PLASTIC PRODUCTS CONSUMPTION TREND AND PLASTIC WASTE IN ASIA, PRACTICAL INFORMATION AND CONTACT TO VIETNAM

INTRODUCTION

Research context and reasons to choose topics

Over the last five decades, plastic has evolved dramatically, becoming a fundamental component of contemporary life (Ryan, 2015) Innovations in the plastics industry have led to the creation of affordable, durable, and versatile materials, which find applications in various sectors, including healthcare, agriculture, construction, and food packaging Since the 1950s, the production of plastic has outpaced that of most other materials, highlighting its pervasive role in modern society.

In 2015, approximately 141 million tons of plastic waste were generated, primarily from products and packaging (UN Environment, 2018) The excessive use of plastic and inadequate management of waste have positioned plastic as the leading contributor to global marine pollution Once plastic particles infiltrate the marine ecosystem, they are dispersed across oceans by wind and currents (UN Environment).

Marine plastic pollution (MPP) is a significant and alarming issue due to its vast scale and complexity The rising consumption of plastic in both developed and developing nations poses a serious threat to ecosystems and human health.

In recent years, the issue of marine plastic pollution has garnered increased attention, particularly following significant declarations like the G7 Leaders' Statement in 2018, which elevated the topic on the international agenda.

A significant study by German scientists revealed that eight Asian rivers rank among the top ten contributors to global marine plastic pollution, with four Indonesian rivers identified as some of the most polluted worldwide due to poorly managed plastic waste Research indicates that 83% of the 4.4 to 12.7 million tons of terrestrial plastic waste entering oceans originates from just 20 countries, predominantly including China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, and Sri Lanka Marine waste stems from various sources, including commercial and recreational vessels, as well as onshore contributors like street and manufacturing waste.

(Haward, 2018) All of this shows that it is important to research what measures need to be taken to address the MPP problem in Asia

Since the 1960s, plastic products have increasingly integrated into Vietnamese daily life, replacing traditional materials like bamboo and natural fibers in household items and paper packaging In various sectors, including industry and construction, plastic materials dominate areas such as water supply and drainage On average, each Vietnamese individual uses approximately 30 kg of plastic annually, highlighting its role in enhancing living standards However, the rise of plastic usage has also led to significant environmental challenges Research indicates that plastic constitutes 3.16-13.63% of solid waste in urban areas of the Mekong Delta and represents 77% of recyclable waste in Can Tho City.

As global economic development and evolving consumption patterns contribute to a significant rise in plastic waste, it is crucial to analyze the trends in plastic product usage This study focuses on the "Plastic Products Consumption Trend and Plastic Waste in Asia," with a particular emphasis on Vietnam, to assess the current landscape of plastic consumption and its environmental implications.

Research objectives

This research aims to examine the consumption trends of plastic products, highlighting the growing issue of plastic waste in Asia, particularly in Vietnam, over recent years Additionally, it seeks to propose effective solutions to address this pressing environmental challenge.

Research question

The thesis will address the following research questions:

(1) What are the current consumption trends of plastic products?

(2) What are the basic issues facing Asia and Vietnam regarding plastic waste and What experiences are drawn?

(3) What is the solution to the problems of plastic waste in Asia in general and in Vietnam in particular?

Research Method

This study examines the global and Vietnamese plastic industry, focusing on raw materials, production technologies, applications, and consumption patterns It reviews existing research on plastic pollution in Asia and Vietnam, utilizing secondary data from sources such as the World Bank, government statements, and annual reports from major plastic companies Employing a qualitative approach, the research identifies effective solutions implemented worldwide and in similar regions, highlighting key factors contributing to plastic waste issues and forecasting current and future trends in plastic product demand in Asia and Vietnam.

This study employs statistical and selective methods to present a collection of experiences and solutions that various countries and businesses have implemented to address plastic waste issues, offering suitable strategies for effective application in Vietnam.

Structure of the thesis

In addition to the references, the list of figures, and conclusions, the thesis is divided into 5 main chapters as follows:

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the study, detailing the research context and the rationale behind selecting this topic It outlines the research objectives and questions, while also describing the research methodology and the overall structure of the research.

This chapter offers a comprehensive theoretical framework on plastic, including its classification, applications, benefits, and the pressing issue of plastic waste Additionally, it reviews relevant previous studies that contribute to the understanding of these topics.

This chapter outlines the methodologies and theories relevant to the topic, establishing a solid theoretical foundation Utilizing these principles, the author develops a comprehensive analytical framework to guide the research.

Chương 4: Plastics consumption trend and plastics waste problem in Asia, practical information and contact to Vietnam

This chapter discusses the rising trends in plastic consumption and the significant waste challenges faced in Asia, with a particular focus on Vietnam It highlights lessons learned from various Asian countries on reducing plastic waste and emphasizes the growing demand for environmentally friendly plastic products in Vietnam Additionally, the author outlines the plastic waste treatment process currently implemented in the country.

Chương 5: Recommendation for plastic waste manegement in Asia and contact to Vietnam

In this chapter, the author has made recommendations to the stakeholders in the plastic value chain in order to limit the environmental pollution caused by plastic waste.

LITERTURE REVIEW

Definition of Plastic

Plastics are a series of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic compounds that have ductility and can therefore be molded into solid objects

Flexibility is a fundamental characteristic of all materials that can be permanently deformed without damage In the case of molded polymers, this property is so pronounced that it is reflected in their very name, highlighting their unique ability to bend and reshape.

Plastics are high molecular weight organic polymers that frequently incorporate various additives While they are primarily derived from petrochemical sources, alternatives made from renewable materials like corn-based polylactic acid and cotton velvet cellulose are also available.

According to a 2009 study published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, approximately one-third of plastic consumption in developed economies is attributed to packaging, with similar usage found in construction materials like pipes and vinyl sheets Additional applications include the automotive industry, which utilizes up to 20% of plastic, as well as furniture and toys In contrast, developing countries, such as India, see packaging account for 42% of plastic consumption Globally, the average plastic production reaches about 50 kg per person annually, with production rates doubling every decade.

The introduction of polymer implants and various plastic medical devices has expanded the applications of plastic in healthcare The term "plastic surgery" does not refer to the use of plastic materials; rather, it derives from the concept of "plasticity," which relates to the ability to reshape and mold tissue.

Bakelite, invented by Leo Baekeland in New York in 1907, was the first synthetic resin and marked the beginning of modern plastics Baekeland is credited with coining the term "plastic." Significant contributions to the science of plastic materials have been made by chemists such as Nobel Prize winner Hermann Staudinger, often referred to as the "father of polymer chemistry," and Hermann Mark, known as the "father of polymer physics."

The rise of plastics started in the early 20th century, but their slow decomposition due to macromolecular composition has raised significant environmental concerns By the end of the century, recycling emerged as a promising solution to address the waste issues associated with plastic materials.

Classification of plastic

Plastics are categorized based on the chemical structure of their polymer chains, including the main and side chains Key classifications include acrylic plastics, polyesters, silicones, polyurethanes, and halogenated plastics.

Plastics can also be classified as follows: Chemical processes used in the synthesis, such as condensation, polyaddition, and crosslinked (Wayback Machine,

Plastics are categorized based on their physical properties, including hardness, density, tensile strength, heat resistance, and glass transition temperature Additionally, they are classified by their chemical composition, particularly the organic chemistry of polymers and their reactions to various chemicals and processes, such as organic solvents, oxidants, and radiation Notably, most plastics tend to melt at temperatures reaching a few hundred degrees Celsius (Kent, 2008).

Classifications of plastics can also be determined by their quality in relation to manufacturing or design Key examples include thermoplastics, thermosets, conductive polymers, biodegradable plastics, engineering plastics, and specialized resins like elastomers.

An important classification of plastics is based on their permanent or impermanent morphology, whether they are thermoplastics or thermosets

Thermoplastic is a type of plastic that retains its chemical composition when heated, allowing for multiple moldings Common examples of thermoplastics include polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) These materials typically have a molecular weight ranging from 20,000 to 500,000 amu, in contrast to thermosets, which are believed to possess an infinite molecular weight.

Thermosetting polymers undergo a unique process where they melt and form only once, resulting in a solid state that remains unchanged after solidification (Gilleo, Ken, 2004) This process involves an irreversible chemical reaction, exemplified by the vulcanization of rubber In this process, polyisoprene, a viscous material, flows slightly before being heated with sulfur, ultimately transforming into a rigid and non-sticky product.

Many plastics are completely amorphous, such as: all are thermosets; Polystyrene and its copolymer; and polymethyl methacrylate (Kutz, Myer, 2002)

Partially amorphous resins possess unique molecular structures that result in elevated melting points, surpassing intermolecular forces, as well as one or more higher glass transition temperatures This leads to increased local molecular flexibility Notable examples of semi-crystalline resins include polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyamide (nylon), polyester, and certain polyurethanes.

Internally conductive polymers (ICP) are conductive organic polymers Although plastics can be made into conductive materials with a conductivity of up to

While extended-oriented polyacetylene exhibits a conductivity of 80 kS/cm, it falls short compared to metals like copper, which can reach conductivities of several hundred kS/cm Nevertheless, this area of research is rapidly evolving (Heeger, Schrieffer, 1988).

Biodegradable plastic refers to plastic that can degrade or decompose when exposed to sunlight or ultraviolet rays, water or moisture, bacteria, enzymes, or wind

In some cases, rodent, pest, or insect attacks can also be viewed as a form of biodegradation or environmental degradation

Some degradation modes require plastic to be in contact with a surface (aerobic), while others are only effective (anaerobic) if there are certain conditions in the composting or burial system

Certain companies manufacture biodegradable additives aimed at improving the biodegradation process While incorporating plastic as a filler in starch can increase its susceptibility to degradation, it does not lead to the complete decomposition of the plastic.

Some researchers have used genetically modified bacteria to synthesize completely biodegradable plastics, such as Biopol; However, these prices are currently very high (Brandl.Helmut, Puchner, Pentra, 1992)

Bioplastics, derived from renewable plant materials such as cellulose and starch, are gaining prominence as a sustainable alternative to traditional plastics made from petrochemicals This shift is driven by the depletion of petrochemical reserves and the urgent need to address global warming.

The current production of bioplastics is minimal, with global biological derivatives estimated at only 327,000 tons per year, significantly lower than the production of petrochemical-derived polyolefins like polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), which exceeded 150 million tons in 2015.

Plastic applications and its social benefits

Around 1600 BC, ancient Central Americans were the first to process natural rubber into various items such as balls and statues, marking the beginning of human utilization of polymers This era saw a growing reliance on materials like natural polymers, horns, wax, and rubber, paving the way for the development of modern thermoplastics in the 19th century.

In 1839, Charles Goodyear invented vulcanized rubber, while German pharmacist Edward Simon discovered polystyrene, marking significant advancements in polymer development The 19th century saw the emergence of notable products like celluloid for billiards, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for diverse applications, and viscose (rayon) for textiles The first half of the 20th century witnessed a surge in modern plastic production, with over 15 new polymers synthesized Plastics have gained immense popularity due to their versatility, including natural and modified polymers, thermosets, thermoplastics, and nearly biodegradable resins Their unique properties, such as resistance to temperature, chemicals, and light, along with their strength and ease of processing, contribute to a global demand for plastics that reaches 245 million tonnes annually (Plastics Europe).

Plastic waste

The treatment of plastic materials significantly contributes to the increase in municipal waste, particularly due to the persistence of thermoplastic products, which are non-biodegradable and can remain in the environment for extended periods (Andrady, 2003) The degradation of plastic waste varies based on its chemical properties and environmental conditions, with compostable resins degrading within months, while traditional plastics can take much longer In comparison to other materials like lignocellulosic paper, which is durable due to its chemical composition, plastic waste presents unique challenges Addressing littering behavior through education is crucial, as raising consumer awareness about the environmental impact of waste is the most effective solution Initiatives such as Singapore's government-imposed fines and repair work orders have proven successful in combating littering.

Plastic waste entering the world's oceans is a significant environmental concern, primarily originating from land-based sources Recent studies indicate that a considerable portion of this debris, estimated at 0.2-0.3%, is attributed to various factors including tourism, sewage spills, and illegal industrial discharges The durability of plastics, while advantageous for numerous applications, poses serious ecological risks when these materials become waste Notably, fishing gear and accessories, predominantly made of plastic, contribute to the growing problem of ocean pollution, leading to detrimental effects on marine ecosystems.

Plastic pollution refers to the buildup of plastic products in the environment, impacting wildlife, their habitats, and human health This waste includes single-use items like plastic bags, bottles, and straws According to the Waste Management Series (2004), plastic waste undergoes a process of grinding, washing, and stirring to create an aqueous suspension, which is then separated using three consecutive centrifuges.

Plastic waste can be classified in various ways, including its impact on the environment, such as pollution in soil and oceans It can also be categorized as recyclable or non-recyclable Additionally, sources of plastic waste can be identified, including households, manufacturing enterprises, and public places A common classification method involves differentiating plastic waste based on the types of resins used.

Plastic packaging for beverages and perishables is both safe and recyclable This process involves shredding the plastic and repurposing it into various products, including bottles, rugs, furniture, and garments.

HDPE or High-Density Polyethylene

HDPE, a safe type of plastic commonly found in baby bottles and toys, maintains its shape and durability even when exposed to sunlight, making it an ideal choice for outdoor furniture and trash containers.

Toxic plastic is a versatile material utilized in pipes, windows, and various medical devices, as well as applications requiring flexibility, such as plastic wrap and cables However, it is important to avoid using this type of plastic for food or beverages due to the presence of harmful chemicals, which have been associated with liver disease and developmental issues in children.

LDPE or low-density polyethylene

This versatile and eco-friendly plastic is widely used in various products, such as shopping bags and squeezable bottles When recycled, it can be transformed into new items, including bubble wrap and furniture, promoting sustainability and reducing waste.

This type of plastic is known for its durability and safety for use in items such as Tupperware plastic containers and even medicine bottles

Polystyrene is a common plastic known for its use in packaging protection, insulation, and disposable cups However, due to its fragile nature, it easily breaks apart and disperses in the environment, posing significant recycling challenges.

Sunglasses, bottles, and CDs are challenging to recycle due to their composition, which often includes BPA, a harmful chemical linked to hormonal disruptions and various health issues.

Overview of previous studies related to the topic

In her 2018 doctoral dissertation, Thu investigates the factors that affect customers' intentions to purchase green products, particularly in the context of food items with eco-friendly packaging The research emphasizes packaged foods, specifically instant noodles, within developing markets Thu highlights the importance of understanding the connection between consumers' intent to buy and their willingness to choose environmentally friendly packaging She asserts that individuals who identify as environmentalists or are actively engaged in environmental issues are more inclined to purchase green products.

Mui (2018) surveyed the current status of plastic waste and proposed limited solutions in Can Tho in her research

In his 2013 study on the management of domestic solid waste in Quoc Oai district, Hanoi, Loan highlights the urgent need to address environmental pollution caused by waste, particularly plastic waste, which remains largely untreated To mitigate this issue and reduce waste management costs, the author recommends enhancing financial resources and support for waste management initiatives Furthermore, it is essential for governmental bodies at all levels, from city to commune, to formulate specific action plans aligned with state and city objectives for effective waste management.

Thuy et al (2015) examine Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a highly popular material experiencing rapid growth across various industries Their research highlights a significant increase in PET plastic consumption, leading to a substantial annual discharge of PET waste into the environment.

In 2015, research focused on PET recycling methods and the potential applications of recycled PET, highlighting the importance of recycling technology and the reuse of waste PET plastic This approach aims to reduce environmental pollution and minimize resource exploitation.

The rapid urbanization and economic growth worldwide have significantly increased plastic production and consumption Due to low recycling values and insufficient technological support, the recovery rate for plastic waste is alarmingly low, resulting in most plastic being dumped in oceans, landfills, or incinerated This excessive plastic waste leads to severe consequences, including pollution, contamination of the food chain, loss of biodiversity, energy waste, and economic losses.

Numerous studies highlight the critical issues posed by plastic waste and explore potential solutions Chow (2017) emphasizes the alarming rise in global plastic waste and its detrimental effects on the environment and human health, advocating for education as a vital tool to transform knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding plastic waste management Similarly, Fobil (2006) examines the plastic waste challenges in Ghana, revealing that inadequate plastic waste management policies have led to significant environmental and public health issues due to the packaging revolution This study discusses the hurdles and future prospects of plastic waste management in Ghana and proposes a new tax model, including a pollution tax system, as a long-term solution to mitigate these environmental challenges.

Research by Purwoko (2016) highlights the advancements in environmentally friendly plastics, particularly biodegradable options that decompose more quickly than traditional plastics Despite ongoing technological improvements, biodegradable plastics remain more costly, leading consumers to favor cheaper non-biodegradable alternatives To address this issue, Purwoko proposes a fiscal policy strategy aimed at reducing plastic waste, suggesting a combination of financial incentives, such as subsidies for biodegradable plastics, and disincentives for non-biodegradable options This approach seeks to promote sustainable choices without imposing significant financial burdens on the government.

A study conducted in Vietnam by Linh et al (2019) examined the factors influencing consumer behavior towards reducing plastic waste The findings revealed that individuals' attitudes play a crucial role in their willingness to adapt and decrease plastic consumption Based on these insights, the authors proposed several recommendations aimed at enhancing consumers' intent to minimize plastic waste.

Plastic waste poses significant environmental challenges in major countries and cities, including Japan, Taiwan, the UK, and Hong Kong, where robust economic activities drive high levels of plastic consumption This issue leads to serious air and land pollution, impacting both ecosystems and public health.

Plastic pollution poses significant threats to human health, as highlighted by various studies (Crinnion, 2010; Elliott et al., 1996; Maffini et al., 2006; Yamamoto & Yasuhara, 1999) It also leads to severe water pollution (Howarth, 2013; Laist, 1987; Perkins, 2014; Schwartz, 2014; Zielinski, 2014) and contaminates the food chain (Rochman et al., 2014; Swan, 2008; Thompson et al., 2009) Additionally, plastic waste endangers biodiversity (Derraik, 2002; Grant & Ryder, 2009; Gregory, 2009; McNamee, 2008) and results in significant energy waste (Cho, 2012; European Commission, 2013; HongKong Cleanup, 2012; StudyMode, 2015; Themelis & Mussche, 2014).

Research on plastic waste management has been conducted globally, particularly in Asia, leading to various implemented solutions and shared experiences However, there remains a lack of comprehensive studies focused on the specific strategies that countries and businesses have adopted to address plastic waste, especially in the context of Vietnam This highlights the need for a cohesive approach to plastic waste reduction and the effective establishment of a recycling industry tailored to Vietnam's unique challenges.

Plastic waste problem

Plastics, derived from petrochemicals, are widely used across various industries such as textiles, packaging, and automotive manufacturing Unfortunately, only one-third of plastic materials are recycled, leading to significant environmental issues as the majority end up in oceans, where they can take over 400 years to decompose This plastic pollution poses severe threats to marine life, harming over 200 species and impacting human health Many marine animals ingest plastic debris, which can lead to suffocation and malnutrition The difficulty in recovering smaller plastic particles from products like textiles and cosmetics exacerbates the problem Additionally, plastic debris often contains toxic chemicals, resulting in tens of billions of dollars in damages annually to coastal cleanup efforts, fisheries, and tourism (UNEP, 2014).

In 2016, the world generated 242 million tons of plastic waste, significantly impacting the environment and human health, according to the World Bank Plastic waste takes centuries to decompose, contributing to flooding, harming wildlife, causing respiratory issues when incinerated, and polluting waterways Projections indicate that by 2050, the ocean could contain more plastic than fish by weight if no effective measures are implemented Poor management of plastic waste, including open dumping and inadequate disposal systems, exacerbates the problem, with over 25% of plastic waste being discarded openly Many developed nations export their plastic waste to developing countries, as evidenced by Europe sending one-sixth of its plastic waste to Asia in 2017, highlighting the global challenge of plastic waste management.

Plastic waste poses a significant global challenge, with production and consumption rising by 10% annually, from 5 million tons in 1950 to 245 million tons by 2006 Research indicates that consumers face difficulties in recycling their plastic waste, and confusion persists regarding which types of plastic are recyclable While some plastics can be taken to recycling centers, PVC remains entirely non-recyclable.

Plastic waste significantly contributes to environmental pollution, with much of it ending up in oceans where it breaks down into small, harmful particles that marine organisms ingest These microplastics can enter the human food chain, posing serious health risks (Howarth, 2013) Research indicates that different plastics, particularly polyethylene, are more likely to attract and carry pollutants from seawater, further exacerbating the issue (Michael, 2015) The impact of plastic waste extends beyond ecological damage to human health, prompting companies to explore alternatives like lignin-derived chemicals, which are more sustainable and cost-effective, as lignin is a byproduct of the pulp and paper industry (Howarth, 2013).

The global landfill crisis, primarily driven by plastic waste, poses significant environmental challenges, as highlighted by Steelys (2013) With billions of tons of waste, predominantly plastic and polystyrene, sent to landfills, serious repercussions for future generations are imminent These materials, commonly found in bottles, mugs, and containers, are toxic and decompose at an alarmingly slow rate of over 1,000 years Research indicates that plastic containers make up nearly 50% of recyclable landfill waste, yet only about 27% of plastic bottles are currently recycled, leaving the majority to contribute to landfills or pollute the environment.

Recent simulations by Marcus Eriksen of the Five Gyres Institute estimate that approximately 5.25 trillion plastic items, weighing over 268,000 tons, are currently floating in the ocean Utilizing computer models, researchers have discovered surprising results that have spurred further investigation into the sources of plastic waste, which are primarily located in densely populated areas and transport routes Interestingly, despite expectations that plastic pollution would be more concentrated in the northern hemisphere, data indicates that plastic accumulation is similar in both hemispheres The authors suggest that mechanisms like leaching on beaches may help reduce the density of floating plastic in the north However, significant questions remain regarding the global distribution of plastic in oceans, particularly concerning its interaction with marine life (Michael, 2015).

The development of biodegradable plastics and microorganisms for plastic decomposition represents a promising solution to plastic waste management Research by Manoj et al (2016) evaluated six types of starch resins, specifically low-density polyethylene (LDPE) mixed with varying percentages of starch (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%), to assess their biodegradation in soil enriched with microbial collections The findings indicate that soil degradation improves with higher starch content in LDPE, with optimal results observed in samples containing over 30% starch Additionally, degradation occurs more effectively in soil compared to compost Therefore, creating suitable environments for these biodegradable materials can enhance their decomposition capabilities, thereby addressing the plastic waste crisis (Michael, 2015).

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Theories used in the topic

3.1.1 Hormans’s theory of rational choice

George Homans (1910–1989) was a prominent American sociologist known for his contributions to social exchange theory In 1964, he served as the President of the American Sociological Association and was later appointed professor emeritus at Harvard University in 1988.

When studying social behavior, G Homans introduced the concept of

Elementary social behavior refers to instinctive actions that individuals engage in without prior planning This behavior manifests in various ways, including reflexes, skills, techniques, and habits According to G Homans, these fundamental behaviors form the foundation of communication among individuals.

G Homans points out three basic characteristics of social behavior First, realization - behavior must be performed in reality, not in concept Second, the behavior is rewarded or punished by others Third, the other person here must be the direct reinforcement of the behavior rather than the mediating figure of a certain social structure ([1]13)

Homans proposed six key propositions of rational behavior in his study of behavior: (1) the reward proposition suggests that actions leading to rewards are more likely to be repeated; (2) the stimulus proposition indicates that if a stimulus previously led to a rewarded action, similar new stimuli are likely to elicit the same action; (3) the value proposition states that the higher the perceived value of an action, the more likely it is to be repeated; (4) the rational proposition posits that individuals will choose actions that maximize value or outcomes; (5) the proposition of diminishing value asserts that the perceived value of rewards decreases with repeated receipt; and (6) the expectation proposition claims that individuals feel satisfied when their expectations are met and dissatisfied when they are not.

Rational choice theory posits that individuals act purposefully to maximize benefits while minimizing costs This theory emphasizes the importance of careful consideration and calculation in decision-making, particularly in resource-scarce situations When applied to the increasing trend of plastic consumption, despite its environmental hazards, it suggests that individuals weigh their choices based on objective factors and personal circumstances However, relying solely on rational calculations can be challenging for decision-makers Therefore, integrating rational choice analysis can provide valuable insights for developing sustainable environmental strategies.

Individuals engage in socio-economic activities driven by rational choices, which provides insight into the consumption trends of plastic products Their selection of various socio-economic activities is influenced by a balance of costs and benefits, tailored to their livelihoods, living contexts, and personal preferences Economic efficiency, stable income, and overall quality of life significantly impact these choices This theory effectively captures the behaviors people typically exhibit in their daily lives, making it relevant for research in this area.

The concept of ecology was initiated by the German naturalist Haeckel in

Cultural ecology, established in 1866, explores the dynamic relationship between humans and their natural environment, positing that culture arises from this interaction It emphasizes that the culture of each ethnic group is shaped by the resources and constraints of their surroundings, including environmental changes Central to this theory is the concept of "culture type," which encompasses the unique characteristics of a lifestyle adapted to the environment, influencing essential aspects such as economic institutions, politics, society, and religion Thus, cultural ecology highlights the significance of ecological factors in the development of cultural identities.

Understanding 25 cultures requires a deep comprehension of their content, characteristics, and the socio-spiritual impacts on their natural environments This knowledge sheds light on the dynamics of natural, rural, and urban ecosystems, each representing unique economic and cultural perspectives These ecological models rely on the intake of energy and raw materials while producing various materials and energy, which can lead to imbalances Such imbalances contribute to detrimental changes in the living environment, posing significant challenges for human existence.

The theory of cultural ecology has notable limitations, particularly in its inability to explain how identical natural environments can foster diverse cultural responses For instance, while some communities effectively leverage knowledge and technology to enhance productivity and conserve resources, others exploit natural wealth indiscriminately, leading to environmental degradation This highlights the complex interplay between culture and nature, where each influences the other However, cultural ecology does not adequately address the negative impacts of cultural practices on the environment Thus, applying this theory to the issue of plastic waste reveals a critical need to understand consumer behavior and environmental changes, ultimately aiming to raise awareness about reducing plastic consumption.

The study utilized the DPSIR (Driving forces, Pressures, States, Impacts, and Response) analytical framework, established by the European Environment Agency in 1999, to assess the socio-economic and environmental impacts of traditional rice cultivation in the study area.

The integrated DPSIR analysis framework has been widely utilized in various global studies across different fields, demonstrating its effectiveness in assessing and analyzing the interactions among system elements (Carr et al., 2007; Kuo and Tsou, 2015; Le Tan Loi et al., 2016; Lewison et al., 2016; Nguyen Thi Thu Ha).

This study identifies key driving forces (D) influencing plastic product consumption trends, including economic growth, urbanization, construction, and population growth These forces generate pressures (P) that result in various sources of plastic waste, such as domestic, industrial, tourism-related, and medical waste The state (S) of this waste leads to significant environmental pollution, which in turn creates negative impacts (I) on human health, marine life, and ecosystems To address these challenges, it is essential to implement effective responses (R) within the DPSIR framework, targeting each factor (D, P, S, and I) to minimize the negative effects of plastic waste on the environment.

Analyze theoretical framework

Based on the theory of the topic and research methods, the author designed a specific analytical framework as follows:

CHAPTER 4: PLASTICS CONSUMPTION TREND AND PLASTIC WASTE PROBLEM IN ASIA, PRACTICAL INFORMATION AND CONTACT TO

Overview of plastic sector

The plastic industry's value chain encompasses two segments: upstream and downstream Crude oil serves as the primary raw material for a variety of outputs, while natural gas is particularly beneficial for producing Polyethylene (PE) The type of input material significantly influences the output composition, with natural gas yielding approximately 80% of the product Ethylene, a direct derivative of Polyethylene, indicates that production facilities utilizing natural gas often benefit from lower production costs (Plastics Europe, 2018).

Over 90% of raw plastic is derived from fossil fuels, primarily oil and natural gas, as illustrated in Figure 1 Major petrochemical companies like ExxonMobil, Sinopec, and Total are responsible for synthesizing these polymers Once produced, the plastic is supplied to manufacturers who create various products through methods such as spraying, blow molding, and thermoforming, before being assembled or sold directly by brand owners.

The price of plastic materials is primarily influenced by global supply and demand dynamics, alongside production costs With numerous suppliers in the plastic raw material market and a consumer base that spans the world, these market forces play a crucial role in determining prices Additionally, since raw materials constitute about 70% of the production costs for plastic, fluctuations in the prices of fossil fuels like crude oil, natural gas, and coal significantly impact the overall cost of plastic materials.

The downstream segment of the plastic industry involves the transformation of plastic granules into various products through physical shaping processes This segment is categorized into four main areas: packaging plastic, construction plastic, civil plastic, and engineering plastic, each exhibiting unique input and output characteristics.

China leads the world in plastic material production, significantly benefiting from abundant input materials like natural gas in West Asia and coal in China This advantage has propelled the development of the petrochemical industry in these regions, which plays a crucial role in the value chain of the Asian plastic industry.

2017, the production of plastic materials in Asia increased continuously while production in developed regions entered the saturation stage

From 2017 onwards, the demand for plastic materials in Asia is projected to grow slowly, with an average increase of 3.8% per year through 2025, according to Nexant Despite a historical growth rate of 4% in plastic manufacturing over the last two decades, China and the broader Asian market are identified as key drivers of global plastic industry growth Specifically, demand in China is expected to rise by 4.95%, while the rest of Asia is forecasted to see a 4.57% increase, both surpassing the world average This growth is attributed to the region's robust economic expansion and relatively low per capita plastic consumption compared to global figures.

In addition, the Middle East is also a region with high growth in demand for plastic materials with a growth rate of 4.46% for the period of 2017 – 2025 (Plastics Europe,

China is the world's largest producer and consumer of plastic materials, fulfilling 80% of its domestic raw material demand through local production and relying on imports for the remaining 20% In contrast, Saudi Arabia stands out as a major exporter of plastic materials, leveraging its significant natural gas reserves, which total 8.6 trillion cubic meters—about 4% of global reserves In 2017, Saudi Arabia produced 734.5 billion cubic meters of natural gas, accounting for 20% of global production, which enhances its competitive edge in manufacturing and exporting plastic materials, particularly polyethylene (PE), in both the Asian and global markets.

In Vietnam, According to Virac (2018), plastic industry is one of the industries with relatively fast growth compared to the economy in general In the period from

From 2012 to 2017, Vietnam's plastic industry experienced significant growth, averaging 11.6% annually, outpacing the global plastic industry's growth of 3.9% and surpassing Vietnam's GDP growth of approximately 6.2% This robust expansion reflects the industry's diverse applications across various sectors, including consumer goods, trade, construction, and assembly, and is categorized into four primary segments: plastic packaging products, civil plastics, construction plastics, and engineering plastics.

In 2017, Vietnam's plastic industry reached an estimated value of $15 billion, representing approximately 6.7% of the country's GDP, with the packaging and construction segments being the largest contributors The industry not only meets domestic demand but also exports to over 160 countries, achieving an export turnover of $2.5 billion, a 14.3% increase from 2016, which accounts for 1.2% of Vietnam's total export turnover This report will specifically focus on the two primary segments of the plastic industry: plastic packaging and construction plastic.

In 2017, Vietnam's plastic industry utilized approximately 5.9 million tons of raw plastic materials, translating to an average consumption of 63 kg per person annually This marks a significant increase from just 3.8 kg per person in 1990, highlighting a remarkable growth rate of 10.6% per year in per capita plastic consumption over the 27-year period.

Vietnam continues to rely heavily on imported raw materials for its primary plastic production Although petrochemical projects initiated between 2018 and 2021 have enhanced the country's production capacity for plastic raw materials, the current output remains inadequate to satisfy domestic demand due to the industry's size and growth rate.

The Vietnamese plastics industry is projected to grow at an average rate of 6.5% from 2019 to 2023, with plastic packaging and construction plastics being the two largest segments Notably, the construction sector is anticipated to drive the industry's growth during this period (Virac, 2018).

Plastic material prices maintained a downward trend in the short term and were more stable in the medium term In the short term, prices of raw materials such as PE,

In the medium term, the prices of plastic raw materials, including PP and PVC, are anticipated to stabilize as global supply and demand dynamics evolve.

Plastics product consumption

The plastic industry has now entered a saturated phase with the growth rate of production output and consumption gradually decreasing to around 4% from 2013 -

In 2017, regions like NAFTA and Japan exhibited plastic consumption rates per capita that were 200-300% higher than the global average of 45 kg per person per year, which is experiencing an average growth rate of approximately 3% annually Since 1950, plastic production and demand in Asia have consistently risen, showing no signs of decline, largely due to the numerous advantages that plastic offers (Meidl, 2018).

The plastic and packaging industry is experiencing significant growth in various Asian countries, particularly China, driven by increasing incomes and consumption This rising demand is further fueled by factors such as population growth, urbanization, and evolving lifestyle changes, which are expected to enhance the need for plastic packaging in the region.

Over the past sixty years, China has emerged as a leader in plastic production, contributing over 20% to the global total Meanwhile, Southeast Asia accounts for another 20%, meaning that together, China and Southeast Asia represent a significant 40% of worldwide plastic production.

Of the 10 members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), plastic and plastic products brought the region nearly $ 40 billion in export revenue in 2013

The production of plastic materials is increasingly shifting to Asia, particularly China, as the plastic industries in Europe and North America have reached saturation, exhibiting high per capita consumption rates In contrast, Asia presents a significant opportunity with its lower per capita plastic consumption and rapid growth in demand for plastic products.

Asia, particularly China, is poised for significant growth in demand for plastic products due to robust economic expansion and a shift towards industrialization This surge in demand is driven by key sectors such as automotive and electronics, which heavily rely on plastic components.

In developed markets, the demand for environmentally friendly products is increasingly shaping consumer trends As a result, the global plastic industry is shifting towards the production of biodegradable plastic products, making this transformation a necessary evolution.

Plastic product consumption trend in Asia

4.3.1 Overview of plastic product consumption trend and main applications in Asia

Overview of plastic product consumption trend

According to APME (2019), Asia, particularly China, is poised for rapid growth in plastic product demand due to its currently low per capita plastic consumption compared to global averages As the economies of Asian countries expand and transition towards industries with high plastic usage, such as automotive and electrical-electronics, the potential for increased demand in this region is significant.

Despite experiencing significant growth from 2009 to 2019, the per capita plastic consumption in typical Asian countries like Korea and China remains considerably lower than that of Europe and the United States Notably, China's per capita plastic consumption is only one-fourth that of Belgium and one-third that of the US.

F IGURE 3 A NNUALPLASTIC COMSUMPTION PER CAPITA (K G )

Source: Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe (APME) Economics

By 2030, Asia is projected to represent over 50% of global consumption, driven by population growth, rising demand, and economic advancement This surge has resulted in significant resource exploitation and a dramatic increase in solid waste, particularly from disposable plastics A 2015 study highlights that while ASEAN countries have low per capita plastic consumption, they are responsible for six of the top 20 nations with the highest levels of mismanaged plastic waste (Pat, 2020).

Packaging represents the largest segment of plastic demand, accounting for 40% of global consumption Following this, consumer and household products, including appliances, toys, and furniture, are significant contributors, with the construction sector closely behind As a result, plastic production is increasingly concentrated in Asia, which produced 45.6% of global plastics in 2013, with China alone responsible for nearly a quarter of the world's output, surpassing Europe in plastic production since 2010 The region's population growth and expanding manufacturing industries have led to a notable increase in both plastic production and consumption.

The rapid growth of the packaging and plastic industry in Asia is driven by rising incomes and heightened consumption, leading to a significant increase in demand for plastics throughout the region Notably, Asia's plastic consumption remains below the global average, indicating substantial potential for future growth.

Since 2015, China has significantly outpaced developed regions like the US and Europe in plastic production, now contributing over 20% to the global total Southeast Asia mirrors this trend, also accounting for 20% of global plastic output, with Vietnam experiencing an impressive average growth rate of 18% in its plastics industry, bolstered by a substantial export market.

Asia is witnessing a surge in plastic consumption, with Thailand leading at 40 kg per capita, followed by Malaysia at 35 kg and Indonesia at 17 kg annually Despite these figures, plastic consumption in these countries remains significantly lower than the global average (Engoo, 2017).

F IGURE 4.P LASTIC CONSUMPTION ( PER CAPITA ) IS POSITIVELY CORRELATED

Plastic consumption per capita shows a positive correlation with regional GDP growth rates, particularly in South and Southeast Asia, which significantly influence overall plastic consumption trends in the region (Choudhury et al., 2019) Countries such as South Korea, Japan, China, Thailand, and Malaysia exhibit a clear link between their GDP and plastic consumption, reflecting high per capita demand Consequently, with the continued high GDP growth in Southeast Asia, the trend of increasing plastic consumption is expected to persist in the coming years.

The primary trend in plastic usage is the significant rise in consumption within the packaging sector, which represents 40-50% of overall plastic use This increase aligns with the region's swift economic growth.

The consumption of plastic by value is increasing at a rate slightly faster than the overall growth of the plastics market, particularly as the demand for Polypropylene Impact Copolymer (ICP) triples Despite being a small segment, the conductive plastic market is emerging, with ICP showing strong growth potential in the near future ICP offers innovative solutions for a range of applications, including transparent electronics, transparent conductive films, and photovoltaics (PV) (Michel, 2013).

The Asia plastic industry, particularly within ASEAN, is poised for significant growth in both domestic and international markets, presenting valuable opportunities for foreign investors With the adoption of the Trans-Pacific Trade Agreement (TPP) by twelve countries, including the United States, Australia, and Japan, trade regulations among member nations will be liberalized, fostering enhanced economic relations As ASEAN countries develop their consumer base and expand their import and export capabilities, the region's plastic industry becomes increasingly attractive to investors looking to enter the Asian market Notably, Thailand is prioritizing the growth of its bioplastics sector, creating even more opportunities for foreign investment The Thai government is actively promoting environmentally friendly plastic manufacturing and addressing plastic waste, making the bioplastics market in Thailand relatively new and accessible to foreign investors, while other ASEAN nations primarily focus on domestic plastic production.

Main application plastic products in Asia

A report by Grand View Research (2019) highlights that Asian markets are projected to see significant growth in the construction and automotive industries, with China and India at the forefront of plastic product consumption The demand for easily designed and flexible plastic materials is particularly strong, especially in construction where plastic pipes and door designs are gaining popularity.

In addition, in Asia, the use of plastic bags has become more and more widespread, including food and beverage products, personal care products, family care products, and electronic devices

4.3.2 Increasing demand for eco friendly plastic product trend

In response to the escalating issue of plastic waste, countries worldwide are implementing measures to reduce the use of plastic and disposable packaging Key strategies include banning certain types of packaging and introducing economic incentives such as taxes and fines This shift, particularly in regions like the EU, US, and China, significantly impacts the global plastic packaging market As consumers increasingly favor eco-friendly alternatives, biodegradable plastics are emerging as a preferred substitute for traditional plastics In 2018, global production of biodegradable materials reached 2.1 million tons annually, with biodegradable plastics accounting for 1.2 million tons and bioplastics for 0.9 million tons The European Bioplastics forecast indicates that by 2023, production capacity for biodegradable materials is expected to rise to 2.6 million tons per year, reflecting an average growth rate of 4.4% from 2018 to 2023.

The downward trend in the consumption of disposable plastic products because many countries issued a ban on use, the world gradually shifted to consumption of green, environmentally friendly packaging products

The shift towards eco-friendly plastic products is increasingly becoming a crucial factor in the consumption patterns of developed markets As a result, transitioning to biodegradable products is an unavoidable trend within the global plastic industry Additionally, the production landscape for plastic materials is progressively moving towards Asia, with China at the forefront of this change (Grand View Research, 2019).

Plastic waste disposal process in Asia

Recycling plastic waste can significantly benefit local industries by enabling them to recover value from recycled materials, while energy recovery from plastic waste serves as the sole revenue-generating option in the absence of recycling However, the complexity of plastic waste recycling systems, which require specialized machinery and processes, leads to increased waste management costs Consequently, both plastic manufacturers and consumers often bear these additional expenses through Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) initiatives (Woldemar, 2019).

F IGURE 5.C OMPARE TRADITIONAL AND MODERN PLASTIC WASTE PROCESSING

F IGURE 6.C OMMON P LASTIC WASTE P ROCESSING :R ECYCLING

The closed cycle of civil plastic waste begins with the consumption of plastic products, which ultimately generate waste collected by dedicated systems In developed countries like Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan, efficient waste collection systems result in a high recovery rate of plastic waste Conversely, in less developed nations, plastic waste often ends up in landfills and is frequently excluded from recycling processes Plastic waste classification varies across Asian countries, with many still relying heavily on manual sorting Once sorted, the plastic is packaged and transported to crushing and washing facilities to eliminate impurities before entering recycling systems The resulting semi-finished products are then sent to factories for the production of new market-ready items.

Plastic waste problem in Asia

Asia faces a significant challenge with plastic waste management, as over 60% of its plastic waste remains inadequately processed This region, along with the least developed countries in Africa, ranks as the worst in the world for managing plastic waste Notably, countries like China and many Southeast Asian nations, which also experience the highest economic growth rates globally, struggle with high levels of improperly managed plastic waste (Jambeck et al., 2018).

F IGURE 7.S HARE OF PLASTIC WASTE THAT IS INADEQUATELY MANAGED

Asia has experienced the fastest economic growth globally, leading to a significant increase in plastic production However, the region's waste management capabilities have not kept pace with rising consumption, resulting in severe environmental issues While the Americas and Europe consume more plastic per capita, their more efficient recycling and waste treatment systems mitigate serious public health problems (Dominic, 2018) In contrast, Asia, particularly Southeast Asia, faces the most acute challenges with unmanaged plastic waste, primarily originating from countries like China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, and Sri Lanka Following China's 2017 ban on waste imports, nations such as the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia have seen a surge in imported plastic waste, turning them into landfills for wealthier countries Notably, Asia contributes to 70% of the world's unmanaged or mismanaged plastic waste.

F IGURE 8G LOBAL M ISMANAGED PLASTIC BY REGION

Source:Jambeck et al 2018 Why Asia has not achieved better results in reducing plastic waste?

Efforts to reduce plastic consumption are proving ineffective due to its prevalent use in daily life, driven by its affordability, versatility, aesthetic appeal, and durability In Singapore, for example, the average person uses 13 plastic bags daily, contributing to the city's staggering 2.2 million plastic straws emitted each day Rapid industrialization and economic growth have led to a significant rise in plastic waste, with Singapore's annual solid waste increasing from 0.74 million tons in 1972 to an estimated 4.5-4.8 million tons today, of which plastic constitutes 5.8% Similarly, the Gulf Cooperation Council countries produce around 120 million tons of waste annually, with minimal recycling efforts; Saudi Arabia alone accounts for 60% of this waste In Qatar, municipal solid waste reaches 1 million tons annually, with polymers making up approximately 14% of the total volume Meanwhile, in Thailand, despite using fewer bags on average, Bangkok generates over 500 million plastic bags weekly.

In many Asian countries, government policies aimed at reducing disposable plastic use, such as banning plastic straws and bags, encounter significant public resistance Despite efforts to eliminate these items, they remain highly popular among consumers Additionally, governments face pressure from petrochemical companies, as reducing plastic consumption threatens their profits.

Forty-nine countries have acknowledged the need for alternative solutions to address the issue of plastic waste, opting not to limit the production of single-use plastics Their current strategy focuses on encouraging voluntary compliance with national policies, which is seen as insufficient to tackle the plastic waste crisis Individual recycling efforts are misaligned with the scale of the problem, as simply promoting recycling will not resolve the fundamental issue of disposable plastic Effective solutions must prioritize reducing production at the outset Additionally, biodegradable plastics present risks to wildlife during their consumption Following China's ban on importing most global recycled plastics, Southeast Asia has become a dumping ground for plastic waste Despite Thailand, Vietnam, and Malaysia implementing bans on plastic waste imports, illegal recycling operations continue to thrive in the region.

Banning plastic bags and straws is not an effective solution to plastic waste, as the removal of free plastic bags from stores often leads consumers to purchase more plastic bags for daily use This increase in plastic bag consumption undermines efforts to reduce plastic waste, indicating that government regulations on plastic bags may not effectively address the growing problem of plastic pollution.

Recycling efforts in many Asian countries have proven ineffective due to the limitations of current technology in managing the vast amounts of accumulated plastic waste The varying melting temperatures of different types of plastics complicate the recycling process, as not all bacteria can effectively break down these materials Additionally, the decentralized approach to plastic recycling in these countries creates challenges, as local councils make recycling decisions based on their available resources and technology for sorting plastics (Kang, 2019).

Many countries have implemented policies banning the import of plastic waste, resulting in a significant increase in plastic being sent to incinerators or landfills in developing East Asia and the Pacific, where waste management infrastructure is inadequate (Meidl, 2018) While some nations, like Indonesia, still permit the import of plastic waste to support industrial activities, this has led to a staggering 141% increase in imports in 2018 Despite the rising volume of plastic waste, these countries have not made substantial improvements in plastic management, and disposable plastic consumption remains alarmingly high Comprehensive bans or taxes on single-use bags are lacking, relying instead on voluntary measures Southeast Asia, in particular, faces significant challenges in waste management, with low recycling rates and insufficient household and community infrastructure contributing to plastic pollution Issues such as small trash bins and infrequent collection, along with illegal burning of waste that releases harmful toxins, highlight the urgent need for policymakers to prioritize waste management and invest in infrastructure improvements (Danny, 2019).

F IGURE 9T HE R IVER OF P LASTICS

Fifth, the hotel industry has spread to the most remote beaches in Asian countries

Tourist areas often struggle with plastic waste management due to high demand for disposable items like soap dispensers, toothbrushes, and plastic water bottles in hotels Local governments in these regions typically lack the funding and knowledge necessary for effective waste collection and recycling, leading to an accumulation of waste in general landfills During heavy rains, this plastic waste can wash into the sea via rivers, posing a significant environmental threat A prime example of this issue is Ngapali Beach in Myanmar, which, despite being recognized as one of Asia's top beaches in 2016, faces serious challenges related to plastic pollution.

52 from plastic waste with garbage bags piled up along rivers This beautiful beach can be destroyed by the environmental problems caused by plastic waste

Southeast Asia faces a growing issue of plastic waste exacerbated by electronic waste, which contains substantial hard plastics often treated with harmful flame retardants These chemicals, banned in the United States and Europe due to their serious health risks, have prompted China, the largest global processor of e-waste, to prohibit the import of such waste from these regions.

In India, a lack of awareness and effective classification mechanisms, coupled with insufficient scientific landfills, leads to the indiscriminate dumping of plastic waste in local landfills alongside other solid waste As plastic degrades, it breaks down into smaller particles that contaminate the soil and groundwater, eventually entering the food chain and harming local vegetation Additionally, the open burning of plastic waste releases toxic gases, contributing to air pollution and adversely impacting the marine environment.

F IGURE 10T HE MAN WITH MASSIVE PILES OF PLASTIC IN M UNBAI ,I NDIA

Indonesia, the world's second-largest contributor to plastic pollution, is grappling with a severe plastic crisis, highlighted by alarming incidents such as a dead whale found in Southeast Sulawesi filled with trash and a turtle in Yogyakarta that died from plastic blockage Bali, a major tourist destination, is also heavily affected by plastic waste The country is increasingly aware that plastic pollution poses a significant threat, exacerbated by the influx of foreign waste from developed nations, much of which is non-recyclable and poorly managed The Waste Management Law of 2008 mandates that municipal governments create regional waste management plans, while industries are encouraged to adopt Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) principles, and communities are urged to separate plastic waste at home However, challenges persist, including the mixing of sorted waste before reaching landfills, a lack of stringent EPR enforcement for the private sector, and insufficient incentives or penalties to drive industry accountability Additionally, public compliance with existing regulations remains low, compounded by limited funding for plastic waste management (Muharram, 2019).

PET bottle collection and recycling system in Southeast Asia

The PET bottle collection and recycling system in Southeast Asia is encountering significant challenges, with only 54% of PET bottles being collected for recycling, as reported by Singapore Environmental Consulting, GA Circular.

In a study across six countries involving 54 cities, it was found that only 54% of PET bottles successfully reached the collection stage of the recycling process Alarmingly, 36% of these bottles ended up in landfills, while 10% leaked into the environment, highlighting significant challenges in effective recycling and waste management.

Uncontrolled PET bottle waste results in an annual economic loss of $199 million, with six countries in the region disposing of 660,000 tons of PET bottles in landfills or contributing to environmental leakage This significant loss highlights the urgent need for improved waste management and recycling strategies.

Experience of companies in Asia on solving plastic waste problem

McDonald's, with over 36,000 locations worldwide, has committed to ensuring that all its packaging is sourced from renewable and recyclable materials Similarly, Evian, a renowned bottled water brand, is actively combating plastic waste by launching a new carbon-free bottling plant and pledging to produce only 100% recycled bottles by 2025.

In China, private companies, small businesses, and local shops are crucial in combating plastic pollution by actively eliminating non-biodegradable plastic bags These businesses are also supporting research and investing in sustainable alternatives to reduce their environmental impact.

Tianyuan Corporation and Jiuheng Tiaoma are leading the way in enhancing recycling efficiency by investing in biodegradable plastic bags and advanced recycling technologies Their commitment to non-plastic products and innovative solutions is pivotal in addressing the challenges of plastic waste management.

Chinese e-commerce giants like Alibaba, Suning, and Jingdong are actively promoting eco-friendly practices by offering discounts and shopping vouchers to encourage consumers to select green packaging options, such as ice-free boxes and biodegradable materials In 2017, Alibaba launched the Green Logistics Plan 2020, aimed at utilizing eco-friendly packaging and exclusive recycling boxes Similarly, Meituan initiated the 'Green Mountain Cooperation Initiative' to tackle environmental challenges in the delivery industry, fostering collaboration among stakeholders to minimize packaging waste and enhance recycling efforts Meituan also partners with universities to research sustainability improvements and assess the environmental impact of its delivery services Overall, private companies in China are increasingly recognizing the benefits of a positive social image, with a clear commitment to reducing plastic pollution.

In Indonesia, multinational companies are playing a crucial role in addressing the plastic waste crisis Nestlé Indonesia has implemented optimized plastic packaging and empowered local factories to utilize eco-friendly waste management solutions The company has also encouraged Indonesian farmers, who supply Nestlé, to reduce plastic waste Furthermore, Nestlé has partnered with five other organizations to establish the Packaging and Recycling Alliance for Indonesia Sustainable Environment (PRAISE), aimed at fostering an integrated and sustainable waste management system Additionally, Borealis AG, a leading global plastic manufacturer, has significantly funded the STOP Ocean Plastic project to combat ocean pollution.

2017 and selected Banyuwangi in Indonesia as the first beneficiary city in this project to reduce and eliminate plastic leaks into the environment

4.6.2 Classified waste and develop recyclable products

Indonesia's Plastics and Plastics Industry Association (Inaplas) has pledged $

Indonesia is committing $1 billion, including a $100 million loan from the World Bank, to combat plastic waste by redesigning packaging, utilizing recyclable materials, and enhancing waste management systems The goal is to reduce ocean plastic leakage by 70% Despite significant investments in a large-scale recycling industry that processes approximately 1.1 million tons of plastic waste annually, the country's recycling rate remains low at just 20% (Messe, 2019).

An Phat Plastic Company (AAA) focuses on sustainability by investing in a recycling line system to utilize raw materials from its production of PE resins, which are derived from non-renewable resources By promoting environmentally-friendly products, AAA reduces its reliance on PE resins, offering biodegradable options made from corn starch that do not pollute the environment The company is committed to production initiatives that minimize scrap rates, achieving an impressive scrap rate of only 5.2% through its advanced recycling system (Annual report of AAA, 2018).

Binh Minh Plastic Company (BMP) generates minimal waste during its production process and does not rely on recycled materials Additionally, all of BMP's plastic products feature an innovative additive system free from heavy metals, prioritizing user health and environmental sustainability (Annual report of BMP, 2018).

Toray Group, a leading plastic company in Asia, is committed to achieving zero emissions through sustainable recycling initiatives Their Environmental Plan outlines ambitious targets for waste management, focusing on minimizing simply disposed waste, landfill waste, and maximizing recycled waste as key indicators of progress toward their zero emissions goal.

(1) Simply disposed waste rate = (incineration + landfill) / total waste

(2) Landfill waste rate = landfill waste / total waste

(3) Recycling rate = (recycled resources + resources with monetary worth) /(total waste + resources with monetary worth) (Annual report of Toray, 2018)

LG Chem's Cheongju plant has transitioned from incineration and landfill disposal to recycling synthetic plastic waste into construction cover material, successfully reducing waste by approximately 1,769 tons in 2018 Similarly, the Ochang plant has shifted from using wood to recyclable paper for polarizing packaging materials, resulting in a significant reduction of about 74 tons of packaging waste, as reported in LG Chem's 2018 annual report.

Astral Pipes is committed to sustainability, ensuring that all its products are 100% recyclable The company effectively processes production waste, allowing it to be mixed with raw materials for reuse As a result, a significant portion of waste is recycled, highlighting Astral Pipes' dedication to environmental responsibility (Annual report of Astral Pipes, 2018).

Nestlé is committed to eliminating all packaging waste, including plastic, from landfills, oceans, lakes, and rivers, aiming for 100% of its packaging to be recyclable or reusable by 2025 The company is focused on reducing disposable plastic usage by implementing reusable packaging across its operations In early 2020, Nestlé announced a significant investment of up to CHF 2 billion to transition from virgin plastic to recycled plastic in its food supply chain and to foster the development of sustainable packaging solutions Furthermore, Nestlé is dedicated to enhancing plastic waste management through programs for collecting, sorting, and recycling in the regions it serves To support consumers, the company is also labeling its product packaging with recycling information to promote proper disposal practices.

4.6.3 Taking advantage of plastic waste to produce other materials

Manufacturers are increasingly utilizing software to minimize waste during product design and material selection, aiming for reduced environmental impact Companies have innovated processes that repurpose waste materials as inputs for new products, such as garments made from recycled plastics and textiles As the market for second-hand goods grows, the demand for new products is evolving.

Adidas is committed to eliminating virgin plastic from its products by 2024 and has partnered with Parley to create footwear and clothing made from recycled ocean plastic To date, the company has produced 11 million pairs of shoes utilizing this sustainable material Each shoe is crafted from 100% reusable Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU), allowing customers to return their shoes to Adidas instead of discarding them This initiative ensures that the materials are recycled for future products, promoting a zero-waste approach.

In a significant move towards sustainability, the Coca-Cola Company launched Dasani water in aluminum cans and bottles in the Northeast, expanding to other regions by 2020 The company plans to introduce a new plastic bottle made from 50% recycled materials, aiming to reduce its reliance on virgin plastic and minimize its environmental impact Similarly, PepsiCo is set to release Aquafina in aluminum cans, targeting the elimination of 8,000 tons of virgin plastic waste while committing to recyclable and biodegradable packaging Additionally, Starbucks is taking steps to cut plastic waste by removing single-use plastic straws from over 28,000 stores, offering strawless lids or alternative materials instead.

Plastic product consumption trend in Vietnam

4.7.1 Overview of Plastic product consumption trend in Vietnam

Vietnam's plastic industry has experienced significant growth, averaging an annual increase of 25% in recent years (Virac, 2019) Key export markets for Vietnamese plastic products include Japan, the United States, Cambodia, Germany, and the Netherlands.

Vietnam is a major player in the global plastic export market, with key products including plastic bags, packaging, engineering plastics, and household items Approximately 40% of the country's plastic is utilized for consumer goods, while 35% is dedicated to packaging, 14% for technology, and 11% for construction The plastic industry contributes 4.8% to Vietnam's total industrial production value, and the government anticipates that plastic production will soar to 8.81 billion USD by 2020.

Vietnam's plastic production is significantly dependent on imported raw materials, with approximately 80 to 90 percent sourced from abroad To promote the use of locally produced materials, the Vietnamese government implemented a one percent import tax on raw materials in 2014, which is set to increase by one percent each year.

In Vietnam, the largest plastic companies include Tien Phong, Binh Minh, Dong A and An Phat

Tien Phong Plastic Company (NTP)

Tien Phong Plastic specializes in the production of PVC, HDPE, and PPR pipes, primarily for finishing construction With three factories operating at a combined capacity of 150,000 tons of plastic pipes annually, Tien Phong Plastic (NTP) holds a dominant position in the industry, capturing 57% of the market share in Northern Vietnam and 26% nationwide Its leadership in the Northern market is attributed to the largest distribution network among plastic pipe manufacturers and a diverse range of product offerings.

60 with the advantage of infrastructure plastic pipe products compared to other businesses in the industry (NTP Annual Report, 2019)

Binh Minh Plastic Company (BMP)

Binh Minh Plastic (BMP) specializes in the production of PVC, HDPE, and PPR pipes primarily used in finishing construction With two factories and a designed capacity of 150,000 tons of plastic pipes per year, BMP leads the plastic pipe market, holding a 43% share in the South and 27% nationwide Its success in the Southern market is attributed to having the second-largest distribution network among plastic pipe companies, a more diverse product range compared to competitors, and strong brand recognition as the first brand established in the region (BMP Annual Report, 2019).

Dong A Plastic is a leading manufacturer in northern Vietnam, specializing in a wide range of products including profile bars (plastic doors), uPVC sheets, and PP materials for construction The company has also developed innovative uPVC plastic doors and windows with a steel core, branded as Smart Door and Smart Window With over 100 product types categorized into eight main groups—such as ceiling cladding, decorative splints, reinforced uPVC doors, aluminum glass doors, and composite panels—DAG caters to various applications in complete construction, interior and exterior decoration, and advertising.

An Phat Plastic Company (AAA)

An Phat is a leading enterprise in plastic packaging, specializing in thin film packaging and plastic bags In 2018, the company restructured into a corporate model, diversifying its product line to include plastic components, construction plastic sheets, and PP woven packaging The plastic bag segment remains the primary focus of An Phat's production efforts.

AAA operates 61 factories with a design capacity of up to 96,000 tons per year, primarily exporting plastic bags to the EU and Japan, which together contribute to 73% of its revenue In response to consumer trends, the company has been developing biodegradable plastic bags, which represented about 10% of total sales in 2018 AAA's total bag consumption reached 86,263 tons in 2018, aligning with its monetary policy However, the increasing restrictions on non-degradable plastic bags in developed markets pose challenges for the growth of AAA's traditional plastic bag offerings, indicating limited long-term growth potential for the company (AAA Annual Report, 2019).

Plastic product import and export

Despite significant growth in recent years, Vietnam's plastic industry struggles to secure sufficient input materials for production, requiring an average of 3.5 million tons annually, including essential materials like PE, PP, and PS, alongside numerous auxiliary chemicals Domestic production currently meets only 20% to 25% of this demand, leading to a continuous rise in both the quantity and value of imported plastic materials Projections indicate that by 2020, Vietnamese plastic enterprises will need approximately 5 million tons of raw materials to support their production activities.

Vietnam's plastic products are not only popular in the domestic market but are also gaining a strong foothold in international markets, with exports showing significant growth This increase highlights the rising global demand for Vietnamese plastic products and underscores the industry's vital role in the country's overall economic development With access to modern production technologies, Vietnam's plastic products are highly competitive and are now available in over 150 countries and territories worldwide.

The 62 products market has established a strong presence in Japan, while countries such as China, India, Russia, Eastern Europe, and Africa are emerging as promising new markets with significant demand for plastic packaging products, consumer plastic goods, and construction services.

The Vietnamese market benefits from a youthful population and currently experiences low plastic consumption compared to regional and global levels, indicating a potential rise in demand in the coming years The continuous increase in new households drives the need for household goods, particularly in rural areas, which make up 70-80% of the population and lack suitable product options To capitalize on this opportunity, Vietnamese household plastic businesses should invest in modern technology, enhance product quality, diversify offerings, and reduce costs while focusing on market segmentation in affordable and rural sectors (VIRAC, 2019).

F IGURE 11P LASTIC CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA ( KG / PERSON /Y EAR )

In 2016, plastic sales in Vietnam reached approximately $14.73 billion, marking a 6% increase from the previous year By the first half of 2017, plastic consumption surged to $8.37 billion, reflecting a 13.6% rise compared to the same period in 2016 The domestic plastic market is thriving, bolstered by favorable export conditions due to free trade agreements (FTAs) Vietnamese plastic products are widely available across all retail channels domestically and have penetrated around 160 international markets, with some items experiencing growth rates nearing 100% The Vietnam Packaging Association reports that 66% of the plastic industry's export value is derived from packaging, with the United States being the largest market, accounting for 60% of exports, followed by Japan at 15% This positions the plastic industry as a dynamic and pivotal sector for Vietnam's economy.

The Japanese market is poised to boost its imports of plastic packaging from Vietnam, driven by a desire to avoid collaboration with Chinese packaging firms amid ongoing political tensions and competitive pricing This shift presents a significant opportunity for Vietnamese plastic packaging companies to expand their exports of plastic bags.

Vietnam's plastic production and consumption are experiencing rapid growth, as depicted in Figure 12 The country's plastic industry has garnered significant recognition for its impressive development rate, outperforming other ASEAN nations.

Plastic waste disposal process in Vietnam

In Vietnam, the management of plastic waste and bags from households, markets, and public spaces is primarily handled through basic solid waste collection methods Key approaches include burial, which leads to land consolidation and long-term waste issues, and burning, which, while allowing for energy recovery, produces secondary pollutants like Dioxins and Furans.

In Vietnam, the prevalent practice of natural burying waste, while simple and cost-effective, poses significant environmental challenges, including agricultural land loss and water pollution due to decomposing organic matter and plastic waste Households typically sort their waste into organic, inorganic, and other categories, utilizing various types of trash bins, such as stainless steel for indoor use and plastic bins with lids for kitchens and bathrooms The waste collection process is organized through a system of 2-compartment garbage trucks or scheduled pickups, with environmental staff responsible for sorting recyclables from pre-waste Unfortunately, much of the collected plastic waste is ultimately buried, despite the potential for more advanced methods like pyrolysis, which involves heating plastic at high temperatures to break it down, highlighting the need for improved waste management practices in the region.

At 70 degrees Celsius, the bonds within the molecules are altered, resulting in a mixture of gases, oil, wax, and coal This process utilizes a catalytic technique for plastic decomposition, employing an organic compound to facilitate the breakdown.

A new metal technology requires less heat to produce diesel fuel, yet it faces challenges due to slow chemical reactions and costly catalysts Meanwhile, burning plastic waste for electricity is viewed as an effective solution for waste recovery and environmental pollution reduction in Vietnam, offering substantial long-term benefits for industrial and urban development However, this process emits highly toxic substances that pose serious health risks to nearby residents Recycling initiatives, such as converting scrap plastic into resins and products, are also underway, with some companies employing pyrolysis to recover fuel Additionally, integrating additives into plastic materials can significantly reduce the decomposition time of polyethylene from hundreds of years to just a few years, promoting a more sustainable waste management approach.

In Vietnam, plastic waste management encompasses formal and informal methods, with the latter playing a dominant role throughout the waste management cycle, as illustrated in Figure 13.

F IGURE 13C HAIN OF PLASTIC WASTE IN V IETNAM

Plastic waste problem in Vietnam

The escalating plastic waste problem in Vietnam is largely attributed to rapid urbanization and industrialization, which outpace the development of waste management systems As more individuals migrate from rural areas to cities in pursuit of better economic opportunities, urbanization has emerged as a critical challenge for the country’s sustainable development With a population of approximately 96 million in 2018 and a density of 291.33 persons per square kilometer, Vietnam ranks as the 15th most densely populated nation This swift urban growth, coupled with inadequate planning, is resulting in significant issues related to housing, education, and healthcare.

Effective waste management is crucial for public health and environmental protection, as inadequate systems can lead to disease outbreaks and serious health risks In Vietnam, numerous environmental violations have been identified, causing long-term damage to ecosystems and adversely affecting the economy and community health Some areas have been labeled as "cancer villages" due to residents relying on contaminated water sources This thesis aims to analyze the current state of municipal solid waste management in Vietnam at both governmental and operational levels, identify existing challenges, and propose actionable plans to enhance waste management systems and improve the quality of life for residents.

The importation of plastic waste in Vietnam is on the rise due to various factors As reported by the IUCN, Vietnam was the fourth largest importer of scrap plastic in ASEAN, averaging 91,400 tons annually from 2013 to 2017 Following China's ban on plastic scrap imports, Vietnam saw a significant spike, importing 274,700 tons of plastic scrap in just the first half of 2018—double the amount from the previous year Consequently, the country's two largest ports, Tan Cang-Cai Mep and Tan Cang-Cat Lai, temporarily ceased accepting all scrap plastic import containers starting mid-June 2018.

Vietnam's plastic waste treatment technology lags significantly behind that of many developed Asian countries, despite a rising demand for plastic usage In urban areas, the solid waste collection rate is 85%, while in rural regions, it stands at 50-60% Unfortunately, 95% of collected waste is disposed of in landfills, many of which are poorly located near dykes or water bodies, leading to severe environmental pollution Additionally, waste from the mainland contributes to 80% of the annual waste entering the sea, with 20% being plastic waste directly discharged into marine environments On average, each Vietnamese citizen produces about 1.2 kg of waste daily, with 16% of that comprising plastic.

Vietnam generates over 18,000 tons of plastic waste daily, making it the fourth-largest contributor to plastic pollution globally (World Bank, 2012) Annually, Vietnam contributes between 0.28 and 0.73 million tons of plastic waste to the South China Sea, representing 6% of the world's total plastic waste (Jenna et al., 2015) Plastic constitutes 50-80% of marine debris, with projections indicating a continued rise in this figure This environmental pollution significantly harms the marine ecosystem, while plastics clogging canals and ditches lead to flooding, unpleasant odors, and the proliferation of insects and diseases The predominant types of plastic waste include low-value items such as plastic bags, foam containers, and packaging materials.

Vietnam is not classified as a primary source of plastic waste from daily life and consumption Plastic waste with recycling potential, such as plastic bags and water bottles, is collected from various sources including households and supermarkets, while low-value plastic waste like foam boxes and straws continues to pollute the environment Scrap plastic from production facilities is collected and sold to recycling establishments by intermediaries The pressing issue in Vietnam's plastic waste management is the prevalence of disposable plastic products and thin plastic bags, which are non-biodegradable and typically discarded after a single use (Vietnam Waste Management Department, 2019).

Comparison between plastic waste problem of Asia and Vietnam

Vietnam faces significant challenges with plastic waste, similar to other Asian nations, particularly due to its rapid economic growth A substantial portion of unmanaged plastic waste contributes to this issue In contrast, many Asian countries have implemented targeted strategies to mitigate plastic waste, yet Vietnam has lagged in introducing new initiatives The lack of clearly defined policies to address plastic waste stands in stark contrast to the numerous revisions and adaptations made by other countries to meet real-world needs.

Vietnam faces significant environmental challenges due to inadequate plastic recycling processes, primarily relying on landfills that contribute to soil and ocean pollution, adversely impacting both the environment and human health Furthermore, the rapid expansion of the tourism industry in Vietnam, similar to other developing Asian nations, generates vast quantities of plastic waste, which currently lacks effective treatment solutions.

Vietnam faces significant challenges, particularly due to its geographical proximity to China, which has imposed a ban on the import of plastic waste Additionally, the country is grappling with issues related to a unified mechanism and an effective waste classification system.

Forecast of plastic consumption in Vietnam until 2022

Since the early 1960s, forecasting has evolved into a distinct field of predictive science, complete with its own theories and methodologies aimed at enhancing forecasting effectiveness An effective prediction approach is crucial for successful planning, as it allows administrators to shape the future direction of their activities Consequently, accurate forecasts play a vital role in the decision-making processes of administrators.

Currently, there are two main groups of forecasting methods: qualitative forecasting methods and quantitative forecasting methods

In this research, the author uses the forecasting method by linear regression analysis of the group of quantitative prediction methods

Linear regression analysis is a forecasting model that establishes the relationship between the dependent variable and two or more independent variables

This study examines the relationship between GDP growth and the consumption of plastic products and plastic waste in Vietnam, treating the latter two as dependent variables while GDP growth serves as the sole independent variable in the regression model.

The coding of the specific variables is as follows:

This model has the following formula

In which n is the number of observations a = 𝑛 ∑ 𝑥𝑦−∑ 𝑥 ∑ 𝑦

Below it is a spreadsheet to set values, a spreadsheet that includes information on plastic consumption and GDP growth over the past 5 years

Year Plastic consumption output (Y) (million tonnes)

(Source: annual plastic industry report)

Thus, we have a linear regression equation for future prediction as follows:

To forecast plastic consumption in 2020, 2021 and 2022, we project that the GDP growth rates in 2021 and 2022 are x (2020) = 4.1%, x (2021) = 7%, x (2022) = 6.7%

RECOMMENDATION FOR PLASTIC WASTE

Proposing to Asia to solve plastic waste problem

For Asian countries, solutions to reduce plastic waste need close links between countries and sub-regions, especially for ocean-related plastic waste

Asian countries should engage proactively with global and regional environmental protection organizations to collaboratively address plastic waste issues By making joint statements, they can effectively work towards preventing the influx of plastic waste into Asia, particularly in the least developed countries in the region.

Developed Asian countries, such as Japan and Korea, must provide technical and financial support to less developed nations for effective plastic waste disposal This assistance is crucial, particularly in managing plastic waste that ends up in the ocean, as it poses significant environmental challenges that ultimately impact the more developed countries in the region.

Asian Development Funds, development banks, and developed countries must prioritize funding initiatives aimed at recycling plastic waste and creating eco-friendly plastic products Additionally, it is crucial to allocate financial and human resources to support NGOs engaged in raising awareness, preventing plastic waste, and promoting environmental protection.

Asian countries should collaborate to share their effective strategies for addressing plastic waste pollution and enhance public awareness of this critical issue Furthermore, nations excelling in plastic waste management, particularly those with advanced scientific and technological capabilities, should provide waste treatment technology to less developed countries through grants or low-interest loans.

Proposing to Vietnam to solve plastic waste problem

5.2.1 Solutions have been implemented to reduce plastic waste problem

Vietnam has issued many policies and regulations on the management of plastic waste and plastic bags

Decree No 38/2015/ND-CP mandates the classification of recycled plastic waste within domestic and industrial solid waste management This regulation emphasizes the need for comprehensive management of waste, encompassing all stages from generation and collection to transportation and disposal.

The Prime Minister's Decision No 491 / QD-TTg in 2018 approves the adjustment of the National Strategy on integrated management of solid waste by

By 2025, cities must establish waste recycling facilities that support household classification, aiming for a sustainable vision by 2050 Urban areas are required to improve their recycling, reuse, and energy recovery capabilities Additionally, all trade centers and supermarkets must exclusively use 100% environmentally friendly plastic bags for everyday purposes, replacing non-biodegradable plastic bags.

The National Environment Protection Strategy aims to enhance solid waste collection, recycling, and reuse by 2030, while reducing the production and use of persistent bags and packaging, including plastics This strategy encourages the development and adoption of biodegradable alternatives to replace traditional indestructible bags and packages.

The Prime Minister's Decision No 582 / QD-TTg in 2013 strengthened the control of environmental pollution due to the use of persistent plastic bags in daily life until 2020

The Government's Decree No 155/2016/ND-CP outlines sanctions for administrative violations related to environmental protection, while Decree No 130/2013/ND-CP, issued on October 16, 2013, addresses the production and supply of public products and services These decrees establish important regulations to ensure compliance and accountability in environmental practices and public service provision.

79 regulations and national environmental regulations and standards related to solid wastes serve as a basis for preventing and minimizing negative impacts from collection, transportation and solid waste disposal

The Vietnamese government is committed to reducing plastic waste through its participation in key international treaties and conventions, including the Basel Convention on transboundary waste management, the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) Additionally, Vietnam's implementation of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change and its alignment with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP22) and Agenda 2030 for sustainable development further underscore its dedication to effective waste management and environmental sustainability.

In 1995, Vietnam committed to the Basel Convention on hazardous waste management and the MARPOL Convention on ship pollution, enhancing its environmental framework through the 2014 Law on Environmental Protection and Decree No 38/2015/CP-CP The 2015 Law on Natural Resources and Environment and Islands established a legal foundation for managing marine resources and combating pollution from debris, plastics, and microplastics Vietnam is dedicated to the UN Agenda 2030 for sustainable development, focusing on reducing marine pollution The government actively engages in international forums for marine environmental protection and promotes coastal cleanup initiatives in marine protected areas and world heritage sites annually.

80 disseminated to local residents as well as tourists to raise public awareness about environmental protection

In Vietnam, awareness of plastic waste pollution is growing, leading to the emergence of green initiatives The government has initiated a campaign promoting the use of biodegradable bags over traditional plastic ones Additionally, it supports various local and international organizations in their "green action" efforts to reduce plastic usage.

CHANGE is a prominent non-governmental organization in Vietnam, operating under the Vietnam Union of Science and Technology Associations (VUSTA), that actively sponsors initiatives like the WildAid campaign and the PEEK Program, focusing on reducing plastic waste The organization emphasizes community media to promote environmental awareness and behavior change, while connecting the private sector, communities, and government agencies to address environmental challenges Additionally, groups like CleanUp Vietnam engage young people and families in environmental action by organizing clean-up events in cities and beaches Zero Waste advocates for businesses to adopt waste-conscious practices, eliminate plastic straws and packaging, and promote eco-friendly products Meanwhile, Green VN focuses on educating the public about recycling and pollution reduction in Vietnam.

Vietnam plans to establish a waste collection center in Hanoi to facilitate the collection of daily waste, including plastic, which will be sold to industrial companies for processing and recycling Direct Imex is committed to minimizing plastic waste by focusing on the production and distribution of reusable and customized bags and packaging, while also offering consulting and sourcing services to assist businesses in transitioning to eco-friendly packaging solutions.

81 youth have also been part of a collective effort that launched the NoStrawChallenge campaign to combat the use of plastic straws, to minimize negative environmental impacts (Bliss Saigon, 2016)

5.2.2 Proposing to the government to solve plastic waste problem

Waste management is a key focus of the National Strategy for Environmental Protection in Vietnam, which prioritizes the implementation of the National Strategy for Integrated Solid Waste Management This strategy outlines ambitious goals and establishes regulations for cleaning costs imposed on waste generators Furthermore, Vietnam actively promotes private sector involvement and foreign investment in waste management initiatives.

The 1992 revised Constitution of Vietnam acknowledges the private sector's vital role in the economy, particularly in supporting environmental protection initiatives through the Vietnam Environment Protection Fund (VEPF) The country has established a solid waste treatment plan aimed at enhancing recycling by 2025, as part of the National Strategy on integrated solid waste management with a long-term vision extending to 2050 However, despite these initiatives, Vietnam faces significant challenges, including insufficient action plans and funding to achieve its ambitious waste management goals There is a pressing need for greater transparency and regulation of the private sector, alongside a clear definition of roles and the elimination of overlapping responsibilities among waste management agencies Currently, Vietnam is struggling to meet the objectives outlined in the National Action Plan (NAP) for solid waste management, as a large portion of plastic waste continues to be disposed of in landfills without proper treatment.

Vietnam must enhance its management capabilities and policymaking mechanisms for plastic waste management, while also boosting research on plastic waste trends and their effects on marine life and ecosystems Additionally, the country should advance science and technology to effectively monitor waste and mitigate plastic debris entering the sea Public awareness programs targeting manufacturers, distributors, and consumers are essential to address plastic waste issues Strengthening international cooperation and sharing information on cross-border plastic waste management is also crucial for Vietnam's environmental strategy.

Vietnam faces significant challenges related to plastic waste pollution, with 82 border issues identified To address these concerns, it is crucial for Vietnam to collaborate with the United Nations Development Program and developed nations to secure support for infrastructure development aimed at controlling, categorizing, and managing marine plastic debris and land-based waste Additionally, investment in waste treatment and recycling systems is essential Developed countries should also assist Vietnam in formulating comprehensive solutions, enhancing management capacity, and creating domestic legal frameworks to effectively implement the MARPOL and Basel Conventions.

To effectively address the plastic waste crisis, it is essential to focus not only on improving domestic recycling rates but also on regulating the production of disposable plastics at the upstream level The government must implement strict regulations on single-use plastic production and refine its import policies regarding plastic waste Vietnam should commit to halting the import of plastic waste, or at the very least, only allowing plastics that have a high recycling success rate and are compatible with local recycling technologies Additionally, enhancing the waste management system is crucial, particularly by improving the separation process in urban areas, as the recyclability of materials heavily depends on effective separation.

As the current chair of ASEAN, Vietnam must initiate an official campaign or regional mechanism to address the critical issue of plastic waste pollution affecting all 10 member countries This environmental challenge transcends national borders, as plastic debris can migrate through river systems, seas, and groundwater To effectively tackle this problem, regular meetings of senior environmental officials in Southeast Asia should be convened to develop collective solutions and formalize the protection of coastal biodiversity.

Strengthening local waste management and recycling is one of the most important solutions

Most plastic waste is generated in cities and other human settlements and due to poor waste management and a slow recycling rate

Limitation of the study

This research provides an initial evaluation of plastic product consumption trends and plastic waste in Asia and Vietnam, utilizing secondary data for analysis Despite the author's extensive efforts in data collection and methodology application, the study acknowledges certain limitations due to time constraints, which restrict a comprehensive assessment of these trends.

A comprehensive analysis involving 88 international banks, government statements, annual reports from global and Vietnamese plastic companies, and reputable research in the plastic industry indicates a lack of direct surveys Consequently, the findings may not accurately represent the current state of plastic waste in Vietnam.

From the research results as well as the limitations of this topic, the author would like to propose some further research directions as follows:

- Further research should be conducted with a wide survey scope across the country of Vietnam, the research results will be more general

- Research should be repeated after Governments of Asia in general and Vietnam in particular have taken many measures to reduce plastic waste into the environment

- Further research should go into depth analysis of the behavior of society in general and people in particular with regard to the use of environmentally friendly plastic products

Asia, especially Vietnam, faces significant challenges regarding plastic waste, despite low per capita plastic consumption Ineffective government policies, inadequate waste disposal systems, haphazard recycling technologies, and low public awareness hinder progress in addressing this issue A comprehensive solution involving collaboration among government, businesses, non-governmental organizations, and consumers is essential for effectively tackling plastic waste in Vietnam.

Southeast Asian countries, particularly Vietnam, are experiencing a surge in plastic demand and are becoming a destination for plastic waste from more developed nations, including China To address this challenge, Vietnam should learn from the successes and failures of developed countries that have faced similar situations While several solutions have been suggested, their effectiveness will take time to validate, and adjustments must align with evolving plastic consumption trends and the finalization of related legal frameworks.

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