选题理由
Language serves as a vital communication tool for humanity, with ongoing exploration and research into its complexities Every culture, whether Eastern or Western, possesses unique expressions and terminologies Rather than being merely a set of rules and grammar, language is a medium through which individuals convey their emotions and thoughts, fostering deeper mutual understanding In everyday life, language transmits essential information, and the manner in which individuals express their intended messages is referred to as "speech acts."
"To stop" means to force someone to cease an action, which can lead to emotional barriers and communication failures if not done appropriately The challenge lies in how to intervene in a way that allows the listener to feel comfortable and not attacked, while enabling the speaker to achieve their goal of halting someone's actions Choosing the right phrasing is crucial to ensure that even those with self-respect feel unhurt and that the message is easily accepted It is evident that when we stop someone, we employ various strategies to minimize perceived threats, and conversely, when we are being stopped, we also use different tactics to maintain our viewpoints The discourse of stopping and being stopped is rich with cultural implications and diverse strategies, making it a topic worthy of attention.
Different ethnic groups have distinct social perspectives and concepts, leading to various forms of restraint and being restrained While the official languages of China and Vietnam share similarities, subtle differences exist, resulting in variations in how the people of both countries experience restraint Currently, there has been no thorough comparison of modern Chinese speech acts of restraint with those in Vietnamese.
Research on the cessation of speech acts remains limited, highlighting the significance of my study in addressing this gap Cessation of speech acts is an essential component of communication As a Chinese language educator, I recognize the critical role that these acts play in effective interaction This study compares the cessation of speech acts between Chinese and Vietnamese, focusing on their expression, semantic and pragmatic characteristics, and usage It identifies key similarities and differences, analyzes their underlying reasons, and aims to enhance understanding for both Vietnamese students and their Chinese peers, facilitating clearer communication and minimizing cross-cultural misunderstandings.
The study of "preventive" speech acts is a subset of directive speech acts, representing a relatively new research area During the data collection process, I encountered numerous challenges, particularly due to the scarcity of Vietnamese language resources I will strive to explore a wide range of linguistic facts from multiple perspectives to authentically and objectively reveal the patterns of preventive speech acts in both modern Chinese and Vietnamese.
Based on the reasons outlined, I intend to title my research "A Study on the Curbing of Linguistic Behavior in Modern Chinese: A Comparative Analysis with Vietnamese."
研究目的
The purpose of this research paper is to examine the similarities and differences between the speech act of prohibition in Chinese and Vietnamese across three levels: grammar, semantics, and pragmatics This study aims to deepen the understanding of sociolinguistic theories of language behavior and enhance effective communication skills Additionally, it explores the various communication strategies employed under the influence of linguistic, cultural, and social factors The author hopes that this paper will serve as a valuable reference for learners of Chinese and Vietnamese.
研究范围与对象
本论文的研究对象：
This article focuses on the speech act of prohibition in both Chinese and Vietnamese languages It primarily examines contemporary communication practices in these languages, highlighting the nuances of prohibitive speech acts in modern interactions.
本论文的研究范围：
•汉、越南语的文学作品，影视作品中的拟会话语料。
•真实语料，主要是日常生活中真实会话的记录。
•北京大学汉语语言学研究中心语料库。
研究仸务
为了达到上面所提出的目的，本论文需要完成以下几项仸务：
(1)了解有关课题的理论基础。
This article examines the indirect refusal strategies in Chinese, highlighting their distinctive characteristics, semantic features, pragmatic functions, and cultural implications.
(3) 现代汉语言语行为与越南语对应表达方式之对比，指出二者异同之处。
研究方法
This paper aims to explore the characteristics, semantics, pragmatics, and cultural implications of indirect prohibitive expressions in Chinese It also seeks to identify the similarities and differences between indirect prohibitive expressions in Chinese and Vietnamese The research methods employed in this study include comprehensive analysis and comparison of these linguistic features.
Discourse analysis focuses on the examination of modern Chinese indirect prohibitive expressions, highlighting their forms of expression, semantic characteristics, pragmatic functions, and discourse patterns.
3 归纳法：将所描写的汉语间接制止语的语义及结极归纳成几项特点。
The comparative method involves analyzing the indirect prohibitive expressions in both Chinese and Vietnamese, focusing on their grammatical structures, semantic meanings, pragmatic usage, and cultural implications This interlingual comparison aims to highlight the similarities and differences between the two languages, enhancing our understanding of how prohibitive forms are constructed and understood within their respective cultural contexts.
5 社会语言学的调查法：对中国人和越南人间接制止语的实际使用情况
论文结极
除了前言，结语，参考文献之外，本文共有三章：
Chapter One primarily introduces the theoretical foundations related to speech act theory, focusing on directive speech acts, particularly the concept of "prohibitive" speech acts It discusses the criteria for defining "prohibitive" speech acts and proposes methods for delineating such behaviors.
Chapter Two: An Examination of Speech Acts in Modern Chinese This section primarily discusses the characteristics of speech acts in modern Chinese, including the means of expression and strategic choices, as well as the various factors influencing these speech acts within the language.
Chapter 3: A Comparative Analysis of Modern Chinese Speech Acts and Corresponding Expressions in Vietnamese This section explores the similarities and differences in prohibitive speech acts between Vietnamese and Chinese by examining relevant corpora.
相关理论依据
1.1.1 言语行为理论简介
1.1.1.1 言语行为的定义
Language serves as a vital communication tool for humanity The exploration and study of speech have been ongoing for centuries, and recently, sentences and words with distinct functional characteristics have garnered significant attention from linguists due to their important theoretical value and practical implications.
In the process of communication, humans convey information through language, with speakers often aiming to influence their listeners This indicates that language use is an active behavioral process The concept of speech acts was introduced by British philosopher John Austin in the 1950s through his Speech Act Theory According to this theory, the fundamental unit of human communication is not sentences or other forms of expression, but rather the completion of specific actions Furthermore, speech acts are closely related to context, allowing us to predict them based on situational cues.
John Austin emphasized that while performative utterances do not possess truth values, certain conditions must be met for them to effectively carry out their intended actions These necessary conditions include appropriate procedures, the right personnel, suitable contexts, and the mental states of the involved individuals.
J.R Searl, an American philosopher, posits that using language is a purposeful and intentional act governed by specific rules, similar to other activities When individuals engage in conversation, they perform various speech acts according to these linguistic rules He further argues that the fundamental unit of verbal communication is not merely language itself, but rather the speech act, indicating that language communication is essentially composed of a series of individual speech acts.
根据言语行为理论，说话者说话时可能同时实施三种行为：言内行为
Locutionary acts refer to the act of producing words, phrases, and clauses that convey literal meaning through syntax, vocabulary, and context Illocutionary acts express the speaker's intention, highlighting the actions performed when certain statements are made Perlocutionary acts involve the effects or changes that result from the utterances, focusing on the consequences generated by the speech Understanding these three types of speech acts is essential for grasping the complexities of communication.
Since inner speech falls within the realm of linguistic systems, and subsequent actions are not considered speech acts but rather complex psychological processes, linguists have historically focused more on extralinguistic behavior rather than on deferred actions.
1.1.1.2 言语行为的分类
In the field of speech act theory, there are primarily three classifications recognized in academia: Austin's fivefold categorization, Searle's distinctions, and further elaborations on these frameworks.
五分法及Leech 的四分法。
（1）奥斯丁（Austin）的分类：
According to Austin (1962), the number of performative verbs corresponds to the number of performative actions He categorizes performative verbs into five main types.
Verdictive decisions, made by juries or arbitrators, involve determining the nature of events based on evidence or reasoning For instance, when a jury acquits an individual, they are making a judgment based on the evidence presented during the trial.
（2） 行使类（exercitivers/ Hành xử）行使类涉及权利的使用。
The key aspect of permissives or commitments is that they bind the speaker to a specific action When an individual makes a promise, they assume the obligation to carry out the stated behavior.
Expositive verbs are used to clarify and present information, encompassing the expression of viewpoints, the development of arguments, and the clarification of usage and references.
Behabitives, or expressive behaviors, are closely linked to social interactions and involve responses to the actions of others These behaviors reflect how individuals convey their feelings and attitudes in various social contexts.
John Austin's classification has faced criticism for its lack of unified standards and systematic approach His student, John Searle, argues that Austin conflated the relationship between speech acts and speech act verbs, asserting that the presence or absence of verbs should not serve as a criterion for categorizing speech acts Furthermore, Searle contends that certain verbs that do not inherently possess performative qualities should not be included in the classification of performative verbs.
（2 ）赛尔（Searle）的分法
In 1975, Searle identified 12 distinct aspects of speech acts, which serve as the basis for their classification However, he primarily relied on four key criteria for categorizing speech acts: (1) the purpose of the speech act, (2) the alignment between discourse and the objective world, (3) the psychological state of the speaker, and (4) the propositional content Based on these criteria, Searle classified speech acts into five major categories.
（1） 断言类（assertives/ Xác tín）如主张，预告，描述等。
（2） 指令类（directives/ Điều khiển）如请求，命令，威胁等。
（3） 承诺类（commiasives/ Cam kết）如许诺，起誓等。
（4） 表达类（experessives/ Biểu lộ）如道歉，批评，夸奖等。
（5） 宜告类（declarations / Tuyên bố）如断言，命名等。
赛尔（Searle）的分类具有一定的科学性，但还是相当概括的。要把那么多
Categorizing speech acts into distinct categories is challenging, and no one has yet proposed a more coherent classification system than that of Searle One significant limitation of Searle's classification is its static perspective on speech acts, as it separates extralinguistic actions from context and distinguishes between extralinguistic behavior and the most common conversational activities According to Searle's classification, prohibitive speech acts fall under the directive category.
现代汉语制止言语行为
1.2.1 “指令”类言语行为
Most scholars agree that directive speech acts are primarily aimed at compelling the listener to act according to the speaker's intentions.
We believe that the conditions distinguishing command behaviors from other actions primarily exhibit three key characteristics.
第一， 说话者对听话者的行为作出指令
第二， 说话者有让听话者事实行的意图
The speaker intends to influence the state of the real world by having the listener carry out the instructed actions.
This paper analyzes directive speech acts, focusing on the core concept of "dialogue rights." It explores how these speech acts function within communication, emphasizing their role in asserting authority and guiding interactions By examining the nuances of directive behaviors, the study highlights the significance of understanding power dynamics in conversations.
在这一视角下，可将指命言语行为分为“三大类别”。
（1） 强调自身话语权的指令言语行为
（2） 模糊彼此话语的指令言语行为
（3） 强电对方话语权利的指令言语行为
The issue of "disposal of discourse power" raises the question of "degree of directive." This paper analyzes speech acts, categorizing directive speech acts into three levels: coercive orders, general directives, and weak directives These levels are further refined into categories such as "threats," "commands," "suggestions," and "requests."
强指令 一般指令 弱指令
表1：“指令类”言语行为力度等级
The classification presented in the table is vague, unclear, and incomplete It is impossible to categorize every situation with absolute clarity; instead, we primarily rely on varying degrees of differentiation.
1.2.2 制止言语行为
1.2.2.1 制止言语行为的界定
Austin (1962) categorized speech acts into five types based on performative verbs: verdictive, exercitive, commissive, behabitive, and expositive Searle (1976) highlighted the limitations of Austin's classification.
A significant drawback of the classification system is its lack of a consistent standard throughout Building on Searle's critique of Austin's categorization, twelve distinct aspects that differentiate various speech acts have been identified Among these, the three most crucial elements are the illocutionary point, the direction of fit, and the expressed psychological state.
（expressed psychological state）。以上面所说的三个方面为主要根据，赛尔
（Searle）对言语行为进行了重新分析：断言类，指令类，承诺类，表达类，宣告
赛尔（Searle）将“制止”归为指令类言语行为，并根据一些具体条件，如
命题内容条件 说话人言及听话人将要做的动作
准备条件 （1） 说话人有理由相信这个动作对听话人是有力的
The speaker does not perceive the action as something the listener is expected to perform However, the speaker genuinely believes that this action holds significant value for the listener.
基本条件 尽可能对听话人有力的
表2 ：：赛尔（Searle）对“制止”的解释
赛尔（Searle）认为“制止”就是说话人言及到自己认为对听话者有力，并
希望听话者能够按照自己的言语去做一件事情。
本论文将“制止言语行为”界定如下：
（1） 一种指令性言语行为
（2） 说要人言及到听话人要做的事
（3） 说话人言及此事是真诚的希望，相信对听话人有利
（4） 听话人有利行动目的主权
According to Searle's theory of speech acts, several essential conditions, known as "felicity conditions," must be met to successfully perform a speech act Searle identifies four specific felicity conditions that vary based on the type of speech act being executed.
(1) 命题内容条件
说话者说话内容必须是听话者要做的事情。
第一，说话者认为听话者有能力做某事
第二，说话人认为听话人会做出不利于听话人的事
The speaker genuinely desires the listener to take action and has unwavering faith that the listener will follow through on the words spoken.
制止言语行为的基本条件是提出自己的主张，试图听者做某事。
制止言语行为研究状况
1.3.1 国外相关问题的研究现状
The theory of speech acts in linguistics emerged in the 1950s and has since attracted significant scholarly attention, leading to substantial achievements in understanding various sociolinguistic phenomena Upon its introduction to China, this theory sparked interest and debate among researchers, with many Chinese scholars highlighting the linguistic strategy differences between Chinese and Western individuals due to cultural disparities These theories and comparative findings have been extensively applied in numerous doctoral and master's theses, as well as academic reports.
Most research conducted by foreign scholars on speech act suppression primarily focuses on cross-cultural perspectives, often comparing Vietnamese speech act suppression with that of English and Chinese However, studies specifically examining speech act suppression in Vietnamese are relatively scarce.
温锁林（2008）的《汉语口语中表示制止的祈使习用语》，《应答词“是”、
The analysis of the speech functions of "对" and "好" by Zhao Cong (2006) and Wu Xing's (2012) study on modern Chinese prohibitive response words both address the expression of prohibitive speech acts, highlighting the significant dependence on competition in these interactions.
1.3.2 国内相关问题的研究成果
Tại Việt Nam, Đỗ Hữu Châu (1993, 2001), Nguyễn Đức Dân (1998), và Nguyễn Thiện Giáp (2000) đã đặt nền tảng cho nghiên cứu ngôn ngữ học ứng dụng, với nhiều luận văn tiến sĩ, thạc sĩ và báo cáo khoa học dựa vào những lý thuyết này để phân tích hành vi ngôn ngữ trong tiếng Việt.
Trước những năm 90, nghiên cứu ngôn ngữ Việt Nam chủ yếu bị giới hạn trong cấu trúc chủ-vị Tuy nhiên, sự xuất hiện của dự án nghiên cứu do Tiến sĩ Nguyễn Hữu Châu thực hiện đã mở ra hướng đi mới cho lĩnh vực này.
Ngôn ngữ không chỉ tồn tại trong hệ thống mà còn giữa con người với nhau, được nghiên cứu trong mối quan hệ tâm lý học, xã hội học và văn học Đóng góp lớn nhất của Tiến sĩ Nguyễn Hữu Châu trong lĩnh vực "ứng dụng học" chính là việc đặt vấn đề nghiên cứu ngôn ngữ trong mối quan hệ của những người sử dụng ngôn ngữ, mở ra hướng đi liên ngành giữa văn học và ngôn ngữ.
PGS.TS Đào Thanh Lan, Vũ Ngọc Hoa, Nguyễn Thị Hoàng Yến và Nguyễn Thu Hạnh đã tiến hành nghiên cứu về các hành vi ngôn ngữ, cho thấy rằng các học giả này có những quan điểm khác nhau về nội hàm của khái niệm "hành động mệnh lệnh".
Researchers have identified various pragmatic behaviors within discourse, particularly focusing on imperatives Imperatives are understood as the speaker's request for the listener to perform a specific action in the future, characterized by directive force These imperatives can be categorized into different subtypes based on the strength of their directive power The main types of imperative behaviors include requests, pleas, invitations, well-wishes, commands, prohibitions, and advice.
However, the topic of curbing verbal behavior has not been explored by anyone to date It is hoped that my research will shed light on this important issue.
文会给越南言语行为研究添加一块砖瓦。
Stopping and interrupting are among the most common verbal behaviors worldwide, with varying expressions across different cultural backgrounds Within the same culture, groups may exhibit distinct forms of stopping based on social factors such as status, gender, age, and communication intent The primary aim of stopping is often constructive, as speakers hope the listener will recognize their shortcomings and make corrections However, such verbal actions can pose a threat to the face of both the listener and the speaker, jeopardizing their positive and negative face Therefore, to ensure the listener is receptive to the stopping remarks, the speaker must consider various aspects to protect both parties' face, maintain harmonious relationships, and effectively achieve the goal of stopping.
The principle of politeness in communication has garnered significant attention from experts and scholars, who analyze it from various perspectives This paper adopts the concepts of positive and negative face proposed by Brown and Levinson as its theoretical foundation to examine modern Chinese speech acts and their corresponding responses It aims to identify the various strategies employed for face-saving and their characteristics Furthermore, the findings from the analysis of modern Chinese will be compared with Vietnamese, highlighting the fundamental similarities and differences between the two languages.
现代汉语制止言语行为的特点
Searle corrected Austin's misclassification of speech acts by introducing a new categorization method based on the functions of speech acts He identified five distinct categories: assertives (or representatives), expressives, directives, and commissives.
According to Searle's classification, commissive speech acts, including requests, persuasion, suggestions, commands, and threats, fall under the category of directive speech acts These subcategories share a common intent where the speaker aims to instruct the listener to perform a certain action, typically in the future The primary focus is on altering the objective world to align with the discourse Psychologically, the speaker hopes the listener will conform to their desired actions However, these speech acts can also pose varying degrees of threat to the listener's face, highlighting the distinctions among the different types within directive speech acts.
Many scholars believe that prohibitive speech acts are similar to warning and threatening speech acts Through my research, I found that warnings, threats, and prohibitions are interconnected yet distinct Due to their similar forms, warnings and threats are often categorized together Additionally, warnings and threats frequently involve prohibitions, which blurs the lines between the three Therefore, it is essential to differentiate and understand these concepts clearly.
第一：威胁言语行为：威胁言语行为是人们日常生活中普遍的交际现象。
《现代汉语词典》（第六版）对“威胁”的定义是：用威力逼迫恫吓使人屈朋。
The term "threat" is defined as a coercive or intimidating action aimed at making the recipient yield to the speaker's demands It involves the speaker explicitly stating potential harmful measures they will take if their wishes are not fulfilled In such cases, the speaker often positions themselves as the focal point of the threat, using "I" to convey their intentions.
Warning speech acts are communicative actions where the speaker aims to alert the listener to potential adverse consequences The speaker's perspective is centered on the listener's viewpoint, emphasizing the importance of caution In essence, a warning can be defined as a verbal act intended to make the listener aware and help them avoid possible negative outcomes.
The term "prohibition," as defined in the sixth edition of the Modern Chinese Dictionary, refers to the act of preventing or disallowing certain behaviors It encompasses meanings such as "forbid," "stop," and "not permit." The primary objective of prohibition is to avert undesired actions Therefore, we define the act of prohibiting verbal behavior as a speaker's attempt to prevent an anticipated or potential action by the listener through a prohibitive statement.
Both warning speech acts and threatening speech acts aim to compel the listener to take (or refrain from taking) specific actions However, threatening speech acts utilize coercive means to force the listener into compliance, reflecting the speaker's own interests rather than the listener's well-being The primary objective of threatening speech acts is to fulfill the speaker's desires, distinguishing them fundamentally from warning speech acts, which may consider the listener's perspective.
The primary purpose of a warning is to alert the recipient, making them more vigilant, while prohibition simply aims to halt or prevent the recipient's actions, reflecting a denial of those actions In warning speech acts, the speaker's position is centered on the recipient, whereas in prohibition, the speaker's stance can either align with the recipient or oppose it Threatening speech acts are contingent upon the recipient's potential actions, conveying the speaker's desire for the recipient to either engage in or refrain from specific behaviors to align with the speaker's intentions.
我们可以仍下表中看出三者的区别与联系
分类 内容 警告 威胁 禁止
不同之处 定义方面 发话人
To alert the recipient and help them avoid potential negative consequences, a precautionary warning is issued in advance.
发话人 为了使受话人 屈朋，而对其 发出的恫吓行 为。
To prevent unwanted behaviors from occurring, the speaker issues a warning to the listener regarding their impending actions This proactive approach aims to deter any actions that may be deemed inappropriate or undesirable.
的立场受话人 的立场
受话人 的立场
The speaker's perspective may align with that of the listener, particularly regarding the future actions being discussed This shared viewpoint highlights the importance of understanding both positions in communication, especially when considering the implications of tense in conveying future intentions.
目的方面 发话人对听话人的动作或者行为进行阻止
表3：“警告，禁止，威胁言语行为”对比表
Warnings, threats, and prohibitions are fundamentally three distinct speech acts Understanding the differences among these speech acts aids in selecting appropriate means of expression and communication, thereby reducing pragmatic errors in interactions.
Kết quả từ nghiên cứu cho thấy rằng hành vi ngôn ngữ có tính ổn định tương đối cao, đặc biệt là cấu trúc "再A 就B" được sử dụng phổ biến để ngăn chặn các hành vi không mong muốn.
Trong giao tiếp, người nói thường sử dụng các câu để ngăn chặn, đe dọa hoặc cảnh báo người nghe không tiếp tục thực hiện hành động A Những câu này có vai trò quan trọng trong việc thể hiện ý kiến và cảm xúc của người nói trong bối cảnh cụ thể.
Con người không chỉ đạt được mục đích ngăn chặn thông qua hành vi ngôn ngữ "Nếu A thì B", mà còn thông qua cách mà người nói thể hiện.
影响汉语中制止言语行为的诸多因素
2.2.1 空间距离因素
Spatial distance refers to the physical proximity between communicators When the distance is so great that the speaker does not need to raise their voice, it exceeds the normal range for verbal communication In such cases, speakers tend to use shorter phrases, prioritizing information delivery over politeness and formality Conversely, when communicators are close together, the physical closeness can enhance emotional connection, leading to a more gentle and friendly tone while reducing the emphasis on politeness The appropriate response in situations with moderate spatial distance should be assessed based on the context.
Long-distance communication often relies on concise and precise statements combined with high volume for greater impact, making it easier to achieve the intended communicative goal.
（例83）银行考虑到参与商战企业还贷款难，提出警告说“如果今后谁家再
搞商战，就要在贷款上实行制裁。
（例84）赵雅芝好不容易才见到这位神的导演，谁知导演像不认识她似的，
Zhao Yazhi was forcibly removed by her subordinates, who warned her that any further harassment would result in police involvement Following this distressing incident, she experienced a mental breakdown and was subsequently admitted to a psychiatric hospital.
《中国北漂艺人生存实录》
A police officer returned her home in handcuffs and warned her husband, "You must not hit your wife again; if you do, I will take you away."
The sentences above convey a strong tone due to the distance, clearly reflecting the speaker's intent Most of the statements illustrate the consequences of predictions, effectively preventing the occurrence of certain actions.
In close social interactions, people tend to avoid using polite language to command or prohibit others from doing certain things Instead, speakers often express their intentions directly, using intense tones and resolute eye contact to convey their messages effectively.
In close-range communication, speakers have a variety of options to choose from, allowing them to select appropriate phrases based on the specific linguistic context.
Chen Daler stood up and confidently reported, "Comrade Political Commissar, the chairman of the maintenance committee is Old Song He is one of us, with a good heart and a loyal spirit He frequently gathers intelligence for our army."
政委气着笑骂道：“别装蒜，我不是问那个老宋，是问你怎么回事？”
（《我的兄弟叫宋溜》）
（例87）景旗全明白了，忙插了嘴：“不行就算了，上那边看看”
掌柜乙：“别介，少东家，好商量啊！”
（例88）刘素娥：“给我”
孔大远：“你拉倒吧。别想一出是一出”。
2.2.2 心里距离因素
In communication, the psychological distance between parties can vary based on the depth of their relationship Typically, when individuals are more distant, they tend to use more polite forms of expression In such cases, speakers often avoid being direct, opting instead for a more tactful or gentle tone, which enhances the overall politeness and courtesy of the interaction.
（例89）许三多（敬礼）：“……一连长好”。
In a relaxed atmosphere, reminiscent of being at home, the squad leader humorously remarks, "You’ve got it all figured out; in this place, there’s no distinction in size—if we’re talking about size, his son is the biggest."
In the military, soldiers typically salute their superiors and greet them with "Hello, sir." However, if the superior is unfamiliar to the soldier, the response may be brief before they part ways In contrast, one particular superior stands out, as he engages in conversation as casually as one would with family.
（例90）孙公：“如果你没有钱，别说娼妓，连你老婆都不会爱你”
龙雯：“别说了，教我背着诗”
（《大秦英豪榜》）
2.2.3 文化层次差异
Individuals with a higher cultural level tend to emphasize the politeness and elegance of their language, while those with a lower cultural level often communicate in a simpler, more direct manner Therefore, when choosing appropriate ways to express themselves, speakers should take into account the cultural level of their communication partners.
（1）文化层次高
（例91）太春：“叶落归根，迟早是要回去的”
那生：“您趁早歇了吧。我回去艾琳娜怎么办？”
"I'm sorry, I'm not Ning Wei If I were in his position, I wouldn't escape from prison; instead, I would honestly accept rehabilitation and work towards becoming a better person It's only fifteen years—why waste my life behind bars?"
"Given your expertise, I believe you could achieve remarkable feats Therefore, I would like to seek your insights on what Ning Wei should prioritize immediately after escaping from prison."
（例93）巧柔：“黑香米是咱地方名产，上心种，不吃亏”
广顺：“你拉倒吧！有不是没种过，就那么点产量，能挣几个打钱”
（例94）“我也犯过生活错误，我和林芬芳，就是那个林大胖子……”
徐玉兰说：“许三观，你说这些干什么?”
（《许三观卖血记》）
（例 95）秋蝉话中带刺：“那你回来干什么？出外的人谁不指望着衣绵还乡，
苏代：“秋蝉，你少说两句，还不去做饭。”
（《大秦英豪榜》）
（2）文化层次低
Trong một cuộc tranh cãi gay gắt, Trung Nhảy Minh tức giận không kiêng nể gì khi chửi bới đối thủ, thể hiện sự phẫn nộ của mình bằng những lời lẽ mạnh mẽ.