PLASTIC PRODUCTS CONSUMPTION TREND AND PLASTIC WASTE IN ASIA, PRACTICAL INFORMATION AND CONTACT TO VIETNAM.PLASTIC PRODUCTS CONSUMPTION TREND AND PLASTIC WASTE IN ASIA, PRACTICAL INFORMATION AND CONTACT TO VIETNAM.PLASTIC PRODUCTS CONSUMPTION TREND AND PLASTIC WASTE IN ASIA, PRACTICAL INFORMATION AND CONTACT TO VIETNAM.PLASTIC PRODUCTS CONSUMPTION TREND AND PLASTIC WASTE IN ASIA, PRACTICAL INFORMATION AND CONTACT TO VIETNAM.
PLASTICS CONSUMPTION TREND AND PLASTIC WASTE
Overview of plastic sector
The plastic industry's value chain, spanning from fossil raw materials to final products, is divided into upstream and downstream segments Crude oil serves as the primary raw material for a wide range of outputs, while natural gas is particularly advantageous for producing polyethylene (PE) The type of input material significantly influences the output composition, with natural gas-derived products comprising approximately 80% of the total Ethylene, a direct derivative of polyethylene, highlights the cost advantages for production areas utilizing natural gas (Plastics Europe, 2018).
FIGURE2P LASTICS LIFE CYCLE SOURCE:PLASTICSEUROPE
Over 90% of raw plastic is derived from fossil fuels, specifically oil and natural gas, as illustrated in Figure 1 Major petrochemical companies like ExxonMobil, Sinopec, and Total are responsible for synthesizing these polymers The resulting plastic is supplied to manufacturers who utilize methods such as spraying, blow molding, and thermoforming to create various products, which are then either assembled or sold directly by brand owners.
The price of plastic materials is influenced by global supply and demand dynamics, as well as production costs With numerous suppliers in the plastic raw material market and a consumer base that spans the globe, market fluctuations play a critical role in pricing Additionally, since raw materials constitute approximately 70% of plastic production costs, variations in the prices of fossil fuels like crude oil, natural gas, and coal significantly impact the cost of plastic materials.
The downstream segment of the plastic industry involves the conversion of plastic materials into finished products, utilizing plastic granules as the primary input This segment is categorized into four main areas: packaging plastic, construction plastic, civil plastic, and engineering plastic, each exhibiting unique input and output characteristics Through physical transformation and shaping processes, manufacturers create a diverse range of plastic products tailored to specific applications.
China leads the world in plastic material production, significantly benefiting from abundant input materials like natural gas in West Asia and coal in China This advantage has propelled the development of the petrochemical industry in these regions, which plays a crucial role in the value chain of the Asian plastic industry.
2017, the production of plastic materials in Asia increased continuously while production in developed regions entered the saturation stage
Asia demand for plastic materials is expected to grow slowly from 2017 According to Nexant's prediction, demand for plastic materials only grows an average
The global plastic industry is projected to grow at a rate of 3.8% annually from 2017 to 2025, with China and Asia serving as the primary growth drivers Over the past two decades, plastic manufacturing has experienced an average growth rate of 4% Demand for plastic materials in China and the rest of Asia is expected to rise by 4.95% and 4.57%, respectively, surpassing the global average due to the region's robust economic growth and relatively low per capita plastic consumption Additionally, the Middle East is also witnessing significant demand growth for plastic materials, with a forecasted growth rate of 4.46% during the same period.
China is the world's largest producer and importer of plastic materials, driven by its significant consumption, which accounts for 80% of its domestic raw material demand, with the remaining 20% sourced from imports Meanwhile, Saudi Arabia stands out as a major exporter of plastic materials, leveraging its vast natural gas reserves, which total 8.6 trillion cubic meters, representing about 4% of global reserves In 2017, Saudi Arabia produced 734.5 billion cubic meters of natural gas, contributing to 20% of global production, and its output reached 111.4 billion cubic meters, or 3% of the world's total This natural gas advantage positions Saudi Arabia as a key player in the manufacturing and export of plastic materials, particularly polyethylene (PE), in both the Asian and global markets.
In Vietnam, According to Virac (2018), plastic industry is one of the industries with relatively fast growth compared to the economy in general In the period from
From 2012 to 2017, Vietnam's plastic industry experienced remarkable growth, averaging 11.6% annually, significantly outpacing the global plastic industry's growth rate of 3.9% and surpassing Vietnam's average GDP growth of approximately 6.2% during the same period.
25 is applied in many different fields from consumer, trade to construction, assembly and is divided into four main areas: plastic packaging products, civil plastic, construction plastic and engineering plastic
In 2017, the Vietnamese plastic industry was valued at approximately $15 billion, representing about 6.7% of the country's GDP, with the packaging and construction segments dominating the market The industry not only meets domestic demand but also exports to over 160 countries, achieving an export turnover of $2.5 billion, a 14.3% increase from 2016, which accounted for 1.2% of Vietnam's total export turnover This report will focus on the two largest segments of the plastic industry: plastic packaging and construction plastics.
In 2017, Vietnam's plastic industry consumed approximately 5.9 million tons of raw materials, resulting in an average per capita consumption of 63 kg per person per year This marks a significant increase from just 3.8 kg per person per year in 1990, highlighting an average annual growth rate of 10.6% in plastic consumption per capita from 1990 to 2017.
Vietnam's plastic industry remains heavily reliant on imported raw materials, despite improvements in primary plastic raw material production capacity from petrochemical projects launched between 2018 and 2021 However, the current production levels and growth of the downstream plastic sector are still inadequate to satisfy domestic demand for plastic materials.
The Vietnamese plastics industry is projected to grow at an average rate of 6.5% from 2019 to 2023, with plastic packaging and construction plastics being the two largest segments Notably, the construction sector is anticipated to drive the industry's growth during this period (Virac, 2018).
Plastic material prices maintained a downward trend in the short term and were more stable in the medium term In the short term, prices of raw materials such as PE,
In the medium term, the prices of plastic raw materials, including PP and PVC, are anticipated to stabilize as global supply and demand dynamics evolve.
Plastics product consumption
The plastic industry has now entered a saturated phase with the growth rate of production output and consumption gradually decreasing to around 4% from 2013 -
In 2017, regions like NAFTA and Japan exhibited plastic consumption rates per capita that exceeded the global average by 200-300%, with the world average standing at 45 kg per person per year and an annual growth rate of approximately 3% Since 1950, plastic production and demand in Asia have consistently risen, showing no signs of decline, largely due to the advantages that plastic offers (Meidl, 2018).
The plastic and packaging industry is experiencing significant growth in various Asian countries, particularly China, driven by increasing incomes and consumption Factors such as population growth, urbanization, and changing lifestyles are expected to further enhance the demand for plastic packaging across the region.
Over the past sixty years, China has emerged as a leader in plastic production, contributing over 20% to the global total Additionally, Southeast Asia also plays a significant role, accounting for another 20% of global plastic production Together, China and Southeast Asia represent a substantial 40% of the world's plastic output.
Of the 10 members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), plastic and plastic products brought the region nearly $ 40 billion in export revenue in 2013
The production of plastic materials is increasingly shifting to Asia, particularly China, as the plastic industries in Europe and North America have reached saturation with high per capita consumption In contrast, Asia exhibits a lower per capita plastic consumption coupled with a significant growth rate in plastic demand, making it an attractive market for the industry.
Asia, particularly China, is poised for significant growth in the demand for plastic products, driven by high economic growth rates and a shift towards industrialization This burgeoning demand is largely fueled by key sectors such as automotive and electrical-electronics, which heavily rely on plastic materials.
In developed markets, environmentally friendly factors are increasingly influencing consumer trends, making the shift towards biodegradable plastic products essential for the global plastic industry.
Plastic product consumption trend in Asia
1.3.1 Overview of plastic product consumption trend and main applications in Asia
Overview of plastic product consumption trend
According to APME (2019), Asia, particularly China, is projected to experience significant growth in demand for plastic products due to its low per capita plastic consumption compared to global averages As the economic growth rates of Asian countries rise and their economic structures shift towards industries heavily reliant on plastics, such as automotive and electrical-electronics, the potential for increased demand in this region is substantial.
Despite significant growth in plastic consumption from 2009 to 2019, typical Asian countries like Korea and China have a per capita plastic usage that is substantially lower than that of Europe and the United States Notably, China's per capita plastic consumption is only one-fourth that of Belgium and one-third that of the US.
F IGURE 3 A NNUALPLASTIC COMSUMPTION PER CAPITA (K G )
Source: Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe (APME) Economics
By 2030, Asia is projected to represent over 50% of global consumption, driven by population growth, rising demand, and economic development This surge has resulted in significant resource exploitation and a dramatic increase in solid waste, particularly from disposable plastics A 2015 study highlighted that while ASEAN member states have low per capita plastic usage, they are responsible for six of the top 20 countries with the highest levels of mismanaged plastic waste (Pat, 2020).
Packaging constitutes the largest segment of plastic demand, representing 40% of global consumption Following packaging, consumer and household products, including appliances, toys, and furniture, are significant contributors to plastic use, alongside the construction sector As a result, plastic production is increasingly concentrated in Asia, which accounted for 45.6% of global plastic output in 2013, with China producing nearly 25% of the world's plastic and outpacing Europe since 2010 The region's population growth and expanding manufacturing industries have driven a notable increase in both plastic production and consumption.
The rapid growth of the packaging and plastic industry in Asia is driven by rising incomes and heightened consumption levels, leading to a significant increase in plastic demand throughout the region Notably, Asia's plastic consumption remains below the global average, indicating substantial potential for further expansion.
Since 2015, China's plastic production has surged, making it a leader in the region and contributing over 20% to global output Southeast Asia also plays a significant role, accounting for another 20% of global plastic production, with Vietnam experiencing an impressive average growth rate of 18% in its plastics industry and securing a substantial share of exports.
The rising growth rate of plastic production in Asia is driving an increase in plastic consumption, with Thailand leading the region at 40 kg per capita, followed by Malaysia at 35 kg and Indonesia at 17 kg annually However, these consumption levels remain significantly lower than the global average.
F IGURE 4.P LASTIC CONSUMPTION ( PER CAPITA ) IS POSITIVELY CORRELATED
Plastic consumption per capita shows a positive correlation with regional GDP growth rates, particularly in South and Southeast Asia, which significantly influences the overall plastic consumption trend in the continent (Choudhury et al., 2019) Countries such as South Korea, Japan, China, Thailand, and Malaysia exhibit a strong link between plastic consumption and GDP, reflecting their high per capita demand As Southeast Asia continues to experience robust GDP growth, the trend of increasing plastic consumption is expected to persist in the coming years.
The primary trend in plastic consumption is the significant rise in its use within the packaging sector, which constitutes 40-50% of overall plastic usage This increase aligns with the region's swift economic growth.
The value of plastic consumption is increasing at a rate slightly higher than the overall growth of the plastics market, particularly as the demand for Polypropylene Impact Copolymer (ICP) triples While conductive plastics currently represent a small segment, ICP is an emerging market with significant growth potential This innovative material offers promising solutions for various applications, including transparent electronics, transparent conductive films, and photovoltaic devices (Michel, 2013).
The Asia plastic industry, particularly within ASEAN, is poised for significant growth both domestically and internationally, presenting substantial opportunities for foreign investors The adoption of the Trans-Pacific Trade Agreement (TPP) by twelve countries, including the United States, Australia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Japan, and Canada, aims to liberalize trade rules and strengthen economic ties among member nations As ASEAN countries continue to develop, the expanding consumer base and import-export plastic market enhance foreign trade potential, making the ASEAN plastic industry an attractive entry point for investors Notably, Thailand's focus on advancing its bioplastics sector further amplifies opportunities for foreign investment in the region's plastic market.
The Thailand bioplastics market is emerging and welcoming to foreign investors, with 31 environmentally friendly plastic manufacturing companies actively working to reduce plastic waste in the region In contrast, other countries primarily concentrate on domestic plastic production (Dezan, 2015).
Main application plastic products in Asia
A report by Grand View Research (2019) highlights that Asian markets, particularly China and India, are expected to drive significant growth in the construction and automotive industries, leading to increased consumption of plastic products Notably, these countries favor plastic materials that are easy to design and flexible, with construction plastics being particularly popular for pipe products and door designs.
In addition, in Asia, the use of plastic bags has become more and more widespread, including food and beverage products, personal care products, family care products, and electronic devices
1.3.2 Increasing demand for eco friendly plastic product trend
In response to the growing issue of plastic waste, countries worldwide are increasingly implementing measures to limit the use of plastic packaging, particularly disposable options, to reduce environmental impact Key strategies include banning certain types of packaging and introducing economic incentives such as taxes or fines This shift in consumption patterns, particularly in regions like the EU, US, and China, is expected to significantly influence the global plastic packaging market As consumers lean towards eco-friendly alternatives, biodegradable plastics are emerging as preferred substitutes for traditional plastics In 2018, global production capacity for biodegradable plastic materials reached 2.1 million tons per year, with biodegradable plastics accounting for 1.2 million tons and bioplastics for 0.9 million tons According to forecasts from European Bioplastics, this production capacity is projected to rise to 2.6 million tons per year by 2023.
32 equivalent to an average growth of 4.4% a year in the period of 2018-2023
The downward trend in the consumption of disposable plastic products because many countries issued a ban on use, the world gradually shifted to consumption of green, environmentally friendly packaging products
The growing preference for eco-friendly plastic products is becoming a crucial factor in the consumption patterns of developed markets As a result, transitioning to biodegradable products is an unavoidable trend within the global plastic industry Additionally, the production landscape for plastic materials is increasingly shifting towards Asia, particularly China.
Plastic waste disposal process in Asia
Recycling plastic waste not only supports local industries but also enables them to recover value from recycled materials Without recycling, the only viable revenue option is energy recovery from plastic waste However, the complexity of plastic recycling systems, which require specialized machinery and processes, leads to increased waste management costs As a result, both plastic manufacturers and consumers often bear these additional expenses through Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) initiatives (Woldemar, 2019).
F IGURE 5.C OMPARE TRADITIONAL AND MODERN PLASTIC WASTE PROCESSING
F IGURE 6 COMMON PLASTIC WASTE PROCESSING: RECYCLING
The closed cycle of civil plastic waste begins with the consumption of plastic products, which generates waste collected by dedicated systems In developed nations like Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan, efficient waste collection leads to a high recovery rate of plastic waste Conversely, in less developed countries, plastic waste often ends up in landfills or is not integrated into the treatment cycle The classification of plastic waste varies across Asia, with many countries relying heavily on manual sorting Once sorted, the plastic is packaged and sent to crushing and washing facilities to eliminate impurities before being recycled into suitable materials These semi-finished products are then dispatched to factories for the production of new end products, ready for market distribution.
Plastic waste problem in Asia
Over 60% of plastic waste in Asia is inadequately managed, making it the worst region for plastic waste management globally, second only to the least developed countries in Africa Notably, China and much of Southeast Asia, despite being the fastest-growing economic regions, face significant challenges in processing plastic waste effectively (Jambeck et al., 2018).
F IGURE 7.S HARE OF PLASTIC WASTE THAT IS INADEQUATELY MANAGED
Asia has experienced the fastest economic growth globally, leading to a significant increase in plastic production Unfortunately, the region's waste management systems have not kept pace with this surge in consumption, resulting in serious environmental challenges Despite these issues, the demand for plastic remains high due to its convenience Interestingly, while the Americas and Europe consume more plastic per capita than Asia, their waste management capabilities are more advanced.
Recycling and treating waste is often more efficient to prevent serious environmental and public health issues (Dominic, 2018) Asia faces the most significant challenges regarding plastic waste, with countries like China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, and Sri Lanka being major contributors to unmanaged plastic waste due to improper disposal practices Following China's 2017 ban on waste plastics, Southeast Asian nations such as the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia have become dumping grounds for plastic waste from wealthier countries, resulting in a more than doubled import of plastic waste Notably, Asia is responsible for 70% of the world's unmanaged or mismanaged plastic waste.
F IGURE 8G LOBAL M ISMANAGED PLASTIC BY REGION
Source:Jambeck et al 2018 Why Asia has not achieved better results in reducing plastic waste?
Firstly, efforts to reduce the amount of plastic consumed seem to be ineffective because the disposable plastic has been used too much in everyday life In addition
Plastic is favored by individuals and businesses for its affordability, versatility, aesthetic appeal, and durability However, excessive consumption and overpackaging exacerbate the problem, as evidenced by Singaporeans using an average of 13 plastic bags daily and the city generating 2.2 million plastic straws Rapid industrialization and economic growth in Singapore have led to a significant rise in plastic waste, with annual solid waste increasing from 0.74 million tons in 1972 to 2.80 million tons in 2000, and currently estimated at 4.5-4.8 million tons, of which plastic comprises 5.8% In the Gulf Cooperation Council countries, approximately 120 million tons of waste are produced yearly, with a mere fraction being recycled; Saudi Arabia contributes 60% of this waste, while the UAE accounts for 20% Qatar generates around 1 million tons of municipal solid waste annually, with polymers making up about 14% of the total waste volume In Thailand, residents use an average of eight plastic bags daily, culminating in over 500 million bags used weekly in Bangkok alone.
Government-imposed restrictions on disposable plastic straws and bags face significant resistance in many Asian countries, as these items remain popular among the public Additionally, pressure from petrochemical companies complicates efforts to reduce plastic usage, as such measures threaten their profits Many leaders are seeking alternative solutions to address plastic waste without limiting the production of single-use plastics Current strategies focus on encouraging voluntary compliance with national policies, but these actions are insufficient to tackle the plastic waste crisis While individual recycling efforts are commendable, they do not adequately address the root problem of disposable plastics.
To address the environmental impact of plastic waste, it is crucial to limit production from the outset Biodegradable plastics, while seemingly eco-friendly, can still pose significant threats to wildlife during their consumption process Following China's ban on importing most global recycled plastics, Southeast Asia has unfortunately become a dumping ground for plastic waste from other countries Despite Thailand, Vietnam, and Malaysia implementing bans on plastic waste imports, illegal recycling operations continue to thrive in the region.
Banning plastic bags and straws is ineffective in addressing plastic waste, as consumers often resort to purchasing plastic bags when free options are no longer available This shift indicates that regulations aimed at reducing plastic bag usage may inadvertently lead to increased plastic consumption, highlighting the need for more effective strategies to manage plastic waste.
Recycling efforts in many Asian countries have proven ineffective due to the limitations of current technology, which struggles to manage the vast amounts of plastic waste The varying melting temperatures of different types of plastics complicate the recycling process, as not all bacteria are effective in breaking down every type of plastic Additionally, the decentralized approach to plastic recycling in these countries creates challenges, as local councils make decisions based on their available resources and technology for sorting plastics (Kang, 2019).
Many countries have implemented policies banning the import of plastic waste, resulting in increased reliance on incinerators and landfills in developing East Asia and Pacific nations, which often lack the infrastructure to effectively manage waste (Meidl, 2018) For instance, Indonesia continues to permit plastic waste imports to bolster industrial activities, leading to a staggering 141% increase in imports in 2018 Despite the ongoing influx of scrap plastic and the prevalence of forged material labels, these nations have yet to make significant improvements in plastic waste management, while the consumption of disposable plastics remains alarmingly high Comprehensive bans on plastic waste imports are urgently needed to address this growing crisis.
Many Southeast Asian countries have not yet implemented taxes on single-use bags, relying instead on voluntary measures Waste management in this region is severely lacking, characterized by low recycling rates and inadequate infrastructure at both household and community levels, which exacerbates plastic pollution Common issues include insufficiently sized trash cans and infrequent collection, alongside illegal burning of waste that releases toxic gases harmful to health Policymakers in Southeast Asia have yet to prioritize waste management, resulting in minimal investment in infrastructure and waste treatment facilities (Danny, 2019).
F IGURE 9T HE R IVER OF P LASTICS IN C AMBODIA (NI KKEI ,2018)
The hotel industry has expanded to remote beaches in Asian countries, where the management of plastic waste is often less effective Despite this, tourists continue to demand high levels of comfort, often relying on disposable plastic items like soap dispensers during their stays.
Hotels often provide amenities such as toothbrushes, shampoos, body lotions, and shower caps, along with plastic water bottles and straws for drinks However, local governments in these areas struggle with waste management due to insufficient funding and a lack of recycling knowledge Consequently, much of the waste ends up in general landfills, and during heavy rains, plastic waste is washed into the sea via rivers A notable example is Ngapali Beach in Myanmar, recognized as one of Asia's top beaches in 2016, which faces severe plastic pollution with garbage accumulating along its rivers This environmental issue poses a significant threat to the beach's beauty and ecosystem.
Southeast Asia's dry soil faces a dual challenge of plastic waste and electronic waste, which contains significant amounts of hard plastic treated with harmful flame retardants These fire retardants, banned in the U.S and Europe due to serious health risks, have prompted China, the largest processor of e-waste globally, to prohibit the import of e-waste from these regions.
In India, a significant lack of awareness and proper classification mechanisms, coupled with inadequate scientific landfills, leads to plastic waste being mixed with other solid waste in local landfills This results in plastic breaking down into smaller components that contaminate the soil and groundwater, ultimately entering the food chain and harming local vegetation Additionally, the open burning of plastic waste emits toxic gases, contributing to air pollution and adversely affecting the marine environment (Singh, 2019).
F IGURE 10T HE MAN WITH MASSIVE PILES OF PLASTIC IN M UNBAI ,I NDIA
Indonesia, the world's second-largest contributor to plastic pollution, is grappling with a severe plastic crisis that has garnered significant media attention Incidents such as a dead whale found in Southeast Sulawesi filled with trash and a turtle in Yogyakarta that died from ingesting plastic highlight the dire consequences of plastic waste Bali, a major tourist destination, is also heavily affected by plastic pollution The country is increasingly aware that plastic waste poses a significant threat, compounded by the influx of foreign waste from developed nations, much of which is in poor condition and unsuitable for recycling Imported waste is often disposed of improperly, either in landfills near residential areas or through open burning In response, Indonesia enacted the Waste Management Law in 2008, mandating that municipal governments create regional waste management plans, industries implement extended producer responsibility (EPR), and communities separate plastic waste at home Despite these efforts, numerous complex challenges remain in effectively managing plastic waste.
Experience of companies in Asia on solving plastic waste problem
McDonald's operates over 36,000 restaurants across 122 countries and has committed to ensuring that all its packaging is sourced from renewable and recyclable materials Similarly, Evian, a renowned bottled water brand, is taking significant steps to combat plastic waste by launching a new carbon-free bottling plant and pledging to produce only 100% recycled bottles by 2025.
In China, private companies and small businesses are crucial in combating plastic pollution by phasing out non-biodegradable plastic bags and investing in research and technologies that enhance recycling efficiency Notable examples include Tianyuan Corporation and Jiuheng Tiaoma, which have significantly increased their investments in biodegradable plastic bags and advanced recycling lines.
Chinese e-commerce giants like Alibaba, Suning, and Jingdong are promoting green packaging through incentives such as discounts and shopping vouchers, encouraging consumers to opt for eco-friendly options like ice-free boxes and biodegradable materials In 2017, Alibaba launched the Green Logistics Plan 2020 to implement eco-friendly packaging and exclusive recycling boxes Similarly, Meituan initiated the 'Green Mountain Cooperation Initiative' to tackle environmental challenges in the delivery industry, fostering collaboration among stakeholders to minimize packaging waste and enhance recycling efforts Meituan also partners with universities to research ways to boost environmental sustainability and assess the ecological impact of its delivery services Overall, private companies in China are increasingly recognizing the benefits of cultivating a positive social image while actively working to reduce plastic pollution.
In Indonesia, multinational companies are playing a crucial role in addressing the plastic waste crisis Nestlé Indonesia has implemented optimized plastic wrap and supported local factories in adopting eco-friendly waste management practices The company has also empowered hundreds of thousands of Indonesian farmers, its suppliers, to reduce plastic waste Furthermore, Nestlé has partnered with five other organizations to establish the Packaging and Recycling Alliance for Indonesia Sustainable Environment (PRAISE), aimed at fostering an integrated and sustainable waste management system Additionally, Borealis AG, a global leader in plastic manufacturing, has significantly funded the STOP Ocean Plastic project to combat oceanic plastic pollution.
2017 and selected Banyuwangi in Indonesia as the first beneficiary city in this project to reduce and eliminate plastic leaks into the environment
1.6.2 Classified waste and develop recyclable products
Indonesia's Plastics and Plastics Industry Association (Inaplas) has pledged $
Indonesia is investing $1 billion, including a $100 million loan from the World Bank, to combat plastic waste through improved packaging design, the use of recyclable materials, and effective waste management The country's goal is to reduce ocean plastic leakage by 70% Despite establishing a large-scale recycling industry that processes approximately 1.1 million tons of plastic waste annually, the recycling rate remains low at only 20% (Messe, 2019).
An Phat Plastic Company (AAA) focuses on sustainable practices by investing in a recycling line system to utilize raw materials in the production of PE resins, which are derived from non-renewable resources By promoting environmentally-friendly products made from biodegradable compounds sourced from corn starch, AAA aims to reduce reliance on PE resins and minimize environmental pollution The company has also implemented production initiatives to decrease scrap rates, achieving an impressive scrap rate of only 5.2%, as reported in their 2018 annual report.
Binh Minh Plastic Company (BMP) generates minimal waste during production and does not rely on recycled materials Additionally, all of BMP's plastic products feature an innovative additive system free from heavy metals, prioritizing user health and environmental sustainability (Annual report of BMP, 2018).
Toray Group, a leading plastic manufacturer in Asia, is committed to achieving zero emissions through sustainable recycling initiatives Their Environmental Plan outlines ambitious targets for waste management, focusing on minimizing simply disposed waste, reducing landfill waste, and maximizing recycled waste These key indicators are essential for measuring the Group's progress toward realizing a zero-emission future.
(1) Simply disposed waste rate = (incineration + landfill) / total waste
(2) Landfill waste rate = landfill waste / total waste
(3) Recycling rate = (recycled resources + resources with monetary worth) /(total waste + resources with monetary worth) (Annual report of Toray, 2018)
LG Chem's Cheongju plant has transitioned from incineration and landfill disposal to recycling synthetic plastic waste as construction cover material In 2018, this initiative led to the recycling of approximately 1,769 tons of waste, significantly contributing to environmental sustainability efforts.
Ochang plant has also turned raw materials to polarize packaging materials from wood to recyclable paper, reducing packaging waste by about 74 tons (Annual report of LG Chem, 2018)
Astral Pipes ensures that all its products are fully recyclable, and the production waste can be efficiently processed and blended with raw materials As a result, a significant portion of the waste generated is reused and recycled, highlighting the company's commitment to sustainability (Annual report of Astral Pipes, 2018).
Nestlé is committed to eliminating all packaging waste, including plastic, from landfills and natural water bodies The company has set a goal for 100% of its packaging to be recyclable or reusable by 2025 To further this mission, Nestlé is focused on reducing disposable plastic through the implementation of reusable packaging across all its operations and sales channels.
In early 2020, Nestle pledged an investment of up to CHF 2 billion to transition from virgin plastic to recycled plastic in its food supply chain and to advance sustainable packaging solutions The company is dedicated to enhancing plastic waste management by implementing programs for collection, sorting, and recycling across its operational countries Additionally, Nestle aims to educate consumers by providing clear recycling information on product packaging, ensuring proper disposal practices.
1.6.3 Taking advantage of plastic waste to produce other materials
Manufacturers are increasingly utilizing software that minimizes environmental impact during product design and material selection Companies have innovated processes that repurpose waste materials into new products, such as garments made from plastics and textiles As the market for used goods expands, the demand for new products is expected to decline (Sustainable Brand, 2017).
Adidas is set to eliminate virgin plastic from its products by 2024 and has partnered with Parley to create footwear and clothing made from recycled ocean plastic, successfully producing 11 million pairs of shoes with this material Each shoe is crafted from 100% reusable Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU), allowing customers to return their shoes to Adidas instead of discarding them The returned materials are then recycled for future products, ensuring a zero-waste approach.
In an effort to reduce its environmental impact, Coca-Cola Company launched Dasani water in aluminum cans and bottles in the Northeast in the fall, expanding to other regions by 2020 The company also revealed plans to introduce a new plastic bottle made from 50% recycled plastic, aiming to minimize the use of virgin plastic through innovative packaging design and sustainable sourcing Similarly, PepsiCo announced its initiative to offer Aquafina in aluminum cans, targeting the elimination of 8,000 tons of virgin plastic waste.
Plastic product consumption trend in Vietnam
2.1.1 Overview of Plastic product consumption trend in Vietnam
Vietnam's plastic industry has experienced significant growth, averaging an annual increase of 25% in recent years (Virac, 2019) Key export markets for Vietnamese plastic products include Japan, the United States, Cambodia, Germany, and the Netherlands.
Vietnam is a major player in the global plastic export market, with key products including plastic bags, packaging items, engineering plastics, and household goods Approximately 40% of the country's plastic is utilized for consumption, while 35% is dedicated to packaging, 14% for technology, and 11% for construction The plastic industry contributes 4.8% to Vietnam's total industrial production value, and the government projects that plastic production will reach an impressive $8.81 billion by 2020.
Vietnam's plastic production is significantly dependent on imported raw materials, with approximately 80 to 90 percent sourced from abroad To reduce this reliance and promote local production, the Vietnamese government implemented a one percent import tax on raw materials in 2014, which is set to increase by one percent each year.
In Vietnam, the largest plastic companies include Tien Phong, Binh Minh, Dong A and An Phat
Tien Phong Plastic Company (NTP)
Tien Phong Plastic specializes in manufacturing PVC, HDPE, and PPR pipes primarily for finishing construction projects The company operates three factories with a combined capacity of 150,000 tons of plastic pipes annually As one of the top two players in the plastic pipe industry, Tien Phong Plastic holds a significant market share of 57% in Northern Vietnam and 26% nationwide Its leading position in the North is attributed to the largest distribution network among plastic pipe manufacturers and a diverse product range.
49 with the advantage of infrastructure plastic pipe products compared to other businesses in the industry (NTP Annual Report, 2019)
Binh Minh Plastic Company (BMP)
Binh Minh Plastic (BMP) specializes in the production of PVC, HDPE, and PPR pipes, primarily for finishing construction With two factories boasting a combined capacity of 150,000 tons of plastic pipes annually, BMP leads the market with a 43% share in the South and 27% nationwide Its dominance in the Southern region is attributed to having the second-largest distribution network among plastic pipe companies, a more diverse product range compared to competitors, and strong brand recognition as the first brand established in the Southern market (BMP Annual Report, 2019).
Dong A Plastic is a leading manufacturer in Northern Vietnam, specializing in a diverse range of products including profile bars (plastic doors), uPVC sheets, and PP materials for construction, as well as Fomex, Hiflex, and aluminum composite panels for advertising The company has also developed the Smart Door and Smart Window lines, featuring uPVC plastic doors with steel cores With over 100 products categorized into eight main groups, including ceiling cladding, decorative splints, and commercial products, Dong A Plastic serves various applications in complete construction, interior and exterior decoration, and advertising.
An Phat Plastic Company (AAA)
An Phat is a leading enterprise in the plastic packaging industry, specializing in thin film packaging and plastic bags In 2018, the company restructured into a corporate model, broadening its product range to include plastic components, construction plastic sheets, and PP woven packaging The plastic bag segment remains the core of An Phat's production focus, highlighting its commitment to innovation and expansion in the packaging market.
AAA operates 50 factories with a design capacity of up to 96,000 tons per year, primarily exporting plastic bags to the EU and Japan, which together account for 73% of its revenue In response to consumer trends, AAA has been developing environmentally friendly biodegradable plastic bags, which made up about 10% of total sales in 2018 The company’s bag consumption reached 86,263 tons in 2018, representing approximately 90% of its monetary policy However, the increasing restrictions on non-degradable plastic bags in developed markets pose challenges for the growth of AAA's traditional plastic bag offerings, indicating limited long-term growth potential for the company (AAA Annual Report, 2019).
Plastic product import and export
Despite significant growth in recent years, Vietnam's plastic industry struggles to effectively manage its input materials for production Annually, the industry requires approximately 3.5 million tons of raw materials.
Vietnam's domestic production of plastic materials, including PE, PP, and PS, meets only 20% to 25% of the demand, leading to a significant increase in imports both in quantity and value By 2020, it is projected that Vietnamese plastic enterprises will require approximately 5 million tons of raw materials to support their production activities.
Vietnam's plastic products are not only popular domestically but are also making significant strides in international markets, highlighting the industry's growing importance The surge in export turnover indicates that these products are gaining acceptance worldwide, showcasing Vietnam's competitive edge due to modern production technologies Currently, Vietnamese plastic products are available in over 150 countries, with a strong foothold in markets like Japan Additionally, regions such as China, India, Russia, Eastern Europe, and Africa present promising opportunities for growth, particularly in the demand for plastic packaging, consumer goods, and construction services.
The Vietnamese market benefits from a youthful population and currently exhibits low plastic consumption compared to regional and global levels, indicating a projected increase in demand for plastic products in the coming years The continuous rise in new households fuels the need for household goods, particularly in rural areas, which comprise 70-80% of the population and lack a variety of suitable items To capitalize on this opportunity, household appliance businesses in Vietnam should focus on investing in modern technology, enhancing product quality, diversifying designs, and reducing costs, while also targeting affordable market segments in rural regions to drive growth in the plastic industry.
F IGURE 11P LASTIC CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA ( KG / PERSON /Y EAR ) S OURCE :
Plastic sales in 2016 were estimated at US $ 14.73 billion, a slight increase of about 6% compared to 2015 In the first half of 2017, estimated plastic consumption
In 2023, Vietnam's plastic industry reached a remarkable export value of 8.37 billion USD, reflecting a 13.6% increase compared to the previous year The domestic market for plastic products is thriving, supported by the advantages of free trade agreements (FTAs), with Vietnamese plastic items available across all retail channels On the international front, Vietnam exports plastic products to approximately 160 markets worldwide, with certain items experiencing growth rates nearing 100% The Vietnam Packaging Association reports that packaging accounts for 66% of the industry's export value, with the United States being the largest market, comprising 60% of exports, followed by Japan at 15% Due to political tensions and cost competition with Chinese firms, Japan is expected to increase its imports of plastic packaging from Vietnam, presenting a significant opportunity for growth in the sector.
Vietnam's plastic production and consumption are experiencing rapid growth, as illustrated in Figure 12 In recent years, the country's plastic industry has gained recognition for its impressive development speed, outpacing other ASEAN nations.
Vietnam ranks second after Thailand in plastic production capacity, reaching 17.6 million tons per year in 2019 The country is experiencing one of the fastest growth rates in the global plastic industry, evidenced by rising per capita plastic consumption, which increased from 22 kg in 2008 to 41 kg in 2015 Currently, domestic plastic enterprises primarily cater to the affordable segment, while high-value products are largely dominated by foreign direct investment (FDI) companies Although plastic products are widely available in domestic retail channels, they are primarily found in traditional markets and shops, with exports accounting for only 1-2% of total output The demand for plastic consumption is expected to remain positive in the coming years.
Plastic waste disposal process in Vietnam
In Vietnam, the management of plastic waste and bags from households, markets, and public areas is primarily handled through basic domestic solid waste collection The main disposal methods include burial, which leads to land consolidation and potential secondary pollution, and burning, which poses its own environmental challenges.
In Vietnam, while radical energy recovery methods exist, they often lead to secondary pollution, such as dioxins and furans, and fail to utilize resources effectively The common practice of natural burying, although simple and currently employed due to financial and technological constraints, is not advisable as it occupies valuable agricultural land and causes unpleasant odors from decomposing organic waste, which also contaminates local water sources Households in Vietnam typically sort their waste into categories: organic (vegetables, fruits, leftovers), inorganic (plastics), and other types (ceramics, coal slag) To facilitate this, families use various trash bins, such as stainless steel bins for living areas and plastic bins with lids for kitchens and bathrooms Waste collection is organized through a two-compartment garbage truck or scheduled pickups using wheeled bins, with environmental staff responsible for sorting recyclables before transporting waste to disposal sites Regular collection is essential to prevent waste accumulation in residential areas.
The waste collection team is responsible for gathering household waste from residential areas and public bins in locations such as parks, gardens, hospitals, and schools After sorting the waste, most plastic types are subjected to burial Pyrolysis is employed to heat plastic waste at high temperatures, specifically above 400 degrees Celsius, which breaks down the stable atomic bonds in polyethylene, resulting in a mixture of gases, oil, wax, and coal Additionally, a catalytic plastic decomposition technique utilizes organic metal compounds to produce diesel fuel with less heat; however, this method currently faces challenges due to slow chemical reactions and the high cost of catalysts.
Burning plastic waste for electricity generation is viewed as a viable solution for waste recovery and reducing environmental pollution in Vietnam, offering numerous long-term benefits for industrial and urban development However, this process emits highly toxic pollutants that pose serious health risks to nearby residents Recycling initiatives, such as converting scrap plastic into resins and products, are also being adopted, with some companies utilizing pyrolysis to recover fuel Additionally, incorporating additives into plastic materials can significantly shorten decomposition time from hundreds of years to just a few years, presenting a more sustainable approach to managing plastic waste (Vietnam Waste Management Department, 2019).
In Vietnam, plastic waste management methods encompass formal and informal approaches, as well as a combination of both Notably, informal management plays a significant role, dominating most stages of the waste management cycle.
F IGURE 13C HAIN OF PLASTIC WASTE IN V IETNAM
Plastic waste problem in Vietnam
The plastic waste problem in Vietnam has escalated due to rapid urbanization and industrialization outpacing waste management capabilities As more individuals migrate from rural areas to cities in search of better economic opportunities, urbanization has emerged as a critical challenge for sustainable development With a population density of 291.33 persons per square kilometer in 2018, Vietnam faces significant issues in accommodation, education, healthcare, public services, transportation, and waste management Inadequate waste management systems expose communities to health risks and environmental violations, leading to severe consequences, including the emergence of "cancer villages" reliant on polluted water sources This article aims to assess the current state of municipal solid waste management in Vietnam, identify management challenges, and propose actionable plans to enhance waste management systems and improve the quality of life for residents.
The importation of plastic waste is on the rise in Vietnam, driven by various subjective and objective factors The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) reports that Vietnam ranks fourth in ASEAN for importing scrap plastic, averaging 91,400 tons per year from 2013 to 2017 Following China's ban on plastic scrap and waste imports, Vietnam saw a significant increase, importing 274,700 tons of plastic scrap in the first half of 2018—double the amount imported in 2017.
60 of the largest ports of the country (Tan Cang-Cai Mep and Tan Cang-Cat Lai) had to temporarily stop receiving all scrap plastic import containers from mid-June 2018
Vietnam's plastic waste treatment technology lags significantly behind that of many developed Asian countries, despite a rising demand for plastic Solid waste collection rates stand at 85% in urban areas and 50-60% in rural regions, with 95% of collected waste being landfilled, often in unsuitable locations near water bodies Approximately 80% of annual waste from the mainland contributes to marine pollution, with 20% of plastic waste discharged directly into the sea Each Vietnamese citizen generates about 1.2 kg of waste daily, with 16% being plastic, leading to over 18,000 tons of plastic waste produced each day, making Vietnam the fourth-largest contributor to global plastic pollution Annually, between 0.28 and 0.73 million tons of plastic waste enter the South China Sea, comprising 6% of the world's total Plastic constitutes 50-80% of marine waste, further exacerbating environmental pollution and threatening marine ecosystems, while low-value plastics like bags and foam packaging dominate the waste composition.
Vietnam has not been identified as a primary source of plastic waste from daily life and consumption Plastic waste with recycling potential, such as plastic bags and water bottles, is collected from various sources, including households, supermarkets, and landfills However, low-value plastic waste, like foam boxes and straws, continues to be released into the environment Additionally, scrap plastic from production facilities is gathered and sold by intermediaries to recycling operations This highlights the critical issue of plastic waste management in Vietnam.
Vietnam today is disposable plastic products and thin plastic bags These plastic products are difficult to decompose while all are discarded after just one use (Vietnam Waste Management Department, 2019).
Comparison between plastic waste problem of Asia and Vietnam
Vietnam faces significant challenges related to plastic waste, similar to other Asian nations, particularly due to its economic growth rate A substantial portion of unmanaged plastic waste remains unaddressed While many Asian countries have implemented specific measures to reduce plastic waste, Vietnam has lagged in introducing new initiatives and lacks detailed policies aimed at limiting plastic waste In contrast, several Asian countries have actively revised their regulations to align with current realities Furthermore, while other nations have explored various plastic recycling processes, Vietnam primarily resorts to landfilling plastic waste, leading to severe soil and ocean pollution that jeopardizes both the environment and public health Additionally, the rapid expansion of the tourism industry in Vietnam, akin to other developing Asian countries, generates a massive volume of plastic waste, for which there is currently no effective treatment mechanism in place.
Vietnam faces significant challenges, including the impact of China's ban on plastic waste imports, which is influenced by its geographical location Additionally, the country grapples with the need for a unified mechanism and effective waste classification system to address these issues.
Forecast of plastic consumption in Vietnam until 2022
Since the early 1960s, forecasting has developed into a distinct field of predictive science, complete with its own theoretical framework and methodologies aimed at enhancing forecasting effectiveness This discipline plays a crucial role in planning, as administrators rely on accurate predictions to guide the future direction of their activities Consequently, effective forecasting is essential for administrators in making informed decisions.
Currently, there are two main groups of forecasting methods: qualitative forecasting methods and quantitative forecasting methods
In this research, the author uses the forecasting method by linear regression analysis of the group of quantitative prediction methods
Linear regression analysis is a forecasting model that establishes the relationship between the dependent variable and two or more independent variables
This study analyzes the relationship between GDP growth and the consumption of plastic products, as well as the resulting plastic waste in Vietnam The research identifies GDP growth as the sole independent variable influencing these two dependent variables.
The coding of the specific variables is as follows:
This model has the following formula
In which n is the number of observations a = 𝑛 ∑ 𝑥𝑦−∑ 𝑥 ∑ 𝑦
𝑛 ∑ 𝑥 2 − (∑ 𝑥) 2 Below it is a spreadsheet to set values, a spreadsheet that includes information on plastic consumption and GDP growth over the past 5 years
Year Plastic consumption output (Y) (million tonnes)
(Source: annual plastic industry report)
Thus, we have a linear regression equation for future prediction as follows:
To forecast plastic consumption in 2020, 2021 and 2022, we project that the GDP growth rates in 2021 and 2022 are x (2020) = 4.1%, x (2021) = 7%, x (2022) = 6.7%
CHAPTER 3: RECOMMENDATION FOR PLASTIC WASTE
MANAGEMENT IN ASIA AND CONTACT TO VIETNAM
Proposing to Asia to solve plastic waste problem
For Asian countries, solutions to reduce plastic waste need close links between countries and sub-regions, especially for ocean-related plastic waste
Asian countries must engage with global and regional environmental protection organizations to collaboratively address plastic waste issues This cooperation is essential to prevent the influx of plastic waste into Asia, particularly in the least developed nations within the region.
Developed Asian countries, such as Japan and Korea, must provide technical and financial assistance to less developed nations for effective plastic waste disposal This support is crucial, particularly for managing plastic waste that ends up in the ocean, as it poses a direct threat to the environmental and economic stability of these developed countries.
Asian Development Funds, development banks, and developed countries must prioritize funding for projects focused on recycling plastic waste and creating eco-friendly plastic products Furthermore, it is essential to allocate financial and human resources to NGOs dedicated to raising awareness, preventing plastic waste, and promoting environmental protection.
Asian countries should collaborate to share their successful strategies for addressing plastic waste pollution, thereby increasing public awareness of this critical issue Furthermore, nations with advanced waste disposal systems and technology should facilitate the transfer of waste treatment innovations to less developed countries through grants or low-interest loans.
Proposing to Vietnam to solve plastic waste problem
3.2.1 Solutions have been implemented to reduce plastic waste problem
Vietnam has issued many policies and regulations on the management of plastic waste and plastic bags
Decree No 38/2015/ND-CP mandates the classification of recycled plastic waste within both domestic and industrial solid waste management This regulation emphasizes the need for comprehensive waste management practices, covering all stages from generation to collection, transportation, and final disposal.
The Prime Minister's Decision No 491 / QD-TTg in 2018 approves the adjustment of the National Strategy on integrated management of solid waste by
By 2025, urban centers are expected to establish waste recycling facilities that support household waste classification, aiming for a sustainable vision by 2050 This includes improving recycling and reuse capabilities, as well as implementing energy recovery methods Additionally, all trade centers and supermarkets must transition to using 100% environmentally friendly plastic bags for everyday use, replacing non-biodegradable alternatives.
The National Environment Protection Strategy aims to enhance solid waste collection, recycling, and reuse by 2030, while also focusing on reducing the production and use of persistent bags and packaging, including plastics The strategy encourages research and development of biodegradable alternatives to replace non-degradable bags and packaging materials.
The Prime Minister's Decision No 582 / QD-TTg in 2013 strengthened the control of environmental pollution due to the use of persistent plastic bags in daily life until 2020
The Government's Decree No 155/2016/ND-CP outlines sanctions for administrative violations in environmental protection, while Decree No 130/2013/ND-CP addresses the production and supply of public products and services These regulations, along with national environmental standards concerning solid waste, provide a framework for mitigating the adverse effects of solid waste collection, transportation, and disposal.
In addition, the Government of Vietnam has signed international treaties and conventions related to waste management such as the Basel Convention on
The Vietnamese government is committed to reducing plastic waste through a comprehensive approach that includes the implementation of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, adherence to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP22), and alignment with Agenda 2030 for sustainable development This strategy is supported by international frameworks such as the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which emphasize the importance of transboundary waste control and disposal.
Since joining the Basel Convention in 1995 and the MARPOL Convention in 1973, Vietnam has enhanced its environmental policies and institutional frameworks to effectively manage hazardous waste and prevent marine pollution Key legal documents, including the 2014 Law on Environmental Protection and Decree No 38/2015 on waste control, have been adopted to support these efforts The 2015 Law on Natural Resources and Environment and Islands established a comprehensive legal framework for managing marine resources and addressing pollution from marine debris, plastics, and microplastics Committed to the UN Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development, Vietnam aims to significantly reduce marine pollution The government actively engages in international forums focused on marine environment protection and organizes annual coastal cleanup activities in marine protected areas and world heritage sites Additionally, conservation policies are promoted among local communities and tourists to enhance public awareness of environmental protection.
In Vietnam, awareness of plastic waste pollution is growing, prompting the emergence of green initiatives The government has initiated a campaign to promote the use of biodegradable bags among residents, encouraging more sustainable practices.
67 traditional plastic bags At the same time support many Vietnam and foreign associations to take "green action" to combat the use of plastic
CHANGE is a local NGO under the Vietnam Union of Science and Technology Associations (VUSTA) that actively sponsors initiatives like the WildAid campaign and the PEEK Program to combat environmental issues, particularly plastic waste The organization focuses on community media to promote behavioral change regarding environmental concerns and organizes awareness-raising campaigns By connecting the private sector, communities, and government agencies, CHANGE seeks effective solutions to environmental challenges Additionally, organizations like CleanUp Vietnam engage young people and families in cleanup efforts across cities and beaches, while Zero Waste promotes eco-friendly practices among businesses by advocating for alternatives to plastic products Green VN is dedicated to educating the Vietnamese public on recycling and pollution reduction, contributing to a collective effort towards a more sustainable environment in Vietnam.
Vietnam is planning to establish a garbage collection center in Hanoi to manage daily waste, including plastic, which will be sold to industrial companies for processing and recycling Direct Imex is committed to reducing plastic waste by focusing on the manufacture and distribution of reusable, customized bags and packaging, while also offering consulting and sourcing services to assist companies in transitioning to eco-friendly packaging Additionally, Vietnamese youth are actively participating in the NoStrawChallenge campaign, aimed at reducing the use of plastic straws and mitigating environmental harm.
3.2.2 Proposing to the government to solve plastic waste problem
Waste management is a key component of Vietnam's National Strategy for Environmental Protection, which prioritizes sustainable practices The National Strategy for Integrated Solid Waste Management outlines ambitious objectives and establishes regulations for cleaning costs imposed on waste generators Furthermore, Vietnam actively promotes private sector involvement and foreign investment in waste management initiatives.
The 1992 revised Constitution of Vietnam acknowledged the private sector's essential role in the economy, particularly in financing environmental protection initiatives through the Vietnam Environment Protection Fund (VEPF) The country has established a solid waste treatment plan aimed at enhancing recycling efforts by 2025, as outlined in the National Strategy on Integrated Solid Waste Management with a vision for 2050 However, despite these initiatives, Vietnam faces challenges due to inadequate action plans and funding, hindering the achievement of its ambitious waste management goals There is a pressing need for greater transparency and control over the private sector, alongside a clear definition of roles and the elimination of overlapping responsibilities among agencies involved in waste management Currently, Vietnam lacks the necessary framework to meet the National Action Plan (NAP) objectives, as a significant portion of plastic waste continues to be disposed of in landfills without proper treatment.
Vietnam must enhance its management capacity and policymaking mechanisms for plastic waste, focusing on research and analysis of pollution trends and their effects on marine ecosystems The country should invest in science and technology to effectively monitor and reduce plastic debris entering the ocean Public awareness programs are essential for educating manufacturers, distributors, and consumers about plastic waste Strengthening international cooperation and information sharing on cross-border plastic pollution is also crucial Furthermore, Vietnam should seek support from the United Nations Development Program and developed nations to invest in infrastructure that manages and categorizes marine plastic debris and land-based waste.
Developed countries should assist Vietnam in creating comprehensive waste treatment and recycling systems, enhancing management capabilities, and establishing domestic legal frameworks This support is essential for the effective implementation of international agreements like the MARPOL and Basel Conventions.
To effectively address the plastic waste crisis, it is essential to shift focus beyond just increasing domestic recycling rates; the government must also implement strict regulations on the production of single-use plastics and the importation of plastic waste Vietnam should commit to halting the import of plastic waste or only allow imports that align with domestic recycling capabilities Additionally, enhancing the waste management system is crucial, particularly by improving waste separation processes in urban areas, as successful recycling heavily relies on effective separation practices.
As the ASEAN chair, Vietnam must initiate a regional campaign to address plastic waste pollution, as this issue transcends national borders due to the movement of plastic debris through waterways and groundwater Regular meetings of senior environmental officials in Southeast Asia are essential to collaboratively develop solutions and formalize measures for protecting coastal biodiversity against plastic pollution.
Strengthening local waste management and recycling is one of the most important solutions
Most plastic waste is generated in cities and other human settlements and due to poor waste management and a slow recycling rate
According to experience related to the legal and institutional framework of Asian countries including China and Indonesia, the national legal system is not
Limitation of the study
This research provides an initial evaluation of plastic consumption trends and waste in Asia and Vietnam, utilizing secondary data from international banks, government statements, annual reports from global and Vietnamese plastic companies, and reputable industry articles However, the study has limitations due to the restricted timeframe, which prevented the author from conducting direct surveys As a result, the findings may not fully represent the current state of plastic waste in Vietnam.
From the research results as well as the limitations of this topic, the author would like to propose some further research directions as follows:
- Further research should be conducted with a wide survey scope across the country of Vietnam, the research results will be more general
- Research should be repeated after Governments of Asia in general and Vietnam in particular have taken many measures to reduce plastic waste into the environment
- Further research should go into depth analysis of the behavior of society in general and people in particular with regard to the use of environmentally friendly plastic products
Asia, especially Vietnam, faces significant challenges with plastic waste despite low per capita consumption Ineffective government policies, insufficient waste disposal systems, unregulated recycling technologies, and low public awareness contribute to this issue, complicating efforts for governments across the region A comprehensive solution involving collaboration among the government, businesses, non-governmental organizations, and consumers is essential for effectively addressing plastic waste in Vietnam.
Southeast Asian countries, particularly Vietnam, are experiencing a significant increase in plastic demand and are becoming a destination for plastic waste from more developed nations, including China To address this challenge, Vietnam should learn from the successes and failures of developed countries that have faced similar issues While several solutions have been suggested, their effectiveness will require time for evaluation and adaptation to the evolving landscape of plastic consumption Additionally, the legal framework is being refined to facilitate necessary adjustments in response to these trends.
1 Adam W (2018) 5 companies leading the movement to go plastic free Available at: http://www.climateaction.org/news/5-companies-leading-the- movement-to-go-plastic-free
2 Beatriz G., Mandy M F.and Jolene L (2019) Marine Plastic Pollution in Asia: All Hands on Deck! Chinese Journal of Environmental Law DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/24686042-12340034 Avaiable at: https://brill.com/view/journals/cjel/3/1/article-p11_2.xml?language=en Viewed on 15 Apr 2020
3 Bliss Saigon (2016) Vietnam and plastic pollution Avaiable at: http://blisssaigon.com/vietnam-starts-to-fight-back-on-plastic-pollution/
4 Brett.H (2019) 5 Companies Taking Big Steps To Reduce Virgin Plastic Waste Available at: https://www.benzinga.com/news/19/09/14336655/5- companies- taking-big-steps-to-reduce-virgin-plastic-waste Viewd on 03 Mar 2020
5 Chow CF., So WM.W., Cheung TY., Yeung SK.D (2017) Plastic Waste Problem and Education for Plastic Waste Management In: Kong S., Wong T., Yang M., Chow C., Tse K (eds) Emerging Practices in Scholarship of Learning and Teaching in a Digital Era Springer, Singapore
6 Chow, Cheuk-Fai & So, Winnie & Cheung, Yannes Tsz-Yan & Yeung, Siu Kit
(2017) Plastic Waste Problem and Education for Plastic Waste Management 10.1007/978-981-10-3344-5_8
7 Choudhury Rudra Charan Mohanty, Amit Jain (2019) Plastic waste and marine plastic pollution in South Asia Available at: https://www.ccet.jp/sites/default/files/inline-files/2-
1_UNCRD_Plastic%20Waste%20%20Marine%20Plastic%20Pollution%20in%20SA-Mohanty-FINAL.pdf Viewed on 15 Apr 2020
8 Danny M (2019) Southeast Asia’s plastic waste problem Avaiable at: https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2019/06/26/southeast-asias-plastic-waste- problem/ Viewed on 13 Mar 2020
9 Dezan S (2015) Breaking the Mold: FDI Opportunities in ASEAN’s Plastics Industry Avaiable at: https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/breaking-the- mold-fdi-opportunities-in-aseans-plastics-industry Viewed on 16 Apr 2020
10 Dominic F (2018) Asian plastic is choking the world's oceans Available at:https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Cover-Story/Asian-plastic-is-choking-the- world-s-oceans Viewed on 10 Mar 2020
11 Engoo (2017) Asia’s Booming Plastics Industry Prompts Ocean Pollution Fears Avaiable at:https://engoo.com.vn/app/daily-news/article/asias-booming- plastics-industry-prompts-ocean-pollution-fears/tMX7jlfdEeenzS-B9ii6vw Viewed on 9 Mar 2020
12 Ewa R (2019) Compostable Polymer Materials (Second Edition)
13 Fobil (2006) The dilemmas of plastic wastes in a developing economy: Proposals for a sustainable management approach for Ghana Avaiable at: https://www.ajol.info//index.php/wajae/article/view/45716 Viewed on 12 Mar
14 Gaelle G (2015) Global Plastic Production Rises, Recycling Lags Available at:http://www.plastic-resource-center.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Global- Plastic-Production-RisesRecycling-Lags.pdf Viewed on 13 Mar 2020
15 Hiệp hội nhựa Việt Nam (2016) Tổng quan ngành nhựa Việt nam Available at: http://vpas.vn/gioi-thieu/tong-quan-nganh.html Viewed on 9 Mar 2020
16 Howarth, S (2013) Why plastic waste is such a problem and the future of bioplastics Huffpost Tech Retrieved fromhttp://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/simon- howarth/why-plastic-waste-is- such-a-problem_b_3346167.html
17 Jenna R Jambeck, Roland Geyer, Chris Wilcox, Theodore R Siegler, Miriam Perryman, Anthony Andrady, Ramani Narayan, Kara Lavender Law (2015) Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean Science 13 Feb 2015 : 768-771
18 Kang, J (2019) Challenges to Solving the Problem of Plastic Waste Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 6(12) 94-102
19 Kaza, Silpa, Lisa Yao, Perinaz Bhada-Tata, and FrankVan Woerden 2018 What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Managementto 2050 Urban Development Series Washington, DC: World Bank doi:10.1596/978-1-4648- 1329-0 License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO
20 Loan (2013) Quản lý chất thải rắn sinh hoạt huyện Quốc Oai, thành phố Hà Nội.Available at: http://www.hus.vnu.edu.vn/files/ChuaPhanLoai/LuanVanThacSi-
ChuaPhanLoai%20(246).pdf View on 15 Apr 2020
21 Manoj K, Sabike N, Mythri S (2016) Studies on Biodegradation of Plastic Packaging Materials in Soil BioreactorB Manoj Kumar1*, Sabike Noobia2, S Mythri Available at : https://www.ijacskros.com/artcles/IJACS-2S-62.pdf
22 Meidl, Rachel A (2018) Plastic Waste Management: Are We on the Right Path to Sustainability? Issue brief no 11.20.18 Rice University’s Baker Institute for Public Policy, Houston, Texas
23 Messe D (2019) Southeast Asia: a wild card in the global plastics industry Avaiable at: https://www.k- globalgate.com/en/Press/Press_Releases/Southeast_Asia_a_wild_card_in_the_g lobal_plastics_industry Viewed on 10 Apr 2020
24 Michael G, (2015) Oceans of plastic waste, Current Biology, Volume 25, Issue
25 Michel B (2013) Thermoplastics and Thermoplastic Composites (Second Edition)
26 Muharram A R (2019) Indonesia’s Battle Against Plastic Pollution Available at:https://th.boell.org/en/2019/10/28/indonesias-battle-against-plastic-pollution Viewed on 10 Mar 2020
27 Nestle (2020) What is Nestlé doing to tackle plastic packaging waste? Available on: https://www.nestle.com/ask-nestle/environment/answers/tackling- packaging-waste-plastic-bottles Viewed on 06 Mar 2020
28 Nhan dan (2019) Tìm ra quy trình tái chế hoàn toàn rác thải nhựa thành nhựa chất lượng cao Avaiable at : https://congnghiepmoitruong.vn/tim-ra-quy-trinh- tai-che-hoan-toan-rac-thai-nhua-thanh-nhua-chat-luong-cao-3705.html
29 Pat D (2020) In Asia, sustainability leadership in the 2020s must start with rethinking waste Available at: http://www.ethicalcorp.com/asia-sustainability- leadership-2020s-must-start-rethinking-waste Viewed on 13 Mar 2020
30 Purwoko (2016) Fiscal Incentives And Disincentives To Reduce Plastic Waste
In Indonesia Available at: http://aasic.org/proc/aasic/article/view/360 Viewed on 12 Mar 2020
31 Rolf U Halden 2010 Plastics and Health Risks Annual Review of Public Health
2010 31:1, 179-194 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103714
32 Ron C (2017) Asia’s Booming Plastics Industry Prompts Ocean Pollution Fears Avaiable at: https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/asias-booming-plastics-industry- prompts-ocean-pollution-fears Viewed on 10 Apr 2020
33 Sally H (2019) Landmark PET Report: Southeast Asia Plastic Crisis Result Of Government Inaction Available at: https://www.greenqueen.com.hk/ga- circular-full-circle-pet-plastic-bottle-report-southeast-asia/ Viewed on 10 Apr
34 Singh J (2019) Waste Management Laws in India: Plastic & Biomedical Wastes Available at SSRN 3311161, 2019 - papers.ssrn.com;https://archive.nyu.edu/bitstream/2451/42242/2/Plastic%20Wa ste%20Management%20in%20India.pdf