1.8 Fossil Fuel Consumption in the Transport Sector
1.8.1 Energy Consumption in Transport Sector: Indian Perspective
Energy consumption in the transport sector is evenly distributed between freight and passenger transportation as shown in Figure 1.19. Road transport is the most used means of transport, followed by air and then rail. Finally, a very small quantity of energy is used for waterways transport.
In 2004, diesel and motor gasoline represented 90% of the final energy consumed in the transport sector, while jet kerosene represented 8% and electricity 2% [12]. Diesel is the most used form of energy, with a share of 66%, followed by motor gasoline with 24%. Statistics of energy consumption
Base scenario Energy use by mode of transport
Base scenario, 2010–2030, MTOE/year 2030 energy consumption by source Base scenario
MTOE/year
CAGR: 1.7% 3076
2623 CAGR 2186
3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
02010 2020 2030Other
Diesel
Energy consumption and CO2 emissions Total oil (MTOE) ~2100 ~2900 1.6%
~100 ~200 4.2%
6.7 9.3 1.7%
2010 2030 CAGR Total alternative
(MTOE) CO2 (Gt)
Jet 13%
1%4%
7%
46%
1%
28%
Gasoline Electricity Biofuels LPG/CNG Residual
Truck 1.0%
LDV 1.9%
Aviation 3.3%
Marine 0.9%
Rail 0.4%
Bus (1.0%)
FIGURE 1.18
Establishing a baseline for 2030 energy demand. (Adapted from Repowering transport—
A cross-industry report, World Economic Forum, Geneva, February 2011.)
over time from the Ministry of Oil and Gas show a steady increase of motor gasoline; however, statistics for diesel consumption show uneven trends. In 1996, a serious break in the series occurred when diesel consumption in the transport sector plunged by 26%. In reality, no major activity disturbance or technology breakthrough can explain such a decline over a 1-year period. It is believed that a major restructuring in statistics accounting explains this trend; however, no official document or note was found to justify this argu- ment. Hence, it is assumed that more recent statistics on diesel consumption for the transport sector reflect the real consumption. Figure 1.20 shows data for motor gasoline and diesel consumption based on the bottom-up model.
Figure 1.20 also shows trends from fuel consumption data by different vehi- cles collected from the national statistics from MOSPI and the IEA.
Diesel consumption shows a different trend as compared to motor gasoline (Figure 1.20a and b). From 1999, instead of continuing its escalating trend, diesel consumption showed a fall for a couple of years and started increasing again after 2003. This is in contradiction with sales data on truck and diesel cars.
Figure 1.21 shows that the fossil fuel energy consumption (% of total) in India was 73.05 in 2009, according to a World Bank report published in 2010.
The fossil fuel energy consumption (% of total) in India was reported at 71.03 in 2008, according to the World Bank [12]. Fossil fuel comprises coal, oil, petroleum and natural gas products.
Figure 1.22 shows the road sector diesel fuel consumption (kt of oil equiva- lent) in India, which was reported at 25,553.00 in 2008, according to the World Bank. Diesel is a heavy oil used as a fuel in diesel engines.
1400 1200 1000 800 600 400Passenger
Freight
Air Water
Water
PJ
Air – RoadRail
3-wheelers
2-wheelers Bus Jeeps
Cars Rail
Road
200
Final energy Passenger road
–
FIGURE 1.19
Transport energy consumption per mode in 2004. (Adapted from Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), www.bee-india.nic.in, 2007.)
FU Gasoline (a)
(b)
Auto-rickshaws Jeeps Cars Two-wheelers Calculated MOSPI IEA 400
350
300 250 200 150
100
50
1980 1983 1986 1989 1992
Diesel
1995 1998 2001 2004
0
FU
Train LCVs Trucks Buses Cars
Calculated MOSPI + Kero MOSPI IEA 1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004
0
FIGURE 1.20
(a) Gasoline transport consumption. (b) Diesel transport consumption. (Adapted from International Energy Agency, Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries 2004–2005, IEA/
OECD, Paris, France, 2007a.)
Figure 1.23 shows the road sector gasoline fuel consumption (kt of oil equivalent) in India, which was reported at 11,257.00 in 2008, according to the World Bank. Gasoline is a light hydrocarbon oil used in internal combustion engines such as motor vehicles, excluding aircraft.
The Asian Institute of Transport Development (AITD) [14] conducted a comparative assessment of rail and road transport in India from the perspec- tives of social and environmental sustainability. The study observed that the energy consumption on different inter-city rail sections in the case of freight traffic varied between 10.28% and 25.01% of the energy consumed by road transport in parallel stretches of state and national highways. In the case of passenger transport, the energy consumption on rail varied between 78.77%
and 94.91% of the energy consumed by road transport (Figures 1.24 and 1.25).
80 70 60 50 40
30 Jan/76
Percentage (%)
Jan/84 Jan/92 Jan/00 Jan/08 30
40 50 60 70 80
FIGURE 1.21
Fossil fuel energy consumption (% of total) in India. (Adapted from M. Karpoor, Vision 2020 Transport, prepared for the Planning Commission, 2002.)
12,000 10,000 8000 6000 4000 2000
0 Jan/74
Ktoe (kilo-tonne of oil equivalent)
Jan/81 Jan/88 Jan/95 Jan/02 0
2000 4000 6000 8000 10,000 12,000
FIGURE 1.22
Road sector diesel consumption in India. (Adapted from M. Karpoor, Vision 2020 Transport, prepared for the Planning Commission, 2002.)
Furthermore, the land requirement for road corridor has been observed to be two and a half times that of the rail corridor.