Boldfigures equal units of either of the columns beside them; thus: 1 cm=0.394 inches and 1 inch=2.540 cm
LENGTH AREA VOLUME WEIGHT (MASS)
Centimetres Inches Square cm Square in Cubic cm Cubic in Kilograms Pounds
2.540 1 0.394 6.452 1 0.155 16.387 1 0.061 0.454 1 2.205
5.080 2 0.787 12.903 2 0.310 32.774 2 0.122 0.907 2 4.409
7.620 3 1.181 19.355 3 0.465 49.161 3 0.183 1.361 3 6.614
10.160 4 1.575 25.806 4 0.620 65.548 4 0.244 1.814 4 8.819
12.700 5 1.969 32.258 5 0.775 81.936 5 0.305 2.268 5 11.023
15.240 6 2.362 38.710 6 0.930 98.323 6 0.366 2.722 6 13.228
17.780 7 2.756 45.161 7 1.085 114.710 7 0.427 3.175 7 15.432
20.320 8 3.150 51.613 8 1.240 131.097 8 0.488 3.629 8 17.637
22.860 9 3.543 58.064 9 1.395 147.484 9 0.549 4.082 9 19.842
25.400 10 3.937 64.516 10 1.550 163.871 10 0.610 4.536 10 22.046
50.800 20 7.874 129.032 20 3.100 327.742 20 1.220 9.072 20 44.092
76.200 30 11.811 193.548 30 4.650 491.613 30 1.831 13.608 30 66.139
101.600 40 15.748 258.064 40 6.200 655.484 40 2.441 18.144 40 88.185
127.000 50 19.685 322.580 50 7.750 819.355 50 3.051 22.680 50 110.231
152.400 60 23.622 387.096 60 9.300 983.226 60 3.661 27.216 60 132.277
177.800 70 27.559 451.612 70 10.850 1147.097 70 4.272 31.752 70 154.324
203.200 80 31.496 516.128 80 12.400 1310.968 80 4.882 36.287 80 176.370
228.600 90 35.433 580.644 90 13.950 1474.839 90 5.492 40.823 90 198.416
254.000 100 39.370 645.160 100 15.500 1638.710 100 6.102 45.359 100 220.464
Metres Yards Square m Square yd Cubic m Cubic yd Metric tonnes Tons (UK)
0.914 1 1.094 0.836 1 1.196 0.765 1 1.308 1.016 1 0.984
1.829 2 2.187 1.672 2 2.392 1.529 2 2.616 2.032 2 1.968
2.743 3 3.281 2.508 3 3.588 2.294 3 3.924 3.048 3 2.953
3.658 4 4.374 3.345 4 4.784 3.058 4 5.232 4.064 4 3.937
4.572 5 5.468 4.181 5 5.980 3.823 5 6.540 5.080 5 4.921
5.486 6 6.562 5.017 6 7.176 4.587 6 7.848 6.096 6 5.905
6.401 7 7.655 5.853 7 8.372 5.352 7 9.156 7.112 7 6.889
7.315 8 8.749 6.689 8 9.568 6.116 8 10.464 8.128 8 7.874
8.230 9 9.843 7.525 9 10.764 6.881 9 11.772 9.144 9 8.858
9.144 10 10.936 8.361 10 11.960 7.646 10 13.080 10.161 10 9.842
18.288 20 21.872 16.723 20 23.920 15.291 20 26.159 20.321 20 19.684
27.432 30 32.808 25.084 30 35.880 22.937 30 39.239 30.481 30 29.526
36.576 40 43.745 33.445 40 47.840 30.582 40 52.318 40.642 40 39.368
45.720 50 54.681 41.806 50 59.799 38.228 50 65.398 50.802 50 49.210
54.864 60 65.617 50.168 60 71.759 45.873 60 78.477 60.963 60 59.052
64.008 70 76.553 58.529 70 83.719 53.519 70 91.557 71.123 70 68.894
73.152 80 87.489 66.890 80 95.679 61.164 80 104.636 81.284 80 78.737
82.296 90 98.425 75.251 90 107.639 68.810 90 117.716 91.444 90 88.579
91.440 100 109.361 83.613 100 119.599 76.455 100 130.795 101.605 100 98.421
Kilometres Miles Hectares Acres Litres Gallons Metric tonnes Tons (US)
1.609 1 0.621 0.405 1 2.471 4.546 1 0.220 0.907 1 1.102
3.219 2 1.243 0.809 2 4.942 9.092 2 0.440 1.814 2 2.205
4.828 3 1.864 1.214 3 7.413 13.638 3 0.660 2.722 3 3.305
6.437 4 2.485 1.619 4 9.844 18.184 4 0.880 3.629 4 4.409
8.047 5 3.107 2.023 5 12.355 22.730 5 1.100 4.536 5 5.521
9.656 6 3.728 2.428 6 14.826 27.276 6 1.320 5.443 6 6.614
11.265 7 4.350 2.833 7 17.297 31.822 7 1.540 6.350 7 7.716
12.875 8 4.971 3.327 8 19.769 36.368 8 1.760 7.257 8 8.818
14.484 9 5.592 3.642 9 22.240 40.914 9 1.980 8.165 9 9.921
16.093 10 6.214 4.047 10 24.711 45.460 10 2.200 9.072 10 11.023
32.187 20 12.427 8.094 20 49.421 90.919 20 4.400 18.144 20 22.046
48.280 30 18.641 12.140 30 74.132 136.379 30 6.599 27.216 30 33.069
64.374 40 24.855 16.187 40 98.842 181.839 40 8.799 36.287 40 44.092
80.467 50 31.069 20.234 50 123.555 227.298 50 10.999 45.359 50 55.116
96.561 60 37.282 24.281 60 148.263 272.758 60 13.199 54.431 60 66.139
112.654 70 43.496 28.328 70 172.974 318.217 70 15.398 63.503 70 77.162
128.748 80 49.710 32.375 80 197.684 363.677 80 17.598 72.575 80 88.185
144.841 90 55.923 36.422 90 222.395 409.137 90 19.798 81.647 90 99.208
160.934 100 62.137 40.469 100 247.105 454.596 100 21.998 90.719 100 110.231
1320 Weights and Measures
THEPERIODICTABLEOFELEMENTS 6 Carbon C 12.01 atomicnumber nameofelement chemicalnumber atomicmass
Alkali metals IA
Noble gases 11 Hydrogen H 1.01
Alkaline earth metals IIAIIIAIVA Non-metals VAVIAVIIA
2 Helium He 4.00 23 Lithium Li 6.94
4 Beryllium Be 9.01 Transitionmetals
5 Boron B 10.81
6 Carbon C 12.01
7 Nitrogen N 14.01
8 Oxygen O 16.00
9 Fluorine F 19.00
10 Neon Ne 20.18 311 Sodium Na 22.99
12 Magnesium Mg 24.31IIIBIVBVBVIBVIIVIIIIBIIB
13 Aluminium Al 26.98
14 Silicon Si 28.09
15 Phosphorus P 30.97
16 Sulphur S 32.07
17 Chlorine Cl 35.45
18 Argon Ar 39.95 419 Potassium K 39.10
20 Calcium Ca 40.08
21 Scandium Sc 44.96
22 Titanium Ti 47.88
23 Vanadium V 50.94
24 Chromium Cr 52.00
25 Manganese Mn 54.94
26 Iron Fe 55.85
27 Cobalt Co 58.93
28 Nickel Ni 58.69
29 Copper Cu 63.55
30 Zinc Zn 65.38
31 Gallium Ga 69.72
32 Germanium Ge 72.64
33 Arsenic As 74.92
34 Selenium Se 78.96
35 Bromine Br 79.904
36 Krypton Kr 83.80 537 Rubidium Rb 85.47
38 Strontium Sr 87.62
39 Yttrium Y 88.91
40 Zirconium Zr 91.22
41 Niobium Nb 92.91
42 Molybdenum Mo 95.96
43 Technetium Tc 97.91
44 Ruthenium Ru 101.07
45 Rhodium Rh 102.91
46 Palladium Pd 106.42
47 Silver Ag 107.87
48 Cadmium Cd 112.41
49 Indium In 114.82
50 Tin Sn 118.71
51 Antimony Sb 121.76
52 Tellurium Te 127.60
53 Iodine I 126.9045
54 Xenon Xe 131.29 655 Caesium Cs 132.91
56 Barium Ba 137.33
Lanthanide series (see below)
72 Hafnium Hf 178.49
73 Tantalum Ta 180.94
74 Tungsten W 183.85
75 Rhenium Ru 186.21
76 Osmium Os 190.23
77 Iridium Ir 192.22
78 Platinum Pt 195.08
79 Gold Au 196.97
80 Mercury Hg 200.59
81 Thallium Tl 204.38
82 Lead Pb 207.2
83 Bismuth Bi 208.98
84 Polonium Po 209
85 Astatine At 210
86 Radon Rn 222 787 Francium Fr 223
88 Radium Ra 226
Actinide series (see below) 104 Rutherfordium Rf 261
105 Dubnium Db 262
106 Seaborgium Sg 266
107 Bohrium Bh 264
108 Hassium Hs 277
109 Meitnerium Mt 268
110 Darmstadtium Ds 271
111 Roentgenium Rg 272
112 Copernicium Cn 285 Rareearthelements—Lanthanide series
57 Lanthanum La 138.91
58 Cerium Ce 140.12
59 Praeseodymium Pr 140.91
60 Neodymium Nd 144.24
61 Promethium Pm 145
62 Samarium Sm 150.36
63 Europium Eu 151.96
64 Gadolinium Gd 157.25
65 Terbium Tb 158.93
66 Dysprosium Dy 162.50
67 Holmium Ho 164.93
68 Erbium Er 167.26
69 Thulium Tm 168.93
70 Ytterbium Yb 173.05
71 Lutetium Lu 174.97 Actinide series
89 Actinium Ac 227
90 Thorium Th 232.04
91 Protactinium Pa 231.04
92 Uranium U 238.03
93 Neptunium Np 237
94 Plutonium Pu 244
95 Americium Am 243
96 Curium Cm 247
97 Berkelium Bk 247
98 Californium Cf 251
99 Eisteinium Es 252
100 Fermium Fm 257
101 Mendelevium Md 258
102 Nobelium No 259
103 Lawrencium Lr 262 Theperiodictablearrangestheelementsintohorizontalrows(periods)andverticalcolumns(groups)accordingtotheiratomicnumber.Theelementsinagroupallhavesimilarproperties;acrosseachperiod,atomsareelectropositive(formpositiveions)to theleftandelectronegativetotheright.Theearliestversionoftheperiodictablewasdevisedin1869byDmitriyMendeleyev,whopredictedtheexistenceofseveralelementsfromgapsinthetable.
The Periodic Table 1321
NOBEL PRIZE WINNERS
For prize winners for the years 1901–2006,seeearlier editions ofWhitaker’s Almanack.
The Nobel Prizes are awarded each year from the income of a trust fund established by the Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite, who died on 10 December 1896 leaving a fortune of £1,750,000. The prizes are awarded to those who have contributed most to the common good in the domain of:
Physics –awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Chemistry –awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Physiology or Medicine –awarded by the Karolinska Institute
Literature –awarded by the Swedish Academy of Arts
2007 2008 2009
Physics Albert Fert(France), Yoichiro Nambu(USA), Willard S. Boyle(Canada), Peter Grünberg(Germany) Makoto Kobayashi( Japan), Charles K. Kao(China),
Toshihide Maskawa(Japan) George E. Smith(USA) Chemistry Gerhard Ertl(Germany) Osamu Shimomura (USA),
Martin Chalfie(USA),
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (India),
Roger Y. Tsien(USA) Thomas A. Steitz(USA), Ada E. Yonath(Israel) Physiology or Medicine Mario R. Capecchi(USA),
Sir Martin J. Evans(UK), Oliver Smithies(USA)
Harald zur Hausen(Germany), Franỗois Barrộ-Sinoussi
(France),
Luc Montagnier(France)
Elizabeth H. Blackburn (Australia), Carol W. Greider(USA), Jack W. Szostak(UK) Literature Doris Lessing(UK) Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio
(France and Mauritius)
Herta Müller(Romania) Peace IPCC(international), Martti Ahtisaari(Finland) Barack H. Obama(USA)
Albert Arnold Gore Jr(USA)
Economics Leonid Hurwicz(USA), Paul Krugman(USA) Elinor Ostrom(USA),
Eric S. Maskin(USA), Oliver E. Williamson(USA)
Roger B. Myerson(USA)
Peace –awarded by afive-person committee elected by the Norwegian Storting
Economic Sciences(instituted 1969) – awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
The prizes are awarded every year on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel’s death. Thefirst awards were made on 10 December 1901. The Trust is administered by the board of directors of the Nobel Foundation, Stockholm, consisting offive members and three deputy members.
The Swedish government appoints a chair and a deputy chair, the remaining members being appointed by the awarding authorities.
The awards in the last three years have been distributed as follows:
1322
Ngo Dinh Bao Thoa
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
Ψ seaport
A
A ampere
AA Alcoholics Anonymous AAA Amateur Athletic
Association AAS Annual Abstract of Statistics ABA Amateur Boxing
Association ABE Association of Building
Engineers ABM anti-ballistic missile
abr abridged
ac alternating current
a/c account
AC (ante Christum)before Christ
Companion, Order of Australia
ACAS Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service ACT Australian Capital
Territory
AD (anno Domini)in the year of our Lord ADB Asian Development Bank ADC Aide-de-Camp ADC (P) Personal ADC to the
Queen Adj. Adjutant Adj. Gen. Adjutant General ad lib (ad libitum)at pleasure Adm. Admiral
AE Air Efficiency award AEM Air Efficiency Medal aet after extra time AFC Air Force Cross AFM Air Force Medal AG Attorney-General AGM air-to-ground missile
annual general meeting AH (anno Hegirae)in the year
of the Hegira AI artificial intelligence AIDS acquired immune
deficiency syndrome AIM Alternative Investment
Market ALG Adult Learning Grant alt altitude
am (ante meridiem)before noon
AM amplitude modulation (anno mundi)in the year of
the world
Assembly Member(Wales)
amp amplifier
AMU Arab Maghreb Union ANC African National Congress anon anonymous
ANZAC Australian and New Zealand Army Corps
AO Air Officer
Officer, Order of Australia AOC Air Officer Commanding
B
AONB area of outstanding natural beauty
APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation apptd appointed
APR annual percentage rate ASA Advertising Standards
Authority Amateur Swimming
Association ASAP as soon as possible ASBO antisocial behaviour order ASEAN Association of South-East
Asian Nations ASLEF Associated Society of
Locomotive Engineers and Firemen ASLIB Association for Information Management ATC Air Training Corps AUC (ab urbe condita)in the year
from the foundation of Rome
(anno urbis conditae)in the year of the founding of the city
AV Authorised Version(of Bible)
AVR Army Volunteer Reserve AWOL absent without (official)
leave
b. born
bowled(cricket) BA Bachelor of Arts BAA British Airports Authority
British Astronomical Association BAF British Athletics
Federation BAFTA British Academy of Film
and Television Arts BAS Bachelor in Agricultural
Science
British Antarctic Survey BBA British Bankers’
Association BBC British Broadcasting
Corporation BBFC British Board of Film
Classification BBSRC Biotechnology and
Biological Sciences Research Council BC before Christ
borough council British Columbia
(Canada) BCH (D) Bachelor of (Dental)
Surgery BCL Bachelor of Civil Law BCOM Bachelor of Commerce BD Bachelor of Divinity BDA British Dental Association
C
BDS Bachelor of Dental Surgery BED Bachelor of Education BEM British Empire Medal BENG Bachelor of Engineering BFI British Film Institute BFPO British Forces Post Office BIS Business, Innovation and
Skills (Department for) BLIT Bachelor of Literature BLITT Bachelor of Letters BM Bachelor of Medicine
British Museum BMA British Medical Association BMI body mass index BMUS Bachelor of Music BNFL British Nuclear Fuels
Bp Bishop
BPHARM Bachelor of Pharmacy BPHIL Bachelor of Philosophy bpm beats per minute BPS British Psychological
Society Brig. Brigadier BSC Bachelor of Science BSE bovine spongiform
encephalopathy BSI British Standards
Institution BST British Summer Time
Bt. Baronet
BTEC Business and Technology Education Council BTU British thermal unit BVMS Bachelor of Veterinary
Medicine and Surgery
c. (circa)about chapter(Public Acts)
C Celsius
centigrade C. Conservative CA chartered accountant
(Scotland) CAA Civil Aviation Authority CAB Citizens Advice Bureau CAD computer-aided design Cadw Ancient Monuments
Board for Wales Cantuar: of Canterbury(Archbishop) CAP Common Agricultural
Policy Capt. Captain
CARICOM Caribbean Community and Common Market Carliol: of Carlisle(Bishop) CB Companion, Order of the
Bath
CBE Commander, Order of the British Empire CBI Confederation of British
Industry
CBSS Council of the Baltic Sea States
1323
CC Chamber of Commerce city council Companion, Order of
Canada county council county court CCC county cricket club CCF Combined Cadet Force CCHEM chartered chemist CCTA City Colleges for
Technology and the Arts
CD Civil Defence Corps Diplomatique
Cdr Commander
Cdre Commodore
CDS Chief of the Defence Staff CE civil engineer
Common (or Christian) Era
CEFAS Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science CENG chartered engineer CEO chief executive officer CERN European Organisation for
Nuclear Research Cestr: of Chester(Bishop) CET Central European Time
Common External Tariff cf (confer)compare CF Chaplain to the Forces CFC chlorofluorocarbon CGC Conspicuous Gallantry
Cross CGEOL chartered geologist CGI computer-generated
imagery CGM Conspicuous Gallantry
Medal
cgs centimetre-gramme-second (system)
CGS Chief of General Staff CH Companion of Honour CHB/M Bachelor/Master of
Surgery CI Channel Islands
Imperial Order of the Crown of India CIA Central Intelligence
Agency
CICA Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia
Criminal Injuries Compensation Authority CICAP Criminal Injuries
Compensation Appeals Panel
Cicestr: of Chichester(Bishop) CID Criminal Investigation
Department CIE Companion, Order of the
Indian Empire CIF cost, insurance and freight C-in-C Commander-in-Chief CILIP Chartered Institute of
Library and Information Professionals
D
CIPFA Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy CIS Commonwealth of
Independent States CJD Creutzfeld-Jakob disease CLJ Commander, Order of St Lazarus of Jerusalem CM (Chirurgiae Magister)
Master of Surgery CMG Companion, Order of St
Michael and St George CMEC Child Maintenance and
Enforcement Commission CND Campaign for Nuclear
Disarmament
c/o care of
CO Commanding Officer C of E Church of England COI Central Office of
Information Col. Colonel cons. consecrated Cpl. Corporal
CPM Colonial Police Medal CPRE Council for the Protection
of Rural England CPS Crown Prosecution
Service
CSI Companion, Order of the Star of India CTC City Technology Colleges CVO Commander, Royal
Victorian Order
d (denarius)penny
d. died
DAB Digital Audio Broadcasting DBE Dame Commander, Order
of the British Empire dc direct current DC District of Columbia
(USA) district council DCB Dame Commander, Order
of the Bath
D CH (Doctor Chirurgiae)Doctor of Surgery
DCL Doctor of Civil Law DCM Distinguished Conduct
Medal
DCMG Dame Commander, Order of St Michael and St George
DCMS Department for Culture, Media and Sport DCVO Dame Commander, Royal
Victorian Order DD Doctor of Divinity DDS Doctor of Dental Surgery DDT dichlorodiphenyl
trichloroethane DECC Department of Energy and
Climate Change del (delineavit)he/she drew
it
DEFRA Department of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
E
DFC Distinguished Flying Cross
DfE Department for Education DFID Department for
International Development DFM Distinguished Flying
Medal
DfT Department for Transport DG (Dei gratia)by the grace of
God director-general DIP ED Diploma in Education DIP HE Diploma in Higher
Education DIPHS Diploma of the Heraldry
Society DL Deputy Lieutenant DLIT Doctor of Literature DLITT Doctor of Letters DLR Docklands Light
Railway DMUS Doctor of Music DNA deoxyribonucleic acid DNB Dictionary of National
Biography do (ditto)the same DoH Department of Health DPHor Doctor of Philosophy DPHIL
DPP Director of Public Prosecutions
Dr Doctor
DSC Distinguished Service Cross
Doctor of Science DSM Distinguished Service
Medal
DSO Companion,
Distinguished Service Order
DTP desktop publishing Dunelm: of Durham(Bishop) DV (Deo volente)God willing DVD digital versatile disc DVLA Driver and Vehicle
Licensing Agency DVT deep vein thrombosis DWI Drinking Water
Inspectorate DWP Department for Work and
Pensions
E east
Ebor: of York(Archbishop) EBRD European Bank for
Reconstruction and Development EC Elizabeth Cross ECB England and Wales
Cricket Board European Central Bank ECG electrocardiogram ECGD Export Credits Guarantee
Department ECOWAS Economic Community
of West African States 1324 Abbreviations and Acronyms
F
ED Efficiency Decoration EEC European Economic
Community EEG electroencephalogram EFA European Fighter
Aircraft EFTA European Free Trade
Association eg (exempli gratia)for the
sake of example EHRC Equality and Human
Rights Commission EIB European Investment
Bank
EMA Education Maintenance Allowance EMS European Monetary
System EMU European Monetary
Union
EPSRC Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
ER (Elizabetha Regina)Queen Elizabeth
ERM exchange rate mechanism ERNIE electronic random
number indicator equipment ESA European Space Agency ESRC Economic and Social
Research Council est established
estimate
ETA (Euzkadi ta Askatasuna) Basque separatist organisation et al (et alibi)and elsewhere
(et alii)and others etc (et cetera)and the other
things/and so forth
et seq (et sequentia)and the following EU European Union EURATOM European Atomic Energy
Community Exon: of Exeter(Bishop)
f (forte)loud
F Fahrenheit
Fellow of FA Football Association FANY First Aid Nursing
Yeomanry FAO for the attention of FAQ frequently asked
questions FARC (Fuerzas Armadas
Revolucionarias de Colombia)Colombian rebel organisation FBA Fellow, British Academy FBAA Fellow, British Association
of Accountants and Auditors FBI Federal Bureau of
Investigation FBS Fellow, Botanical Society FBU Fire Brigades Union
FC football club FCA Fellow, Institute of
Chartered Accountants in England and Wales FCCA Fellow, Chartered
Association of Certified Accountants FCGI Fellow, City and Guilds of
London Institute FCIA Fellow, Corporation of
Insurance Agents FCIARB Fellow, Chartered Institute
of Arbitrators FCIB Fellow, Chartered Institute
of Bankers Fellow, Corporation of
Insurance Brokers FCIBSE Fellow, Chartered
Institution of Building Services Engineers FCII Fellow, Chartered
Insurance Institute FCIPS Fellow, Chartered Institute
of Purchasing and Supply FCIS Fellow, Institute of
Chartered Secretaries and Administrators FCIT Fellow, Chartered Institute
of Transport FCMA Fellow, Chartered Institute
of Management Accountants FCO Foreign and
Commonwealth Office FCP Fellow, College of
Preceptors FD (Fidei Defensor)Defender
of the Faith FE further education fec (fecit)made this ff (fecerunt)made this (pl)
folios following ff (fortissimo)very loud FFA Fellow, Faculty of
Actuaries(Scotland) Fellow, Institute of
Financial Accountants FFAS Fellow, Faculty of
Architects and Surveyors FFCM Fellow, Faculty of
Community Medicine FFPHM Fellow, Faculty of Public
Health Medicine FGS Fellow, Geological Society FHS Fellow, Heraldry Society FHSM Fellow, Institute of Health
Service Management FIA Fellow, Institute of
Actuaries FIBIOL Fellow, Institute of
Biology
FICE Fellow, Institution of Civil Engineers
FICS Fellow, Institution of Chartered Shipbrokers FIEE Fellow, Institution of
Electrical Engineers FIERE Fellow, Institution of
Electronic and Radio Engineers
FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) International Federation of Football Association FIM Fellow, Institute of Metals FIMGT Fellow, Institute of
Management FIMM Fellow, Institution of
Mining and Metallurgy FINSTF Fellow, Institute of Fuel FINSTP Fellow, Institute of
Physics FIQS Fellow, Institute of
Quantity Surveyors FIS Fellow, Institute of
Statisticians FJI Fellow, Institute of
Journalists FLS Fellow, Linnean Society FM Field Marshal
frequency modulation FMEDSCI Fellow, Academy of
Medical Sciences
fo folio
FO Flying Officer
FOB free on board FPHS Fellow, Philosophical
Society
FRAD Fellow, Royal Academy of Dancing
FRAES Fellow, Royal Aeronautical Society
FRAI Fellow, Royal Anthropological Institute
FRAM Fellow, Royal Academy of Music
FRAS Fellow, Royal Asiatic Society Fellow, Royal
Astronomical Society FRBS Fellow, Royal Botanic
Society
Fellow, Royal Society of British Sculptors FRCA Fellow, Royal College of
Anaesthetists FRCGP Fellow, Royal College of
General Practitioners FRCM Fellow, Royal College of
Music
FRCO Fellow, Royal College of Organists
FRCOG Fellow, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists FRCP Fellow, Royal College of
Physicians, London FRCPATH Fellow, Royal College of
Pathologists FRCPEor
FRCPED
Fellow, Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh FRCPI Fellow, Royal College of
Physicians, Ireland FRCPSYCH Fellow, Royal College of
Psychiatrists FRCR Fellow, Royal College of
Radiologists FRCS Fellow, Royal College of
Surgeons of England Abbreviations and Acronyms 1325
G
FRCSEor FRCSED
Fellow, Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh FRCSGLAS Fellow, Royal College of
Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow FRCSI Fellow, Royal College of
Surgeons in Ireland FRCVS Fellow, Royal College
of Veterinary Surgeons
FRECONS Fellow, Royal Economic Society
FRENG Fellow, Royal Academy of Engineering FRGS Fellow, Royal
Geographical Society FRHISTS Fellow, Royal Historical
Society FRHS Fellow, Royal
Horticultural Society FRIBA Fellow, Royal Institute of
British Architects FRICS Fellow, Royal Institution
of Chartered Surveyors FRMETS Fellow, Royal
Meteorological Society FRMS Fellow, Royal
Microscopical Society FRNS Fellow, Royal Numismatic
Society FRPHARMS Fellow, Royal
Pharmaceutical Society FRPS Fellow, Royal
Photographic Society FRS Fellow, Royal Society FRSA Fellow, Royal Society of
Arts
FRSC Fellow, Royal Society of Chemistry FRSE Fellow, Royal Society of
Edinburgh FRSH Fellow, Royal Society of
Health
FRSL Fellow, Royal Society of Literature FRTPI Fellow, Royal Town
Planning Institute FSA Fellow, Society of
Antiquaries Financial Services
Authority Food Standards Agency FSS Fellow, Royal Statistical
Society FSVA Fellow, Incorporated
Society of Valuers and Auctioneers FT Financial Times FTI Fellow, Textile Institute FTII Fellow, Chartered Institute
of Taxation FZS Fellow, Zoological
Society
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GBE Dame/Knight Grand
Cross, Order of the British Empire GC George Cross
H
GCB Dame/Knight Grand Cross, Order of the Bath
GCC Gulf Cooperation Council GCE General Certificate of
Education GCHQ Government
Communications Headquarters GCIE Knight Grand
Commander, Order of the Indian Empire GCLJ Knight Grand Cross,
Order of St Lazarus of Jerusalem
GCMG Dame/Knight Grand Cross, Order of St Michael and St George GCSE General Certificate of
Secondary Education GCSI Knight Grand
Commander, Order of the Star of India GCVO Dame/Knight Grand
Cross, Royal Victorian Order
GDP gross domestic product Gen. General
GHQ general headquarters GLA Greater London Authority GM genetically modified
George Medal GMB Britain’s General Union GMT Greenwich Mean Time GNI gross national income GNVQ General National
Vocational Qualification GOC General Officer Commanding GP General Practitioner GPS Global Positioning
System Gp Capt. Group Captain GSA Girls’ Schools Association GST Greenwich Sidereal Time
HA Health Authority HAC Honourable Artillery
Company HB His Beatitude HBM Her/His Britannic
Majesty(’s)
Honorary Chaplain to the Forces
HD High Definition (television) HE Her/His Excellency
higher education His Eminence HGV heavy goods vehicle HH Her/His Highness
Her/His Honour His Holiness
HIM Her/His Imperial Majesty HIV human immunodeficiency
virus
HJS (hic jacet sepultus)here lies buried
I
HM Her/His Majesty(’s) HMAS Her/His Majesty’s
Australian Ship HMC Headmasters’ and Headmistresses’
Conference HMI Her/His Majesty’s
Inspector HML Her/His Majesty’s
Lieutenant HMS Her/His Majesty’s Ship HMSO Her/His Majesty’s
Stationery Office HNC Higher National
Certificate
HND Higher National Diploma Hon. Honorary
Honourable HP hire purchase
HPA Health Protection Agency HQ headquarters
HR human resources HRH Her/His Royal Highness HRT hormone replacement
therapy HSE Health and Safety
Executive (hic sepultus est)here is
buried
HSH Her/His Serene Highness HTA Human Tissue Authority HTML hypertext mark-up
language
HTTP hypertext transfer protocol HWM high water mark
I Island
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IATA International Air
Transport Association IB International
Baccalaureate IBF International Boxing
Federation
ibid (ibidem)in the same place IBRD International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development ICAO International Civil
Aviation Organisation ICC International Cricket
Council International Criminal
Court
ICJ International Court of Justice
ICOMOS International Council on Monuments and Sites
ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross ICT Information and
Communication Technology id (idem)the same IDA International
Development Association IDD international direct
dialling 1326 Abbreviations and Acronyms
J
ie (id est)that is IEA International Energy
Agency IFA independentfinancial
adviser
IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFC International Finance
Corporation ILO International Labour
Organisation/Office IMF International Monetary
Fund
IMO International Maritime Organisation inc. incorporated INLA Irish National Liberation
Army in loc (in loco)in its place INRI (Iesus Nazarenus Rex
Iudaeorum)Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews
inst (instant)current month Interpol International Criminal Police Organisation IOC International Olympic
Committee IoM Isle of Man IOU I owe you IoW Isle of Wight IPS Identity and Passport
Service
iPSC induced pluripotent stem cell
IQ intelligence quotient IRA Irish Republican Army IRB International Rugby
Board IRC International Rescue
Committee
Is Islands
ISA individual savings account ISBN International Standard
Book Number ISO Imperial Service Order
International Organisation for Standardisation ISP internet service provider ISSN International Standard
Serial Number ITN Independent Television
News ITU International
Telecommunication Union
ITUC International Trade Union Confederation ITV Independent Television IUCN International Union
for Conservation of Nature
IVF in vitro fertilisation IWC International Whaling
Commission
J Judge
Justice
K
L
JP Justice of the Peace
Jr Junior
KBE Knight Commander, Order of the British Empire
KCB Knight Commander, Order of the Bath KCIE Knight Commander, Order of the Indian Empire
KCLJ Knight Commander, Order of St Lazarus of Jerusalem
KCMG Knight Commander, Order of St Michael and St George KCSI Knight Commander,
Order of the Star of India
KCVO Knight Commander, Royal Victorian Order KG Knight of the Garter KGB (Komitet Gosudarstvennoi
Bezopasnosti) Committee of State Security(USSR) kHz kilohertz KLJ Knight, Order of St
Lazarus of Jerusalem ko knock out(boxing) KP Knight, Order of St
Patrick
KStJ Knight, Order of St John of Jerusalem
Kt. Knight
KT Knight of the Thistle
kV kilovolt
kW kilowatt
kWh kilowatt hour
Lab. Labour
Lat. Latitude
lbw leg before wicket(cricket) lc lower case(printing) LCD Liquid Crystal Display LCJ Lord Chief Justice LCM least/lowest common
multiple LD Liberal Democrat LDS Licentiate in Dental
Surgery
LEA Local Education Authority LHB Local Health Board
(Wales)
LHD (Literarum Humaniorum Doctor)Doctor of Humane Letters/Literature Lib. Liberal
lit literary
Lit Hum (Literae Humaniores) classics course, Oxford University
LITT D Doctor of Letters LJ Lord Justice LLB Bachelor of Laws LLD Doctor of Laws
M
LLM Master of Laws loc cit (loco citato)in the place
cited Londin: of London(Bishop) Long. longitude
LS (loco sigilli)place of the seal
LSC Learning and Skills Council Legal Services
Commission lsd (librae, solidi, denarii)
pounds, shillings and pence
LSE London School of Economics and Political Science
LST Local Sidereal Time Lt Lieutenant
LTA Lawn Tennis Association LTTE Liberation Tigers of Tamil
Eelam ltd limited(liability) LVO Lieutenant, Royal
Victorian Order
LW long wave
LWM low water mark
M Member
Monsieur MA Master of Arts
Maj. Major
maj. majority
max maximum
MB (Medicinae Baccalaureus) Bachelor of Medicine MBA Master of Business
Administration MBC Metropolitan Borough
Council MBE Member, Order of the
British Empire MBO management buy-out MC Master of Ceremonies
Military Cross MCB Muslim Council of Britain MCC Marylebone Cricket
Club
MCH(D) Master of (Dental) Surgery MD managing director
Doctor of Medicine MDC Movement for Democratic
Change(Zimbabwe) MDS Master of Dental Surgery ME Middle English
myalgic encephalomyelitis MEC Member of Executive
Council MED Master of Education mega one million times MEP Member of the European
Parliament
Mgr Monsignor
MI Military Intelligence micro one-millionth part milli one-thousandth part
min minimum
minutes
MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology Abbreviations and Acronyms 1327