Rationale
“Music gives you happiness and sadness
But it also, also heals your soul”
(From the song “Let the music heal your soul”)
Music is a very colorful thread woven into the entire fabric of our life Singing songs with melodic rhythm is a subtle way for people to share their happiness and sadness
Music lyrics and rhymes play a crucial role in English teaching curricula across various countries In Taiwan, for example, songs and rhymes are integrated into elementary education to enhance English learning (Teng, 2013) Prominent English textbooks used in Vietnam, such as Headway, New English File, and Solutions, incorporate songs in their exercises Additionally, the ESL Podcast teaching program features music at the beginning and end of each audio segment, using it creatively to introduce lessons, such as teaching the vowel sound /i:/ with a musical piece instead of a standard explanation.
We are three Shall have some tea She will come
We see a bee We’ll say buzz off Don’t bother me (two – three – four – five – six – seven – eight)
(Chorus) Fiddle de fiddle de Fiddle dee dee Fiddle de fiddle de Fiddle dee dee
According to Harvard psychologist Gardner (1983), music intelligence is as crucial as other forms of intelligence, including logical-mathematical and linguistic intelligence In Vietnam, studies conducted by Nguyen Thi Thanh Huyen (2006) and Nguyen Thi Quyet (2005) at Phuong Dong University have explored the effectiveness of music in enhancing listening skills, providing learners with valuable language knowledge related to the structures and meanings of English and Vietnamese nursery rhymes.
Songs about mothers captivate listeners by offering both entertainment and valuable lessons in language and moral values Despite their popularity, there has been limited research on the portrayal of mothers from a linguistic perspective This gap in scholarship inspires the need for a study titled “Mother Image in English.”
This thesis explores the structure and meaning of the mother image in Vietnamese songs through the lens of the transitivity system in Systemic Functional Linguistics By examining both the similarities and differences in the portrayal of mothers in English and Vietnamese contexts, the study aims to offer valuable insights into cultural representations Ultimately, this research aspires to contribute to a deeper understanding of how mother figures are depicted across these two languages.
Aims and research questions
Aims
- Describe and analyze mother image in songs from systemic functional linguistics perspective
- Identify similarities and differences in linguistic means to depict mother image in English and Vietnamese songs
- Offer some suggestions for teaching and learning English through songs.
Research questions
In order to achieve these aims and objectives of the study, the following
1 How are mothers depicted in English and Vietnamese songs from the perspective of systemic functional linguistics?
2 What are the linguistic means to express such meanings?
Scope and significance of the study
Scope
This M.A thesis focuses on the portrayal of mother figures in English and Vietnamese songs, specifically analyzing the transitivity system The research is limited in scope to ensure manageability, while also highlighting various figures of meaning and stylistic devices used to depict the mother image.
Significance
This study explores the representational meaning of the mother image in English and Vietnamese, shedding light on the linguistic features of this concept through the lens of systemic functional linguistics (SFL) It serves as a valuable resource for foreign language learners, enhancing their understanding of both language and music Additionally, the findings highlight cultural similarities and differences between English-speaking countries, particularly those in the inner circle, and Vietnam, contributing to a deeper appreciation of cross-cultural perspectives in language use.
Methodology and procedures
Methodology
This study aims to explore the concept of mother image from the perspective of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) It highlights both the similarities and differences in the portrayal of mother figures in English and Vietnamese songs To achieve this, the research employs descriptive and comparative analysis as its primary methodology.
The descriptive method focuses on analyzing the portrayal of mothers using the transitivity system, ultimately synthesizing the findings to identify the similarities and differences in how mother images are depicted across two languages.
In fulfilling the focuses of the study, the comparative method is applied to present prominent features of mother images in English and Vietnamese.
Procedures: data collection and analysis
This study explores the representation of mother figures in English and Vietnamese songs by analyzing a collection of 100 songs—50 in each language A total of 1,000 clauses were selected, with 500 clauses from each language, and analyzed using Halliday's transitivity system, which categorizes clauses into six process types: material, mental, relational, behavioral, verbal, and existential The analysis focuses on the processes, participants, and circumstances to highlight the activities and emotions associated with mothers in the songs Following Burton's (1982) methodology, the study isolates processes, identifies participants involved, and assesses the impact of these processes on the participants The findings are categorized and presented as percentages, providing a comprehensive overview of the portrayal of mothers in the selected songs.
From these results, similarities and differences of mother images in English and Vietnamese songs are presented.
LITERATURE REVIEW
SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTICS
1.1.1 Development of Systemic Functional Linguistics
Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), developed by Michael Halliday in the 1960s, offers a new perspective on grammar, emphasizing its role in various social contexts This approach highlights three key aspects: the functioning of text beyond individual sentences, the structural differences in texts, and the adaptability of language to serve users' purposes SFL adopts a descriptive methodology, concentrating on groups of words that collectively create meaning.
Functional grammar, as described by Halliday (1994), is defined by its conceptual framework that prioritizes function over form It identifies functions in three distinct ways: the interpretation of texts, the linguistic system, and the elements of language structures In terms of text interpretation, functional grammar examines how language is utilized, highlighting that each text emerges from a unique contextual usage Additionally, it emphasizes that the core components of meaning in language are functional, with Halliday's analysis revealing that all languages encompass two primary types of meanings.
In functional grammar, language is understood through three metafunctions: the ideational, which helps us comprehend our environment; the interpersonal, which enables us to interact with others; and the textual, which combines the first two According to Halliday (1994), a functional grammar interprets all language units—such as clauses and phrases—as essential components that contribute to the overall meaning of the discourse.
Following the pioneering model initiated by Halliday, some of other linguists developed and gave informal explanation of functional grammar Thompson
According to the three metafunctions of functional grammar outlined in 1996, language serves three primary purposes Firstly, it allows us to express our experiences of the world, including thoughts, events, and the entities involved Secondly, language facilitates interaction with others, helping us build relationships, influence behavior, and share our perspectives while also prompting changes in theirs Lastly, language enables us to structure our messages effectively, showing how they relate to surrounding messages and the broader context of communication.
Functional grammar, as defined by Martin, Matthiessen, and Painter (1997), focuses on the practical use of grammar in communication In contrast, formal grammar in linguistics examines how genetic factors influence grammatical structure, thereby limiting the expressions available to individuals.
Functional grammar, rooted in cultural and social contexts, serves as a valuable tool for enhancing language use in both writing and speaking By utilizing functional grammar, individuals can significantly improve their reading comprehension and critical analysis skills, leading to more effective communication.
1.1.2 Difference between traditional grammar and systemic functional grammar
Functional grammar represents a modern approach to understanding language, distinguishing itself from traditional grammar by encompassing both spoken and written forms Unlike traditional grammar, which emphasizes correct usage rules, functional grammar focuses on the practical functions of language in real-life contexts This framework equips us with tools to analyze how language operates across different situations and to comprehend the underlying reasons for a text's structure and meaning.
Traditional grammar is prescriptive, providing rules for what speakers can or cannot say, often labeling certain expressions as grammatical errors In contrast, functional linguistics empowers speakers by highlighting their choices in communication It focuses on how language operates within texts as part of a broader system to convey meaning, while traditional grammar primarily analyzes word functions within sentences, neglecting cultural and social contexts In traditional grammar, the sentence is the fundamental unit, whereas functional grammar emphasizes the clause Systemic functional linguistics offers a deeper understanding of language as a resource for meaning-making, presenting a comprehensive view of grammar rather than isolated elements This approach is why it is referred to as Systemic Functional Linguistics or Grammar.
APPLICATION OF TRANSITIVITY SYSTEM IN LITERARY
Halliday identifies three key lines of meaning within a clause: textual meaning, interpersonal meaning, and ideational meaning These correspond to three metafunctions of language: textual metafunction, interpersonal metafunction, and ideational metafunction.
Metafunctions My mother gave a book to me
Interpersonal Subject Predicate Complements Adjunct
Experiential Actor Process Goal Recipient
Table 1: Three lines of meaning in a clause
The ideational meaning, or clause as representation, conveys the "content" of language by reflecting our real-life experiences, often describing actions or entities This experiential meaning is essential for expressing what is happening In contrast, interpersonal meaning fosters social relationships by allowing individuals to assert their identities and interact with others, emphasizing personal expression Meanwhile, textual meaning connects various elements of a text to its situational context, illustrating how a text is structured According to Halliday, these three types of meanings are not coincidental; they are fundamental for fulfilling necessary functions in social life.
In our research, we focus on the transitivity system, a key grammatical choice that plays a crucial role in constructing experiential meaning This system is selected for its ability to yield rich data, making it the most effective framework for analyzing various grammatical aspects of the text.
In recent years, there has been a growing trend in utilizing the transitivity system to analyze literary works, exemplified by studies like "Using Transitivity as a Framework in a Stylistic Analysis of Virginia Woolf’s Old Mrs Grey." This approach offers valuable insights into the narrative structure and stylistic elements of literature.
(Bonifacio, 2011), “Transitivity analysis: representation of love in wilde’s the nightingale and the rose” (Asad, Roshan, Sobia & Rabia, 2014) and
“Transitivity Analysis of A rose for Emily” (Zijiao, 2013)
Transitivity analysis is a valuable tool for understanding the language used by speakers and writers, as it investigates sentence structures represented by processes and the participants involved Through this analysis, researchers aim to uncover how language structures convey specific meanings and ideologies that may not be immediately apparent to readers Essentially, functional analysis, particularly transitivity analysis, seeks to reveal the relationship between meanings and wordings, shedding light on the organization of linguistic features within a text.
Transitivity theory categorizes various processes into six distinct types: material, mental, relational, behavioral, verbal, and existential These classifications help to analyze and understand the functions of different actions within language.
Process type Category meaning Participants
Token, value Carrier, attribute Identified, identifier
Table 2: Process types, their meanings and characteristic participants
The next part will be illustration in great details of each process adopted from the book “An introduction to Functional Grammar” (Halliday, 2004) and
“Ngữ pháp kinh nghiệm của cú tiếng Việt: Mô tả theo quan điểm chức năng hệ thống” (Hoàng Văn Vân, 2005)
1.2.1 Material processes: the process of doing
Material processes involve actions where one entity performs a task that affects another entity These processes include two key participants: the actor, who carries out the action, and the goal, which is the recipient of that action.
The lion Caught the tourist
Từng đôi Chim bay đi
Table 3: Material process type (Halliday, 2004 & Hoàng Văn
1.2.2 Mental processes: process of sensing
Cognition (thinking, knowing, understanding, etc.)
In mental processes, two key participants are involved: the senser, which refers to the conscious being experiencing feelings, thoughts, or perceptions, and the phenomenon, which is the object of those experiences that is felt, thought about, or seen.
Người già muốn sự thoải mái
Table 4: Mental process type (Halliday, 2004 & Hoàng Văn Vân, 2005)
1.2.3 Relational processes: the processes of being
There are three types of relational process in the clause, namely,
Each of these comes into modes:
Attributive (“a” is an attribute of “x”)
Identifying (“a” is the identity of “x”) type mode (i) Attributive (ii) Identifying
(1) intensive Sarah is wise Tome is the leader; the leader is Tom
(2) circumstantial The fair is on a Tuesday Tomorrow is the 10 th
(3) possessive Peter has a piano The piano is Peter‟s
Table 5: The principal types of relational process (Halliday, 2004)
The distinction between material and mental processes in behavior is often unclear, as these processes represent the outward manifestation of internal workings, reflecting the interplay between consciousness and physiological states.
The child wept copious tears
Thằng ấy bị con Hoa nó lườm
Table 6: Behavioral process type (Halliday, 2004 & Hoàng Văn Vân,
The verbal process serves as a bridge between mental and relational processes, involving key participants: the sayer (the speaker), the receiver (the audience), and the verbiage (the content of the speech) Additionally, there is a distinct type of verbal process where the sayer directly influences another participant through actions such as insulting, praising, slandering, abusing, or flattering.
Pussy-cat said naught but
Anh hỏi em "bao giờ trở lại"
Sayer Process: Receiver Circumstance: time
Table 7: Verbal process type (Halliday, 2004 & Hoàng Văn Vân,
Between the relation process and the material process is existential process, by which a certain phenomenon is recognized/ seen to “be”- to exist, or to happen For example:
On the branch There was a nest
Trên giời có đám mây xanh
Circumstance: location Process: existential Existent
Table 8: Existential process type (Halliday, 2004 & Hoàng Văn Vân,
In a clause, two additional participants are identified: the Beneficiary and the Range The Beneficiary refers to the individual or entity for whom the actions occur, and this role is present in both material and verbal processes.
Material a The recipient, is one that goods are given to b The client, is one that services is done to
Fred bought a present for his wife
Verbal The one who is being addressed
One the other hand, range is the element that specifies the range and scope of the process A range may occur in material, and verbal processes
Material a Expresses the domain over which the pre process take place b Expresses the processes itself
Ray climbed the mountain Fred played the piano
Verbal The element expressing the class, quality, or quantity what is said
He walks for seven miles She stayed for two hours
We work in the kitchen
My mother went by bus
I went through my head like an earthquake
For want of a nail the shoe was lost For the sake of peace I‟m writing on behalf of Aunt
Fred came with Tom Fred came instead of Tom
6 Matter I worry about her health
7 Role I‟m speaking as your employer
DEFINITION OF “IMAGE”
Reliable dictionaries like the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary and McMillan English Dictionary define "image" as a visual representation of someone or something However, this paper delves into the figurative meaning of "image," focusing on the essence of a person Specifically, we will examine the qualities and virtues of mothers as portrayed in English and Vietnamese songs.
DATA ANALYSIS - TRANSITIVITY PATTERNS IN
TRANSITIVITY PATTERNS IN ENGLISH SONGS
Table 12: Transitivity patterns in English songs
The analysis reveals that material processes are the most significant among various process types in English songs, representing 36.8% of the total analyzed processes Following closely are relational processes, which account for 32.8% of the clauses Mental processes make up 14.6% of the total, equating to 73 clauses out of 500, while verbal processes contribute 8.8% with 44 clauses Lastly, behavioral and existential processes have the smallest shares at 5.8% and 1.2%, corresponding to 29 and 6 clauses, respectively.
Data analysis reveals that material processes are the most commonly utilized, often reflecting actions closely tied to the daily responsibilities of mothers Verbs associated with these processes highlight the significant role mothers play in their routines.
“work”, “give”, “make” or “do” are employed with the high frequency For example, the verb “work” appears in a wide range of songs:
“You work late night just to keep on the lights”
(From the song “Hey Mama”)
“Worked three jobs all through the weekdays”
(From the song “I love my mama”)
“You worked two jobs to keep a roof up over our heads”
(From the song “Turn to you”)
“just working with the scraps you were given”
(From the song “Dear mama”) Another example is the verb “give”
“You would give anything in this world”
(From the song “Hey mama”)
“She gave me peace and love”
Mothers engage in a variety of daily actions essential for raising their children and caring for their babies These verbs encapsulate the routine tasks and responsibilities that define motherhood, highlighting the dedication and effort involved in nurturing their families.
“How mama used to clean somebody else’s house”
“While scrubbing on the floor on her bended knees”
(From the song “I’ll always love my mama”)
“Brush your teeth Wash your face”
Mothers often convey their love, understanding, and aspirations for their children through their thoughts and actions, highlighting the deep emotional connection they share.
“love”, “remember”, “want”, “hope”, or “believe”:
(From the song “The mom song”)
“She doesn’t want you to cry”
(From the song “That’s my mama”)
In some cases, we also find out such verbs used to reveal the children‟s love
The song "Thanks to You" prominently features relational processes, with attributive clauses making up over half of the 164 clauses analyzed This prevalence highlights the song's focus on relationships and the qualities attributed to them.
“Your love is like a river peaceful and deep You soul is like a secret that I never could keep”
(From the song “A little more time on you”)
Another example can be illustrated:
“M is for the moan and the miserable groan”
(From the song “Treat your mother right”)
“You’ve been the meaning of my life”
(From the song “Thanks to you”)
Sometimes, verbal processes are the prayers of mothers for their children:
“I pray for angels by your side”
(From the song “A mother’s prayer”) However, at the other time, they are simply the advice, teaching or even soothing mothers want to convey to their children:
“Told me when I was young
“Son, your life’s an open book”
(From the song “Mama said”)
Most behavourial are used to manifest states of consciousness such as:
(From the song “I know my mother weeps for me”)
The occurrence of existential processes is minimal, accounting for only 1.2% of the total Additionally, this study will not address the significance of existential processes, as they do not serve a representational function within the framework of systemic functional grammar.
The analysis of English songs through the lens of the transitivity system highlights the pervasive mother image present in various life aspects Predominantly, material processes constitute the majority of clauses, followed by relational processes, which rank second Subsequent categories include mental, verbal, behavioral, and existential processes, respectively.
TRANSITIVITY PATTERNS IN VIETNAMESE SONGS
Table 13: Transitivity patterns in Vietnamese songs
Vietnamese women, especially mothers, are characterized by distinct qualities and personalities, with relational processes accounting for 35.8% of the total clauses A diverse array of adjectives is utilized to vividly portray the image of a mother, highlighting her multifaceted nature.
“Sớm chiều nặng đôi vai gầy”
(From the song “Nhớ mẹ quê”)
“Lòng mẹ bao la như biển Thái Bình Tình mẹ tha thiết như dòng suối hiền ngọt ngào”
(From the song “Lòng mẹ”)
Material processes account for 29.2% of the total clauses, highlighting the daily activities of mothers A diverse range of verbs, including "nurture," "care," and "cook," are utilized to reflect their roles and responsibilities.
“Bàn tay mẹ bế chúng con Bàn tay mẹ chăm chúng con”
(From the song “Bàn tay mẹ”)
“Nuôi con nên người từ dòng sữa mẹ”
(From the song “Mẹ như tia nắng”)
In addition to two types of processes above, mental processes stay at the third rank Most of mental processes in Vietnamese songs are the processes of
“feeling” and “thinking” with prominent verbs such as “yêu”, “thương”, “lo” or “ước”, “trông”, “mong”
“ Thương con thao thức bao đêm trường”
“Mẹ trông con trong niềm hi vọng bao la”
(From the song “Lời ru của mẹ”) Through the investigation, the number of behavioral processes reaches 9% Behavioural processes are used to express physiological behavior They often describe mothers‟ state
“Hai lần khóc thầm lặng lẽ”
(From the song “Đất nước”)
“Mẹ về đứng dưới mưa”
(From the song “Huyền thoại mẹ”)
“Đêm năm canh chày mẹ thức đủ vì con”
(From the song “Tiếng ru thần tiên của mẹ”)
In the investigation into the investigation of verbal processes (4.6%), the most frequently used verb is “ru” “Ru” is a special kind of music to sooth the baby to sleep
“Mẹ ru ta câu hát ngọt ngào”
(From the song “Lời ru của mẹ”)
“Mẹ ngồi ru con đong đưa võng buồn”
(From the song “Ca dao mẹ”)
“Mẹ ru con ngân tiếng tình tang”
(From the song “Lời ru của mẹ”) The least frequency is existential processes with 2.6%
Transitivity patterns in Vietnamese songs reveal significant insights into the portrayal of the mother figure The relational processes dominate these songs, highlighting their crucial role, followed by material processes in second place Mental processes rank third, indicating their lesser yet notable presence in the thematic structure of the music.
CHAPTER III: DISCUSSION - A COMPARISON BETWEEN MOTHER IMAGES IN ENGLISH SONGS AND IN VIETNAMESE
This chapter employs a comparative method to explore the similarities and differences in maternal imagery within English and Vietnamese songs, analyzed through the lens of systemic functional linguistics By examining one hundred songs, we find that representations of mothers in both cultures emerge in contexts of wartime and peacetime This duality enables us to categorize the comparison into two distinct themes: the portrayal of mothers during wartime and their depiction in peacetime.
SIMILARITIES
War poses extreme dangers that can claim a soldier's life at any moment, making it incredibly difficult for mothers to say goodbye to their children on the eve of military service The emotional turmoil of separation is often manifested in tears, highlighting the profound pain that comes with letting go of their loved ones This article explores the behavioral processes involved in this heart-wrenching experience, emphasizing the impact of such farewells on both mothers and soldiers.
“weep” (in English) and “khóc” (in Vietnamese)
“My mother weeps for me When all the world is hushed in sleep”
The song “I Know My Mother Weeps for Me” portrays a poignant emotional landscape through the character of a soldier's mother, whose sorrow is encapsulated in the verb "weep." This term reflects her deep emotional state, suggesting a quiet, restrained grief rather than overt expressions like "howl" or "sob." The setting is implied to be nighttime, a time traditionally associated with rest, as indicated by the phrase “in sleep” and the action of the world being hushed Despite the tranquility of night, the mother experiences profound loneliness, yearning for the presence of her child to alleviate her sorrow This duality of a serene night contrasted with the mother's inner turmoil highlights the depth of her emotional struggle.
Similarly, the readers witness teardrops of Vietnamese mother:
“Hai lần khóc thầm lặng lẽ”
(From the song “Đất nước)
The author highlights the enduring pain of mothers by placing the time frame "hai lần" at the beginning of the sentence, emphasizing that this suffering is not an isolated incident but a recurring theme The phrase "thầm lặng lẽ" captures the quiet patience and sacrifice of mothers, illustrating their struggle as they hold back tears when saying goodbye to their children These moments of waiting lead to an overwhelming sorrow, leaving them too dry to cry Through the poignant depiction of their silent weeping, the author evokes a deep sense of empathy for mothers, a sentiment echoed in many Vietnamese songs.
“Nước mắt mẹ không còn
In the song "Người mẹ của tôi," the existential process is highlighted through the verb "không còn," illustrating the profound sorrow of mothers The phrase "nước mắt" symbolizes the existence of this pain, while the cause of their grief is articulated in the line "vì khóc những đứa con." The anguish of losing their children is unparalleled, as many mothers endured the heart-wrenching loss of multiple children during the war, leading to an overwhelming sorrow that feels beyond the capacity of tears.
The mental aspect plays a significant role in defining a mother's love for her child, as it is expressed through her hopes for their safe return and her concerns for their well-being, especially in the context of soldiers.
“Là biết mấy chờ mong mỏi mòn”
(From the song “Hát về mẹ Việt Nam anh hùng”)
“Thương con thao thức bao đêm trường”
In the song "Lòng mẹ," the absence of a physical presence is palpable, yet the emotional depth is conveyed through the mental verbs "chờ mong" (to wait and hope) and "thương" (to love), alongside the evocative phrases "mỏi mòn" (wearisome waiting) and "thao thức" (restless) These elements illustrate a mother's enduring patience as she counts the days until her child's return Despite moments when hope teeters on the brink of despair, her worry for her child fuels an unwavering hope, expressed through the heartfelt letters she sends to the soldiers.
“I hope this letter catches up with you”
In the analyzed sentence, two distinct processes are represented through two clauses The first clause features the senser "I," referring to a mother who expresses her mental state through the verb "hope." Despite her awareness of the war, she feels compelled to send lines to her child, which not only rekindle her hope but also strengthen her belief in their eventual reunion In contrast, the second clause introduces "the letter" as the actor, engaging in the material process of "catches." This personification highlights the letter's role in conveying a fragile sense of hope, emphasizing that sending letters to soldiers represents a tenuous connection to their safety.
On the regular of basis, the reality of the war leads the mother to pray to God for her child to be safe
Please protect all the boys who are fighting tonight””
(From the song “Soldier’s last letter”) The verbal process is seen in the clause with the verb “pray” and the sayer is
In the context of maternal hope, "she" represents the mother who prays for the protection of her children from harm This prayer reflects a universal desire for safety, invoking a higher power, whether it be God in Western cultures or Buddha in Eastern traditions To foster a positive outlook on life, individuals often create their own belief systems centered around supernatural forces, regardless of their tangible existence In this scenario, the woman draws strength from these intangible beliefs to nurture her hopes for her children's well-being.
It is the similar case for Vietnamese mothers When their children, the soldiers, fight at battlefield, they closely and quietly follow each their step
Dõi theo bước đường tôi hành quân xa”
(From the song “Mẹ tôi”)
In both English and Vietnamese songs, mothers endure countless sleepless nights praying for their children, highlighting the universal experience of maternal longing The phrase "nhiều đêm" effectively captures this sentiment, while the term "dõi" conveys the mother's relentless anticipation for news from her child on the battlefield This shared emotional journey reflects the deep connection mothers feel when separated from their children However, the intensity of their hope often amplifies the pain they experience, as depicted through the behavioral processes that illustrate a mother's anguish upon receiving tragic news.
“Then the mother’s old hands began to tremble The mother knelt down by her bedside”
(From the song “Soldier’s last letter”) Both the behavioral processes draw the physical postures of the mother,
The mother, unable to stand firmly, leans against the bedside, embodying a poignant image of vulnerability Her trembling hands reflect her deep sorrow, evoking a sense of empathy in readers The scene is almost heartbreaking, as she appears on the brink of collapse, overwhelmed by her emotional turmoil.
In Vietnamese songs, the readers not only feel mother‟s pain by heart but by all other senses, even “nghe” (listen) to the that pain The behavioral verb
“nghe” is sophisticatedly used because there is a change of feeling here
The author transforms an abstract concept into a tangible experience that readers can listen to, see, and touch This action is categorized as a behavioral process, as it goes beyond mere doing to engage the audience on multiple sensory levels.
“Nghe dịu nỗi đau của mẹ”
In both English and Vietnamese songs, soldiers often find solace in the memory of their mothers amidst the hardships of war, evoking a sense of peace and comfort These soldiers, as children at heart, frequently reflect on their mothers during moments of wakefulness, highlighting the enduring bond and emotional refuge that maternal love provides in times of struggle.
“No one but mother can cheer me today Mother would comfort me if she were here”
(From the song “Mother would comfort me”)
In the first clause, the actor mentioned puts strong impression on the readers
The phrase "no one but mother" emphasizes the unique role of a mother as a source of cheer and comfort, particularly for a soldier facing the challenges of battle This sentiment highlights the mother's significance, reinforcing her as a pivotal figure in the soldier's life However, the reality is that this longing remains unfulfilled, as it is merely a dream contingent upon the condition "If she were here."
Likewise, Vietnamese soldiers always bring the image of mother as the encouragement for long and harsh journey
“Con đi trong bóng hình quê hương Mang bóng dáng mẹ già yêu thương”
(From the song “Về thăm mẹ”)
“Các con ra đi đã mấy chiến trường Mang theo cả tình thương của mẹ “
(From the song “Tấm áo chiến sĩ mẹ vá năm xưa”)
Although composed by different artists at separate times, both songs share a similar essence, highlighted by the recurring theme of "mang." In both pieces, the soldier, referred to as "con," serves as the central figure driving the narrative forward.
Soldiers consistently hold the image of their mothers in their minds, as her unparalleled love serves as a profound source of motivation This maternal bond instills hope and determination, empowering them to persevere in challenging situations The unique comfort and encouragement that only a mother can provide accompany them throughout their operations, reinforcing their resolve to succeed.
The loving touch of mother is more clearly presented in the following lines:
“I saw my mother dear She clasped me to her heart Impressed a kiss upon my brow”
(From the song “I know my mother weeps for me” )
Two material processes are used to describe the comfort of the actor – mother
DIFFERENCES
The primary distinction between songs depicting mothers in different languages lies in their portrayal of maternal contributions during wartime Vietnamese wartime songs often highlight the direct involvement of mothers in the struggle, emphasizing their exclusive dedication to Vietnam's victory In contrast, English songs do not reflect this same level of maternal participation The following sections will explore the potential reasons behind this disparity.
In a selection of English songs from wartime, four were identified, yet none highlight the role of mothers during these conflicts A prime example is the song "I Know My Mother Weeps for Me," which poignantly reflects this absence.
“My mother weeps for me When all the world is hushed in sleep”
(From the song “I know my mother weeps for me” – Charles Thompson)
In the song, the emotional act of "weeping" illustrates a mother's deep sorrow as she prepares to leave her child behind This poignant moment reflects the broader context of the war in which the soldier is involved, highlighting the profound impact of conflict on families and the sacrifices they endure.
The song “I know my mother weeps for me” was composed during the
The American Civil War (1861-1865) was a pivotal conflict that shaped the nation, arising from tensions between the North and South over slavery This war ultimately answered whether the United States, founded on the principle of equality, would remain the world's largest slaveholding nation The immense loss of life during this period had a profound impact on American society, prompting questions about how individuals coped with the aftermath and how their lives were irrevocably transformed The era inspired numerous films and literary works that explored themes of death and reconciliation, often reflecting the deep emotional struggles of those affected, including the poignant intuition of a mother sensing the fate of her son.
It is the reason why when all living beings are hushed in sleep, there sits she alone and “weeps” when missing her child
The second typical song during the time of war is “Soldier’s last letter”
“The mother’s old hands began to tremble
Then the mother knelt down by her bedside”
(From the song “Soldier’s last letter”)
The mother's physical postures, described as "tremble" and "knelt down," leave a powerful impact on readers, highlighting her emotional turmoil upon receiving news about her son These obsessive gestures reflect her deep concern and vulnerability in this critical moment.
The song by Earnest Tubb and Redd Stewart tells the poignant story of a World War II soldier writing his final letter to his mother This devastating conflict, rooted in struggles over colonial rights among powerful nations, led to an unprecedented human toll, with an estimated 50 million lives lost, including countless military and civilian casualties.
The total death toll during the conflict reached 19 million, with the majority being 10 million Soviet casualties, followed by 3.5 million Germans, 2 million Chinese, and 1.5 million Japanese In contrast, the United States suffered approximately 400,000 losses, while the United Kingdom experienced around 280,000 The emotional impact of these losses is poignantly captured in the song “Soldier’s Last Letter,” where a mother collapses upon receiving the devastating news of her son's death.
Vietnamese songs often reflect not only the pain of mothers who have lost children but also their vital role in the Resistance A notable example is "Huyền thoại mẹ" (Legend of Mother) by the late composer Trịnh Công Sơn, which powerfully illustrates the contributions of mothers during wartime This song serves as a tribute to the bravery of Vietnamese mothers The inspiration for the song came when the composer visited Quang Binh province and witnessed the image of Mother Suot, her hair blowing in the wind, symbolizing resilience and sacrifice This poignant backdrop is set against the historical context of the Gulf of Tonkin incident between 1964 and 1966.
US troops initiated raids in northern Vietnam, targeting Quang Binh land, a strategic location for American air and naval operations aimed at disrupting supply lines from the North to the South At the age of 60, Mother Suot exemplified remarkable bravery by volunteering to transport officers, wounded soldiers, and weapons across the river, symbolizing the selfless sacrifices made by Vietnamese mothers for their families and the nation.
“Mẹ về đứng dưới mưa Che đàn con nằm ngủ Canh từng bước quân thù
Mẹ ngồi dưới cơn mưa
Mẹ lội qua con suối Dưới mưa bom không ngại
Mẹ nhẹ nhàng đưa lối
Tiễn con qua núi đồi
Mẹ chìm trong đêm tối Gió mưa tóc che lối con đi
Mẹ về đứng dưới mưa Che từng căn hầm nhỏ”
(From the song “Huyền thoại mẹ)
The article highlights the various material verbs that depict a mother's role in revolutionary activities, such as "guard," "shelter," and "see out." In the phrase "Mẹ nhẹ nhàng đưa lối," the mother is the actor guiding the soldiers gently, which emphasizes her responsibility during wartime Soldiers must remain hidden from the enemy, making every step perilous Mothers play a crucial role in providing shelter and protection from enemy pursuits, often under life-threatening conditions, as illustrated by the imagery of "mưa bom" (bomb rain) that reflects the constant bombardment of Vietnamese villages Despite the dangers, mothers show unwavering determination to protect and guide the soldiers, sacrificing their own comfort for their safety Their resilience and sleepless nights to ensure the soldiers' well-being evoke a deep emotional connection, as these mothers treat all soldiers as if they were their own children, embodying a universal maternal instinct to nurture and protect.
The song not only carries a narrative and profound tone but also reflects the harmonious essence of the central region that inspired composer Trinh Cong Son The poignant anaphora in the final lines, “Cho đời mãi trong lành, mẹ chìm dưới gian nan…” resonates deeply, evoking the enduring memory of heroic Vietnamese mothers.
This poignant song serves as a heartfelt tribute to future generations, allowing them to learn about the heroic Vietnamese mothers It symbolizes a fragrant bouquet, a dedication from the composer to honor these remarkable women The imagery of motherhood inspires many artists to create similar works, with "Đất nước" by Phạm Minh Tuấn being a notable example that highlights the sacrifices of mothers during wartime, who shielded soldiers from danger.
“Ngăn bước quân thù phía Nam phía Bắc”
In the song “Đất nước,” the material verb "ngăn" (prevent) is strategically placed at the beginning of the clause to emphasize the objective of halting the enemy's advance This positioning highlights the urgency and determination to protect the nation.
The author attributes his poetic inspiration to his mother, particularly recalling her strength while evacuating with three children He emphasizes that mothers symbolize the greatest virtues, and no melody can fully capture their essence This sentiment resonates in various songs honoring mothers, such as “Hát về mẹ Việt Nam anh hùng” by An Thuyên, “Người mẹ của tôi” by Xuân Hồng, and “Tấm áo chiến sĩ mẹ vá năm xưa” by Nguyễn.
Mothers play a crucial role in supporting the Resistance by actively contributing to the home front While their husbands and children bravely engage in battle, these women passionately cultivate crops and supply essential rations for the soldiers This vital aspect of their contribution is often overlooked in English songs, highlighting the importance of recognizing their efforts in sustaining the fight.
“Lưng núi thì to mà lưng mẹ thì nhỏ Đừng làm mẹ ngã, mẹ trỉa bắp trên nương”
RECAPITULATION
The study so far has concentrated on describing mother images in English and Vietnamese songs, which has brought about the similarities and differences
This study examines transitivity patterns through various processes, including material, mental, relational, verbal, behavioral, and existential processes It also analyzes specific instances of time and location to uncover the manifestations within different song types Additionally, the research considers various stylistic devices that contribute to the overall meaning and impact of the lyrics.
At the last step, a comparison is drawn upon the result found in the investigation to find out the similarities and differences between them
Despite the differences in language, English and Vietnamese songs reveal striking similarities in their portrayal of mothers, categorized into wartime and peacetime roles During wartime, mothers universally share the deep concern for their children's safety, while children draw strength from their mothers' resilience, often willing to make sacrifices In peacetime, mothers take on multifaceted roles as caretakers, educators, and steadfast friends, demonstrating dedication and patience even amidst challenges posed by their children They guide their children in distinguishing right from wrong and remain unwavering in their support, regardless of mistakes These characteristics—dedication, patience, and tolerance—are not only prevalent among mothers in English-speaking and Vietnamese cultures but resonate with mothers worldwide The analysis of these themes aligns with Halliday's theory, highlighting similarities in transitivity processes and the use of stylistic devices like similes and metaphors, although their frequency and ranking may differ between the two languages.
The portrayal of mothers in English and Vietnamese songs reveals significant historical and ideological differences rooted in each culture During wartime, Vietnamese mothers played active roles, often serving as transporters and protectors for soldiers, while also providing essential supplies from the rear With a rich history of over four thousand years of conflict, the involvement of women in Vietnam's struggle for sovereignty has been crucial In contrast, peacetime depictions of motherhood in Vietnamese literature are more nuanced, employing stylistic devices like similes and metaphors to convey their significance without overt praise This relational approach highlights the diverse cultural perspectives on motherhood and its contributions.
SUGGESTIONS FOR DESIGNING EXERCISES
Songs are effectively utilized to create exercises for teaching listening skills and pronunciation Additionally, it is possible to develop exercises tailored to specific subjects for higher education learners, thanks to the diverse structures and stylistic devices present in the music Here are some examples of subject-specific exercises.
In Functional Grammar for Master students
Task 1: Analyze the following text in terms of clause and clause complex and transitivity, mood and theme Provide comments on the above aspects
Which type of process is used most? Can you give explanation?
“Mẹ là dòng suối dịu hiền
Mẹ là bài hát thần tiên
Là bóng mát trên cao
Là mắt sáng trăng sao
Là ánh đuốc trong đêm khi lạc lối
Mẹ là lọn mía ngọt ngào
Là tiếng dế đêm thâu
Là vốn liếng yêu thương cho cuộc đời”
(From the song “Bông hồng cài áo” )
Task 2: Analyze the following text in terms of clause and clause complex, thematic progression and cohesion Provide comments on the above aspects
Mother There is no other Like Mother
So treat Her right Mother
So treat Her right, treat Her right
M is for the moan, and the miserable groan From the pain that She felt when I was born
O is for the oven with it's burning' heat Where She stood making' sure I had something to eat
T is for the time that She stayed up at night And took my temperature when I wasn't feeling' right
(From the song “Treat your mother right”)
In Semantics for University and Master students
Task 1: Identify linguistic means used in the following songs
“Bàn tay mẹ chắn mưa sa
Bàn tay mẹ ấm áp như một chiếc lá chắn, bảo vệ mùa màng khỏi bão tố Trong những đêm trăng vàng, mẹ ru con ngủ say, khẽ thì thầm những lời ngọt ngào, như ánh trăng tròn vẫn lặng lẽ nằm trong nôi Mẹ là nguồn an ủi, là sức mạnh giúp con vượt qua mọi khó khăn.
(From the song “À ơi tay mẹ”)
“Your love is like a river peaceful and deep
Your love is a beautiful secret that I struggle to hide Gazing into your eyes, I realize the depth of our connection, as if God dedicated extra time to create you I never imagined love could feel this profound, and with just one kiss, you transformed my entire world.
(From the song “A little more time on you”)
LIMITATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES
This study is the first to explore the similarities and differences in mother images within English and Vietnamese songs, although it is limited to certain aspects Future research could expand on this by investigating additional stylistic devices for comparison, such as metonymy, anaphora, and litotes, alongside those already mentioned in the study.
The study focuses in comparing English and Vietnamese songs as genre; therefore, further research should be made on other related genres such as poems or proses
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APPENDIX A LIST OF ENGLISH SONGS
No Names of songs Authors or singers
1 A little more time on you Alabama
5 A song for Mama Kenneth B Admonds
6 Coat of many colors Dolly Parton
8 Goodbye‟s (The saddest word) Celine Dion
10 I can‟t live without mother‟s love Sun Kil Moon
11 I know my mother weeps for me Charles.Thompson
12 I love my mama Snoop Dog
14 I‟ll always love my mama Snoop Dog
15 In my daughter‟s eyes Martina Mcbride
17 Letters from home John Michael
21 Mama and me Nelie MCKAY
25 Mama, can you hear me? ACE HOOD
28 Mom Earth, wind and fire
31 Mother would comfort me Charles Sawyer
32 Mother‟ little helper The Rolling stones
33 Mother‟s Day song Adam Sandler
34 Music of my heart NSYNC
37 Slipping through my fingers ABBA
38 Soldier‟s last letter Earnest Tubb
40 Thank you, Mom Good Charlotte
41 Thanks to you Richard Marx
44 The best day Taylor Swift
45 The mom song Anita Renfroe
46 The perfect fan Backstreet Boys
47 Treat your mother right Mr T
48 Turn to you Justin Bieber
49 You‟ll be in my heart Phil Collins
50 Your mother and mine Wendy Darling
(soundtrack of Peter Pan film)
APPENDIX B LIST OF VIETNAMESE SONGS
No Names of songs Authors or singers
1 À ơi tay Mẹ Trần Viết Tân
2 Bà mẹ quê Phạm Duy
3 Bài hát tặng mẹ Kyo
4 Bàn tay mẹ Bùi Đình Thảo
5 Bao la tình mẹ Quốc An
6 Bóng cả Vũ Quốc Việt
7 Bông hồng cài áo Thích Nhất Hạnh
8 Ca dao mẹ Trịnh Công Sơn
9 Chỉ có thể là mẹ Lê Minh Trung
10 Chúc mừng tuổi mẹ Lê Đức Long
11 Chuyện ngày xưa của mẹ Phi Hùng
12 Con cò Lưu Hà An
13 Đất nước Phạm Minh Tuấn
14 Đất nước lời ru Văn Thành Nho
15 Đi tìm lời ru của mẹ Vân Quang Long
17 Đưa cơm cho mẹ đi cày Hàn Ngọc Bích
18 Hát về mẹ Việt Nam anh hùng An Thuyên
19 Huyền thoại mẹ Trịnh Công Sơn
20 Lời ru cho con Nguyễn Xuân
21 Lời ru của mẹ Mạnh Quỳnh
22 Lời ru của mẹ Trần Tử Thiêng &
23 Lời ru trên nương Trần Hoàn
25 Mẹ như tia nắng Trịnh Vĩnh Thành
27 Mẹ con đã về Mạnh Quân
28 Mẹ là Phật Võ Tá Hân
31 Mẹ tôi Ngô Trần Nguyễn
32 Mẹ yêu Ba con mèo
33 Mẹ yêu con Nguyễn Văn Tý
34 Mơ về mẹ Dương Thụ
35 Mừng tuổi mẹ Trần Long Ẩn
36 Người mẹ của tôi Xuân Hồng
37 Nhật kí của mẹ Nguyễn Văn Chung
39 Nhớ mẹ quê Nguyễn Đức Trung
40 Nhớ ơn mẹ Phan Đinh Tùng
41 Nỗi buồn mẹ tôi Minh Vy
42 Quang gánh mẹ tôi Lê Đức Hùng
43 Tấm áo chiến sĩ mẹ vá năm xưa Nguyễn Văn Tý
44 Thư xuân cho mẹ Vũ Đức Hạnh
45 Tiếng ru thần tiên của mẹ Phương Thùy
46 Tình mẹ Nguyễn Nhất Huy
48 Tự khúc mẹ ru Vũ Khắc Tuận
