先行研究
日本語の類義語に関する研究は、数多くある。以下はその一部である。
Yoshio Morita (1982) highlighted examples of synonym misuse in essays written by second and third-year students at Sungshin Women's University in South Korea He referenced "Basic Japanese Dictionary" (Kadokawa Shoten) and "Meaning of Words" (Heibonsha) to clarify the differences in meaning between the words.
In 1986, Meng Xinhao analyzed ten pairs of synonymous errors found in the essays of second-year students from the Korean Foreign Language University’s Japanese Language Department He referenced five different dictionaries to clarify their meanings Furthermore, he explored how the dictionary definitions of verbs convey distinct meanings in specific contexts, using examples from literary works to illustrate his observations.
In 2003, Hiroshi Kamenishi analyzed verb misuse examples from the compositions of second-year Japanese language majors at a two-year college He categorized the causes of these errors into three types: (1) transfer from the native language, (2) incorrect word choice, and (3) other factors This analysis elucidated the differences in meaning and usage contexts of synonymous verbs.
In 2015, Go Shuchin extracted verbs considered synonyms from "Kanji Master vol.3 Level 2 Kanji 1000," referencing resources such as the "Dictionary of Basic Japanese Verb Usage" and the "Basic Japanese Dictionary."
I confirmed that nine dictionaries classify certain words as synonyms, from which I selected ten pairs of synonymous verbs Subsequently, I analyzed example sentences to clarify the commonalities and differences in meaning among them.
Several synonymous verbs analyzed through examples of misuse by previous researchers are as follows.
＜表 1＞先行研究の類義語動詞
先行研究者 類義語動詞
The Japanese language features nuanced verbs that convey specific actions and states For instance, "打つ" (utsu) and "たたく" (tataku) both mean to hit or strike, while "いる" (iru) and "ある" (aru) distinguish between animate and inanimate existence The terms "探す" (sagasu), "たずねる" (tazuneru), and "訪れる" (otozureru) reflect different aspects of searching or visiting, whereas "引く" (hiku) implies pulling or drawing Additionally, "過ぎる" (sugiru) and "過ごす" (sugosu) relate to the passage of time and how one spends it, and "届く" (todoku) and "着く" (tsuku) emphasize arrival and reaching a destination Understanding these verbs enhances comprehension of Japanese language intricacies.
「なる・できる」
The Japanese language contains various verbs that convey similar meanings but differ in nuance For instance, "降りる" (to descend) and "降ろす" (to lower) highlight actions of moving downwards, while "下がる" (to drop) and "下げる" (to reduce) focus on decreasing levels Additionally, verbs like "通じる" (to communicate) and "通う" (to commute) illustrate connections and movement between places Furthermore, "生じる" (to arise) and "出来る" (to be able) express the emergence of situations, while "過ぎる" (to pass) and "経つ" (to elapse) indicate the progression of time Lastly, "決める" (to decide) and "定める" (to determine) emphasize the act of making choices or setting rules.
河室兼一郎
"Living, residing, and thriving encompass the essence of existence Understanding and gaining knowledge are fundamental to personal growth Reflecting and contemplating shape our thoughts and beliefs Connection and compatibility play a crucial role in relationships Listening and inquiring foster communication and understanding Exploring and researching are vital for discovery and learning."
The Japanese language features nuanced verbs that convey subtle differences in meaning For instance, "触る" and "触れる" both relate to touching, yet "触れる" often implies a more delicate or indirect contact Similarly, "余る" and "残る" describe surplus and remaining quantities, with "余る" focusing on excess and "残る" on what is left behind The verbs "乾かす" and "干す" pertain to drying, where "乾かす" refers to the process of making something dry, while "干す" emphasizes the act of hanging or laying out to dry In terms of grasping, "つかむ" indicates a firm grip, whereas "握る" suggests holding tightly The choices we make are encapsulated in "選ぶ," "決める," and "定める," with each verb highlighting different aspects of selection, decision-making, and establishment Finally, "集める," "そろえる," and "まとめる" all relate to gathering, with "集める" focusing on collection, "そろえる" on organizing, and "まとめる" on summarizing or consolidating information.
「言う・話す・しゃべる・述べる・語る」「願う・望む」
3.研究の目的
There has been no research on the meanings of synonymous verbs used by Vietnamese learners of Japanese, specifically "言う" (iu), "話す" (hanasu), "語る" (kataru), "しゃべる" (shaberu), and "述べる" (noberu) This study aims to investigate the contexts in which these verbs are used by Vietnamese speakers, the meanings they convey, and the reasons behind their misuse The findings will serve as a reference for teaching methodologies.
Exploring the nuances of synonymous verbs in Japanese, such as "言う" (to say), "話す" (to talk), "しゃべる" (to chat), "述べる" (to state), and "語る" (to narrate), is essential for developing translation skills Understanding these subtle differences enhances language proficiency and aids in effective communication.
This study not only examines the usage of specific verbs in Japanese novels but also investigates their translations in Vietnamese versions.
This is a list analyzing Japanese novels and their translations into Vietnamese, highlighting examples of translated works.
1 角田光代（2003）『キッドナップ・ツア』、式新潮社。
2 An Nhiên dịch (từ nguyên bản tiếng Nhật)（2014）Tôi “bị”bố bắt cóc, NXB
3 越谷オサム（2011）『陽だまりの彼女』、式新潮社。
4 Mộc Miên dịch (từ nguyên bản tiếng Nhật) （2014）Cô gái trong nắng, NXB
5 木藤亜也（2005）『「1 リットルの涙」難病と闘い続ける尐女亜也の日記』、 社幻冬舎。
6 Trần Trọng Đức dịch (từ nguyên bản tiếng Nhật) （2011）Một lít nước mắt - Kito Aya, NXB Văn hóa Văn nghệ Tp Hồ Chí Minh
また、ベトナム人日本語学習者の「言う」「話す」「しゃべる」「述べる」
A study on the translation of synonyms for the verb "to speak" was conducted with Vietnamese university students majoring in Japanese at an intermediate level.
上述のように、日本語小説及びベトナム語の訳本における「言う」、「話す」、
研究の対象、範囲
類義語
This article provides an overview of synonyms in contemporary Japanese Numerous studies conducted by Japanese researchers focus specifically on synonyms, offering insights into their definitions and characteristics By relying on these studies, the article discusses the nuances and features of synonyms in the Japanese language.
1.1.1 類義語の定義
The term "synonyms" has been defined in various ways throughout history This article will discuss some of the most prominent definitions of synonyms.
まずは辞典を見ることにする。
『国語辞典 第亓版』（「岩波書店」 1996）は類義語を次のように定義する。
「意義の類似する言葉のことである。例えば、「対照」と「対比」、「両親」と
「母父」である。」
According to the "Nihongo Daijiten Second Edition" published by Kodansha in 1995, synonyms are defined as words within the same language that have different sounds but similar meanings For example, they illustrate this concept through various word pairs that demonstrate this relationship.
The distinctions between terms such as "inference" and "speculation," "spread" and "similar spread," "clothing" and "kimono," as well as "belly" and "stomach," highlight the nuances in the Japanese language Additionally, the differences between "to be" in its forms "dearu," "da," and "desu" further illustrate the complexity of Japanese expressions.
教科研東京国語部会・言語教育研究サークルの『語彙教育』（1964）によれば、
Synonyms, or "類義語," are words that have the same or similar meanings Examples include "desk" and "table," "tomorrow" and "あした," "book" and "書物," as well as "lose" and "なくす."
「わらう」と「ほほえむ」など」が類義語である。
When a word has multiple meanings, it can serve as a synonym in different contexts For instance, the term "fresh" can mean "new" when referring to a "plate of fresh fruits" or when stating "we deliver fresh flowers directly from the source." Each usage reflects a distinct interpretation of the word, demonstrating its polysemous nature.
「新鮮な山の気」というときには「きれいな」と類義語である。
Yasuo Iwasa (2011) defines synonyms by stating that when a group of words shares the same semantic features, they are considered synonyms.
以上の定義から、本論では類義語を次のようなに定義する。
According to the "Nihongo Daijiten Second Edition" (Kodansha, 1995), synonyms are defined as words that have different sounds but similar meanings within a language.
また、これからこの定義に基づいて類義語を確定する。
1.1.2 類義語分類
When considering synonyms, it's important to recognize that there are various aspects to the relationship between words, leading to different classifications of synonyms Therefore, synonyms can be categorized based on meaning, nuance, and part of speech, among other criteria.
1.1.2.1 意味の側面
意味の側面から考えると、類義語は４グループを分けられる。
・グループ 1：意味の重なり合いがある言葉。
The distinctive feature of this group's vocabulary lies in the overlapping intellectual and conceptual meanings, while the subtle nuances of the words differ significantly.
例えば、「夜」と「晩」、「来年」と「明年」、「ふたご」と「双生児」、
「投手」と「ピッチャー」である。
類義語を考える上で、ニュアンスの違いを無視することはできない。
例えば、「夜」と「晩」。
The term "night," as seen in the phrase "day and night," is used in contrast to "day."
A day can be divided into two distinct periods: "daytime," when the sun is shining, and "nighttime," when the sun has set.
一これに対して、「晩」は「朝・昼・晩」という言葉にみられるように、
「朝」や「昼」と対比して用いられる言葉である。
In a day, the time can be divided into two main periods: when humans are typically active and when they are usually inactive Focusing solely on the active hours, the latest segment of this period is referred to as "evening."
The terms "late-night snack" and "dinner" convey different nuances due to the distinct meanings associated with "night" and "evening."
・グループ 2：広い意味－狭い意味（包摂関係）がある言葉。
例えば、「うまい」と「おいしい」、「幅」と「幅員」、「時間」と「時刻」、
「木」と「樹木」である。
When discussing flavors in cooking, men often use the term "umai," while women tend to say "oishii." Although these two words may seem synonymous, "umai" carries an additional connotation of praising the skill involved in cooking, which "oishii" does not encompass Consequently, the meaning of "umai" is broader than that of "oishii."
・グループ 3：意味の一部に重なり合いがある言葉。
例えば、「愛」と「愛情」、「のぼる」と「あがる」、「美しい」と「きれ い」などである。
ベトナム語における類義語
Similar to Japanese, Vietnamese also has synonyms, which come with various definitions.
The definition of synonyms in the "Vietnamese Dictionary, 7th Edition" (Danang Publishing, 2000) states that synonyms are words that have different pronunciations but similar meanings.
Nguyễn Đức Tồn（2011）は類義語を次のように定義する。2 つの語彙/語彙卖位が
Synonyms are words that have different forms but represent the same object or concept.
Although the two definitions differ in expression, they share a commonality in that "synonyms are words with similar meanings but different forms." Based on this definition, this paper will define synonyms in the Vietnamese language as follows.
Synonyms are words that have similar meanings but differ in sound They convey the same content or share a common nuance, often encompassing both aspects simultaneously.
Synonyms are not entirely identical in meaning; they share commonalities but also possess distinct differences Identifying these nuances can be challenging These differences contribute to the rationale for the existence of synonyms and create varying connotations within synonym groups.
グループ化されている各類義語は類義グループと呼ばれる。
例えば、ベトナム語における「cố, gắng, cố gắng」は類義グループである。
Within a group of synonymous terms, there exists a widely used word that holds a general meaning This central term serves as a neutral reference point for analysis when compared to other words in the group, and is referred to as the "central word" of the group.
Trong nhóm từ đồng nghĩa "yếu, yếu đuối, yếu ớt", từ "yếu" được coi là từ trung tâm.
In Vietnamese, synonym groups typically revolve around several common forms of expression.
When a group contains both simple words and compound words, the central word is typically the simple word.
In cases where a word has few or no derivatives, the root word that forms derivatives typically becomes the central term.
類義語動詞
As previously mentioned, synonyms are categorized into four types based on parts of speech: noun synonyms, adjective synonyms, adverb synonyms, and verb synonyms This section will focus specifically on verb synonyms, providing a comprehensive overview of their characteristics and usage.
Synonymous verbs are two or more verbs within the same language that differ in sound but share similar meanings, and in some cases, can be used interchangeably.
In Japanese, there are often two or three verbs that share similar meanings, creating a relationship of synonyms Examples include "omou" (思う) and "kangaeru" (考える), "mezasu" (めざす) and "nerau" (ねらう), "kiku" (聞く) and "tou" (問う), as well as "sagasu" (探す) and "hiku" (引く).
The terms "思う" (omou) and "考える" (kangaeru) are synonymous when expressing one's thoughts on a particular subject For example, one might say, "I believe that is correct," using either term interchangeably.
また、文脈によって「思う」と「考える」は異なるニュアンスがある。
[例文 6] 相手のことを｛思う・考える｝。
When we say "thinking of someone," it conveys feelings of affection and concern for that person In contrast, "considering someone" reflects a more analytical approach, involving contemplation of their situation and circumstances.
In discussing problem-solving, it's important to distinguish between "thinking about the answer" and "feeling the answer." The term "thinking" implies a structured, analytical approach that involves objective judgment and reasoning In contrast, "feeling" refers to subjective and emotional responses, often characterized by instantaneous judgments.
The terms "mezasu" and "nerau" are synonymous when they refer to a target or goal related to a specific subject.
Producers are currently preparing for the reopening of trade and are actively engaged in discussions to facilitate this process.
The term "nerau" can imply a negative nuance, as demonstrated in the examples provided, suggesting an intention behind undesirable actions.
A determined president is exploiting the internal divisions among the Kurdish people to expand his influence and consolidate power.
「めざす」と「ねらう」は類義語の関係にあり、同時に文脈によっては（＋）
（―）のニュアンスが関わる。
類義関係で使われる 3 つの卖語の場合、「探す・たずねる・訪れる」、「生きる・住む・暮らす」、「選ぶ・決める・定める」などがある。
"Choosing, deciding, and determining" represent actions of decision-making driven by human will, and they are synonymous in this context.
[例文 9] 第 2 外国語は韓国語を選ぼうと思う。
[例文 10] 洋服の生地はこれに決めましょう。
[例文 11] 定められた規則にしたがって行動してください。
In addition to various verbs, there are groups of four and five verbs that share similar meanings For instance, the group of four verbs includes "to occur," "to become," "to be born," and "to happen," which are closely related in their usage and context.
る」、「通じる・通う・通る・通す」である。5 つの動詞グループは例えば、
The Japanese language features various verbs that convey similar meanings, such as "降りる" (to descend), "降ろす" (to lower), "下がる" (to drop), "下げる" (to reduce), and "降る" (to fall) Similarly, it includes verbs like "言う" (to say), "話す" (to speak), "しゃべる" (to chat), "述べる" (to state), and "語る" (to narrate) Understanding these nuances is essential for effective communication in Japanese.
This article provides a detailed exploration of the nuances between the Japanese verbs "言う" (to say), "話す" (to talk), "しゃべる" (to chat), "述べる" (to state), and "語る" (to narrate) Each term carries its own connotations and usage contexts, highlighting the richness of the Japanese language.
1.4 「言う」「話す」「語る」「しゃべる」「述べる」という類義語動詞の意 味の考察
ベトナム語における発言行為を表す語
In communication, individuals use language to express their thoughts and feelings Through language, social interactions transform into verbal expressions.
Hoàng Văn Hoành (1992)によると、ベトナム語は発言行為を表すグルー
The language is rich and diverse, particularly when categorized by its morphology, which includes various group languages such as the selling language.
（１つの音節）から成るものとして、「nói」、「 kể」、「 hỏi」、「 đáp」、
Trong tiếng Việt, có nhiều từ và cụm từ diễn tả hành động giao tiếp như "kêu", "la", "mắng", "khuyên", "bảo" Ngoài ra, còn có những từ ghép như "nài nỉ", "năn nỉ", "bàn bạc", "nói năng", "lảm nhảm" và "cằn nhằn" Một số thành ngữ như "bụng bảo dạ" cũng thể hiện sâu sắc ý nghĩa trong giao tiếp hàng ngày.
"Cãi chày cãi cối", "rát cổ bỏng họng", "cà riềng cà tỏi", "câm như hến", và "dây cà ra dây muống" là những cụm từ thú vị trong tiếng Việt, phản ánh sự phong phú của ngôn ngữ và văn hóa Những câu nói này không chỉ mang tính hình tượng mà còn thể hiện sự đa dạng trong cách diễn đạt ý tưởng và cảm xúc của người Việt.
Từ "nói" được coi là trung tâm của nhóm từ thể hiện hành động phát ngôn trong tiếng Việt Ý nghĩa của "nói" có thể được xem là đại diện cho các điểm chung của từng từ trong nhóm Hơn nữa, "nói" có tính chất trung hòa trong sắc thái nghĩa.
Vì vậy, từ "nói" thường được sử dụng như một phần giới thiệu để giải thích ý nghĩa của các từ còn lại trong nhóm.
『ベトナム語辞典 第七版』（ダナン出版社 2000）によれば、「nói」
には 6 つの意味がある。
1 音声を出す、コミュニケーションの中で何かを言葉で伝える。 例 えば、:「Đã nói là làm.」、「Hỏi chẳng nói, gọi chẳng thưa.」 である。
2 発音する 例えば、「Nói giọng Nam Bộ.」である。
3 何か言語を使用して、コミュニケーションのために発音する。例 えば、
「Nói tiếng Việt.」である。
4 批判を表す。例えば、「Người ta nói nhiều lắm về ông ta.」である。
5 節をつけて述べる 例えば、 「Nói thơ Lục Vân Tiên.」「 Hát nói.」である。
6 何かの内容を表す 例えば、「Những con số nói lên một phần sự thật.」、
「 Bức tranh nói với người xem nhiều điều.」である。
Hoàng Văn Hoành (1992)によると、「nói」は 2 つの意味がある。
"「nói」là hành động phát ra âm thanh, như trong câu nói của Hồ Chí Minh: 'Tôi nói, đồng bào có nghe rõ không' hoặc khi nghe thấy ai đó đang nói: 'Nghe như có ai đang nói'."
2 「nói」は言葉でノコミュニケーション行動である 例えば、
「(3)Người ta hỏi, mà nó chẳng thèm nói.」、「(4)Nói mà nó không chịu nghe.」、
「(5)Đã nói thì phải làm 」である。
Trong ngữ cảnh giao tiếp, từ "nói" ở (3) có nghĩa là "trả lời", ở (4) mang ý nghĩa "khuyên" hoặc "bảo", và ở (5) tương đương với "hứa" Các cách sử dụng này cho thấy rằng "nói" có thể trung hòa ý nghĩa của "trả lời", "khuyên" và "bảo" trong những tình huống cụ thể.
つまり、ベトナム語では、発言行為を表すグループの中心語である
Nhóm "nói" có thể được thay thế bằng các từ khác dựa trên ngữ cảnh cụ thể của cơ chế giao tiếp.
日本語で発言行為を表す言葉の意味のベトナム語との対照
According to the "Japanese-Vietnamese Dictionary, 7th Edition" published by Hyakka Jiten Publishing in 2007, the synonymous verbs that represent the act of speaking, such as "to say," "to talk," "to speak," "to narrate," and "to state," are explained as shown in the following table.
＜表 1.6＞５つの発言行為を表す類義語動詞の意味
動詞 意味（越訳語）
言う nói, bảo, bày tỏ, phát biểu (ý kiến), có tên là, được gọi là
話す nói, nói chuyện, chuyện trò
しゃべる nói chuyện phiếm, tán gẫu, nói huyên thuyên
語る nói, kể lại, thuật lại
述べる trình bày, phát biểu, đề cập
＜表 1.6＞を見ると、ベトナム語における「nói」という動詞は日本語における
The verbs "to say," "to speak," "to talk," and "to tell" are synonymous and each carries distinct nuances in meaning Understanding these differences is essential for effective communication.
まとめ
This chapter explores the definition and classification of synonyms in Japanese, focusing on the basic meanings of synonymous verbs such as "to say," "to speak," "to tell," "to chat," and "to state."
Initially, the definition of "synonyms" indicates that they are words within the same language that differ in sound but have similar meanings, often allowing for substitution between two or more terms Synonyms can also be referred to as equivalent words.
In the section on "Synonym Classification," synonyms are categorized based on various criteria These criteria include types of synonyms that share overlapping meanings, those that exhibit a broad-to-narrow meaning relationship (inclusive relationships), and synonyms that have partial overlapping meanings.
The article categorizes synonyms into four main types based on their meanings It further divides these synonyms into eight categories based on their connotations: "old-fashioned," "modern," "formal," "elegant," "negative," "demeaning," "terms disliked by the subjects," and "taboo." Additionally, the classification considers parts of speech, specifically focusing on "nouns."
「形容詞」、「副詞」、「動詞」の４種類に分けた。
Additionally, it is important to distinguish between "synonyms," "equivalents," and "hypernyms/hyponyms" to avoid confusion This differentiation helps clarify the unique meanings and relationships between these terms.
なお、類義語動詞の例を挙げた。
In conclusion, this article examines the meanings of the synonymous verbs "to say," "to speak," "to tell," "to talk," and "to state," as found in prior research and dictionaries It explores both the commonalities and differences in their meanings, providing a comprehensive analysis of these linguistic nuances.
