is often blurred; terms can evolve into everyday words through frequent use, and common words may become specialized terms within particular fields.
Terms differ from general words as they hold specific meanings within particular disciplines and are devoid of personal attitudes, figurative language, or subjective evaluations According to Nguyen Thien Giap (1998) and Do Huu Chau (1981), effective terms should embody qualities such as accuracy, systematic structure, international relevance, widespread usage, and a connection to national identity.
Terminology must be precise and clear, as it represents specific concepts within a science When a term achieves absolute accuracy, it eliminates the possibility of confusing one concept with another Once a word is established as a term, it sheds its connotative and emotional meanings, as well as its multiple meanings and synonyms Essentially, terminology operates on the principle that each concept corresponds to a single term, and each term signifies only one concept This relationship is known as the one-to-one equivalence between a term and its corresponding concept.
Every scientific discipline has a specific set of concepts defined by a unique terminology Each term holds a distinct place within this conceptual framework and is part of a broader terminological system The significance of any term is derived from its interconnections with other terms within the same system Consequently, a term's meaning diminishes when it is removed from its contextual framework, emphasizing that each term is inherently dependent on its system for value and understanding.
Internationally recognized terms play a crucial role in conveying common scientific concepts across various languages, facilitating the advancement of science To enhance scientific development, it is essential to establish consensus on terminology used in different languages As a result of global scientific collaboration, many terms, such as "video," "radio," and "telephone," are shared across languages like French, German, English, and Vietnamese, often with minimal variations in form.
Terms should resonate with the general public by being memorable and easily comprehensible This accessibility is essential as it facilitates the dissemination of knowledge and benefits individuals across various aspects of life.
Terms, while specific to specialized fields, are integral to the national language, reflecting its unique characteristics and nuances They must be constructed using the lexicon, structure, and grammatical rules of the national language, ensuring they resonate with its linguistic essence.
Terms are essential for naming concepts, and whenever a concept emerges, is adapted within a culture, or is translated into a new cultural context, it necessitates the creation of a new term to accurately represent it.
I.1.3.1 Primary and secondary term creation
Primary and secondary term formation is governed by different influences:
Primary term formation involves naming a newly created concept, while secondary term formation arises from either the monolingual revision of existing terminology for standardization purposes or the transfer of technology to another linguistic community, necessitating the creation of new terms in the target language.
A key distinction between primary and secondary term formation is that primary term formation lacks a linguistic precedent, relying instead on established rules for creating suitable terms In contrast, secondary term formation is grounded in the existence of a term in another language, which provides its own motivation and context.
Secondary term formation is typically guided by established guidelines, while primary term formation relies on existing patterns of terms and words within the relevant subject area and natural language.
A key aspect of vocabulary in technology and industrial applications is its controlled and manageable nature This specialized terminology is utilized by a diverse and extensive population, often appearing in everyday speech contexts as well.
Technological terminology is characterized by its volatility, contrasting with the relatively stable terminology found in science This instability arises from ongoing changes in materials, production methods, and design Additionally, the formation of secondary terms—when knowledge is transferred between linguistic communities—further contributes to the creation of new terms in the target language.
Translation theory 7
Translation has been defined variously by different linguists through times Followings are some typical definitions:
Translation involves expressing the meaning of a source language in a target language while maintaining semantic and stylistic equivalence, as defined by Marlone (1988) Bell (1991) emphasizes that translation is fundamentally a transformation of form, where the source language is replaced by the target language Carford (1965) further clarifies that it entails substituting a text in one language with an equivalent text in another Additionally, Hatim & Mason (1990) highlight that translation aims to faithfully render a written text into another language, reflecting the author's original intent.
Despite minor variations in wording, the five definitions collectively highlight the significance of identifying the nearest equivalent in meaning This involves selecting suitable lexical and grammatical structures in the target language, while also considering the communication situation and cultural context.
Equivalence is a fundamental concept in translation theory, leading many linguists to explore its definition Pym (1992) highlights the circular nature of this concept, where equivalence aims to define translation, which in turn redefines equivalence Various approaches to translation equivalence have emerged, reflecting its complexity and significance in the field.
Nida (1964) distinguishes formal equivalence and dynamic translation as basic orientations rather than as a binary choice:
- Formal equivalence is achieved when SL and TL words have he closest possible match of from and content
- Dynamic equivalence is achieved when the SL and TL words have the same effect on their effective readers
Newmark (1995) emphasizes that the primary goal of translation is to achieve an "equivalence effect," meaning the translation should evoke a similar response from its audience as the original text did He argues that this equivalence effect is the ideal outcome of translation, although there are exceptions, such as when the source language (SL) text aims to influence the audience directly.
TL translation is to inform or vice versa; (b) If there is a pronounced cultural gap between the SL and the TL text
Koller (1979) considers five types of equivalence:
Denotative equivalence: the SL and the TL words refer to the same thing in the real world
Connotative equivalence: this type of equivalence provides additional values besides denotative value and is achieved by the translator’s choice or synonymous words or expressions
Text-normative equivalence: The SL and the TL words are used in the same or similar context in their respective languages
Pragmatic equivalence: With readership orientation, the SL and the TL words have same effect on the respective readers
Formal equivalence: This type of equivalence produces an analogy of form in the translation by their exploiting formal possibilities of TL, or creating new forms in TL
Kade (1968) and other writers on lexical equivalence, in particular in the area of terminology, categorize equivalence relationships as follows:
One-to-one: There is single expression in the TL for a single expression in the
One-to-many: There is more than one expression in the TL for a single SL one
Many-to-one: There is more than one expression in the SL, but there is only a single expression in the TL that is equivalent to them
Many-to-many: There is more than one expression in the SL and they are equivalent to more than one in TL
The relationship between whole-to-part and part-to-whole in translation involves instances where a target language (TL) expression captures only a portion of the concept conveyed by a single expression in the source language (SL) Conversely, the TL equivalent may encompass a broader meaning than the original concept in the SL, highlighting the complexities of linguistic interpretation and cultural nuances in translation.
The one-to-zero equivalence problem presents a significant challenge for translators, as it involves the absence of a corresponding expression in the target language for a single term in the source language This issue persists across various fields, making it a hurdle even for seasoned professionals in translation.
In this part, we will present only translation methods, procedures and strategies that match the content of the study, or can serve the aim of the research
In order to have a deep understanding of what Literal translation is, it is useful to have a look at what is word-for-word translation According to Newmark (1995: 69),
Word-for-word translation involves directly transferring the source language's grammar, word order, and primary meanings into the target language This method is most effective for short, simple, and neutral sentences Literal translation can vary in complexity, ranging from direct word translations, such as "hall" to "salle," to phrases like "a beautiful garden" becoming "un beau jardin." It also includes collocations, such as "make a speech" translating to "faire un discours," and clauses, for example, "when that was done" becoming "quand cela fut fait." Ultimately, it can extend to entire sentences, as seen in "The man is in the street," which translates to "L'homme est dans la rue."
Communicative translation aims to convey the precise contextual meaning of the original text while ensuring that both the content and language are easily understandable for the audience According to Newmark (1995: 42), translators have the authority to enhance the logic of the text, refine awkward syntactic structures, eliminate ambiguities, and clarify jargon They can also address factual errors and document these changes in footnotes This approach prioritizes readability and coherence, making the translation more accessible to readers.
Transference, as defined by Newmark (1981), involves the process of incorporating a source language (SL) word into a target language (TL) text during translation The translator must determine whether to retain unfamiliar words in the TL, typically opting to transfer cultural objects or concepts to honor the SL's culture Commonly transferred elements include names of individuals, geographical locations, periodicals, untranslated literary works, plays, films, and names of both private and public institutions, as well as street names and addresses.
A "shift," as defined by Catford, or "transposition," according to Vinay and Darbelnet, refers to a translation procedure that involves altering the grammar from the source language (SL) to the target language (TL) Newmark (1995: 85) identifies four sub-types of shifts: first, the change from singular to plural or the repositioning of adjectives; second, when a grammatical structure present in the SL does not exist in the TL; third, instances where literal translation is grammatically feasible but may not align with natural usage in the TL; and fourth, the substitution of a virtual lexical gap with a grammatical structure.
Paraphrasing involves expanding or clarifying the meaning of a specific portion of text As noted by Baker (1992:40), one of the key benefits of paraphrasing is its ability to convey propositional meaning with a high degree of accuracy.
Sofer (1991, cited in Bac, N.T 2003) differentiates between literary and technical translation, stating that technical translation involves specialized terminology within specific fields While literary translation encompasses fiction, poetry, drama, and humanities, typically executed by skilled writers or translators, technical translation is increasingly performed by a larger pool of practitioners, highlighting its expanding opportunities in the industry.
Newmark (1995) differentiates technical translation from institutional translation, defining technical translation as a subset of specialized translation that is potentially non-cultural and universal He argues that the advantages of technology transcend linguistic boundaries, making technical translation applicable across various speech communities Consequently, the term "technical translation" should be universally understood and translated.
Institutional translation is inherently cultural, allowing for the transfer of terms unless they relate to international organizations Despite differing approaches to technical translation, both authors agree that it is a form of specialized translation, emphasizing the importance of "specialized terms" as a key element.
Translation of terminology 11
Neologisms, as defined by Newmark (1995), are newly coined lexical units or existing words that acquire new meanings, posing significant challenges for both non-literary and professional translators These terms often emerge to address specific needs, initially holding a singular meaning that allows for context-free translation; however, many soon develop additional meanings in the target language Newmark categorizes neologisms into twelve types, including old words with new senses, new coinages, derived words, abbreviations, collocations, eponyms, phrasal words, transferred words, acronyms, pseudo-neologisms, and the creation of neologisms, offering strategies for handling each type relevant to translation studies.
I.3.2.1 Old words with new senses
According to Newmark (1995), certain terms do not typically denote new objects or processes, making them non-cultural and non-technical These terms are often translated using existing equivalents in the target language (TL) or through concise functional or descriptive phrases, such as "structural support" translated as "đỡ kết cấu" and "canopy" as "mái che cửa ra vào."
Translators often encounter challenges with existing collocations that carry new meanings, which can be either cultural or non-cultural When the referent exists in the target language (TL), a standard translation is typically available However, if the concept is unfamiliar to TL speakers or does not exist in their culture, it becomes necessary to provide a concise descriptive equivalent.
According to Newmark (1995), new collocations, particularly noun compounds and adjectives paired with nouns, are prevalent in the social sciences In architecture, terms like "compressive strength," "compound unit," and "covered porch" exemplify this phenomenon However, certain terms, such as "SFB instructions," may not have direct translations in the target language (TL), posing challenges for translators In these instances, the translator must convey the meaning by transferring the original term and supplementing it with a functional-descriptive equivalent Alternatively, creating a neologism may be necessary, though this can be a difficult endeavor.
An acronym is defined as the initial letters of words that form a group used to denote an object, institution, or procedure (Newmark, 1995) Sometimes, acronyms are specifically created for a text, making it unproductive to search for them in reference books Additionally, various cultural factors influence whether an acronym should be translated, depending on aspects such as readership and context In scientific fields, some acronyms evolve into international terms, like "laser" and "master," which may require analysis only for those less familiar with the subject.
In translation, the treatment of acronyms is crucial, as their significance influences how they are rendered Acronyms representing institutions or company names are typically transferred directly However, when a political or social organization gains prominence, it is common to translate its name while retaining the acronym Additionally, acronyms can be translated using standard equivalent terms or descriptive terms when no standard exists.
AN OVERVIEW OF ARCHITECTURE TERMS 14
Architecture terms possess typical features of terminology 14
Architecture terms are emotionally neutral with denotative meaning and most of them have one-to-one relationship with the concept they refer to
A voltmeter (vôn kế) is an instrument used to measure the voltage, or potential difference, between various points in an electrical circuit.
Or the term “Hygrometer” (ẩm kế) refers to the only one concept that denotes An instrument for measuring the degree of moisture of the atmosphere
Similarly, there are enless examples of single meaning terms such as
“Thermometer” (nhiệt kế); “sound pressure meter” (đồng hồ đo áp suất âm thanh)… that respectively refer to a single concept
In architecture, the meaning of specific terms evolves based on their relationships with other terms within the discipline or their position within the overall system.
In architectural terminology, the word "section" refers to a cross-section, while "plan" denotes a floor plan For instance, the phrase "plan of stanchions" specifically refers to the layout of columns.
Architecture terms surely are used internationally Though, they may appear in similar or different forms in different languages, they refer to the same concepts that exist in different cultures
Architecture terms are made up from the material of the language that contains them For example, to denote the small part of a building English language uses the term
“unit” whereas Vietnamese uses “chi tiết” with its own way of word formation, spelling, pronouncing and writing
Many architecture terms have become so popular that they are no longer regarded as technical terms but ordinary words in daily life of the user
Classification of architecture terms according to their structural patterns 15
Architecture terms are divided into two sub-groups according to their structural features: single terms and compound terms
II.2.1.1 Single term in form of a verb
A key characteristic of these terms is their flexibility; they can function as either verbs or nouns at different points within the same text or sentence, helping to prevent repetition Most verbs have corresponding nouns that can be used as alternatives.
Fix Fixation Sự cố định
Excavate Excavation Sự đào đất
A key characteristic of these verbs is their tendency to collocate with specific nouns, often pairing with one or two particular terms For example, certain verbs naturally combine with designated nouns to create meaningful phrases.
Excavate the ground Đào đất nền
Construct the concrete foundations Xây dựng móng bê tông
Fix the column base plates Cố định tấm đế chân cột
Erect the steel columns Lắp dựng các cột thép
II.2.1.2 Single term in form of a noun
The terms that are nouns (also including those deriving from verbs) can be divided into subgroup as follows:
Many architecture terms are everyday words that acquire specialized meanings For instance, the term "section," which commonly refers to a part or division, in architecture signifies a crucial design aspect in building construction Other examples of such terminology can be found in the field, illustrating how ordinary language transforms into specialized jargon.
Translators often face challenges with terms that have specialized meanings in specific fields, such as architecture, which differ from their general English definitions Even though users are familiar with the general meanings of these words, they can become confused when encountering them in unfamiliar contexts that convey entirely different meanings.
Every field has its own specialized terminology that is essential for mastering the subject Without prior knowledge of the discipline, users may struggle to comprehend these technical terms.
Combustibility Độ bắt lửa của vật liệu
These highly architecture terms can be really problematic if the users are equipped with little knowledge of both their subject discipline and of English
II.2.1.3 Single term in form of an adjective
Unlike technical terms in the form of a verb, almost all the terms in the form of an adjective do not have their nouns to be used as alternatives:
Trabeated Kết cấu dạng dầm cột
Framed Kết cấu dạng khung
Arcuated Kết cấu dang vòm
One important feature of these adjectives is that all of them usually collate with one or two certain nouns to form collocations:
Internal/ external surface Bề mặt trong/ ngoài
Longitudinal section Mặt cắt dọc
Corrugated iron roof Mái sắt lượn sóng
Machined flat Bề mặt gia công bằng máy
We have studied single architecture terms that account for significant proportion of the collected terms
These are terms which are composed of two words or more; these words, which are
Before examining the terms, which appear in the form of nominal groups, we would like to go through a brief investigation of the experiential structure of the nominal group
According to Halliday (1985: 180), the structure of a nominal group includes a head noun, referred to as the Thing, which is preceded by elements such as Deictic, Numerative, Epithet, and Classifier, and is followed by a Qualifier This structure can be clearly illustrated in the accompanying table.
Deictic Numerative Epithet Epithet Classifier Thing Qualifier
Those two splendid old electric trains with pantographs All these items functioning as pre-modifier and post-modifier will be briefly presented in the following table:
The Deictic element indicates whether or not some specific subset of the Thing is intended It is either (1) specific or (2) non-specific
The Numerative element indicates some numerical feature of the subset: either (1) quantity or (2) order, either exact or inexact
(2) First, second, few, little, many …
This item, usually in the form of an adjective, indicates some quality of the subset This can be
(1) an object property of the thing itself; or (2) it may be an expression of the speaker’s subjective attitude towards it
(1) Old, short, heavy … (2)Wonderful, splendid, silly …
The Classifier indicates a particular subclass of the thing in the question It can be (1) an adjective or (2) a noun
The Thing is the semantic core of the nominal group, which may be common noun, proper noun, or personal noun
Qualifier This element follows the Thing and Hard water occurs in characterized it It can be a relative clause or a prepositional phrase areas which have soluble salts in the ground
When discussing classifiers, it is essential to recognize that they encompass more than just adjectives and nouns; verbs also play a significant role within the nominal group These verbs can function as either epithets or classifiers, highlighting their importance in conveying meaning within the structure.
(1) present (active) participle, V-ing, e.g insulating, as in insulating roof
(2) past (passive, or intransitive active) participle, V-en, e.g rolled, as in rolled metal sheet
In their role as epithets, these forms typically convey the meaning of the finite tense they relate to: the present participle signifies "which is (was/will be) ing," while the past participle indicates "which has (had/will have) been ed."
An insulating roof (a roof which is insulating)
Rolled metal sheet (a mental sheet which has been rolled)
When these form function as Classifier, they typically have the sense of a simple present, active or passive: present (active) “which…s”, past (passive) “which …ed”
Tapering column (a column that tapers)
Covered porch (a porch that is covered)
Often the participle itself further modified, as in an architect-designed house, pre- existing condition, a fast-moving train, a fund-raising activity
Sometimes, the same word may function as either Epithet or Classifier, with different meaning
Fast trains, characterized by their speed, serve as a specific subtype of trains known as express trains, highlighting their ability to travel quickly and efficiently.
It is noted that usually several classifiers cluster around a thing to indicate subclasses of more concreteness Nouns, adjectives, participles, positioned near the Thing, are most common classifier in English
II.2.2.2 Architecture terms in the form of nominal group
A number of high-frequency nominal groups have been found among terms collected for this study
II.2.2.2.1 Term consisting of Classifier (noun) + Thing
In the context of language, certain terms are composed of two nouns, where the first noun acts as a Classifier, distinguishing the second noun from other concepts within the same category For instance, in the term "roof beam," the word "roof" specifies this type of beam, setting it apart from others like "floor beam," "steel beam," and "concrete beam." This classification system is essential for clear communication and understanding within various fields.
Frame construction (Xây dựng khung)
Plannar construction (Xây dựng tấm phẳng)
Mass construction (Xây dựng khối)
II.2.2.2.2 Terms consisting of Classifier (adjective) + Thing
A term of this group is formed by an adjective that serves as Classifier and the Thing (the head noun)
Uneven/ flat surface Bề mặt không phẳng/ phẳng
Long/ short side Cạnh dài/ ngắn
Spatial dimension Kích thước không gian
Sectional area Diện tích mặt cắt
The Classifier as mentioned in (II.2.2.1), can be further modified by another sub- classifier that takes on the form of a noun or an adjective:
Rolled metal sheet Tấm kim loại cán
Mental roof decking Mái kim loại
External fire escapes Lối thoát hoả hoạn bên ngoài
And several classifiers cluster around a Thing to indicate subclasses of more concreteness like the followings:
II.2.2.2.3 Term consisting of Classifier/Epithet (present participle + thing)
In this group, some V-ing function as (1) Epithet and some as (2) Classifier:
(1) Vertical cladding panels are fixed (Cố định các tấm tường bao đứng) In this example, cladding panels means the panels which is cladding vertically
(2) Load bearing corner unit (chit tiết góc chịu lực) = the corner unit which bears load
However, there are some others can be either Classifier or Epithet when they are interpreted in different situations:
Insulating roof Mái cách nhiệt
Tapering column Cột tường tiết diện thu hẹp
II.2.2.2.4 Term consisting of Classifier/Epithet (past participle + thing)
Like V-ing participle, some V-ed function as either Classifier or Epithet, and when it serves the role of Classifier or Epithet depends on different situations:
Deposited materials Vật liệu đóng cặn
II.2.2.2.5 Term consisting of Thing + Qualifier
The Qualifier in this group is usually “of noun phrase”:
Plan of a house Mặt bằng của một ngôi nhà
Span of the arch Nhịp của mái vòm
Back of the building Tường hậu của toà nhà
Long axis of the building Trục dài của toà nhà
Blocks of materials Khối vật liệu
Factor of safety Hệ số an toàn
Our research focuses on the structural patterns of nominal groups in English, specifically examining architectural terminology We classify these terms into two main categories: "single terms" and "compound terms." Single terms are further divided into sub-architecture terms and high-architecture terms, while compound terms also contain various subgroups.
In this section, we will explore current translation strategies and procedures for architectural terminology, identifying the most effective methods for accurate translation.
CHAPTER III: THE TRANSLATION OF ARCHITECTURE TERMS
The translation of architecture terms of equivalence group 22
III.1.2 An overview of equivalence relationship in the translation of architecture terms
From collected data we can group equivalence relationship into four categories, excluding the one-to-zero which will be studied in chapter III:
The four following tables present some typical examples of each type:
Structural support Đỡ kết cấu
Compressive strength Cường độ chịu nén
Khoảng đất mặt trước nhà
Tổng diện tích sàn xây dựng
Door frame/case Khung cửa
Bản vẽ TK chi tiết Bản vẽ thiết kế cơ bản Bản vẽ Thi công chi tiết Bản vẽ hoàn công Bản vẽ phối cảnh Flat roof
Mái bằng Mái dốc Mái tôn Center-to center dimension
Khoảng cách từ tim qua tim Khoảng cách thông thuỷ
In one-to-one equivalence relationships, translators must identify Vietnamese terms that correspond to English concepts While this task may appear straightforward, it can be challenging for those lacking architectural knowledge or familiarity with specific terminology For instance, the term "Elevation" in general English refers to raising something to a higher position, but in architecture, it has a distinct meaning Thus, a solid understanding of the subject matter is essential for producing accurate translations, even when one-to-one equivalence is achievable.
Another problem occurs when there exist two or more competing terms for the same concept in the Vietnamese version The one-to-many equivalence relationship serves
In many-to-one equivalence relationships, translators face minimal challenges since the context of the term often provides clues to its meaning Typically, among multiple terms in the source language (SL) that refer to the same concept, one term is more commonly used than others This reduces the chances of encountering entirely new terms for familiar concepts.
The many-to-many equivalence relationship involves multiple source language (SL) expressions corresponding to several target language (TL) equivalents While translators face fewer challenges compared to non-equivalence issues, they must still carefully select the most suitable and understandable equivalent for their intended audience in specific contexts.
III.1.3 The common strategies and procedures used in translation of Architecture terms of equivalence group
III.1.3.1 The translation of single terms-Old words with new senses
In the field of architecture, many single-word terms, both in sub-architecture and high-architecture, significantly outnumber compound terms, presenting challenges for translators These terms can be categorized as "Old words with new sense," as they are commonly used in everyday language with their original meanings However, in specialized contexts, they adopt new, specific meanings relevant to the field.
It is important to recognize that not all Vietnamese terms correspond directly to single English terms, highlighting a notable difference in linguistic structure For instance, the English term "combustibility" is a single word, whereas its Vietnamese translation, "độ bắt lửa của vật liệu," transforms it into a noun phrase consisting of a head noun, a preposition, and a postmodifier This illustrates the complexity of equivalence in translation, as demonstrated by additional examples.
English terms (single word) Vietnamese terms (compounds)
(See more examples in Appendix 1)
III.1.3.2 The translation of compound terms by rank shift or transposition
In translation theory, the process of translating specific term groups requires a grammatical transformation from the source language (SL) to the target language (TL), a process known as transposition or shift.
Group 1: Terms translated with transposition procedure which involves the automatic change in the word order from SL to TL
In English nominal groups, the Classifier and Epithet elements precede the Thing, while in Vietnamese, they follow it This shift necessitates a change in the position of adjectives or modifying elements due to the differences in word order between the two languages According to Van (1998), understanding this distinction is crucial for effective language translation and communication.
Classifier/Epithet + Thing Thing + Classifier
Terms can be translated by this transposition are:
Fireproof materials Vật liệu chống cháy
Steel tape Thước cuộn bằng lá thép
Bay Window Cửa sổ chìa
Bottom Rail Thanh bậu cửa
Sheet materials Vật liệu dạng tấm
Gravitational force Lực trọng trường
Anthropometric data Số liệu nhân trắc học
The transposition procedure for translation is straightforward, requiring translators to identify the divisions between elements in a group and to convert the English word order into the corresponding Vietnamese structure By following this method, translators can effectively manage longer nominal groups.
English word order Vietnamese word order
Vertical slid window Cửa sổ trượt theo chiều thẳng đứng Cross sectional area Diện tích mặt cắt ngang
Single storey building Nhà một tầng
Ground slab foundation Móng sàn nền
Rolled metal sheet Tấm kim loại cán
This type of transposition is very useful because it is applicable to nominal groups of different types, especially longer nominal group as follows:
English word order Vietnamese word order
Rough wooden plank Bản gỗ ráp
Non-slip ceramic tile Gạch men chống trượt
Water Supply and Drainage Isometric Diagram Sơ đồ không gian cấp thoát nước
Ceiling Access Opening Lỗ thăm trần
Waste Water Treatment Plant Trạm xử lý nước thải
(See more examples in Appendix 2)
The Vietnamese equivalents that sound stiff or fail to accord with natural usage in Vietnamese are put under the heading “literal translation” which will be examined in the
Group 2: Terms consisting of Classifier (past participle) + Thing
The terms in this group can be translated through either automatic transposition or rank shift, which alters the grammatical structure of certain items in the source language For instance, an English nominal group may correspond to a clause in Vietnamese.
(1) Jacked pile = cọc nâng bằng kích
A change in the position of V-ed functioning as Classifier is needed so that the Vietnamese version sounds naturally and accords to the word order in Vietnamese nominal group
(2) Jacked pile = cọc được nâng bằng kích
While sentence (2) is longer than sentence (1), it offers greater semantic clarity, making both understandable to readers The shorter version is favored for its brevity and technical tone, yet the longer version is prioritized for its comprehensibility in Vietnamese.
Bored pile Cọc lỗ khoan, cọc xoắn vít
Stabilized soil Đất ổn định
Fixed window Cửa sổ chết, cố định (không mở)
Rolled fill San lấp (bằng xe lu)
(See more examples in Appendix 3)
III.1.3.3 The translation strategy which involves the deletion of "OF"
Group 3: Terms consisting of Thing + Qualifier (noun of noun/ noun phrase)
In Chapter II, it was noted that many architectural terms follow the structure of "Thing + Qualifier." While literal translation into Vietnamese is grammatically correct, it often fails to align with natural Vietnamese usage For instance, certain terms may lose their intended meaning or clarity when translated directly.
Cubage of the building Khối tích của công trình
A sense of unity Cảm giác của sự nhất quán
Angle of repose Góc của sự nghỉ
Infiltration (of water) Sự thấm (lọc) qua của nước
Calculating flood flow characteristics is essential for understanding water behavior during floods While translating terms, it's important to recognize that certain words, like "of," may be omitted to create a more natural-sounding Vietnamese version This practice is common in the translation of architectural terminology to enhance clarity and coherence.
Translators must carefully determine when to omit or add words, such as "OF," to ensure that the translated text remains readable and natural.
Cubage of the building Khối tích của công trình
A sense of unity Cảm giác nhất quán
Calculation of Flood Flow Characteristics Tính toán đặc trưng dòng chảy lũ
In the second version of the examples, the Vietnamese terms appear more natural and readable By eliminating the word "OF," translators can create concise expressions that enhance reader engagement However, this translation strategy should be employed judiciously, ensuring that the benefits of a smoother translation outweigh the importance of precise wording in the specific context.
Translators employ various techniques to address architectural terminology, acknowledging the absence of a definitive translation theory Regardless of their experience level, both amateur and professional translators utilize strategies such as the deletion of "OF" and procedures like transposition or rank-shift to achieve equivalence in translation This indicates that these methods have become integral to the translation process, whether used consciously or unconsciously.
III.2 THE TRANSLATION OF ARCHITECTURE TERMS OF NON-
III.2.1 Non-equivalence at word level in the translation of Architecture terms
Mona Baker (1992) defines non-equivalence at the word level as the absence of a direct equivalent in the target language (TL) for a word found in the source text (ST) The challenges posed by non-equivalence can vary significantly based on its nature, necessitating different strategies for translation Some types of non-equivalence are straightforward to address, while others are more complex and require careful handling.
The followings are different kinds of non-equivalence (cited in Nhan, N.T 2005):
2 The SL concept is not lexicalized in the TL
3 The SL word is semantically complex
4 The SL and TL make different distinctions in meaning
6 The TL lacks a specific term (hyponym)
7 Differences in physical or interpersonal perspective
11 The use of loan words in the source text
The non-equivalence problem discussed in this study is to briefly provide an insight into how architecture terms in Neufert are translated in the Vietnamese version
III.2.2 The strategies, procedures and methods employed in dealing with non- equivalence problem in the translation of Architecture terms
III.2.2.1 Translation of terms with transference procedure (the use of loan word)
Acronyms are utilized in texts to represent products, appliances, processes, and international institutions In translation, they can be either decoded or transferred; when introduced for the first time, they typically include both the English and Vietnamese full forms, while subsequent mentions in the target language omit the full forms.
Maintenance factor is proportion (expressed as decimal) of initial illuminance to which illuminance falls mid way between cleaning and relamping periods
Yếu tố bảo trì (Maintenance factor-MF)
Yếu tố bảo trì là tỷ lệ (được biểu diễn dưới dạng số thập phân) giữa ánh sáng ban đầu và ánh sáng khi đã giảm xuống mức 50%, được xác định trong khoảng thời gian giữa hai giai đoạn lau chùi và thay bóng đèn mới.
MF therefore refers to dirtying of lluminaires…
Bởi thế, MF đề cập đến sự dơ bẩn của nguồn sáng…
The second example can better prove the convenience of using acronyms in translation:
In countries with humid and temperate climates, the daylight factor (DF) is a crucial concept for effective daylighting design This approach offers a practical foundation for estimating and measuring DF in Britain The DF concept is particularly valuable because, despite variations in outdoor illuminance, indoor illuminance will change correspondingly, ensuring that DF remains consistent for practical applications.
Thông độ sáng ban ngày DF (Daylight factor)
Do sự biến đổi của độ sáng ban ngày, khí hậu, nhiệt độ và độ ẩm ở từng quốc gia, việc thiết kế ánh sáng ban ngày (DF) được định nghĩa cụ thể Để có cơ sở thực tiễn cho việc đánh giá và đo lường thông số DF tại Anh, cần lưu ý rằng độ chiếu sáng bên ngoài có thể ảnh hưởng đến độ chiếu sáng bên trong Tuy nhiên, mặc dù tài liệu có thể thay đổi, nhưng đối với các mục đích thực tiễn, DF vẫn giữ nguyên giá trị của nó.
(See more examples in Appendix 5)
It is at easy for one to recognize the convenience of using acronyms in translation
The use of acronyms is increasingly recognized by translators as a valuable strategy to address non-equivalence issues in architectural subcultures Without acronyms, translations can become cumbersome and complex, highlighting their importance in facilitating clearer communication.
When translating acronyms like RI, CIE, and UF, which represent organizations, international standards, or measurement units unfamiliar to Vietnamese speakers, translators must exercise caution It is essential to carefully consider the appropriate use of these acronyms to ensure that the translated text is clear and easily understood by the target audience.
Group 5: Terms referring to modern concepts that are not technically lexicalized in Vietnamese
The process of term creation is essential when new concepts emerge or are introduced into a different culture, yet it often proves to be challenging and time-consuming In many instances, it is difficult to find an exact Vietnamese equivalent for certain English terms, leading to the use of English terms in translation These loanwords can be adapted to Vietnamese pronunciation and morphology Additionally, English terms may be accompanied by functional descriptive equivalents to provide clarity and understanding.
Vermiculite Vermiculite (chất khoáng bón cây)
(đá nhân ta ̣o bằng xi- măng trô ̣n granit vu ̣n)
Linoleum Linoleum (vải sơn lót sàn nhà)
Bituminous Bitum (có rải nhựa đường)
(See more examples in Appendix 6)
III.2.2.2 The translation of terms by paraphrase
Paraphrasing is frequently utilized by translators, often as a last option in various contexts This technique involves providing an explanation of the meaning behind the original terms In the next section, we will explore how several architectural terms are translated through paraphrasing.
Group 6: Terms referring to culture-specific concepts
There are significant differences in the architectural sub-culture between Western countries and Vietnam, with the former being more advanced As a result, many architectural terms remain unfamiliar to Vietnamese readers and are often conveyed using English terminology Since these terms lack direct equivalents in Vietnamese, translators must resort to paraphrasing to convey their meanings effectively.
Shell Cao ốc đạng shell loại cao ốc tồn tại ít nhất 50 năm
Cao ốc dạng shell và service kết hợp sẽ trở nên lỗi thời do sự thay đổi trong kỹ thuật văn phòng, đòi hỏi phải được thay thế ít nhất 15 năm một lần để đáp ứng yêu cầu chính xác của cơ cấu cao Loại cao ốc này phù hợp với hợp đồng thông thường từ 5-7 năm.
Cao ốc dạng sets là loại cao ốc được thiết kế để dễ dàng bày biện và trang trí, bao gồm các món đồ như bàn, ghế, màn gió và vách ngăn Loại hình này đáp ứng nhu cầu thay đổi không gian của các tổ chức mỗi 3 đến 4 tháng một lần.
(See more examples in Appendix 7)
Translators often paraphrase terms instead of translating them directly due to the lack of Vietnamese equivalents and the presence of subculture-specific concepts unfamiliar to Vietnamese audiences For instance, in Vietnam, buildings are classified into categories A, B, and C based on their quality and facilities, whereas Western countries categorize them according to the age of the contract By providing explanations for these terms, translators ensure that the intended meaning is clearly conveyed and understood by the target readers.
While this strategy offers significant benefits, it presents two main drawbacks Firstly, a paraphrase lacks the stability of a fixed lexical item, which can result in the loss of its associated expressive or associative meanings in the target language (TL) Secondly, substituting a single term in the source language (SL) with a lengthy explanation in the TL can lead to cumbersome and awkward phrasing.
III.2.2.3 The translation of terms with communicative method
Paraphrasing is an effective strategy for addressing non-equivalence issues, particularly when translating culture-specific concepts This section will explore how the communicative method is utilized to resolve these challenges.
Group 7: Terms referring to culture-specific concepts
Translators employ a communicative method rather than mere paraphrasing when they possess a deep understanding of the architectural sub-culture in both countries This expertise is reflected in their handling of terminology and choice of vocabulary in Vietnamese By ensuring that the contextual meaning of terms is conveyed effectively, they make the content both linguistically and culturally accessible to the target audience.
Shop Drawings Bản vẽ Thi công chi tiết
As –built Drawings Bản vẽ hoàn công
Master Plan Tổng Mặt bằng
Convention hotel Khách sạn theo yêu cầu
(See more examples in appendix 8)
II.1 Suggestion for transference procedure
Transference has gained significant popularity in the translation of technical and architectural terms, offering both advantages and disadvantages.
Borrowing English words into the target language (TL) effectively addresses the challenge of non-equivalence, particularly for concepts that lack a direct lexical counterpart This approach allows translators to provide concise and accurate translations without delving deeply into the term's meaning, thus minimizing the risk of inaccuracies, especially with entirely new terms Furthermore, when these borrowed words are used alongside functional-descriptive terms, they seamlessly integrate into Vietnamese lexis, eventually losing their status as loans.
The use of loanwords in Vietnamese raises concerns about preserving the language's purity and clarity, as it may undermine national terminology Furthermore, the retention of the original written form of these borrowed terms can pose challenges for readers, particularly those with limited English proficiency.
Despite some drawbacks, the advantages of using loan words in translation outweigh the disadvantages This preference is evident as many translators and specialized readers favor loan words, often employing them without requiring additional descriptive explanations.
II.2 Suggestion for transposition procedure
Translators employ various types of transposition to effectively translate diverse groups of terms, addressing non-equivalence caused by differences in word formation and structural patterns between languages While transference aids in managing non-equivalence at the word level, transposition addresses issues at both the word and above-word levels Ultimately, the different types of transposition serve as valuable tools to resolve distinct translation challenges.
This strategy effectively addresses the issue of non-equivalence in translation, especially when the target language lacks a direct equivalent for a concept While some loss of meaning may be inevitable, this approach enhances clarity and accessibility for readers However, translators must be cautious about lengthy explanations and maintain the economy of the translated text, avoiding overuse of this strategy to ensure effective communication.
II.4 Suggestion for communicative method
The communicative method in translation offers translators greater freedom and choice, resulting in smoother and more accessible texts that enhance reader comprehension This approach effectively addresses non-equivalence issues, enabling translators to find suitable target language equivalents for terms that lack direct counterparts in the source language Undoubtedly, the communicative method is an excellent option for translators seeking to improve their work.
The communicative method is favored by many translators for its flexibility; however, it presents a significant challenge in determining the appropriate level of simplification to emphasize the core message If technical terms are oversimplified or inadequately conveyed, crucial aspects of their meaning may be lost, impacting the overall effectiveness of the translation.
In conclusion, despite its challenges, the communicative method remains a valuable choice for translators However, if meaning loss is an inherent issue with this approach, it is highly recommended that translators include the original English version alongside the translated text.
II.5 Suggestion for literal translation
Literal translation serves as the initial step in the translation process, allowing translators to grasp the basic meaning of terms or texts However, relying solely on this method can lead to translations that are awkward, complex, and difficult for readers to understand To create a clear and accessible final version, it’s essential to move beyond literal translations.
Literal translation falls short in addressing translation challenges, particularly those involving non-equivalence beyond the word level It fails to evoke the same impact on the intended audience as it does on the original readers.
Therefore, it is a good advice for the translators to avoid literal translation unless the SL and TL meaning correspond more closely than any other choices
II.6 Suggestion for further studies
Due to time constraints, we have been unable to gather all translated versions for comparison and analysis We recognize that this task is challenging, as there are only a limited number of translators specializing in the translation of architectural terms into Vietnamese.
To enhance research on the equivalence of architectural terminology between English and Vietnamese, it is essential to focus on the collection and analysis of modern architecture terms.
Researchers aim to identify a comprehensive list of non-equivalence terms to create a glossary of architecture terminology, serving as a valuable resource for professionals in the architecture field.
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Việt: Một số vấn đề về lý luận và phương pháp cơ bản VNU, College of foreign
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Terminology in the Materials for Electrical Engineering VNU, College of foreign
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Vietnamese Translation of Insurance terms in US health insurance plans VNU, College of foreign Languages (Unpublished)
Landscape Architect Kiến trúc sư thiết kế ngoại cảnh
Location Map Hoạ đồ vị trí (công trình)
Construction Site Công trường xây dựng
Ground Floor Sàn tầng trệt
Steel Truss Vì kèo thép
Steel Purlin Xà gồ thép
Plywood Ceiling Trần ván ép
Floor Drain Phễu thu sàn
Design level Cao độ thiết kế
Window sill Bệ cửa sổ
Glass wool Bông thuỷ tinh
Butimen roof Mái giấy dầu
Coarse aggregate Cốt liệu thô
Fine aggregate Cốt liệu mịn
Gable wall Tường đầu hồi
Perspective Drawing Bản vẽ phối cảnh
Artificial Stone Đá nhân tạo
Internal Pavement Đường nội bộ
Igneous rock Đá hỏa sinh
Differential settlement Sự chênh lệch lún
Retractable Roof Mái che co rút được
Preliminary Design Thiết kế sơ bộ
General Plan Tổng Mặt bằng
Metal Gutter Máng xối tôn
Septic Tank Hầm tự hoại
Capillary water Nước mao dẫn
Luminous flux Thông lượng ánh sáng
Longitudinal section Mặt cắt dọc
Cross section Mặt cắt ngang
Acoustic Board Ceiling Trần cách âm
Metal Sheet Ceiling Trần tôn
Conceptual Design Drawings Bản vẽ thiết kế cơ bản
Mental sheet ceiling Trần tôn
Thermal insulation layer Lớp cách nhiệt
Technical Pipe Shaft Hộp gen kỹ thuật
Metal sheet Roof Mái tôn
Underground Water Tank Hồ nước ngầm
Total Floor area Tổng diện tích sàn xây dựng
Conceptual Design Drawings Bản vẽ thiết kế cơ bản
Front view Elevation Mặt đứng chính
Gypsum Board Ceiling Trần thạch cao
(Adjective/ V-ed + (Adjective/ Noun) + Noun + Noun)
Concealed gypsum board ceiling Trần thạch cao khung chìm
Detailed Design Drawings Bản vẽ TK chi tiết
Decomposed granite gravel Cuội granit bị phân hủy Finished ground level Cao trình đất hoàn thiện Reduced Scale Model Mô hình (công trinh) thu nhỏ
Good sound insulation Cách âm tốt
High compressive strength Cường độ chịu nén cao
Rolled mental sheet Tấm kim loại cán
Reiforced concrete section Mặt cắt bê tông cốt thép Typical tensile strength Cường độ chịu nén đặc trưng Conceptual Design Drawings Bản vẽ thiết kế cơ bản
Thermal insulation layer Lớp cách nhiệt
Acoustic Board Ceiling Trần cách âm
Equilibrum moisture constant Độ ẩm cân bằng
Short, more technical Long, but clearer
Stabilized soil Đất ổn định Đất đã ổn định
Detached house Nhà biệt lập Nhà bị biệt lập
Suspended Ceiling Trần treo Trần được treo
Benched foundation Móng có bậc, móng giật cấp Móng có bậc, móng được giật cấp
Cased pile Cọc có vỏ bọc Cọc được bọc vỏ
Prestressed concrete Bê tông dự ứng lực Bê tông được dự ứng lực
Pressed brick Gạch ép/ nén Gạch bị ép/ nén
Premixed concrete, also known as ready-mixed concrete, is a construction material that is prepared in advance for convenience and efficiency Prefabricated units refer to components that are manufactured off-site and assembled on location, streamlining the construction process Revised drawings are updated plans that have been modified to reflect changes or corrections, ensuring accuracy in project execution.
Fixed joint Liên kết ngầm Liên kết được cố định
Concealed ceiling Trần chìm Trần được che
Composition of force Tổng hợp lực
Penetration of pile Độ xuyên sâu cọc
Percentage of sand Tỉ lệ phần trăm cát