rantulas.
(b) Eating insects is disgusting!
(c) In Japan, gourmets relish aquatic fly larvae sauted in sugar and soy sauce.
(d) Many South Africans adore fried termites with com- m eal porridge.
6. W hen you are deciding which sentence types to use, consider all the following factors except
(a) Purpose
(b) Your handwriting (c) Audience
(d) Subject
7. Which of the following is a simple sentence?
(a) The “Z IP” in zip code stands for “zone improve
ment plan.”
(b) Lyndon Johnson loved the soda Fresca so much he had a fountain installed in the Oval Office that dis
pensed the beverage, which the president could oper
ate by pushing a button on his desk chair.
(c) T h ere was some question as to w hether Barry Goldwater could legally serve as president because the Constitution requires presidents to be bom in the United States and Goldwater was born in Arizona before it was a state.
(d) Despite being only five stories high, the Pentagon is one of the biggest office buildings in the world.
8. Which of the following is a compound sentence?
(a) Sirimauo Bandranaike of Sri Lanka becam e the world’s first popularly elected fem ale head of state in
1960.
IRS
(b) Andrew Jackson was the only U.S. president who believed that the world was flat.
(c) Six-time Socialist party candidate for President of the United States Norman Thomas never polled more than 884,000 popular votes in one election, but his in
fluence on American political and social thought was very effective.
(d) The first U.S. president to ride in an automobile was William McKinley.
9. Which of the following is a complex sentence?
(a) George W ashington’s false teeth w ere m ade of whale bone.
(b) George Washington was deathly afraid of being bur
ied alive.
(c) W ashington’s second inaugural address was 138 words long.
(d) If children are capable of creating grammar with
out any instruction, then such grammar must preexist in their brains.
10. Which of the following is a compound-complex sen
tence?
(a) When President Franklin Pierce ran down an eld
erly woman, the charges against him could not be proven, and the case was dismissed.
(b) W hen George Washington was elected president, there was a king in France, a czarina in Russia, an em peror in China, and a shogun in Japan.
(c) George Washington had to borrow money to go to his own inauguration.
(d) James K. Polk was the only president to have been Speaker of the House.
11. Which word group is a fragment?
(a) The Pentagon has more than 3 million square feet of office space it can house about 30,000 employees.
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(b) Theodore Roosevelt’s wife and mother dying on the same day.
(c) Currently, there are more handwritten letters from George Washington than from John F. Kennedy.
(d) The Baby Ruth candy bar was actually named after Grover C leveland’s baby daughter, Ruth.
12. Which of the following sentences is correct?
(a) For example, thousands of edible termites can be raised in a 6-foot mound the same number of cattle re
quires hundreds of acres of grassland.
(b) For example, thousands of edible termites can be raised in a 6-foot mound, the same number of cattle requires hundreds of acres of grassland.
(c) For example, thousands of edible termites can be raised in a 6-foot mound; the same number of cattle requires hundreds of acres of grassland.
(d) For example, thousands of edible termites can be raised in a 6-foot mound how ever the same number of cattle requires hundreds of acres of grassland.
13. Which of the following sentences is correct?
(a) We may think of insects as dirty, they are actually cleaner than other creatures.
(b) We may think of insects as dirty they are actually cleaner than other creatures.
(c) W e may think of insects as dirty, but they are actu
ally cleaner than other creatures.
(d) We may think of insects as dirty since they arc ac
tually cleaner than other creatures.
14. Which of the following sentences is correct?
(a) More than one million species of insects and worms exist, and humans can eat about 1,400 of these species.
(b) More than one million species of insects and worms exist, humans can eat about 1,400 of these species.
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(c) More than one million species of insects and worms exist humans can eat about 1,400 of these species.
(d) More than one million species of insects and worms exist so humans can eat about 1,400 of these species.
15. Which of the following sentences is correct?
(a) Those polled were most repulsed about American fast food, they had difficulty with the concept of wash
ing down ground b eef with melted ice cream.
(b) Those polled were most repulsed about American fast food they had difficulty with the concept o f wash
ing down ground b eef with melted ice cream.
(c) Those polled were most repulsed about American fast food, they had difficulty with the concept of wash
ing down ground b eef with melted ice cream.
(d) Those polled were most repulsed about American fast food because they had difficulty with the concept of washing down ground b eef with melted ice cream.
16. Which of the following sentences is correct?
(a) You know that insects are healthful, but what do they taste like.
(b) You know that insects are healthful what do they taste like!
(c) You know that insects are healthful, what do they taste like?
(d) You know that insects are healthful, but what do they taste like?
Bdi tap k&u) em
Sura tat ca nhtfng loi sai trong doan van sau.
Not surprisingly each type of insects has its own taste.
One type of caterpillar has been compared to a mush
room om elet a Mexican stinkbug has a pleasant cinna
mon flavor despite its unappealing name. Catherine 191
Fowler a professor of anthropology at the University of Nevada, Reno described the taste of Pandora moth cat
erpillars as “very good like scrambled egg omelet with mushrooms.” Tom Turpin a professor of Entomology at Purdue University enjoys “chocolate chirpy cook
ie s ” chocolate chip cookies with roasted crickets. Gene DeFoliart likes greater wax moth larvae, tastes like bacon when deep fried.
f)d p d a
C au h o i d u n g - sai
l . T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T
6. T 7. F 8. F 9. F 10. T
11. T 12. T 13. F 14. F 15. T
16. F 17. T 18. F 19. T 20. T
C au h o i d a n g h o a n th a n h c a u
1.1. chinh yeu 2. cau gh6p b&ng dau phay
3. cau dinh lien 4. doc lap
5. phu thuoc 6. dau cham phay
7. nonetheless 8. menh de phu thuoc
9. menh de chinh 10. doc lap
11. co the 12. van phong ca nhan
13. ddn gian hdn 15. loai bo khoi
14. co dpng
C au h o i tr a c n g h ie n i
1. b 2. c 3. c 4. d 5. b
6. b 7. a 8. c 9. d 10. a
11. b 12. c 16. d
13. c 14. a 15. d
Not surprisingly, each type of insect has its own taste. One type of caterpillar has been compared to a mushroom omelet; a Mexican stink- bug has a pleasant cinnamon flavor despite its unappealing name.
Catherine Fowler, a professor of anthropology at the University of Ne
vada, Reno, described the taste of Pandora moth caterpillars as “very good— like a scrambled egg omelet with mushrooms.” Tom Turpin, a professor of entomology at Purdue University, enjoys “chocolate chirpy cookies,” which are chocolate chip cookies with roasted crickets. Gene DeFoliart likes greater wax moth larvae, which taste like bacon when deep fried.
Bai tap n an g cao
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(Jan itamj lap oa can clnnli pJui
Tdi cd c a n d p c chirong n a y khong?
Bau ucu doc clii^dug uav ucu bau cau on lai boac boc vc• •
SSp x£p mfnh di phu thuoc va mfnh Sk doc 13p theo kiifu ding lfp SS tao cSu ro rang va hop logic.
Sip x2p mfnh di theo ki2u chinh phu di ciu d\xqc sue tich va trang nha
Tao iuqc cau true song song (parallel structure) trong cau
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d&u,
(3 day, ban se hoc de co the xac dinh phan nao trong cau c in nhan manh bang cach tao can d in g lap va cau chinh phu. Khi ban tao cau d in g lap va cau clnnh phu, ban se tao ra moi quan lie ro rang va logic giffa cac y. Ban cung se hoc cach suf dung cau true song song hang cach sap xg'p cac y theo dang can xufng (hoac song song).
Sdp xip cac phdn ciia cdu theo ki$u d<3ng lap
Trong chtfdng 8, ban da hoc cach ghep cac phan cua cau de tranh loi hai cau dinh lien va cau chtfa hoan chinh. Tuy nhien, ta khong chi noi cac phan cua cau bang cach lien ket ddn gian nhtf vay. Ban phai quyet dinh phan nao cua cau can nhan manh va tai sao phai nhan manh. Neu nhan manh dung trong tam thi ban se co the dien dat y ttfdng khi viet mot cach manh me va day phong cach.
Co luc ban muon dien dat hai hoac nhieu y co tam quan trong nhtf nhau trong cung mot cau. Trong trtfdng hdp do, ban dang tim cach sap xep theo kieu dang lap. Sap xep cau theo kieu dang lap (sentence coor
dination) giup ta lien ket cac y co cung tam quan trong nhtf nhau. Qua trinh nay se mang den stf can bang trong bai viet cua ban b in g cach ghep cac menh de doc lap co quan he vdi nhau. Sap xep theo kieu dang lap doi hoi phai dung dung ttf hoac danh dau cau cho dung de the hien nhtfng moi quan he khac nhau giffa cac y.
Co bon cach sap xep thanh phan cau theo kieu dang lap:
1. Dung mot lien ttf ket hdp (coordinating conjunction) 2. Dung mot cap lien tff ttfdng lien (correlative conjunctions) 3. Dung dau cham phay
4. Dung mot dau cham phay va mot trang ttf lien ket (conjunction adverb).
, Ta hay xem xet tffng phtfdng phap.
1. Dung lien tiif ket hdp (coordinating conjunction)
Khi viet, ban hay dung lien tif ket hdp mieu ta moi lien h§ chinh xac giffa c ic <j. Moi lien tff ket hdp c6 nghla khdc nhau nhff trong bang dffdi day:
Lien tff ket h</p Nghla Chtfc nang
And va lien ket cac y
But nhffng tffdng phan cac y
For VI chi nguyen nhan
Nor cung khong lam tang tinh phu djnh
Or hoac the hien cac kha nang
So vi vay chi ket qua
Yet tuy nhien chi stf ttfdng phan hoac khdc biet 2. Dung cap lien tff tffdng lien (correlative conjunctions)
Lien ket cau bang lien tff tffdng lien neu ban muon tao ra stf can bSng giffa hai menh de doc lap.
Either... or neither... nor Not only... but also both..and 3. Dung dau cham phay
Lien ket cac menh de doc lap bang dau cham phay de the hien tam quan trong ngang bang cua cac y.
A cause is what happens; the effect is the result.
Nguyen nhan la dieu xay ra; tdc dung Id ket qua.
The m echanic adjusted the carburetor; T in a ’s car now runs smoothly.
Ngudi tho may da-chinh bo che hda khi; xe cua Tina bay gid chay rat em.
4. Dung dau cham phay va mot trang tff lien ket.
Nhu” da hoc trong chtfdng 8, ta biet co rat nhieu trang tff lien ket khac nhau. Mot so' trang tff chi gom mot tff; so khac la mot cum tif.
consequently furthermore therefore
nevertheless as a result for example
however nonetheless in addition
Dau cham phay v l trang tir lien ket di vdi nhau the hien nhffng moi lien he k hic nhau v l dieu n ly phu thuoc vio trang tff lien ket. Nhffng loai quan h? thtfdng g lp 11 vi du, md rong v l tffdng phan.
I adore chili; unfortunately, it doesn’t adore me!
Tdi me mon dt; tiec thay, no lai khong me toi!
The invention of air-conditioners has greatly influenced major mi
gration trends; for example, Sunbelt cities such as Phoenix, At
lanta, Dallas, and Houston would never have grown as success
fully without air-conditioning.
Phat minh may dieu hoa khong khi dd anh hudng rat Idn tdi khuynh hudng di cU; vi du cac thdnh pho mien Nam nhu Phoenix, Atlanta, Dallas vd Houston se khong bao gid phat trien thdnh cong md khong cd may dieu hoa.
Hay lam theo c ic bffdc sau day khi ban ghep cac menh de doc lap theo kieu ding lap:
• Quyet dinh nhffng y nao co the va nen ghep lai vdi nhau.
• Chon phffdng phap ghep d in g lap thich hdp de the hien moi lien he giffa c ic y.
Moi cich ghdp cau dang lap tao ra mdi quan he hdi k h ic nhau giffa cic y. Thffdng la khong cd cau tra Idi “chinh x ic 100%” khi ban chon lien tff vl dau cau nao de ghep cau theo kieu din g lap. Nhir moi khi, hay luon nhd “ba yeu td quan trong” trong dau:
• Ngffdi dpc. Ngirdi doc ma ban nham tdi va nhffng gi ho mong muon.
• Muc dich. Tai sao ban lai viet (de giai tri, hffdng dan, thuyet phuc, mieu ta)
• Van phong. Lffa chon cua rieng ban trong viec chon tff va cau true cau.
Khi luyen tap thirdng xuyen, ban se thay mot sd cau trau chuot va logic hdn nhffng cau khic. Hay xem nhffng vi du sau:
Khong lien ket: The dog’s fur was tangled. We took her in for grooming.
Long cho roi len cd roi. Chung tdi dem nd vdo chdi long.
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Lien k et: The dog’s fur was tangled, we took her in for grooming.
Long cho roi len cd roi, vi vay chung tdi dem no vao chui long.
The dog’s fur was tangled; therefore, so we took her in for grooming.
Long cho roi len cd roi; do do chung toi dem no vdo chui long.
The dog’s fur was tangled; as a result, we took her in for grooming.
Long cho roi len cd roi; bdi vuy chung toi dem no vdo chui long.
K hong lien k e t: There have been many controversial World Se
ries. The most infamous was certainly the thrown World Series of 1919.
Co nhieu Gidi dd'u The gidi gay tranh cai. Tai tieng nhat di nhien la gidi The gidi to chiic ndm 1919.
L ien k e t: There have been many controversial World Series, but the most infamous was certainly the thrown World Series of 1919.
Cd nhieu Gidi dau The gidi gay tranh cai, nhitng tai tieng nhat di nhien Id gidi The gidi to chtfc ndm 1919.
There have been many controversial World Series; however, the most infamous was certainly the thrown World Series of 1919.
Cd nhieu Gidi dau The gidi gay tranh cai; tuy nhien, tai tieng nhat d l nhien Id gidi The gidi td chtfc ndm 1919.
K hong lien k e t: Jack lost his briefcase. Jack lost his cellphone.
Jack lam mat va ly. Jack 1dm mat dien thoai.
L ien k e t: Jack lost his briefcase and his cellphone.
Jack 1dm mat va ly vd dien thoai.
Jack lost not only his briefcase but also his cellphone.
Jack khong chi lam mat va ly md con mat dien thoui.
K hong lien k e t: Each year it seems to get harder to pay for a college education. At least $500 million in private-sector money is available to help students pay for their college education.
Mdi ndm dudng nhuddng tien hoc dai hoc ngay cang kho. it nlid't Id 500 trieu dd trong cdc trudng tUnhun duoc dua ra de giup sinh vien trd tien hoc.
198
Lien ket: Each year it seems to get harder to pay for a college education, hut at least $500 million in private-sector money is avail
able to help students pay for their college education.
Moi n d m d u d n g n h u d u n g tien h o c d a i h o c n g a y c a n g kh o; n h u n g it n h a t Id 500 trie u d o tro n g c a c tru d n g tu nhan dU t/c d u a ra d e g iu p sin h vien tr d tien hoc.
Each year it seems to get harder to pay for a college education;
however, at least $500 million in private-sector money is avail
able to help students pay for their college education.
Moi ndm dudng nhuddng tien hoc dai hoc ngay cang kho; tuy nhien, it nhat la 500 trieu do trong cac trudng tUnhdn duoc dua ra de giup sinh vien trd tien hoc.
Hay cfi’n than, dffng noi nhffng y khong co quan lie gi vdi nhau. Khi do, ban se tao ra moi lien lie md ho giffa cac y lioSc la noi qua nliiSu y trong cung mot cau. Lifa chon qua kieu cach thffcfng gay ra nhffng cau roi rSm day.
Ghep cac thdnh phdn trong cdu theo ki$u chinh phu
Ghep cau theo kieu chinh phu (subordination) nghla la ghep hai menh de khong ngang hang nhffng co lien he vdi nhau bang mot lien tff phu thuoc (subordinating conjunction) de tao thanh mot cau phffc. Ghep cau kieu dang lap (coordination) dien dat mdi quan he giffa cac menh de doc lap; trai lai, ghep cau kieu chinh phu dien ta moi quan he giffa cac y khong dong dfing.
Khi ban ghep cau theo kieu chinh phu ttfc la ban dang dung menh de phu thuoc de phat trien cho menh de chinh. Ghep cau kieu chinh phu giup ban phat trien y. vach ra nidi lien he giffa cac y va nhan manh mot y nao dd so vdi cac y khac.
199
Vi vay, c6 the ban se muon dilng cach gh6p chinh phu de mang den cho bai viet (va bai noi!) cua ban tinh logic, mach lac va thong nhat cao hOn.
Cung giong nhff gh6p cau kieu d in g lap, ghep cau kieu chinh phu cung can phai co logic va dau tff suy nghi.
Hay lam theo bon btfdc sau de gh6p y theo kieu chinh phu:
1. Trffdc tien la chon y hoSc m?nh de ma ban nghi la quan trpng nhat.
2. Sau d6 bien no thanh menh de chinh bang cach them vao chu ngtf hoac dong tff neu can. Dam bao menh de chinh cung dien dat mpt y hoan chinh.
3. Chon lien tff phu thuoc the hien ro nhat mdi quan he giffa menh de chinh va menh de phu thuoc.
4. Quyet dinh xem nen dat menh de chinh hay menh de phu 5 trirdc.
Xem thff tff nao se giup ban dat dtfdc muc dich cua minh vi tao hffng thu cho ngtfdi doc.
Co nhieu lien tff phu thuoc, gom after, although, because, before, if, though, since, when, till, unless, wherever, where. Bang sau day cho thay mot vai lien tff phu thuoc thffdng dilng nhat va mdi lien he ma chung tao ra.
L ien tff phu thupc As, because
W hether, rather than, than Even if, if, unless, provided that Though, even though, although So, so that, in order that, that W herever, where
Since, until, when, while, after, before, once, whenver
Khi luyen tap thtfdng xuyen, ban se thay co mot sd cau troi chay va logic hdn nhffng cau khac. Hay xem cac vi du sau day:
K hong lien k e t: It snowed all night. School was closed the fol
lowing day.
M oi lien h£
nguyen nhan, ly do ltfa chon
dieu kien ttfdng phan he qua, ket qua ndi chon
thdi gian
Trdi do tuyet cd dem. Trudng hoc bi dong cuta vdo ngay horn sau.
Li6n k e t: Because it snowed all night, school was closed the fol
lowing day.
Vi trdi do tuyet cd dem, trudng hyc bi dong cuta vdo ngay horn sau.
Since it snowed all night, school was closed the following day.
V7 trdi do tuyet cd dem, trudng hoc bi dong cuta vdo ngay horn sau.
Khong lien ket: About two million dollars had been bet on the Cincinnati Reds to win. The White Sox were favored five to one.
Ngudi ta dd cuac khodng hai trieu do la la d()i Cincinnati se thang.
D(>i White Sox duoc cd ndm an mot.
Lien ket: Even though the White Sox were favored five to one, about two million dollars had been bet on the Cincinnati Reds to win.
Ngay cd khi d o i White Sox dUifc cd ndm an mot, ngudi ta c u a c khodng hai tri£u d o la la d o i Cincinnati se thang.
Although the White Sox were favored five to one, about two mil
lion dollars had been bet on the Cincinnati Reds to win.
Mac du d o i White Sox d u o c cd ndm an m()t, ngUdi ta cU dc khodng hai tri^u dd la Id doi Cincinnati se thang.
Khong lien ket: A tornado can pick up a house and drop it hun
dreds of feet away. These are extremely dangerous storms.
Mot ccm lo c x o d y c o th e h a t c d c a n nhd vd n e m n o x u d n g c a c h xa hung tram f e e t. Day la nhffng can b a o cUc ky n g u y h iem .
Li§n ket: Since a tornado can pick up a house and drop it hun
dreds of feet away, these are extremely dangerous storms.
V? m o t ca n lo c x o d y c o th e h a t c d ca n nhd vd n em n d x u d n g c a c h xa h a n g tr a m f e e t, d a y la nhffng ccfn b a o cUc k y n g u y h iem .
Khong lien ket: The case was finally tried. The three men denied having made any confessions. They denied having been involed in any way in the rigging scheme. There was no proof against them.
Vu an cuoi cung dd duoc xff. Ba ngudi dan ong tff choi Id dd khai nhan. Ho khdng nhan la cd lien quan gl vdi ke hoach Iffa ddo. Khong cd bang chffng nao chdng lai ho.
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