INTRODUCTION
RATIONALE
Throughout history, love and the desire for life have remained central themes in human experience, resonating deeply with individuals from childhood to adulthood These emotions manifest in various forms, including familial love, patriotism, and romantic relationships, playing a crucial role in personal success and development For instance, a lack of passion for one's work can lead to diminished productivity and failure, while musicians devoid of love may struggle to create timeless art Additionally, individuals lacking a desire for life may find it challenging to grow and evolve This connection between love and life has inspired numerous idioms, often employed in literature to motivate and educate, though they frequently contain complex metaphors that invite deeper reflection.
Love and the desire for life are abstract concepts that can be challenging to convey clearly, often leading to varied expressions of these feelings For instance, while some individuals may directly say "I love you," others might use vivid imagery, such as "My heart has turned on the green light, but why do you keep pushing the brakes?" Here, the "green light" symbolizes the speaker's affection for the listener This difference in expression highlights the use of conceptual metaphors, where some choose straightforward language while others prefer more illustrative and profound imagery to communicate their emotions effectively.
Metaphors play a significant role in both literature and everyday language, particularly in idioms related to love and the desire for life While Vietnamese and English idioms share many conceptual metaphors, cultural, lifestyle, and cognitive differences lead to variations in metaphor types across languages Exploring these idioms reveals the unique metaphorical forms that reflect each culture's perspective.
(1) Jules and Nora are a match made in heaven They love doing things together and cannot bear to be away from each other
(2) Ai nói chi chàng chớ có nghe, ông tơ bà nguyệt đã xe ta rồi
(3) Their marriage was on the rocks as they couldn't get along with each other anymore and were having huge arguments very frequently
(4) Cơm chả lành, canh chả ngọt
(5) Có công mài sắt có ngày nên kim
The idioms discussed illustrate common conceptual metaphors related to love For instance, "match made in heaven" utilizes the imagery of heaven to signify a couple's compatibility, with love as the target domain and heaven as the source Similarly, the Vietnamese idiom "ông tơ bà nguyệt" conveys the same sentiment of love but is unique to Vietnamese culture, while "heaven" is more universally recognized Additionally, the idioms "on the rocks" and "cơm chả lành canh chả ngọt" both refer to conflicts in romantic relationships, yet they employ different conceptual metaphors: one rooted in objects and the other in flavors Furthermore, the metaphorical use of "KIM" and "SẮT" also exemplifies how different source domains can frame the understanding of love.
In summary, how love and desire of life are conceptualized in English and Vietnamese idioms, what the similarities and differences of metaphors of love and
― Conceptual Metaphors in English and Vietnamese Idiomatic Expressions
This study aims to enhance the understanding of conceptual metaphors found in Vietnamese and English idioms associated with love and the desire for life By exploring these metaphors, we hope to shed light on the cultural nuances that shape expressions of affection and passion in both languages.
AIM AND OBJECTIVES
This study focuses on identifying idioms associated with love and the desire for life, while also exploring the similarities and differences in the conceptual metaphors found in English and Vietnamese idioms.
In order to achieve the aim of this research, the thesis concentrates on:
- Identifying specifically the conceptual metaphors of love and desire for life in English and Vietnamese
- Describing how the concept of love and desire for life is metaphorically expressed in English and Vietnamese idioms
- Comparing the conceptual metaphor of love and desire for life between English and Vietnamese idioms.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
In order to fulfil the objective above, the analysis will answer these research questions:
1 How are the conceptual metaphors of love and desire for life expressed in English and Vietnamese idioms?
2 What are the similarities and differences of the conceptual metaphors of love and desire for life between English and Vietnamese idioms?
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study examines the conceptual metaphors of love and desire for life as expressed in English and Vietnamese idioms It provides a detailed analysis of these metaphors, focusing solely on idiomatic expressions rather than literary works like poems or short stories By exploring these idioms, the research aims to deepen our understanding of the cultural significance of love and desire in both languages.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
People often showcase their extensive knowledge on topics of love and the desire for life through the use of idioms, which enhance their communication style Love and the desire for life remain timeless themes in human existence However, many individuals apply English and Vietnamese idioms related to these themes in a mechanical and unconscious manner, lacking a true understanding of their essence This study aims to provide practical insights into conceptual metaphors, particularly those associated with love and desire for life, and to identify these metaphors within English and Vietnamese idioms.
ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
This thesis is organized into five chapters as follow:
Chapter 1, INTRODUCTION, presents the rationale, the aims and objectives of the study, the research questions, the scope, the significance and the organization of the study
Chapter 2, LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL
This article provides an overview of previous studies on conceptual metaphors, focusing on their definitions, classifications, and domains, particularly in relation to love and the desire for life It explores idiomatic expressions in both English and Vietnamese that convey themes of love and desire, highlighting the similarities between the two languages The discussion is enriched with typical examples from each idiom, illustrating the shared cultural concepts surrounding these emotions.
Chapter 3, RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY, describes the intended process of the study that is the design, methods, research procedures, data collection and data analysis
Chapter 4, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION, explores the metaphors of love and the desire for life as expressed in English and Vietnamese idioms, highlighting their usage and significance It also addresses the similarities and differences between these idiomatic expressions in both languages, providing insights into cultural perspectives on love and life.
Chapter 5 provides a comprehensive summary of the key findings from the study, highlighting the significant points discussed It also explores the implications of learning and using idioms related to love and desire in everyday life, emphasizing their relevance and impact.
LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL
LITERATURE REVIEW
Metaphor has been a prevalent element in literature and everyday language for centuries, attracting extensive study from various perspectives While philosophers often view language as literal and see metaphor as a poetic anomaly, cognitive linguists recognize its significance, highlighting how metaphors shape our understanding and interpretation of experiences through an embodied lens.
The most elemental theory of metaphor originated from the Greek philosopher Aristotle (383-322 B.C), who is credited with introducing the word
―metaphor‖ in two of his major treatises (Rhetoric and Poetics, 1997) In Greek,
―metaphor‖ means ―to carry beyond‖ or ―to deliver‖ This meaning refers to an implied comparison or transference of meaning between two objects formulated as
Aristotle stated that "A is B" or "A implies B," emphasizing that metaphor involves transferring a word's significance across different categories, such as from genus to species or through analogy He argued that metaphor serves as a distinct form of expression, setting it apart from everyday language.
Ivor Armstrong Richards (1936) is one of the lecturers who doubted the traditional viewpoint of metaphor He introduced the technical terms ―vehicle‖ and
The term "tenor" refers to the underlying concept that is represented or clarified by another term in metaphorical language This idea is explored in depth by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in their influential 1980 book.
―Metaphors We Live By‖, which revolutionized the field of cognitive linguistics Lakoff and Johnson clearly stated their opinion about metaphor:
Metaphor has traditionally been seen as a linguistic feature, focusing on words rather than encompassing thought and action However, recent studies reveal that metaphor is deeply embedded in our daily lives, influencing not only our language but also our thoughts and behaviors Our everyday conceptual framework, which shapes how we think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical.
Lakoff and Johnson's research has significantly influenced the study of conceptual metaphors, particularly those related to ARGUMENT, TIME, LIFE, and LOVE These metaphors are frequently employed in everyday language, often without conscious awareness, making their usage appear automatic (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980, p 3) Linguists continue to explore these metaphors, highlighting their pervasive role in communication, as noted by Zoltán Kövecses.
In 2002, significant insights into conceptual metaphors were provided from a cognitive perspective, highlighting the crucial role that metaphor plays in our cognitive processes Additionally, there has been a detailed examination of conceptual metaphors related to LOVE.
―Metaphors of Anger, Pride and Love: A Lexical Approach to the Structure of
In Vietnam, the study of conceptual metaphors has garnered attention from various researchers, including Ly Toan Thang, Nguyen Duc Ton (2007), and Nguyen Lai (2009) Notably, Phan The Hung's 2007 article titled "Ån dụ ý niệm" also contributes significantly to this field of research.
Conceptual metaphors play a significant role in understanding language and thought, as highlighted in various publications Notable works include Nguyen Lai's 2009 study, "Thinking about conceptual metaphors in the poetic world from the perspective of cognitive linguistics," which examines the interplay between metaphor and poetry through a cognitive lens Additionally, Phan Van Hoa and Nguyen's research investigates conceptual metaphors related to life, death, and time in both English and Vietnamese, shedding light on cultural perspectives and linguistic expressions These studies contribute to a deeper understanding of how conceptual metaphors shape our interpretation of complex themes across different languages.
In their 2010 study, Thị Tu Trinh explored the conceptual metaphor "Love is a journey" in both English and Vietnamese, alongside researchers Phan Van Hoa and Ho Trinh Quynh Thu in 2011 Their work, published in "Linguistics and Life," examines how this metaphor shapes cultural perceptions of love across different languages.
Vol 9 (191), p 15) Moreover, Le Thi My Nhat (2002) investigated ―The
Metaphoric Devices in English and Vietnamese Proverbs‖ Ho Vi Nu My Linh
In 2011, research focused on the use of metaphors in newspapers, comparing English and Vietnamese contexts Additionally, Nguyen Thị Thanh Huyen conducted a study in 2009 titled "Perceptual Metaphors: A Model of Structural Metaphors in the Lyrics of Trinh Cong Son," under the guidance of Assoc Prof Tran Van Co.
The exploration of conceptual metaphors in Vietnamese and English idioms has long been a topic of interest due to their significant impact on literature and daily communication These idioms, characterized by their simple structures, effectively incorporate various metaphors, enhancing their depth and popularity Consequently, this subject has attracted the attention of numerous scholars, leading to the emergence of many research papers on the topic.
In 2016, Tran The Phi conducted research titled "Conceptual Metaphors of Emotions in Vietnamese Idioms (Comparative Study with English Idioms)." This study explores the intricate relationship between emotions and idiomatic expressions in both Vietnamese and English, highlighting the cultural nuances embedded within these languages.
Thi Thu Ba (2011) conducted a research with the title ―An investigation into
English and Vietnamese idioms containing words denoting time‖
In his 2017 research, "Conceptual Metaphors Denoting Love in The Tale of Kieu by Nguyen Du and Its English Versions by Michael Counsel and Huynh Sanh Thong," Nguyen Tan Thanh analyzes the enduring theme of love through conceptual metaphors He examines the metaphorical elements in the original text and compares them with the translations by Counsel and Thong, identifying gaps in the translations Additionally, his study explores various stylistic devices and other conceptual metaphors present in the work.
Nguyen Thi Mong Cam's 2012 thesis, titled "An Investigation in English and Vietnamese Idioms Related to Love and Marriage," explores the syntactic, stylistic, and semantic characteristics of love and marriage idioms in both languages The study reveals notable similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese idioms, highlighting the cultural nuances in expressions related to love and marriage.
This article explores nine key differences between English and Vietnamese perspectives on love and marriage, highlighting cultural nuances in these two aspects While the author does not delve into the metaphors found in every idiom, she narrows her focus to specific elements of the thesis, providing a concise analysis of how love and marriage are perceived differently in these two cultures.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
To grasp the concept of conceptual metaphor, it is essential to explore its origins and significance Conceptual metaphors are fundamental in cognitive linguistics, as they represent the underlying ideas that shape our understanding of various concepts Understanding what conceptual metaphors are and their purpose is crucial for a deeper comprehension of language and thought processes.
According to Co (2007), the term "conceptual" is rooted in human consciousness, where individuals primarily think using concepts that encompass both ideas and associated imagery, as well as cultural elements This suggests that conceptual metaphors are integral to human thought and awareness The foundation of these concepts is built upon the direct emotional experiences individuals acquire through their interactions with society and the external world via their senses.
According to the above interpretation, conceptual metaphor is one of the forms of conceptualization, a cognitive process which has the function of
Conceptual metaphor serves as a lens through which individuals interpret the world, shaping their understanding of various phenomena and concepts It encapsulates the knowledge people acquire throughout life, translating complex ideas into relatable terms Essentially, conceptual metaphor simplifies abstract concepts by linking them to more concrete and familiar ideas, enhancing comprehension and communication.
Conceptual metaphor plays a crucial role in literature, poetry, idioms, and everyday language, serving as a fundamental aspect of cognitive linguistics It is defined as a special comparison between two entities, where one represents an abstract concept As described by Wikipedia, a metaphor is a rhetorical figure of speech that refers to one thing by mentioning another, offering clarity or revealing hidden similarities between ideas Metaphors are often contrasted with other figurative language forms, including antithesis, hyperbole, metonymy, and simile.
The ―All the world's a stage‖ monologue from William Shakespeare’s ―As
You Like It‖ is one of the most commonly cited examples of a metaphor
And all the men and women merely players;
They have their exits and their entrances
This quote shows several metaphors such as “all the world‟s a stage”, which means that the world in the eyes of a playwright is like a stage; then, the metaphor
The phrase "all the men and women merely players" suggests that individuals in society act as characters in a larger narrative This highlights the parallels between the concepts of "world" and "stage," emphasizing how life can be viewed as a performance where everyone plays a role.
Lakoff and Johnson (1980) argued that “the essence of metaphors is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another.” They said:
Metaphor extends beyond mere language; it fundamentally shapes human thought processes Our conceptual system is inherently metaphorical, which allows for the expression of metaphors in language This connection between thought and language highlights the significance of metaphor in understanding human cognition (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980, p 6).
Considering the basis of all metaphors the concept, Lakoff and Johnson named their theory of metaphors the ―conceptual metaphor‖ It is also called
―cognitive metaphor‖ because this new concept of metaphor lies in the school of cognitive linguistics
In the cognitive linguistic view, metaphor is defined as understanding one conceptual domain A in terms of another conceptual domain B (Kửvecses, 2002, p
In fact, in conceptual metaphor there exist ―Source Domain‖ (A) and ―Target
Domain‖ (B), which (A) is understood through (B) (Kửvecses, 2002, p.4) The
Conceptual metaphors often involve a relationship between an abstract "Source Domain," such as life or love, and a more tangible "Target Domain," like fire or journey This relationship is known as "Mapping." One well-known example is the metaphor "Love is a patient," where "Love" serves as the target domain and "Patient" as the source domain Such metaphors can lead to various linguistic expressions that illustrate the connection between these domains, as discussed in Lakoff and Johnson's influential work, "Metaphors We Live By" (1980).
They have a strong, healthy marriage
The marriage is dead—it can’t be revived
Their marriage is on the mend
We’re getting back on our feet
Their relationship is in really good shape
They’ve got a listless marriage
Their marriage is on its last legs
The above conceptual correspondence between two domains shows the same properties The source domain ―Patient‖ has some properties like ―sick‖, ―strong‖,
―healthy‖, ―dead‖, ―revived‖, ―on the mend‖, ―back on your feet‖, ―in really good shape‖, listless, on its last legs, tired which are assigned to the target domain
At first glance, the concepts of "Love" and "Patience" may appear unrelated; however, a deeper examination reveals numerous similarities between them Both qualities play a significant role in fostering strong relationships and emotional connections.
Table 2.1 The metaphorical correspondences between
Source Domain and Target Domain
The Lovers are sick in love strong, healthy marriage
The marriage can’t be revived marriage is on the mend
The lovers are getting back on their feet
The relationship is in really good shape a listless marriage
The marriage is on its last legs a tired affair
Patients experience a range of health conditions, from being in robust health to facing critical illnesses While some are on the mend and regaining their strength, others find their health deteriorating and may feel a sense of hopelessness The journey to recovery can be challenging, as some patients struggle with fatigue and a lack of vitality, while others are fortunate enough to enjoy a return to good health It's essential to recognize the varied states of well-being among patients, as their experiences can significantly impact their overall quality of life.
This set of correspondences helps us to comprehend more about the abstract concept of ―Love‖
Furthermore, to determine what expressions are metaphors, a group of researchers called Pragglejaz Group (2007) listed four steps of MIP as follows:
1 Read the entire text/discourse to establish a general understanding of the meaning
2 Determine the lexical units in the text/discourse
3 a For each lexical unit in the text, establish its meaning in context, i.e how it applies to an entity, relation or attribute in the situation evoked by the text (contextual meaning) Take into account what comes before and after the lexical unit b For each lexical unit, determine if it has a more basic contemporary meaning in other contexts than the one in the given context For our purposes, basic meanings tend to be:
- more concrete; what they evoke is easier to imagine, see, hear, feel, smell, and taste;
- more precise (as opposed to vague);
Basic meanings of lexical units may not always be their most common interpretations When a lexical unit has a more fundamental contemporary meaning in different contexts, it is essential to assess whether the contextual meaning differs from the basic meaning, while also considering how they relate to each other.
4 If yes, mark the lexical unit as metaphorical
According to Lakoff and Johnson (1890), conceptual metaphors are divided into four basic categories: structural metaphors, ontological metaphors, orientational metaphors and conduit metaphors
Structural metaphors involve understanding one concept through the framework of another, effectively reshaping the target concept's semantics This process allows for a deeper comprehension of complex ideas by mapping them onto more familiar structures, enhancing clarity and meaning.
The metaphor "Love is madness" illustrates an intriguing relationship between the target domain of "Love" and the source domain of "Madness." Despite their semantic differences, both concepts share notable similarities in various properties This mapping reveals how seemingly unrelated domains can connect through shared characteristics, enhancing our understanding of love's complexities.
She drives me out of my mind
He constantly raves about her
He's gone mad over her
Obviously, the italicized phrases all show the human’s strongly states in love
Ontological metaphors involve the "materialization" of abstract concepts, allowing us to perceive experiences such as events, actions, ideas, and emotions as tangible objects and materials This process helps us to better understand and navigate our experiences by framing them in a more concrete manner.
The ontological metaphors are useful for different uses, for example, inflation can be seen as a certain object although it is an abstract object Therefore, we have the following cases:
Inflation is lowering our standard of living
If there's much more inflation, we'll never survive
We need to combat inflation
Inflation is backing us into a comer
Inflation is taking its toll at the checkout counter and the gas pump
Buying land is the best way of dealing with inflation
Inflation has become easier to understand, transforming from a vague concept into a tangible reality Although it may seem inanimate, inflation is often attributed with human-like qualities, making it more relatable This use of metaphor helps to clarify the concept, moving it away from being a dry idea Similarly, inflation can be associated with the term "price," which can be quantified and manipulated through actions like "increasing" or "decreasing" it, further solidifying its presence in our economic discussions.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH METHODS
To effectively achieve the study's aims and objectives, both qualitative and quantitative methods are employed for data collection, counting, and analysis The qualitative approach focuses on analyzing and describing conceptual metaphors found in idioms, while the quantitative method determines the frequency of source and target domains Additionally, a contrastive method is utilized to compare and describe the conceptual metaphors of love and desire for life in English and Vietnamese idioms.
DATA COLLECTION
The study analyzes idiomatic expressions sourced from various internet platforms and literary works, including proverbs, idioms, poems, and short stories It identifies 50 English and 50 Vietnamese samples related to "Love," encompassing 20 types of metaphors, along with an additional 50 English and 50 Vietnamese samples pertaining to "Desire for Life," which illustrate 10 types of metaphors.
―Love‖ and ―Desire for life‖ in the samples contain the elements of conceptual metaphors which they are chosen based on conceptual metaphor theory by Lakoff and Johnson (1980)
Here is some steps of data collection:
To explore idiomatic expressions in both English and Vietnamese, it is essential to consult various sources Notable references include "The Dictionary of Current English-Vietnamese Idioms" by La Thanh (1988) and "The Oxford Dictionary of Idioms" (second edition, 2004) Additionally, literature books for grades 1 to 9 and online resources, such as Wikiquote, provide valuable insights into these expressions.
1ec4yPe0a6iKUMtTtOB9fRh14Xvhi4fYQqSGOUBTP0, https://www.theidioms.com/, https://www.thefreedictionary.com/
(2) Identify the English and Vietnamese idiomatic expressions relating to love and desire for life
(3) Classify the English and Vietnamese idiomatic expressions relating to love and desire for life
(4) Find out the metaphors in the idiomatic expressions, and identify the source domains and the target domains based on the theory of Lakoff and Johnson
(5) Group the metaphors in the idiomatic expressions having the same source domains.
DATA ANALYSIS
To analyse the data, let us check the following steps
- Classifying English and Vietnamese idioms into love and desire for life categories
- Identifying the metaphors in the idioms using the MIP procedure by the Pragglejaz Group (2007) and classifying them into different types
- Analyzing the metaphors in the idioms to find out the frequency of the types of metaphors
- Comparing and contrasting the English and Vietnamese idioms in love and desire for life
- Pointing out the similarities and differences of metaphor usage in English
RESEARCH PROCEDURES
To achieve the goal of the study, the study is conducted according to the following steps:
First, the researcher reviews the previous studies which are related to those themes generally
Second, the researcher collects Vietnamese and English idioms relating to love and desire for life
Next, the researcher investigates the expressions in the idioms conceptualize the abstract domains ―Love‖ and ―Desire for Life‖ based on the conceptual metaphor theory by Lakoff and Johnson (1980)
In conclusion, the researcher identifies the most prevalent metaphors related to love and the desire for life, highlighting both the similarities and differences in English and Vietnamese idioms that express these themes.
SUMMARY
This chapter is significant as it outlines effective methods for conducting the study, detailing essential procedures for data collection and analysis that are crucial for achieving the research objectives.
The qualitative and quantitative approaches are essential for effective data collection and sample selection in the study Additionally, comparative and contrastive methods are crucial for identifying similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese idioms related to love and the desire for life Another key method employed is the descriptive approach, which facilitates the analysis of metaphorical expressions that signify love and life’s desires The findings from this research will be presented in the subsequent chapter.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE
The metaphor of "LOVE IS A JOURNEY" often employs road-related idioms to depict romantic relationships The term "journey" signifies a lengthy process encompassing various experiences that lovers face together, including mutual care, as well as the mistakes and misunderstandings that can lead to separation By examining the following idioms, we can gain a deeper insight into this concept.
Among fifty English idioms used for the study, there is only one case with the LOVE IS A JOURNEY metaphor, making it 2% of the data
The idiom, which originated in Ireland, conveys that the journey feels shorter for lovers traveling together, regardless of its length It emphasizes that life becomes more enjoyable when shared with a dependable companion, particularly loved ones.
There are two idioms matching the LOVE IS A JOURNEY metaphor, making up 4% of the chosen Vietnamese idioms
(2) Chàng sẽ đi cùng trời cuối đất để tìm gặp lại nàng
The sentence features a well-known idiom that, when considered in context, conveys a deep connection to love This phrase encapsulates the essence of affection and emotional bonds, illustrating how language can beautifully express the complexities of romantic feelings.
In expressing eternal love, the phrases "cùng" and "cuối" symbolize unwavering devotion Regardless of the challenges faced, the young man is resolutely committed to traversing any distance, even to the ends of the earth, to reunite with her.
In the metaphor of LOVE IS AN OBJECT, love is perceived as a tangible item that individuals can interact with, exchange, and manage This concept is effectively illustrated through various nouns and verbs, as demonstrated by several idioms.
In fifty chosen idioms, this type accounts for 8% of the examined data which equals four cases and two of them are discussed below
(3) Their marriage was on the rocks as they couldn't get along with each other anymore and were having huge arguments very frequently
The idiom "on the rocks" originated from ships that were stranded and damaged by rocks, and since the late 1800s, it has been used figuratively to describe disasters or significant problems This phrase often signifies a troubled relationship that is nearing its end or on the verge of failure, with "rock" symbolizing the challenges faced.
(4) Terry has been carrying a torch for Liz for years, but she seems not to notice
Terry has harbored unrequited love for Liz for many years, unaware that she does not recognize his feelings The idiom "carrying a torch for" aptly describes his enduring affection, symbolizing the emotional weight of loving someone who does not reciprocate those feelings In this expression, the "torch" represents the passion and longing that accompany unreturned love.
The LOVE IS AN OBJECT metaphor appears in two of Vietnamese idioms
29 chosen for the study, making up 4% of the examined data
(5) Trâu tìm cọc, cọc chẳng tìm trâu
The idiom highlights traditional gender roles in romantic relationships, where "trâu" symbolizes the proactive man who pursues love, while "cọc" represents the passive woman who waits for affection This saying reflects the common belief that men are typically the initiators of romantic advances, while women rarely seek out love on their own.
The LOVE IS FIRE metaphor is a widely recognized concept in both English and Vietnamese idioms, symbolizing love as an eternal source of life Fire embodies passion and strong emotions, vividly illustrating the intensity of love and sexual attraction The metaphor's imagery connects the strength of fire to the depth of love: a strong fire signifies intense love, a weak fire indicates faint affection, and an extinguished fire represents love's end This powerful metaphor is reflected in various relevant idioms.
Two of the examined English idioms contain the LOVE IS FIRE metaphor, making up 4% of the data
(6) I was worried that they wouldn’t like each other but in fact they’re getting on like a house on fire
(7) Yeah, Ben is his old flame —they dated last summer
The idiom "getting on like a house on fire" signifies a rapid development of interest and connection between two individuals, leading to a strong relationship This expression employs the imagery of "fire" to illustrate the intensity and positivity of their bond.
―old flame ‖ means a former lover Because fire stands for the feelings of people when they love, ―old flame ‖ is the metaphor for the ex-lover
There is only one idiom within fifty samples containing the LOVE IS FIRE metaphor, making it 2% of the examined data
(8) Lửa gần rơm lâu ngày cũng bén
The idiom compares love to fire, illustrating the gradual development of feelings between a man and a woman Initially indifferent, the man grows to love the woman as they spend time together, supported by research indicating that frequent interactions increase attraction This phenomenon contrasts with "love at first sight" and is akin to the saying "small rain lays great dust," highlighting how "straw" (representing the woman) becomes highly flammable in the presence of "fire" (the man), symbolizing their budding romance through proximity.
In the metaphor of "LOVE IS A UNITY," the concept of unity is essential in all relationships Love, as a profound human emotion, fosters a sense of togetherness, making partners perceive their bond as a singular entity Consequently, love is regarded as an inseparable force that unites individuals.
The LOVE IS A UNITY metaphor appears in five samples, which accounts for 10% of the studied data
(9) The words she said cut me to the heart
The heart is profoundly affected by human emotions, often fluttering or racing when in the presence of a loved one This comparison highlights the pain of emotional hurt, likening it to the act of cutting someone's heart In this context, love can feel fragmented, as an intact heart becomes shattered through heartbreak.
6% of the examined data is the idioms having the LOVE IS A UNITY metaphor, equalling three idioms out of fifty samples
In Vietnamese culture, the mirror, or "gương," holds sacred significance and symbolizes deeper meanings A broken mirror is viewed as a bad omen, particularly in relationships, suggesting impending misfortune The saying that a mirror can break and then heal reflects the journey of love, indicating the possibility of separation followed by reconciliation Ultimately, this highlights the concept of unity in love, emphasizing resilience and the potential for healing within relationships.
In both Buddhism and Christianity, "heaven" is viewed as a magnificent realm where individuals can thrive and fulfill their dreams Similarly, "love" and "heaven" are interconnected themes that often appear together, sharing numerous common attributes This article explores the parallels between the concepts of "love" and "heaven," highlighting their significant correspondences.
Table 4.1 Conceptual metaphorical mapping of the source domain “ Heaven ” and the target domain “ Love ”
Possessions subsisting on the heaven
Happy dreams Damsel whom the guy loves Possessions related to the lovers
Within fifty chosen idioms, two examples include the LOVE IS HEAVEN metaphor, which is 4% of the total
(11) My brother and his wife are not only very supportive of each other, but they also have similar interests They are truly a match made in heaven
(12) I’ve been in seventh heaven ever since I got engaged
CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE
IDIOMS RELATING TO DESIRE FOR LIFE
4.2.1 Desire for Life is an object
An object is defined as a tangible item that can be manipulated, potentially causing harm or injury Additionally, certain objects can foster trust and motivation among individuals, making them a meaningful metaphor for life's aspirations Exploring various scenarios can further illustrate this concept.
There are six English idioms containing the DESIRE FOR LIFE IS AN OBJECT metaphor in 50 chosen idioms They make up 12% in the total of the idioms
(71) I have to say, Sarah has been as steady as a rock during this whole ordeal
(72) With your grades and extra curriculars, you'll have the ball at your feet in your college search
The idiom "as steady as a rock" symbolizes unwavering determination in the face of adversity, likening human resilience to the solid and enduring nature of a rock This comparison highlights the conceptualization of desire for life as a human characteristic, emphasizing the strength and stability that individuals exhibit despite challenges.
The idiom "the ball at your feet" symbolizes the desire for life by representing good opportunities for success In football, having the ball at a player's feet increases their chances of winning, illustrating how one’s aspirations and potential are directly linked to seizing opportunities Thus, the concept of desire for life is effectively conveyed through this imagery.
The study analyzes six Vietnamese idioms that embody the metaphor of DESIRE FOR LIFE IS AN OBJECT, revealing that 12% of the selected idioms fall into this category Two of these idioms are examined in detail to illustrate their meanings and cultural significance.
(74) Chuông có gõ mới kêu, đèn có khêu mới rạng
(77) Có công mài sắt có ngày nên kim
The idiom "chân cứng đá mềm" combines the concepts of "chân" (foot) and "đá" (rock), highlighting the contrast between the softness of human perseverance and the hardness of obstacles While rocks are inherently hard, the metaphor suggests that through patience and determination, one can overcome challenges The phrase symbolizes the resilience and desire for a fulfilling life, illustrating that with effort, even the toughest difficulties can become manageable.
The idiom illustrates a profound truth through familiar symbols like "sắt" (iron) and "kim" (needle), representing the transformation of a rough iron bar into a useful needle through extraordinary effort and perseverance This imagery conveys the message that success is achievable through hard work and determination, despite the challenges faced The needle symbolizes the aspiration for a better life, while the iron bar signifies the obstacles encountered along the way This wisdom serves as a sincere reminder from previous generations to the next, emphasizing that perseverance and energy are key to overcoming difficulties and achieving success.
4.2.2 Desire for Life is an animal
In various cultures, animals embody specific human traits and personalities For instance, the buffalo is associated with profound suffering, leading to the idiom "suffering like a buffalo," while the agile mouse symbolizes cleverness This symbolic use of animals reflects a deeper aspiration for life and understanding of human experiences.
The DESIRE FOR LIFE IS AN ANIMAL metaphor appears in four samples out of fifty chosen idioms, making up 8% in the total of the idioms
(78) We must be as patient as an ox if we wish to labour in the artistic
Oxen are renowned for their ability to endure hardships, often working alongside humans in agricultural fields Despite their slower pace and lower productivity, they are highly valued for their strength and reliability in labor-intensive tasks.
―patient‖ animal By ploughing slowly but steadily, they always achieve their aim The desire for life is shown by the patience of the ox
(79) You've been complaining about being out of work for too long- it's time to take the bull by the horns and go find a job
The phrase "take the bull by the horns" serves as a powerful metaphor for courage and bravery, emphasizing the importance of confronting difficult tasks head-on and without hesitation This idiom highlights the necessity of taking decisive action in challenging situations, much like a bull's horns symbolize strength and determination.
With the numbers of six idioms containing this metaphor type, it occupies 12% of the collected idioms
The idiom conveys two meanings: literally, it suggests that birds seek out peaceful lands abundant in food and safety to build their nests, while figuratively, it implies that tranquil environments with favorable living conditions attract more individuals than chaotic ones Additionally, the idiom reflects a universal desire for a peaceful life, using the imagery of birds to symbolize this aspiration for serenity and stability.
4.2.3 Desire for Life is a container
A container is simply something that can hold It is the good source domain in metaphor to show the good target domain of desire for life
Among fifty idioms, there are four idioms having the DESIRE FOR LIFE IS
A CONTAINER metaphor with 8% in the total of the idioms
Third-place City, despite having a game in hand, faces a significant setback in its pursuit of a second championship in three seasons due to an unexpected result against Sunderland and a 3-2 loss at Liverpool on Sunday.
(82) He exactly covered himself with glory in his last job
(83) To be full of life
The phrase "full of life" encapsulates the deep desire for existence, representing a container brimming with happiness and joy This expression reflects individuals who embody vitality and enthusiasm, showcasing an unwavering passion for living regardless of life's challenges.
The number of the idioms involving the DESIRE FOR LIFE IS A CONTAINER metaphor is seven corresponding to 14% of the examined data
The idiom "bốn bể, năm châu" symbolizes a universal desire for life, representing the four major oceans and the five continents of the Earth This expression encourages an optimistic perspective, suggesting that individuals can feel at home anywhere in the world, embracing the idea that "bốn bể, năm châu" is their true residence.
(85) Đi một ngày đàng, học một sàng khôn
A "sàng" is a round bamboo tool with small, sparse holes, commonly used for cleaning rice, husks, and broken grains This term is referenced in an idiom that symbolizes the desire to live and emphasizes that exploring the world enriches one's knowledge The more individuals venture out and engage with society, the more they learn and gain valuable experiences, highlighting the essence of the learning process.
4.2.4 Desire for Life is a valuable commodity
When discussing valuable commodities, we typically think of money and gold Both Vietnamese and English idioms utilize the concept of "a valuable commodity" to express the idea of "desire for life." This connection highlights that human aspirations are often linked to valuable commodities, effectively conceptualizing the desire for a fulfilling life.