According to the previous definition ofRas a com- bination ofM andP, three alternative strategies are applicable to reduce the risk:
1. Prevention strategy. It aims to reduce P, mainly by changing the configuration of the system or
a part of it, e. g., by adopting more reliable com- ponents, or operating on its connections, or mod- ifying the operative conditions, or planning a dif- ferent exploitation of the system. For this purpose, maintenance plays a fundamental role for the sup- port of planning, execution, and control activities.
2. Protection strategy. It aims to reduceM, mainly by interventions on the system in order to pro- tect any exposed subject and to reduce the out- comes of the event. In the case of individual pro- tection, the employer must provide some protec- tive devices, such as earphones, gloves, shoes, and overalls, capable of protecting the individual op- erator from specific hazards. Some devices are, of course, capable of reducing M for a group of people, or a community, in the same environ- ment: e. g., acoustic baffles for noise reduction, fire-extinguisher devices3 such as hydrants, fire doors, and every solution to create compartments.4 In exchange, in such a situation it is possible to have some operators deliberately without individ- ual protection.
3. Mixed strategy. A combination of the previous strategies.
3“Active” devices
4“Passive” devices
Table 3.4 CEN/TC Ergonomics, standards published since 2008. Part 1
Standard Title Standard Title
EN 1005-1:2001 Safety of machinery - Human physical performance - Part 1: Terms and definions
EN 981:1996+A1:2008 Safety of machinery - System of auditory and visual danger and informaon signals
EN ISO 13406-2:2001 Erg. requirements for work with visual displays based on flat panels - Part 2: Erg.
requirements for flat panel displays (ISO 13406-2:2001)
EN 1005-2:2003 Safety of machinery - Human physical performance - Part 2: Manual handling of machinery and component parts of machinery
EN ISO 10075-1:2000 Erg. principles related to mental work-load - Part 1: General terms and definions (ISO 10075:1991)
EN ISO 13407:1999 Human-centred design processes for interacve systems (ISO 13407:1999) EN 1005-3:2002 Safety of machinery - Human physical
performance - Part 3: Recommended force limits for machinery operaon
EN ISO 10075-2:2000 Erg. principles related to mental workload - Part 2: Design principles (ISO 10075- 2:1996)
EN ISO 13731:2001 Erg.s of the thermal environment - Vocabulary and symbols (ISO 13731:2001)
EN 1005-4:2005 Safety of machinery - Human physical performance - Part 4: Evaluaon of working postures and movements in relaon to machinery
EN ISO 10075-3:2004 Erg. principles related to mental workload - Part 3: Principles and requirements concerning methods for measuring and assessing mental workload (ISO 10075- 3:2004)
EN ISO 13732-1:2008 Erg.s of the thermal environment - Methods for the assessment of human responses to contact with surfaces - Part 1:
Hot surfaces (ISO 13732-1:2006)
EN 1005-5:2007 Safety of machinery - Human physical performance - Part 5: Risk assessment for repeve handling at high frequency
EN ISO 10551:2001 Erg.s of the thermal environment - Assessment of the influence of the thermal environment using subjecve judgement scales (ISO 10551:1995)
EN ISO 13732-3:2008 Erg.s of the thermal environment - Methods for the assessment of human responses to contact with surfaces - Part 3:
Cold surfaces (ISO 13732-3:2005) EN 13861:2002 Safety of machinery - Guidance for the
applicaon of Erg.s standards in the design of machinery
EN ISO 11064-1:2000 Erg. design of control centres - Part 1:
Principles for the design of control centres (ISO 11064-1:2000)
EN ISO 14505-2:2006 Erg.s of the thermal environment - Evaluaon of thermal environments in vehicles - Part 2: Determinaon of equivalent temperature (ISO 14505-2:2006) EN 13921:2007 Personal protecve equipment - Erg.
principles
EN ISO 11064-2:2000 Erg. design of control centres - Part 2:
Principles for the arrangement of control suites (ISO 11064-2:2000)
EN ISO 14505-3:2006 Erg.s of the thermal environment - Evaluaon of the thermal environment in vehicles - Part 3: Evaluaon of thermal comfort using human subjects (ISO 14505- 3:2006)
EN 27243:1993 Hot environments - Esmaon of the heat stress on working man, based on the WBGT- index (wet bulb globe temperature) (ISO 7243:1989)
EN ISO 11064-3:1999 Erg. design of control centres - Part 3:
Control room layout (ISO 11064-3:1999)
EN ISO 14738:2008 Safety of machinery - Anthropometric requirements for the design of workstaons at machinery (ISO 14738:2002, including Cor 1:2003 and Cor 2:2005)
EN 547-1:1996+A1:2008 Safety of machinery - Human body measurements - Part 1: Principles for determining the dimensions required for openings for whole body access into machinery
EN ISO 11064-3:1999/AC:2002 Erg. design of control centres - Part 3:
Control room layout (ISO 11064- 3:1999/Cor.1:2002)
EN ISO 14915-1:2002 Soware Erg.s for mulmedia user interfaces - Part 1: Design principles and framework (ISO 14915-1:2002) EN ISO 20685:2005 3-D scanning methodologies for
internaonally compable anthropometric databases (ISO 20685:2005)
EN ISO 6385:2004 Erg. principles in the design of work systems (ISO 6385:2004)
EN ISO 7250:1997 Basic human body measurements for technological design (ISO 7250:1996) EN ISO 7726:2001 Erg.s of the thermal environment -
Instruments for measuring physical quanes (ISO 7726:1998) EN ISO 7730:2005 Erg.s of the thermal environment -
Analycal determinaon and interpretaon of thermal comfort using calculaon of the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort criteria (ISO 7730:2005) EN ISO 7731:2008 Erg.s - Danger signals for public and work
areas - Auditory danger signals (ISO 7731:2003)
EN ISO 7933:2004 Erg.s of the thermal environment - Analycal determinaon and interpretaon of heat stress using calculaon of the predicted heat strain (ISO 7933:2004) EN ISO 8996:2004 Erg.s of the thermal environment -
Determinaon of metabolic rate (ISO 8996:2004)
EN ISO 9241-110:2006 Erg.s of human-system interacon - Part 110: Dialogue principles (ISO 9241- 110:2006)
Table 3.5 CEN/TC Ergonomics, standards published since 2008. Part 2
Standard Title Standard Title
EN 547-2:1996+A1:2008 Safety of machinery - Human body measurements - Part 2: Principles for determining the dimensions required for access openings
EN ISO 11064-4:2004 Erg. design of control centres - Part 4:
Layout and dimensions of workstaons (ISO 11064-4:2004)
EN ISO 14915-2:2003 Soware Erg.s for mulmedia user interfaces - Part 2: Mulmedia navigaon and control (ISO 14915-2:2003)
EN ISO 9241-151:2008 Erg.s of human-system interacon - Part 151: Guidance on World Wide Web user interfaces (ISO 9241-151:2008) EN 547-3:1996+A1:2008 Safety of machinery - Human body
measurements - Part 3: Anthropometric data
EN ISO 11064-5:2008 Erg. design of control centres - Part 5:
Displays and controls (ISO 11064-5:2008)
EN ISO 14915-3:2002 Soware Erg.s for mulmedia user interfaces - Part 3: Media selecon and combinaon (ISO 14915-3:2002)
EN ISO 9241-171:2008 Erg.s of human-system interacon - Part 171: Guidance on soware accessibility (ISO 9241-171:2008)
EN 614-1:2006 Safety of machinery - Erg. design principles - Part 1: Terminology and general principles
EN ISO 11064-6:2005 Erg. design of control centres - Part 6:
Environmental requirements for control centres (ISO 11064-6:2005)
EN ISO 15265:2004 Erg.s of the thermal environment - Risk assessment strategy for the prevenon of stress or discomfort in thermal working condions (ISO 15265:2004)
EN ISO 9241-400:2007 Erg.s of human-system interacon - Part 400: Principles and requirements for physical input devices (ISO 9241-400:2007) EN 614-2:2000+A1:2008 Safety of machinery - Erg. design principles -
Part 2: Interacons between the design of machinery and work tasks
EN ISO 11064-7:2006 Erg. design of control centres - Part 7:
Principles for the evaluaon of control centres (ISO 11064-7:2006)
EN ISO 15535:2006 General requirements for establishing anthropometric databases (ISO 15535:2006)
EN ISO 9241-410:2008 Erg.s of human-system interacon - Part 410: Design criteria for physical input devices (ISO 9241-410:2008) EN 842:1996+A1:2008 Safety of machinery - Visual danger signals -
General requirements, design and tesng
EN ISO 11079:2007 Erg.s of the thermal environment - Determinaon and interpretaon of cold stress when using required clothing insulaon (IREQ) and local cooling effects (ISO 11079:2007)
EN ISO 15536-1:2008 Erg.s - Computer manikins and body templates - Part 1: General requirements (ISO 15536-1:2005)
EN ISO 9886:2004 Erg.s - Evaluaon of thermal strain by physiological measurements (ISO 9886:2004)
EN 894-1:1997 Safety of machinery - Erg.s requirements for the design of displays and control actuators - Part 1: General principles for human interacons with displays and control actuators
EN ISO 11399:2000 Erg.s of the thermal environment - Principles and applicaon of relevant Internaonal Standards (ISO 11399:1995)
EN ISO 15536-2:2007 Erg.s - Computer manikins and body templates - Part 2: Verificaon of funcons and validaon of dimensions for computer manikin systems (ISO 15536-2:2007)
EN ISO 9920:2007 Erg.s of the thermal environment - Esmaon of thermal insulaon and water vapour resistance of a clothing ensemble (ISO 9920:2007)
EN 894-2:1997 Safety of machinery - Erg.s requirements for the design of displays and control actuators - Part 2: Displays
EN ISO 12894:2001 Erg.s of the thermal environment - Medical supervision of individuals exposed to extreme hot or cold environments (ISO 12894:2001)
EN ISO 15537:2004 Principles for selecng and using test persons for tesng anthropometric aspects of industrial products and designs (ISO 15537:2004)
EN ISO 9921:2003 Erg.s - Assessment of speech communicaon (ISO 9921:2003) EN 894-3:2000 Safety of machinery - Erg.s requirements
for the design of displays and control actuators - Part 3: Control actuators
EN ISO 13406-1:1999 Erg. requirements for work with visual display based on flat panels - Part 1:
Introducon (ISO 13406-1:1999)
EN ISO 15743:2008 Erg.s of the thermal environment - Cold workplaces - Risk assessment and management (ISO 15743:2008)
Every solution adopted for reducingRhas its own cost to be evaluated in conjunction with the effectiveness of the technical solutions, and to be compared with the currently available budget. In detail, laws and techni- cal regulations for safety in production systems always suggest performing activities with special attention to the budget and according to the following policies:
• Removal of hazard and risk.
• Preventive interventions for the reduction ofP.
• Preventive interventions for the community.
• Individual preventive interventions. These solu- tions are not too expensive for the employer and can be applied immediately.