相关理论基础
语义及语义分析的相关理论
Khi nói đến khái niệm ngữ nghĩa, điều đầu tiên cần làm là hiểu rõ ý nghĩa của từ Ngôn ngữ, với vai trò là công cụ giao tiếp, có chức năng truyền đạt tư tưởng và cảm xúc, phản ánh quan niệm về thế giới khách quan Trong lĩnh vực ngữ nghĩa hiện đại, các nhà nghiên cứu cho rằng ý nghĩa của từ tạo thành một cấu trúc, bao gồm nhiều nghĩa vị kết hợp và tương tác theo những quy tắc nhất định Giáo sư Nguyễn Đức Sơn đã tổng hợp các quan điểm trong và ngoài nước về ý nghĩa từ, và ông cho rằng: "Ý nghĩa của từ là tất cả những gì – sự hiểu biết cùng với xúc cảm kèm theo – xuất hiện (hay được gợi lên) trong trí óc người bản ngữ về sự vật, hiện tượng, hành động, tính chất, quan hệ mà từ biểu thị khi nghe thấy (hoặc đọc) từ ấy."
Most Chinese dictionaries define word meaning as the significance of a word, which encompasses its original meaning, extended meanings, and metaphorical meanings The original meaning, known as the "denotative meaning," serves as the foundation from which various related but distinct meanings, referred to as "connotative meanings," develop based on the characteristics of the phenomena or objects the word reflects The nature of word meaning is characterized by generality, objectivity, and cultural specificity It represents the content of the word and reflects the subjective understanding of objective phenomena, capturing the general or essential traits of these phenomena Word meaning includes both lexical and contextual meanings.
The significance of words encompasses both their legal implications and their connotative meanings, which include emotional and stylistic nuances Additionally, analyzing the evolution of word meanings reveals three main categories: the original meaning, derived meanings, and metaphorical meanings.
1.1.2 语义分析的方法
Semantic analysis methods are research techniques that reveal the meanings of words and sentences by examining linguistic elements and syntactic contexts Developed by American psychologist Charles Osgood and his colleagues, this approach utilizes semantic differential scales to assess the significance of concepts or objects, such as cars or neighbors Participants rate these items on a seven-point scale, providing insights into the meaning and intensity of various dimensions associated with the concepts The endpoints of the scale typically feature antonymous adjectives, such as honest vs dishonest, strong vs weak, and important vs unimportant.
Semantic analysis is based on human synesthesia and associations For instance, the color red often evokes feelings of warmth, while black is associated with coldness People typically connect loud sounds with large objects and soft sounds with smaller ones Positive concepts are linked to terms like "bright," "warm," "happy," and "supreme," whereas negative ones are associated with "dark," "cold," and "underground." This phenomenon of similar sensory associations exists across different cultures and ethnicities, indicating that many meanings in human languages are universal Leveraging this characteristic, a seven-point semantic differentiation scale can be developed to study varying interpretations of concepts, differing societal attitudes, or changes in individuals' perspectives based on their responses before and after using the scale.
Semantic analysis is a crucial function of a compiler, as it provides the first interpretation of the source code's meaning, leading to a significant transformation of the source program.
隐喻概说
In recent years, there has been a significant shift in the understanding of the nature of metaphors compared to traditional views To define a concept, one can approach it from three perspectives: first, through a formalistic definition that describes its distinguishing features; second, via a functional definition that outlines its activities or functions to differentiate it from others; and third, by combining both formal and functional characteristics to provide a comprehensive understanding of the essence of the concept However, this combined definition is challenging to formulate, as it requires a deep understanding of the inherent characteristics of the subject.
To understand the concept of metaphor, I consulted several authoritative dictionaries, including the Webster Third International Dictionary (3rd Edition) and the Encyclopaedia Britannica (10th Edition) in English, as well as the Cihai (6th Edition) and Xiuci Tongjian in Chinese.
According to Webster's Dictionary, a metaphor is a figure of speech that replaces one thing with another to suggest a similarity or analogy between them, as seen in phrases like "the ship plows the sea" or "valley of oaths." It includes eleven concise similes, such as "marble brow," which explicitly reveal an implicit comparison, like "a brow as white as marble." This definition highlights several key characteristics: it views metaphor as a rhetorical device, involves a substitution phenomenon between words, reflects similarities between concepts, and represents a specific form of expression.
According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, a metaphor is a rhetorical device that compares two distinct entities, highlighting both formal and qualitative differences from metonymy It serves to identify and fuse these entities, encompassing a range of concepts Metaphor is a fundamental characteristic of poetry and a feature of language itself, often manifesting as dead metaphors The metaphorical concepts within language can lead to the creation of new metaphors The poetic functions of metaphor include identifying similarities and evoking a series of associations, while mixed metaphors can sometimes achieve unique effects Additionally, types of metaphor include synecdoche, metonymy, allegory, and symbolism.
According to the sixth edition of the "Cihai" dictionary, a metaphor is a type of analogy where the relationship between the subject and the metaphorical expression is more intimate than in a simile While similes merely suggest a resemblance, metaphors establish a direct connection Typically, the components of a metaphor are linked by words such as "is" or "also," exemplified by the phrase "Children's poetry is the flower of the motherland."
According to "The Rhetoric Encyclopedia," metaphor is a type of analogy that establishes a relationship between the subject and the metaphorical entity using common comparative terms such as "is," "becomes," or "equals." This relationship suggests a closer resemblance between the two, allowing them to be perceived as a unified or equivalent entity, making metaphor a more advanced form of comparison than simile.
Metaphors are closely related to semantic fields Etymologically, the English word "metaphor" originates from the Greek term, where "mata" means "across" and "-phor" or "pherein" conveys the idea of "carry."
涉及两种事物，一个作为出发点，一个作为目的地。汉语中将此分别称为
―喻体‖与―本体‖。
1.2.2隐喻的类型
Metaphor is a cognitive phenomenon that reflects the metaphorical nature of human thought in language According to Shu Dingfang's research in "Metaphor Studies," metaphors can be analyzed through their forms, functions, effects, and cognitive characteristics.
Metaphors can be categorized into several distinct types, including explicit metaphors (similes) and implicit metaphors, as well as radical metaphors and derivative metaphors Additionally, they can be classified based on their foundation in similarity or their role in creating new similarities.
第一类是显性隐喻（明喻）与隐性隐喻。据作者，显性隐喻就是明喻
（simile）。明喻的特点就是明确说明两者是一种对比关系，英语中典型的
明喻形式是A is like (or as) B,而汉语中的典型形式是―A像B‖。
The second category encompasses two subtypes: radical metaphor and derivative metaphor Radical metaphors serve as central concepts, exemplified by the metaphor "life is a journey." From this central idea, derivative metaphors emerge, such as the starting point or destination of life and the stations along the journey.
叫做―派生隐喻‖。
The third category of metaphors is based on similarity, which can be divided into two types: similarity-based metaphors and those that create similarity Similarity-based metaphors rely on a pre-existing understanding of the resemblance between the style and topic For example, the term "wave" is used to describe a certain form of water because its shape resembles that of a flower, illustrating how people naturally associate the two.
Traditional linguistics views metaphor merely as a rhetorical device However, the publication of "Metaphors We Live By" by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in 1980 transformed this perception In cognitive linguistics, metaphor is not just a stylistic tool; it represents a fundamental cognitive process and a mechanism of language functioning, involving the projection of structure from one conceptual domain to another.
Lakoff and Johnson (1980) categorize conceptual metaphors into three main types based on their source domains: structural metaphors, orientational metaphors, and another unspecified category.
‗实体隐喻（ontological metaphor）。结构隐喻就是通过一个结构清晰、界
The article discusses the construction of clear concepts using well-defined structures to clarify ambiguous or poorly defined ideas For instance, the metaphor "life is a journey" provides a clear structure with a starting point, path, and endpoint, thus giving the concept of "life" a more coherent framework Spatial metaphors originate from our interaction with nature, projecting spatial structures onto non-spatial concepts, resulting in fundamental orientations such as up-down, front-back, and center-edge Additionally, entity metaphors allow us to perceive abstract events, activities, and emotions as tangible entities, with container metaphors being a typical and representative example.
In cognitive linguistics, metonymy and metaphor are distinct yet interconnected concepts Metaphor involves mapping between different cognitive models, while metonymy operates within the same cognitive model, where one category represents another The primary function of metonymy is to activate one category using another within the same cognitive framework, thereby highlighting the significance of the initial category.
中、越两国的季节划分及其文化背景
1.3.1中、越两国的季节划分及其意义
China and Vietnam are both agricultural countries significantly influenced by seasonal changes Seasons, which are distinct periods that recur annually, vary greatly across different geographical landscapes In temperate and tropical climates, particularly in China and Vietnam, the year is divided into four seasons: spring, summer, autumn, and winter In contrast, tropical grasslands experience only two seasons: the dry and rainy seasons Even in polar regions, seasons can be distinguished, despite the harsh winter conditions The fundamental reason for the changing of seasons is the tilt of the Earth's axis in relation to its orbit around the sun.
The Earth's plane is tilted at an angle of 23 degrees and 26 minutes, resulting in unequal sunlight exposure between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres throughout the year This variation leads to summer in the hemisphere receiving more sunlight, while the opposite hemisphere experiences winter During the transitional seasons of spring and autumn, the sun's direct rays approach the equator, balancing sunlight exposure in both hemispheres; however, the seasonal progression remains opposite, with autumn in the Southern Hemisphere coinciding with spring in the Northern Hemisphere.
在季节的认知与利用方面，中国古代划分法是以立春(2 月 4 日或 5
In China, the seasons are marked by specific solar terms: Lichun (start of spring), Lixia (start of summer), Liqiu (start of autumn), and Lidong (start of winter) Each season has distinct astronomical characteristics; summer features the longest days and the highest midday sun, while winter has the shortest days and the lowest midday sun Spring and autumn serve as transitional periods with balanced day and night lengths The solstices and equinoxes—winter solstice, summer solstice, spring equinox, and autumn equinox—further define these seasons The changing seasons significantly influence agriculture and the lifestyles of people in China and Vietnam, leading to customs and folk beliefs centered around seasonal rituals for prosperity and well-being Particularly during spring and autumn, communities celebrate numerous temple fairs, highlighting the seasonal essence embedded in the traditional cultures of both countries.
The Twenty-Four Solar Terms, established in ancient China, serve as a supplementary calendar to guide agricultural practices Originating during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, this system reflects the interplay between solar and lunar cycles, known as a "lunar-solar calendar." Consequently, it does not entirely capture the solar movements.
The Chinese agricultural society relies heavily on the solar cycle, which is why the traditional calendar incorporates the 24 solar terms, or "二十四节气," to determine leap months These solar terms reflect seasonal changes and guide agricultural activities, significantly impacting daily life for countless families The 24 solar terms consist of 12 "中气" (major solar terms) and 12 "节气" (minor solar terms), alternating throughout the year Starting from the spring equinox, the major solar terms include Spring Equinox, Grain Rain, Lesser Fullness, Summer Solstice, Greater Heat, End of Heat, Autumn Equinox, Frost's Descent, Minor Snow, Winter Solstice, Greater Cold, and Rain Water Following the spring equinox, the minor solar terms are Qingming, followed by the Beginning of Summer, Grain in Ear, Minor Heat, Beginning of Autumn, White Dew, Cold Dew, Beginning of Winter, Major Snow, Minor Cold, Beginning of Spring, and Insects Awakening This calendar system is particularly suited for agricultural nations, influencing similar practices in countries like northern Vietnam, Japan, and Korea In Vietnam, the division of the year into four seasons—spring (xuân), summer (hạ), autumn (thu), and winter (đông)—is closely tied to the agricultural lifestyle, reflecting the importance of seasonal changes for farmers.
―Tháng giêng là tháng ăn chơi,
Tháng hai trồng đậu, trồng khoai, trồng cà
Tháng ba thì đậu đã già
Ta đi ta hái về nhà phơi khô
Tháng tư đi tậu trâu bò Để ta sắm sửa làm mùa tháng năm‖
―Trăm hoa đua nở mùa Xuân
Cớ sao cúc lại muộn mằn về Thu‖
1.3.2季节与中越民族文化的关系
1.3.2.1季节的划分所反映的农业文化
Throughout history, many nations have primarily focused on agriculture, which has become a robust system influencing various aspects such as economy, politics, literature, education, and society Notably, China and Vietnam share a deep agricultural heritage, with a cultural connection that spans thousands of years Agricultural culture represents the bond between humans and nature, highlighting the relationship between land development and spiritual awakening, with farmers serving as the pivotal force in this dynamic.
Mỗi quốc gia đều có những truyền thuyết riêng về sự sáng tạo của thế giới Theo Kinh Thánh Kitô giáo, thế giới được hình thành trong bảy ngày, trong khi thần thoại Hy Lạp cũng ghi lại sự sáng tạo của các vị thần Ở Trung Quốc, truyền thuyết về Pangu mở trời đất và câu chuyện về Lạc Long Quân và Âu Cơ ở Việt Nam cho thấy con người là người khai phá và duy trì thế giới Truyền thuyết Pangu mô tả rằng sau khi Pangu qua đời, cơ thể của ông biến thành các yếu tố tự nhiên: hơi thở trở thành gió và mây, mắt trái thành mặt trời, mắt phải thành mặt trăng, và các phần cơ thể trở thành đất đai, sông ngòi, và cây cỏ Điều này thể hiện tư tưởng nhân bản, với con người là trung tâm, cho thấy vũ trụ được khai phá bởi con người Pangu, với chiều cao vĩ đại, tượng trưng cho ý tưởng rằng con người là chủ nhân của tự nhiên Tư tưởng này mang ý nghĩa sâu sắc về sự sống, rằng con người có thể sáng tạo mọi thứ thông qua lao động không ngừng, phản ánh ánh sáng tư tưởng của truyền thuyết Pangu.
Agricultural practices are inherently tied to the cycles of seasons and climate, reflecting a continuous process of evolution from seed to plant and back to seed This process encompasses key stages such as sowing, germination, rooting, leaf growth, flowering, and fruiting To adapt to these cyclical changes, individuals must make suitable arrangements in their production and daily lives, reinforcing the notion of cyclical time and a sense of inevitability Successful farming requires the harmonious coordination of heaven, earth, people, and resources, aligning agricultural activities and social life with seasonal changes, geographical advantages, and the growth patterns of crops The interplay of climatic factors—such as temperature, moisture, and sunlight—alongside the characteristics of terrain and soil fertility, plays a crucial role in this cycle Thus, understanding the rhythms of spring, summer, autumn, and winter is essential for farmers to effectively integrate these seasonal patterns into their agricultural practices.
Agricultural cultural beliefs significantly shape people's actual production and daily life The interplay between material and non-material culture influences various aspects of society Seasons not only guide people's thoughts and beliefs but also impact their production practices and social activities Traditional philosophy, particularly the "Heaven, Earth, and Humanity" triad, plays a crucial role in this dynamic.
The concept of "Harmony between Heaven and Humanity" is closely linked to agricultural practices, reflecting a philosophical view that extends into aesthetics, literature, art, and various aspects of social life, thereby significantly shaping agricultural culture As noted in "Records of the Grand Historian," the cyclical nature of the seasons—spring's growth, summer's flourishing, autumn's harvest, and winter's storage—demonstrates the fundamental laws of nature that govern agricultural production By understanding these natural cycles, farmers have accumulated valuable agricultural knowledge, as illustrated by proverbs such as "Spring rain is as precious as oil" and "Three spring rains lead to abundant rice." This wisdom emphasizes the importance of timely agricultural practices and the deep connection between human activity and the rhythms of nature.
The relationship between seasons and agricultural practices is profoundly significant, as highlighted by traditional sayings such as "After the summer solstice, a load of seedlings and a load of sweet potatoes" and "Plant a day earlier before autumn, harvest a day earlier." This connection is further emphasized in ancient poetry, illustrating how seasonal changes directly impact farming activities For instance, Du Fu's poem reflects on the harvest cycle, noting the transformation of crops and the importance of timing in agriculture Understanding these seasonal rhythms is essential for successful farming throughout the year.
The four seasons significantly impact the agricultural culture of China and Vietnam, playing a crucial role in people's lives.
1.3.2.2季节的划分所反映的民族认知特点
From the perspective of cultural and intellectual history, the early Chinese people's understanding of time and their practical awareness emerged from their initial observations of celestial movements, seasonal changes, life rhythms, and existence Through prolonged astronomical observations, they recognized the cyclical nature of time, understanding that sunrise is always followed by sunset and full moons by waning moons This led to a consciousness of time as an unceasing flow, with climate and nature in constant flux As an agrarian society, both China and Vietnam prioritized solving the issue of sustenance, thus emphasizing the importance of temporal patterns The life cycles of plants and animals illustrated the coexistence of time and opportunity, highlighting the relationship between time and daily life The rhythms of life, particularly in agricultural production, underscored the value of time and its inevitable passage, reflecting an inseparable bond between time and human existence Furthermore, the acknowledgment of life’s transience—where there is birth, there is death, and youth inevitably gives way to old age—led to a conscious awareness of life’s limitations, prompting the Chinese civilization to deeply contemplate and segment time, as well as to develop emotional connections to it.
In the Chinese language, a variety of terms related to time have emerged, such as "日" (day), "夕" (evening), "旦" (dawn), "暮" (dusk), "旬" (ten days), "月" (month), "祀" (worship), and "年" (year) However, the climate remains crucial for the livelihoods of the people, indicating that alongside the creation of time-related vocabulary like "日," "旬," "月," and "年," there is also a need to develop terms for the seasons, such as "春" (spring).
秋‖ ，以后补充―冬、夏‖。
During the Shang Dynasty, early agriculture began to develop as people recognized the cyclical nature of farming and the close relationship between seasons and the ecological environment Through observation and the accumulation of experience, they gained insights into the growth patterns of crops and various plants and animals This understanding led them to adjust agricultural practices according to seasonal changes, focusing on key activities such as land preparation, sowing, fertilizing, and harvesting They gradually established a social rhythm that aligned with agricultural production To enhance agricultural efficiency, they observed celestial patterns and phenology, realizing that dividing the year into twelve months was insufficient Thus, they created a system of four seasons—spring, summer, autumn, and winter—tailored to meet the needs of farming, ensuring better harvests and promoting agricultural development.
语言对比的相关理论
1.4.1语言对比的步骤及原则
According to "Introduction to Contrastive Linguistics" by Xu Yulong (1989), the process of contrastive research can generally be divided into six key steps.
The first step is to define the scope of the comparison This scope includes three key elements: (1) the linguistic aspects to be compared, (2) the linguistic units involved in the comparison, and (3) the context in which these comparisons will take place.
In this article, we will explore the specific aspects of linguistics, focusing on the significance of symbols and their comparative elements Each section will provide insights into how these components interact and contribute to our understanding of language.
In comparative linguistic studies, researchers can focus on various language aspects such as phonetics, vocabulary, grammar, discourse, or text structure, depending on their interests and objectives While a specific comparative analysis may involve multiple levels of language phenomena, it typically emphasizes one primary aspect The choice of comparative language level often reflects the prevailing trends, interests, and developmental focus within the field of linguistics at a given time.
In comparative analysis, once the levels of comparison are established, it is essential to identify specific linguistic units or phenomena for detailed comparison For instance, at the discourse level, one might examine the organizational structure of a text or the cohesion and coherence between sentences as comparison subjects Alternatively, at the grammatical level, phrases or sentence structures can serve as the focus of comparison However, it is important to maintain a manageable scope for the comparative subjects to facilitate a clearer understanding of the analysis.
Contrastive linguistics involves a comparative analysis of specific linguistic elements at a particular language level In a comprehensive contrastive study, it is essential to include various types of content simultaneously For instance, when comparing noun phrases in two languages, one can systematically analyze the types of noun phrases, their structures and rules, as well as their grammatical functions.
第二步骤：文献搜集与研究。文献是包括两个部分：
The first section of the article discusses the importance of utilizing instance corpora, which are examples gathered from actual language use, whether spoken or written It emphasizes the need to review existing comparative studies within a specific field to understand what research has already been conducted This literature review helps avoid redundancy and adds novelty and depth to our own comparative research, thereby enhancing its value It is crucial to analyze the theories, methods, objectives, and significance of previous studies to identify their strengths and limitations, which in turn helps define our research direction and focus Additionally, conclusions from these studies often highlight their limitations and suggest areas for future research, providing further inspiration for our own work.
The second part of the article discusses introspective corpora, which are linguistic materials derived from prompting native speakers to utilize their language intuition This type of literature serves as a unique category of comparative linguistic data Additionally, the research literature can provide insights into existing comparative studies within specific fields, highlighting potential areas for further exploration.
The third step in comparative research is to establish a theoretical framework, which serves as a basis for descriptive analysis of language phenomena In the field of language studies, various methods can be employed to analyze the same linguistic phenomenon For instance, in the syntactic study of modern Chinese, two predominant methods that have gained popularity in China over the years are the head-driven analysis and the hierarchical analysis Recently, there has been an exploration of new Western linguistic methodologies, such as generative grammar and case grammar, to analyze the Chinese language Therefore, it is essential to determine which linguistic research approach to adopt in comparative studies.
The choice of a comparative research framework is determined by the objectives of the study, often utilizing a unified analysis model to examine two languages Comparative studies typically favor descriptive frameworks, sometimes integrating various analytical methods Additionally, the selection of the framework is influenced by the scope of the research, including the linguistic aspects being compared and the specific subjects and content of the analysis Different linguistic theories and analytical models are grounded in distinct theoretical assumptions, each with its own focus and limitations.
The fourth step involves gathering linguistic materials for comparative analysis When selecting examples for a specific study, it is crucial to ensure that the chosen language materials are representative To maintain this representativeness, attention must be paid to various factors such as language register, genre, era, and stylistic features After collecting the materials, translation is required to facilitate the analysis.
The fifth step in the comparative research process is analysis and comparison, which serves as the core and most crucial part of the study This step involves analyzing and comparing collected linguistic materials based on a specific theoretical framework established from existing research During the analysis, it is essential to consider two key points: first, there is often an imbalance in the analysis of the two languages in existing literature; second, since many existing analytical frameworks are based on the study of one language, it may be necessary to make adjustments and supplementary references when applying these frameworks to compare both languages effectively.
Step Six: Conclusion In this section, summarize the findings of the comparative analysis by highlighting the similarities and differences between the subjects studied Discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these results, while also acknowledging the limitations of the comparison Additionally, offer suggestions and ideas for future research in this area.
The six steps outlined represent a general procedure for conducting comparative language studies, with the first four steps reflecting the practical sequence of preparation tasks For instance, if one is already familiar with a particular linguistic theoretical framework, it is possible to first determine the framework for comparison before specifying the content to be compared and gathering suitable linguistic materials for analysis These four tasks are closely interconnected and often overlap If the research scope is too broad, it can be narrowed down; conversely, if analyzing one or two aspects proves insufficient, additional facets can be explored to provide a more comprehensive understanding.
1.4.2语言对比的意义
Comparison is a fundamental method for humans to understand and study various phenomena, and it also serves as a crucial approach in linguistic research Contrastingly, comparison with an emphasis on differences is known as contrast As noted by Mr Lü Shuxiang, "only through comparison can we identify the commonalities and unique features of different linguistic expressions."
（1942/1982：上卷初版例言）。对比与眼穴的理论意义正是通过对比，使
相关研究情况综述
四季在汉语还是越南语不仅具有其本身意义，而且还有暗喻义，对该主
Chinese and Vietnamese share both similarities and differences in their languages While the concept of seasons holds significant meaning in both languages, there has yet to be a detailed study conducted by linguists in either country.
1.5.1中国的研究情况
In China, the study of seasonal phenomena has garnered interest from linguists, leading to significant research outcomes Notably, Yang Guodong and Chen Xiaoqiu's work, "On the Seasonal Rhythm of Natural Landscapes," explores the classification and fluctuation characteristics of phenological seasons, aiding in the understanding and forecasting of seasonal changes This research enhances both practical and theoretical insights into landscape dynamics and ecological environments Additionally, the character "春" (spring) has been the subject of extensive study, such as Zhou Guangqing's analysis of its historical development and cultural significance, which reflects the Chinese nation's understanding of events and their relationship with the world Furthermore, Wang Jingdong's exploration of idiomatic expressions related to "春" provides a comprehensive analysis of the origins and meanings of spring-related idioms, enriching the cultural implications associated with the season.
The concept of the four seasons is closely related to the principles of yin and yang, leading some authors to explore the connection between these concepts and the five elements In the article "The Ecological Implications of the Four Seasons in 'Guanzi'" published in the Journal of Sanxia University (Volume 39, Issue 3, March 2017), Cao Liming divides the discussion into three sections: the relationship between the four seasons and the yin-yang five elements in 'Guanzi', the ecological implications of the four seasons concept, and the position of this concept within the yin-yang literature system Additionally, Wu Zhanjiang also contributes to this discourse.
The Journal of Hebei Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), Volume 26, Issue 2 (March 2003), features an article titled "The Four Seasons and Yin-Yang Five Elements." This article highlights the close relationship between the concepts of the four seasons and Yin-Yang theory, as well as the significance of seasonal observations within the context of the "Monthly Regulations" literature.
在中国，尤其是在中医学有些关于四季对治病的研究，如：史连和
The articles "On the Meaning of Nurturing Yang in Spring and Summer and Yin in Autumn and Winter" by Wu Yiyang and Liang Rui, as well as "On the Significance of Nurturing Yang in Summer" by Ge Wenzhao and Zhu Wenxiao, emphasize the importance of seasonal health practices in traditional Chinese medicine They highlight how nurturing Yang energy during warmer months promotes vitality and overall well-being, while nurturing Yin energy in colder months supports rest and rejuvenation Understanding these principles can enhance one's health regimen in accordance with nature's cycles.
Research on seasons in China is not uncommon; however, studies focusing on the metaphorical meanings of "spring, summer, autumn, and winter" are relatively scarce, particularly regarding the metaphors for "summer" and "winter." Additionally, there has yet to be a comparative study of the metaphorical meanings of these seasons between Chinese and Vietnamese languages and cultures This paper aims to serve as a valuable reference in this area of study.
1.5.2越南的研究情况
Tại Việt Nam, nghiên cứu về chủ đề này còn hạn chế Vào năm 2017, Phó giáo sư Phạm Ngọc Hân thuộc Đại học Quốc gia Việt Nam đã thực hiện một nghiên cứu chuyên đề mang tên "Ý nghĩa của các từ Xuân, Thu trong ngôn ngữ, văn hóa Việt Nam và Trung Quốc" Nghiên cứu này đã làm rõ vai trò của các mùa trong nông nghiệp và văn hóa của hai quốc gia.
The relationship between seasons and culture is explored by analyzing the layered meanings of the terms "spring" and "autumn." This examination highlights the distinct cultural characteristics of the two countries.
副教授琴秀才经过多年研究汉语词汇及语义，结合其在汉语语义学教学中的经验，取得了可供参考的研究成果。他与阮有求先生共同研究国俗语言，完成了关于汉语国俗词语（Từ ngữ đất nước học）的研究，特别涉及春夏秋冬四个特指。
季节的词语及其文化内涵。
Many authors have chosen the seasons as themes for their literary creations In Vietnamese educational programs, literary works related to spring, summer, autumn, and winter have been included in textbooks, forming an essential part of the curriculum Notable examples include Du Fu's "Song of the Thatched Cottage Torn by Autumn Winds," Master Man Jue's "Message to the Public on Illness," three autumn poems by Nguyen Quan, and Nguyen Yuu's "Qiao Chuan." When teaching these works, educators analyze seasonal vocabulary and highlight their metaphorical meanings However, there is a lack of dedicated studies and papers focusing on the metaphorical interpretations of the four seasons, with most research concentrating on their literal significance.
Each ethnic language possesses a vast vocabulary, particularly rich in terms that specify climate, weather, and seasons As a highly effective communication tool, every language features words, especially content words, that carry a core meaning along with numerous derived and associative meanings Through cognitive associations, users of the language attribute multiple connotations to each word Many of these terms originally referred to objective phenomena but have evolved to connect deeply with human life, illustrating the close relationship between language and human experience This phenomenon reflects the traditional Chinese concept of harmony between heaven, earth, and humanity, with the terms for the four seasons—spring, summer, autumn, and winter—serving as a prime example in both Chinese and Vietnamese.
在本章，笔者已经对前人相关的研究成果做出了总结，由此可见，中
Research in the field of national studies has yielded significant results; however, related studies in Vietnam remain limited This paper summarizes the theoretical foundations relevant to the topic, with a focus on semantics, particularly the theories surrounding metaphor It clarifies the characteristics, mechanisms, and functions of conceptual metaphors Additionally, it includes a comparative analysis of languages, specifically between Chinese and Vietnamese, to establish the theoretical framework for this research.
在此基础上，笔者较为深入地借鉴前人的研究成果去探讨中、越两
The article explores the seasonal divisions of countries, particularly focusing on the agricultural practices and lifestyles in China and Vietnam, and their relationship with seasonal characteristics It emphasizes how the understanding of seasons among the people of both nations is reflected in their language This theoretical framework prompts an examination and analysis of the semantic meanings of seasonal terms—spring, summer, autumn, and winter—in both Chinese and Vietnamese, highlighting their similarities and differences.