INTRODUCTION
Research rationale
As the global population continues to rise, agricultural land is becoming increasingly scarce, prompting the adoption of innovative farming methods and modern technologies to boost productivity and address food security challenges Despite these advancements, the prolonged reliance on high-tech solutions and excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has led to detrimental effects on ecosystems, particularly impacting soil and water quality.
Intensive farming models have seen success in productive delta regions, but prolonged use of improper intercropping techniques has led to significant soil fertility loss and reduced nutrient content The depletion of trace elements and the breakdown of the soil's buffering capacity have resulted in increased soil pH, harming soil flora and microorganisms while promoting pests, weeds, and pesticide-resistant bacteria Additionally, erosion and leaching have intensified, highlighting the urgent need for a shift away from current intensive agricultural practices.
The environmental impact of unsustainable farming practices necessitates a shift towards more responsible methods (Altieri, 2004) In response to this urgent issue, organic agriculture has emerged as a viable alternative, promoting sustainable farming practices that benefit both the ecosystem and agricultural productivity.
Organic agricultural production adheres to the principles established by the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM), focusing on maintaining healthy ecosystems for plants and animals while producing safe and high-quality products This method emphasizes the avoidance of harmful chemicals for pest control and fertilization, promoting a balanced natural ecosystem IFOAM highlights that organic agriculture plays a crucial role in preserving the health of ecosystems and organisms, including soil microorganisms vital to human well-being By improving and maintaining agricultural landscapes, organic farming prevents overexploitation and environmental pollution, reduces reliance on non-renewable energy sources, and produces non-toxic, high-quality food Furthermore, it enhances long-term soil fertility and reinforces biological cycles, prioritizing preventive measures in plant protection and diversifying crops and livestock to adapt to local conditions.
Thai Nguyen, located in the Northeastern region of Vietnam, serves as a significant socio-economic hub with advantageous natural conditions, including a favorable climate and fertile land The province boasts extensive opportunities in agroforestry, industry, tourism, and various services With a natural forest area of 102,190 hectares and a plantation forest area of approximately 44,450 hectares, Thai Nguyen is well-positioned for the development of raw material forests, particularly for artificial wood and paper production Agricultural land constitutes 23% of the province's total area, with tea being the primary annual crop.
Figure 1: The Map of Dai Tu district
Dai Tu, a mountainous district in northwest Thai Nguyen province, boasts over 7,000 hectares of tea cultivation, representing one-third of the province's total tea area and making it the second-largest tea-producing district in Vietnam, following Bao Loc in Lam Dong province The district implements various mechanisms and policies aimed at enhancing agricultural production through specialized farming, the establishment of concentrated agricultural zones, and regulations on farm management, particularly focusing on the transition to high-quality farming practices.
Tan Linh commune is a leader in implementing organic farming practices for tea cultivation However, challenges such as product branding, lead time, and productivity persist in this agricultural model Additionally, significant environmental concerns arise from the adoption of these practices in Tan Linh commune, located in Dai Tu district Therefore, this study aims to assess farmers' perspectives on organic tea cultivation in Tan Linh Commune, Dai Tu district, Thai Nguyen province.
Research’s objectives
To learn about organic agricultural production methods in the world and Vietnam and analyze the benefits of this form of production
To Assess of awareness and preparation of knowledge of people in Tan Linh commune, Dai Tu district on the organic farming model for conversion to organic tea
To identify the factors, affect to people perception in Tan Linh - Dai Tu - Thai Nguyen commune through analyzing several social indicators
To evaluate the environmental management and propose solutions to improve management capacity in two tea growing areas applying organic farming in Tan Linh-Dai Tu commune - Thai Nguyen
Research questions and hypotheses
The research questions are arranged based on the background of the research rationale This study will address the following questions:
How people awareness about organic farming methods on tea trees in Tan Linh - Dai Tu commune?
What knowledge have people prepared for the village to serve to convert farming from inorganic to organic?
What conditions and factors affect people's perceptions decision on organic tea cultivation?
What is status of tea cultivation and consumption in the study area
What is the cost of organic tea farming?
The people have prepared their knowledge about organic tea cultivation methods to serve and improve production quality
People receive and apply organic farming methods to tea plants
Current status and factors influencing people's perception of organic tea production
The effectiveness of the organic production application on tea plants has a good influence on the natural environment
Ensuring quality and protecting the environment in the application of organic agriculture in tea production
The people have not prepared their knowledge about organic tea cultivation methods to serve and improve production quality
People have not received enough and applied organic farming methods to tea plants
Current status and factors affecting people's awareness of organic tea production are not good and meet the standards
The effectiveness of the application of organic production to tea plants that affect the natural environment is not high
Quality and environmental protection are not ensured in the application of organic agriculture in tea production.
Limitations
This study examines the perceptions of local residents in Tan Linh Commune regarding organic tea cultivation However, it faces limitations, including the possibility that not all individuals were surveyed and that some may lack knowledge about organic farming, potentially skewing the results Additionally, the research's scope and depth of analysis are constrained by time and resource limitations Importantly, the study did not explore respondents' definitions of organic farming or their views on its benefits.
Advocating for environmental protection and fostering knowledge among individuals remains a challenge, as communication often relies on word of mouth or loudspeakers Many households and individuals still do not adhere strictly to established standards, often resorting to traditional methods that negatively impact the environment and the sustainability of tea plants.
Significance of the Study
1.5.1 Students: Research results can be used for secondary data for research and students' level of understanding
1.5.2 Local people: Research results can be used as information to encourage people to naturally change their behavior by applying the organic method in tea productivity
LITERATURE REVIEW
General Concept of Organic Agriculture
Organic agriculture has evolved through various concepts proposed by international organizations According to IFOAM (2002), it is a holistic system that promotes sustainable ecosystems, safe food, good nutrition, and fairness within society, all while avoiding synthetic agrochemicals and non-organic growth agents This approach emphasizes closed-loop farming, utilizing only available resources and adhering to specific production standards The United Nations further defines organic agriculture as a natural farming system that eschews chemicals like fertilizers and pesticides, contributing to pollution reduction and enhancing human and animal health.
The role of organic agriculture in the environment
Organic agriculture enhances and preserves the natural landscape and agricultural ecosystem while preventing the overexploitation and contamination of natural resources It minimizes energy consumption and the use of non-renewable resources, ensuring the production of sufficient, nutritious, non-toxic, and high-quality food.
- Cultivation organic agriculture also contributes to the response to climate change
- Organic agriculture positively affects the soil environment such as increasing soil fertility, adding and increasing the content of organic matter, humus to the soil; increased water retention.
General requirements in organic agriculture production
To cultivate organic produce, it is essential to choose high-quality soil that is free from contamination This means selecting soil that is located away from industrial zones, residential areas, airports, and chemically treated agricultural sites to minimize the risk of pollutants affecting the crops.
Vegetable growers must collect and analyze soil and groundwater samples to assess key indicators such as pH levels, heavy metals, COD, and BOD This analysis is essential to determine whether the land meets the necessary standards for cultivation.
Many individuals seeking clean land for farming often consider purchasing forest land; however, this practice is prohibited in organic farming It is essential to maintain a stable and balanced ecosystem, and disrupting it to cultivate organic vegetables is not permissible under any circumstances.
To transition to organic farming, the land should be abandoned or converted within 2-3 years During this period, farmers must cultivate legumes to enhance soil nutrients while strictly avoiding the use of chemicals.
Do not burn the vegetation cover or plant residue during soil preparation, unless the crop residues are collected and destroyed by harmful organisms
To address soil degradation, erosion, and pollution, it is essential to implement sustainable farming practices One effective method is intercropping tea plants with green manure crops in tea gardens, which helps improve soil health It is crucial that these intercropped plants are cultivated organically to ensure the long-term viability of the soil and surrounding ecosystem.
Apply organic materials to the soil, whether or not compostable Tea growers can apply organic matter to the tea garden for regular soil reclamation
Use organic materials available on tea gardens Do not put any contaminated material into the tea garden Suitable microorganisms or plant- derived materials can be used to increase decomposition
2.3.2 Irrigation water sources and irrigation systems
Effective water management in agriculture is essential, ensuring that water sources are utilized according to crop needs while minimizing waste In organic farming, it is crucial that water complies with relevant regulatory standards Additionally, safeguarding water sources is vital to prevent contamination and maintain the integrity of agricultural practices.
Choosing suitable species and cultivars for organic production is essential for ensuring adaptability to local ecological conditions, resistance to pests, and the maintenance of plant variety quality It is crucial that seeds and clonal propagation materials, such as cuttings, grafting eyes, or tissue cultures, meet specific quality standards to achieve these goals.
- Do not use seeds and propagating materials from genetically modified plants;
- To prioritize the use of organically produced plant varieties (organic varieties);
In the absence of organic varieties, it is advisable to utilize conventional cultivars that have undergone organic production methods for a minimum of one crop cycle for annual crops or two harvests for perennial crops.
Promote the cultivation of indigenous plant varieties whenever possible In the absence of native options, select from the approved list of plant varieties for production and trading, ensuring they have a clear origin.
- Use plant varieties that have not been treated or only treated by physical, mechanical, biological methods
Organic production uses only natural mineral fertilizers and only to complement biological methods to increase soil fertility, e.g., green manure and compost
Organic production does not use:
Chemical soluble fertilizers, for example, superphosphates
Organic production does not use fecal fertilizers for food crops
By-products from livestock, such as manure from a farm yard, can be used to fertilize crops Encourage the use of manure from organic farming
To decompose compost, suitable microorganisms or plant preparations can be used
If rotational or intercropping is used, crop rotations or intercropping with tea must be organically cultivated Should rotate tea plants with legumes (Fabaceae)
Shading trees, typically Fabales plants, should have wooden trunks and a thin canopy to effectively provide 30% to 50% sunlight cover for tea trees It is essential to avoid water competition with tea plants during winter These shade trees are often planted in a single row or between two rows of tea, using gourd seedlings for optimal growth.
The establishment must take measures to prevent harmful organisms (pathogenic microorganisms, harmful insects, rabies ) The following measures
- Implementation of crop rotation, nutrition management for soil and plants; Sanitary measures to remove pathogens, weed seeds and habitat for harmful organisms;
- Using species and cultivars that are resistant to common harmful organisms and adapt to the environment; a) To control a pest, the following measures may be taken:
To effectively manage pests, it is essential to protect their natural enemies by creating favorable habitats This can be achieved through measures such as installing fencing, establishing nesting sites, and maintaining buffer ecological zones that preserve original vegetation By supporting these beneficial insects and parasites, we can enhance their role in controlling harmful organisms in the ecosystem.
Release natural enemies, including predatory and parasitic species;
- Planting trees to repel harmful organisms and lure natural enemies;
- Use traps, barriers, lighting, temperature and noise b) For weeds the following control measures may be used:
- Burning weeds with conditions that do not affect the ecosystem of the soil; Cover with natural materials or other completely biodegradable materials;
To effectively manage an epidemic, it is essential to cover the growing area with plastic or synthetic materials, ensuring these coverings are removed at the end of the season Implementing these control measures can significantly mitigate the impact of the outbreak.
- Take measures to prevent the spread of pathogenic organisms;
- Using substances of plant origin, minerals or probiotics that do not contain synthetic substances
Natural collection areas must be clearly and specifically zoned; separate areas with environmental pollution or concentrated areas, waste treatment from daily life, industry, and hospitals
Collection of edible plants that grow naturally in natural areas, forested lands and agricultural land is considered organic production provided that:
- The collection site must not use substances not listed in Annex A for 36 months prior to collection;
- Collection does not disturb the stability of the natural habitat or the maintenance of species in the collection area;
Product must be from a production establishment that collects product, which must be clearly identified and clearly understood the collection area
To ensure the organic integrity of products during harvesting, transportation, and preliminary processing, it is essential to implement effective measures that prevent contamination and avoid the mixing of organic and non-organic products.
Principles of organic farming
According to IFOAM, organic agriculture should be developed based on four principles:
Overview of Organic Agriculture
2.5.1 Overview of Organic Agriculture in the world
Organic agriculture plays a vital role in promoting sustainable socio-economic and ecological development, particularly in developing nations With a growing market for organic products, producers and exporters have the opportunity to enhance their incomes and improve living conditions According to an annual global survey by the Institute for Organic Agriculture Research (FIBL) and SOEL Ecology and Agriculture Organization, in collaboration with the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM), organic farming is rapidly expanding and is now practiced in over 120 countries worldwide, with an increasing percentage of farmland dedicated to organic cultivation.
As of the end of 2005, approximately 31 million hectares of agricultural land in the surveyed region were managed organically, representing 0.7% of the total agricultural land Oceania leads globally with 39% of the largest organic land area, followed by Europe at 23% and Latin America at 19% Australia boasts the largest organic area at 11.8 million hectares, while Europe has the highest ratio of organic to conventionally managed soils, with nearly 4% of all land in the European Union being organically managed.
2.5.2 Overview of Organic Agriculture in Viet Nam
As reported by the Central Statistics of the Vietnam Farmers Association, Vietnam currently dedicates 21,000 hectares to organic agriculture, representing just 0.2% of its total agricultural production area This includes a specific portion allocated for organic aquaculture.
Vietnam exports 7,000 hectares of organic products, including shrimp, basa fish, tea, fruits, and spices Thirteen organizations, comprising farmer groups and enterprises, have received international certification for their organic exports.
Vietnam has a long history of traditional organic farming, but the modern concept of organic agriculture, as defined by the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM), is relatively recent, having begun in the late 1990s Initially, this movement focused on the extraction of natural products, such as spices and vegetable oils, primarily for export to European markets (ADDA Vietnam, 2015).
In 2014, Vietnam's organic agriculture production area exceeded 43,000 hectares, positioning the country 56th out of 172 globally and third in ASEAN, following Indonesia and the Philippines (FIBL and IFOAM, 2016) Additionally, Vietnam boasts 20,030 hectares of water surface dedicated to harvesting organic products and 2,200 hectares for natural harvesting, bringing the total area of industrial parks to over 65,000 hectares The production area in Vietnam's industrial sector experienced significant growth, tripling from 2007 to 2014 (Willer & Kilcher, 2016).
Table 1: A land area for industrial processing of Vietnam from 2007 to 2014
(following by FiBL and IFOAM, 2016)
Figure 2 A land area for industrial processing of Vietnam from 2007 to 2014
Vietnam currently cultivates organic products on 2,300 hectares of cocoa, 220 hectares of rice, and 151 hectares of vegetables However, it lacks organic cultivation for high-potential crops like coffee, in stark contrast to Indonesia's 81,522 hectares and Laos's 4,301 hectares dedicated to organic coffee farming, as reported by the Department of Crop Production.
In 2016, Vietnam had 26 organic production facilities spread across 15 provinces and cities, covering over 4,100 hectares The primary crops included coconut (3,052.3 ha), tea (538.9 ha), rice (489.8 ha), and vegetables (94.1 ha) Ben Tre province led in organic farming area with more than 3,050 hectares dedicated mainly to coconut cultivation Notable successful models include organic farming in An Giang and organic shrimp farming in the Ca Mau mangrove forest, which have been certified organic and collectively cover approximately 10,000 hectares for export.
In the EU, prominent companies in the organic sector, such as Vien Phu Company, cultivate rice-fish systems in Ca Mau across more than 250 hectares, while Da Lat Organic Vegetable Company specializes in producing organic vegetables These enterprises exemplify the growing commitment to organic farming practices in the region.
33 factories cultivating organically, that is to focus on using organic fertilizers,
In a total area of 1,000 hectares dedicated to biological pesticides, 1,197 hectares are cultivated with rice, 90.3 hectares with vegetables, 284.7 hectares with grapes, and 79.4 hectares with apples Ninh Thuan province stands out with the largest area of 448.3 hectares, predominantly growing grapes, which account for 284.7 hectares of the total (IFOAM, FiLB, 2016)
Since the early 1990s, the Vietnam Association of Organic Agriculture has seen significant investments in organic products by various non-governmental organizations, focusing on organic tea and vegetables through initiatives like Eco Link and Hanoi Organics The ADDA supported a safe vegetable project in Hanoi from 1998 to 2004, which led to the "Development of Production Framework and Market for Vietnamese Organic Agriculture" project from 2005 to 2012 across seven Northern provinces, including Lao Cai, Tuyen Quang, and Hanoi This project emphasized the cultivation of organic vegetables, rice, oranges, grapefruit, litchi, and tea, with successful models still in operation today, such as vegetable production in Luong Son and Soc Son, as well as Shan Tuyet tea in Bac Ha and oranges in Ham Yen.
The situation of tea production in the world and Vietnam
2.6.1 The situation of tea production in the world
Governments and NGOs in countries like China, India, and Japan are actively advancing safe tea technology to capture market dominance In response to rising consumer demand, many tea-producing nations are prioritizing product quality and shifting towards organic tea production This approach emphasizes a synchronized process of protection, harvesting, preservation, and processing to minimize pesticide and fertilizer residues in tea products, ensuring they meet permissible standards Additionally, efforts are being made to identify early bud seeds and refine bud-picking techniques to enhance the quality of the tea buds.
Focusing mainly on the batch of picking tea in the spring crop, accounting for 50% of the annual output with high quality, fewer pests and diseases
The management of fertilizers and pesticides in tea production is rigorously overseen by local agricultural monitoring boards, ensuring a direct connection to consumer markets To promote safe tea production, several countries have established scientific standards that assess air, water, soil quality, and the presence of heavy metals and pesticide residues This includes the selection of suitable regions, the development of eco-regions, and the implementation of effective tea zone management techniques Key initiatives involve quality control within designated safe tea zones, the establishment of specialized factories for producing safe fertilizers and bio-pesticides, and the creation of research institutions dedicated to safe tea practices, alongside national agencies for organic tea management and inspection.
2.6.2 The situation of tea production in Vietnam
Vietnam's tea industry is a significant contributor to the economy, ranking as the 7th largest tea producer globally and the 5th largest exporter of tea in the world.
Vietnam boasts over 130,000 hectares dedicated to tea cultivation and has more than 500 facilities engaged in the processing, production, and distribution of tea products With a remarkable capacity exceeding half a million tons of dry tea annually, the tea industry plays a vital role in the country's economy.
As of August 2017, tea exports to three key markets accounted for 51.5% of Vietnam's total tea export turnover, with Pakistan remaining the leading market for tea consumption in the country Despite consistently high export figures, Vietnam's tea exports to Pakistan represent only about 2.2% of the total tea imports in the market, indicating a relatively small share of the overall consumption.
Vietnam's tea products face challenges in the global market due to low quality, defects, and high levels of pesticide and chemical fertilizer residues As a result, the export prices of Vietnamese tea are consistently 30-60% lower than those of leading exporters Sri Lanka and China.
Trends in organic tea production in Vietnam
Recent advancements in local tea production and processing have significantly enhanced both productivity and quality These improvements are largely attributed to the agricultural extension system, which has implemented effective and practical models that promote safe and sustainable tea production, ensuring stable returns for growers.
The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development reports that the country currently cultivates approximately 123,000 hectares of tea, maintaining a stable plantation area of 115,000 hectares despite a recent decline in overall cultivated land From 2011 to 2019, tea production surged from 878,000 tons to over one million tons, with notable growth in productivity and output observed in provinces such as Thai Nguyen, Tuyen Quang, and Nghe An (Hang Thi Minh Bui, 2020).
The local expansion of production areas in An, Ha Tinh, and Phu Tho has focused on safety and integration, ensuring stable output and increased income for growers This approach fosters a sense of security among producers, encouraging them to continue their agricultural practices with confidence.
In recent years, a project aimed at building an organic tea production model has been successfully implemented in six key tea-producing provinces in Vietnam, covering a total area of 200 hectares annually From 2017 to 2019, this initiative involved 537 households across Thai Nguyen, Tuyen Quang, Yen Bai, Phu Tho, Lao Cai, and Ha Tinh, resulting in significant increases in tea yields Notably, Ha Tinh province saw an increase of 8.27 tons/ha, while Tuyen Quang and Lao Cai experienced increases of 6 tons/ha and 5.3 tons/ha, respectively All tea products produced under this model meet stringent food safety and quality standards, enhancing their market value The project also established six production, processing, and sales models, forming 21 effective production teams that ensure a stable output for fresh tea buds This initiative has not only improved economic efficiency, with incomes rising from 26 to 80 million VND/ha compared to traditional production methods, but it has also created jobs, increased local incomes, and transformed production practices in the community.
The Center for Agricultural Extension in Tuyen Quang province is launching a project to establish an organic tea production model aimed at enhancing value and promoting sustainable development in Kim Quan commune, Yen Son district This initiative will cover an area of 8 hectares and involve 15 participating households, with a planned implementation period of two years.
From 2019 to 2020, a project established a model for safe tea production that emphasizes proper care and fertilization techniques, resulting in enhanced growth and productivity The average yield of the project reached 13 tons per hectare, marking an increase of 5 tons per hectare compared to traditional mass production areas By adhering to Viet GAP standards, the quality of fresh tea buds improved significantly, ensuring food hygiene and safety, which has fostered market trust and stabilized product output (BaoHan, 2020).
The Center for Agricultural Extension and Agricultural Services in Lao Cai province also implements a project to build an organic, value chain linked tea
The Ta Cu Ty project spans 10 hectares and will be executed over three years, from 2020 to 2022 By the end of this period, it aims to produce tea products that comply with organic standards and achieve certification for organic tea cultivation The anticipated yield of fresh tea buds is 3.5 tons per hectare annually, with an average market price of 15,000 VND per kilogram, resulting in a 20% increase in efficiency compared to previous models (Leu, Andre, 2017).
The National Center for Agricultural Promotion urges the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development to implement central agricultural extension projects focused on organic tea production, ensuring the creation of safe products with electronic traceability This initiative aims to enhance competitiveness in both domestic and export markets by establishing collaborative production and business management models between farmers and businesses, thereby ensuring stable product output Additionally, it emphasizes the development of projects that introduce new tea varieties with significant advantages, fostering stable yield and quality for processing and export To support this, there will be an increase in training for agricultural extension workers and producers on organic tea production techniques, along with promotional efforts to share technical advancements and successful practices in high-quality tea production with growers.
Organic Tea Farming Knowledge, Views, and Agency
Tea tree cultivation is recognized as a highly effective economic activity, particularly in comparison to other crops in the country It significantly contributes to poverty alleviation in mountainous and remote regions while enhancing the local economy.
With advancements in science and technology, coupled with the environmental repercussions of past farming practices, there is a growing recognition of the need for a new approach to agriculture This shift has led to the emergence of organic agriculture, particularly in tea production, driven by rising consumer demand The organic tea production model emphasizes the synchronization of technical solutions, including the mechanization of seeds, fertilizers, and plant protection, while minimizing pesticide and fertilizer residues to acceptable market levels Strict management of fertilizers and pesticides is enforced through local agricultural associations that are closely connected to consumption markets Additionally, many regions have established scientific standards for air, water, soil, and heavy metal residues, while implementing ecological zone planning and technical management of tea areas to ensure quality control Local communities are also adapting by transitioning to organic farming practices for tea cultivation, prioritizing quality and environmental protection.
Factors affecting people's perception of organic tea conversion service 26 1 Food safety
Ensuring the safety and health benefits of consumer products is a primary focus of organic farming practices Organic tea not only prioritizes product safety but also adheres to stringent food hygiene standards demanded by discerning global markets The shift towards organic farming and tea production is both urgent and sustainable.
Organic agriculture, characterized by minimal use of pesticides and synthetic fertilizers, is increasingly meeting consumer demand for safe food while minimizing environmental impact This production method not only enhances crop yields but also mitigates adverse effects on ecosystems and human health By focusing on food safety and hygiene, organic farming aims to produce high-quality products that maintain soil fertility and promote economic efficiency As consumers become more aware of the risks associated with harmful chemicals and unknown food origins, there is a noticeable shift towards prioritizing product quality and health safety Additionally, the agricultural sector faces significant challenges from climate change, making organic tea production—free from toxic chemicals and chemical fertilizers—essential for ensuring nutritional balance, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and preserving agricultural ecosystems.
METHODOLOGY
Research Location
Tan Linh commune, located in Dai Tu District, Thai Nguyen Province, has prioritized the development of tea cultivation, leveraging its hilly and mountainous terrain, which comprises 75% of its land area The commune has not only expanded its tea plantation area but has also introduced new tea varieties, ensuring that its tea output remains among the highest in the district and significantly improving the livelihoods of its residents In recent years, Tan Linh has implemented various measures to enhance both the productivity and quality of its tea products, with a strong focus on encouraging the transition from traditional tea varieties to more advanced ones, a process that has been actively pursued since 2014.
Tan Linh commune belongs to Dai Tu district, Thai Nguyen province, with the distance from the city center about 15km to the East, with coordinates
21 ° 41′5 ″ B 105 ° 39′8 ″ Đ The total natural area of the commune is 23.44 km2, the population in 1999 was 3,270 people The tea-growing area is 629ha, with the contiguous locations:
The East: border with Phu Luong district and Phuc Linh commune
The West: border with Ban Ngoai commune and Phu Lac commune
The South: the border with Hung Son town and Ha Thuong commune The North borders on Phu Luong district
Figure 3: Location maps research area
Tan Linh commune encompasses just 123 hectares of farmland, primarily located in valleys between hills and mountains The steep mountainous terrain poses challenges for effective irrigation, significantly hindering agricultural production in the area.
Tan Linh is the largest tea-producing commune in Dai Tu district, boasting over 629 hectares of tea cultivation, with 546 hectares dedicated to commercial tea This vital crop serves as the primary income source for more than 1,600 households, representing 98% of the commune's residents.
The Nui Chua organic tea production group in Hamlet 10, Tan Linh commune, is actively working on the project "Applying Science and Technology to Produce and Diversify Organic Tea Products," aimed at enhancing the value of the tea industry in Thai Nguyen province This initiative involves 51 households across a total area of 10 hectares.
Hamlet 10, recognized as one of the first tea villages in the commune, boasts the highest tea conversion rate with 97 hectares dedicated to tea cultivation, primarily featuring LDP1 and TRI777 varieties Currently, 43 hectares are under harvest, while 44 hectares have been newly planted, all under five years old Since the introduction of these new varieties, tea productivity in the hamlet has significantly increased, averaging 115 quintals per hectare and yielding over 200 tons annually.
The current status of human resources
In 2019, Tan Linh commune had a population of 5,270, primarily in rural areas, with an average growth rate of 1.61% The rural population remains essential for tea production in the province To enhance tea cultivation, training in planting and care techniques according to export standards is necessary The living standards in the area have stabilized, with notable improvements and rapid urbanization Successful hunger eradication and poverty alleviation programs, alongside initiatives for women’s entrepreneurship and agricultural extension, have significantly contributed to rising living standards The poverty rate has decreased to 1.06%, with no households experiencing hunger, and the political and social stability of Tan Linh has been well maintained.
Irrigation plays a crucial role in the agricultural development of Thai Nguyen city and the Tan Linh area The Cau River and Cong River irrigation systems provide stable conditions for agricultural growth Survey data reveals that Thai Nguyen city has 112 small pond projects covering 271.94 hectares, 38 active electric pumping stations servicing 721.39 hectares, and 14 canals, highlighting the extensive irrigation infrastructure supporting local agriculture.
II under Nui Coc lake work to irrigate 451.0 ha The total irrigated area by works is 1,535.33ha, the total irrigated area without works is 449.67ha
Thai Nguyen city's transport network is strategically situated along key roads, railways, and limited waterways While rural transport in Tan Linh commune is gradually improving, challenges remain due to the presence of poor-quality roads, which hinder travel in several areas The road traffic system comprises four main routes that directly connect to the broader Thai Nguyen traffic network.
Research period
Time of researching the topic is done in the period from June 2020 to November 2020.
Material
- Questionnaires were used in field surveys to measure people's understanding of organic farming and conversion to organic tea, and questionnaires were distributed to the respondent
- Notebook/Calculator used to write and search for research related research.
Research design
This study uses descriptive statistics, an effective method for collecting and analyzing data Surveys and Interviews was including personal interaction between researcher and participants to gather the required information.
Sampling Technique
This research aims to explore its objectives through a well-defined research strategy The researcher will employ descriptive sampling and information analysis to gather data for the study Additionally, closing questions will be utilized to accurately identify the characteristics of the respondents.
Data collection
The survey questionnaire was designed in Vietnamese to ensure respondents fully understood the questions It featured a structured format with multiple sections, beginning with demographic information such as name, title, age, educational background, and profession.
- Local people: channeling has basic knowledge and no basic knowledge
We begin by presenting questions that range from basic to complex, incorporating open-ended, multiple-choice, and rating formats Open-ended questions are particularly significant as they encourage detailed responses and insights.
Organic agriculture is a farming practice that emphasizes the use of natural processes and materials to cultivate crops, avoiding synthetic chemicals and genetically modified organisms Factors that drive individuals to transition to organic tea cultivation include health consciousness, environmental concerns, and market demand for organic products Farmers interested in adopting organic methods often prepare by researching sustainable practices, investing in organic certification, and implementing technology that supports eco-friendly production Testing these methods is crucial to ensure the effectiveness and relevance of the practices adopted in organic tea farming.
A systematic random sampling method was employed to define a representative sample of residents living and working in Tan Linh commune, Dai Tu district, ensuring that all participants are local citizens This approach was justified based on the available data and resources for conducting the study.
In just five days, I successfully conducted two surveys, completing a total of 26 responses in Tan Linh commune While I utilized online forms for the survey, I encountered challenges as some households lacked internet access To overcome this, I engaged with the community, sharing information and guiding participants through the questionnaire Ultimately, the support from the residents enabled me to gather valuable data for my research.
The questionnaire was carefully designed to facilitate the collection of answers that can be analyzed to address specific research questions It incorporated three types of questions: multiple choice, distance measurement, and open-ended responses Subsequent sections of this thesis will provide an in-depth analysis of the gathered data, focusing on key questions that assess knowledge, technical preparedness, and understanding of organic tea cultivation, as well as the environmental responsibility of farming households This research aims to draw conclusions about sustainability and evaluate the effectiveness of organic farming practices for tea plants and their impact on the natural environment Additionally, it seeks to assess the methodology used in order to develop measures that enhance the effectiveness of the research.
Research Methods
The document inheritance method involves utilizing research findings from scientific studies focused on the sustainability of agricultural ecosystems and safe tea production in Vietnam and globally This approach also incorporates statistical data and field survey results related to various research topics conducted in the region Additionally, relevant documents and online information sources are leveraged to ensure the collection of updated and comprehensive data.
Method of analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and pressure (SWOT):
This method is used to determine potentials, opportunities and pressure on local people to participate in the model of safe tea production
SWOT analysis identifies internal strengths and weaknesses alongside external opportunities and pressures that impact the community These factors encompass various aspects, including socio-economic, political, cultural, religious, technical, and environmental elements The primary goal of this analysis is to leverage strengths and opportunities while addressing weaknesses and pressures, ultimately proposing solutions for the sustainable development of the Tan Linh organic tea area.
The sociological survey method involves utilizing a pre-designed questionnaire to gather information on the economic conditions, labor dynamics, and employment distribution within households and the broader community This approach also assesses the utilization of land resources for agricultural purposes and other avenues of economic development.
The Rural Rapid Assessment (RRA) method employs techniques such as direct observation, semi-structured interviews, and seasonal calendars to evaluate the organic tea cultivation and consumption in Tan Linh commune The author conducted interviews with key officials from the Commune Farmers Association to understand the planning and development strategies for local organic tea production Additionally, 26 organic tea-producing households were randomly selected to gather insights into the production process and the distinctions between organic and conventional tea The assessment highlights the challenges facing the local organic tea industry and the consumer market for these products.
In conducting a field survey, it is essential to observe the production areas and assess conditions such as water sources, soil quality, and production materials Evaluating the effectiveness of fertilizers and plant protection products is crucial, along with documenting findings through notes and photographs This comprehensive approach ensures accurate insights into the current research status.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Characteristics of surveyed households
Table 2: General characteristics of the group of surveyed households
1 The number of surveyed households Household 26 100
5 The average age of the household head Ages 51 -
6 The average number of household/households Member 4 -
7 The average number of employees/households Member 4 -
(Source: Synthesized from survey data, 2020)
Gender and ethnicity: Among the 26 surveyed households, there are 26 household heads are Kinh (accounting for 100%) The head of the household is male, 9 households make up 35% and 17 female households, makeup 65%
Research indicates that among 26 surveyed households, 0% of household heads possess primary education, while 35% have completed lower secondary education and 65% have attained high school education The majority of household heads are graduates of junior high and high school.
In Song Cau 3 village, the average age of tea-producing households is 51 years, indicating that most producers possess a stable infrastructure, sufficient living capital, and valuable experience in tea cultivation.
In hamlet 10 of Tan Linh commune, organic tea production households typically employ an average of 3.62 family members, providing a reliable labor source that supports consistent tea production.
Tea cultivated areas and varieties of tea-producing households in the
Tea cultivated areas and varieties of households surveyed in the study area are shown in the following table:
Table 3: Structure of tea cultivated land and varieties of tea-producing households in the study area
Trung Du tea LDP 1 Tea
The average area 0.37368 76 0.07848 16 0.0392.4 8 0.4914 The total area 9.7164 76 2.0376 16 1.0188 8 12.778
(Source: Synthesized from survey data, 2020)
Table 4.2 shows that the total tea growing area of the surveyed households is 12.778 m 2 In which, the area of Trung Du tea variety was 9.7164 ha
(accounting for 76%), LDP 1 tea variety was 2.0376 ha (accounting for 16%) and the rest was acacia tea variety with 1.0188 ha (accounting for 8%)
The Trung Du tea variety dominates with an average area of 0.37368 hectares, representing 76% of the total, while the LDP 1 variety covers 0.07848 hectares, accounting for 16% The remaining tea varieties occupy an average area of 0.03924 hectares, making up 8% of the total.
The data indicates that the Trung Du tea variety is the most widely cultivated variety in Cau River 3 hamlet, followed by the LDP 1 tea variety, while the acacia tea variety occupies the least area.
In recent times, the widespread adoption of new tea varieties, such as hybrid LDP 1 and acacia amasses acid, has transformed tea production in the commune These modern varieties offer higher yields, easier maintenance, and stable pricing, prompting many tea households to replace traditional, low-yield varieties Additionally, the unique tea varieties from Trung Du are being preserved and developed to enhance their regional specialty appeal in today's market economy.
Tea production situation of producing households in the study area
To assess the production conditions and economic viability of tea-producing households, it is essential to analyze not only general criteria but also specific factors such as area, productivity, selling price, and input costs, all of which significantly influence the economic efficiency of tea production The detailed findings are presented in the accompanying table.
Table 4: Tea production situation of surveyed households
The total value of production
(Source: Synthesized from survey data, 2020)
The data reveals significant disparities in the cultivated areas of different tea varieties among producing households The Trung Dutea variety boasts an average planting area of 10.30 Rod per household, which is 4.7 times greater than the 2.18 Rod per household average for the LDP 1 tea variety, and 9.5 times larger than that of the acacia variety Furthermore, the average planting area for the LDP 1 tea variety is 2.18 Rod per household, double the average area allocated for acacia ponds.
There is no difference in tea yield among tea varieties The average productivity of each household is from 15.25 to 17.25 kg/Rod
The average selling price of tea across various varieties remains consistent at 210,000 VND per kilogram However, prices fluctuate throughout the year, with a notable increase during the Tet holiday compared to regular days.
Tea collection method of households in the study area
The following table summarizes the tea collection and consumption methods of the producing households in the study area:
Table 5: Tea collection and consumption method of producing households
(Source: Synthesized from survey data, 2020)
According to Table 4.4, all households involved in tea production utilize a method that involves harvesting only two leaves, which are then processed into dry tea for sale in the market Notably, there are no producers selling fresh or semi-processed tea.
Regarding tea consumption markets of researched households
Table 6: Form of tea consumption by surveyed households
(Source: Synthesized from survey data, 2020)
A survey revealed that all tea-producing households in the study area engage in the processing and sale of dried and finished tea, supplying various markets, traders, and purchasing agents.
In a recent survey of households, 19% were found to be selling directly to the market, while 23% sold their products to middlemen The majority, comprising 58%, sold to agents or companies, highlighting the preference for established distribution channels among the surveyed households.
The input production costs of tea producers of research households
In the production process of each household, the investment cost for each crop is different, depending on the production purpose that each household has a different investment in tea
Researching into tea production situation of households, the results are as follows:
Table 7: The average input cost of an organic tea rod /year for organic tea producing
Tea producing households The amount of TB fertilization
Investing in fertilizers is crucial for enhancing soil nutrient quality When applied in the right amounts, fertilizers not only improve soil health but also boost the productivity of tea plants.
The investment costs for fertilizers are notably high, with nitrogen fertilizer costing 672 kg, equivalent to 5,040,000 VND, potash fertilizer at 602 kg per household costing 5,207,300 VND, and phosphate fertilizer at 60 kg costing 199,980 VND Additionally, manure usage amounts to 935 kg, corresponding to 514,250 VND In total, the overall expenditure for fertilizers reaches 11,602,030 VND.
The cost for the total collection, care, preliminary processing and processing is 24 jobs, equivalent to 3,840,000 VND
Finally, the expenses such as the depreciation of fixed assets, original capacitors, electricity are 3,950,000 VND The total investment cost for tea production is 18,786,500 VND.
Analysis of tea production efficiency of research households
Here is a table of analysis of the average economic efficiency of 1 Rod /year of the research households:
Table 8: Tea production efficiency of research households averagely per
Rod /year Target Tea producing households (n&)
(Source: Synthesized from survey data, 2020)
+ Gross Output (GO): Production value of surveyed households is 45,073,491 VND
+ Intermediary cost (IC): The average cost of one Rod /year for the surveyed households is 11,602,030 VND
+ Value Added (VA): The average added value of one Rod /year of surveyed households is 22,739,906 VND
+ The average total cost (TC) of one Rod /year of the surveyed household is 18,786,500 VND
+ One year, production households get profit from 1 Rod of tea is 26,286,991 VND / Rod /year.
Evaluate producers' perspectives on organic tea
Below are the results of collecting comments from tea-producing households located in the organic tea area expansion as follows:
Table 9: Producers' views on organic tea production
STT Targets Information The number of surveyed
1 Number of surveyed households Household 26 100
Through table 4.8 we can see that: After conducting the survey, a total of
In a study involving 26 tea-producing households, a significant majority, 77%, expressed their willingness to transition to organic tea production, with 20 households agreeing to make the change Conversely, 23% of the surveyed households, totaling 6, opted not to participate in the conversion to organic methods.
Table 10: The reason for agreeing to convert to organic tea production of research households
The number of households participate
1 Create products that are safe, good for the health of users 6 30
2 The price of the product is high 4 20
5 The value of sustainable agriculture 0 0
(Source: Synthesized from survey data, 2020)
Participating households in organic tea production recognize its significant economic benefits and health advantages for consumers Specifically, 30% of these households emphasize that organic tea creates safe and healthy products, while 20% note that it commands higher market prices compared to traditional tea Additionally, 40% believe that organic tea production offers long-term economic value, and 10% highlight its positive impact on the environment Overall, all participating households understand the importance and lasting economic effects of transitioning to organic tea production, indicating a strong case for expanding this sustainable practice.
Table 11: The reason for not participating in the conversion to organic tea production of the research households
The number of households do not participate
6 Don't know the care technique 3 52
(Source: Synthesized from survey data, 2020)
Many production households are hesitant to adopt organic tea production due to a lack of awareness and commitment to the model, preferring traditional methods instead The high care techniques and strict production processes required for organic tea often lead to poor economic efficiency, which deters participation Survey results indicate that 16% of households are indifferent to organic practices, another 16% believe that organic tea is susceptible to pests and diseases, and some households cite low economic returns as a concern Additionally, 52% of respondents express uncertainty about the techniques involved in organic tea cultivation and care, highlighting a significant gap in knowledge and specialization.
Advantages, disadvantages and some solutions to develop organic tea in
- People have long experience, industriousness, hard work and love of the job
- People are properly aware of why organic tea production is required
- It is a production area with favorable natural and climatic conditions to develop organic tea production
- Lack of young and healthy labor force
- Organic tea should require strict care
- The market is not stable
- Weak technology, lack of materials
The weather is getting more and more extreme in summer, the summer is hot and long, the winter is cold and rain for a long time, reducing productivity
-Agricultural extension workers are interested in, regularly visit tea and give the advice to create tea production models with high economic efficiency
- The fake labels and trademarks
- Support projects often pay little attention to small-sized households
Traditional tea producers are hesitant to transition to organic tea production due to their established production habits and fear of change Their small, fragmented farms and limited capital make them wary of the additional costs associated with organic certification, which they view as excessive Despite the potential for higher prices in the organic market, they find the process too complicated and burdensome.
Tea-producing households willing to transition to organic tea production highlighted several key support needs They expressed the necessity for capital investment, technical training in organic farming practices, access to essential production tools, and a reliable market for their organic tea products.
CONCLUSION
The research on the natural and socio-economic conditions of Tan Linh commune reveals that its environment is well-suited for tea cultivation As a result, local residents have increasingly invested in and developed tea farming, which has significantly enhanced their livelihoods This growth in the tea industry has also contributed to the overall economic development of the province and its districts, cities, and towns.
In recent years, the tea industry in Tan Linh commune has seen significant growth, with notable advancements in both the quantity and quality of small-scale tea production and trading households.
Recognizing the economic potential of tea, households in tea-growing areas of the commune have consistently increased their cultivation area while enhancing both productivity and quality This initiative has not only provided employment opportunities for unemployed residents within the commune but has also generated seasonal jobs for workers from neighboring communes in Thai Nguyen province.
In recent years, Vietnam's tea export market has expanded significantly, positively influencing local tea consumption As a result, tea products crafted by the community are experiencing favorable sales, while prices are stabilizing This development is contributing to increased incomes and an overall improvement in the quality of life for the residents.
Despite recent achievements, the tea industry in the commune has encountered significant challenges, including low average tea yields that do not align with the region's strengths and potential Additionally, many tea fields have suffered degradation, leading to reduced economic efficiency over time.
The excessive use of inorganic fertilizers and ineffective pesticides poses significant risks to both the environment and public health, while also compromising the quality and sustainability of tea fields Additionally, many households lack the necessary capital for production, resulting in a disinterest in investing in intensive tea cultivation Consequently, the raw tea leaves processed often fail to meet quality standards, leading to the production of low-quality tea products.
To enhance the production and consumption capacity of tea products for sustainable development, Tan Linh commune must focus on several key strategies These include diversifying tea varieties to introduce high-yield and valuable options, upgrading technology and processing equipment to produce a range of quality products that meet market demands, and improving the purchasing and distribution systems to offer various buying and selling methods Additionally, fostering strong relationships between businesses and tea farmers is essential, along with developing and promoting brands of specialty tea regions to establish a stable domestic and international market for tea consumption.
The investment policy for capital in the tea sector focuses on providing preferential loans and diversifying financing options to enhance tea development This includes funding for new planting, technological innovation, trade promotion, and brand development Local financial institutions are encouraged to support the cultivation of new tea varieties and to replace old or low-yielding tea areas Additionally, there is an emphasis on providing more assistance to families with small tea plantations to ensure sustainable growth in the industry.
- Build several closed tea farms from production, processing and consumption to apply agricultural and industrial promotion models (mechanical equipment in production) to form and develop tea brands and brands
- The State needs to develop a set of standards on organic vegetables to facilitate the application of organic agricultural production models
- Develop marketing plans through conferences, cultural exchanges, tours
- Need the attention of state agencies, foreign organizations providing investment capital facilities, equipment
- Training staff with experience in the trade
1 Ministry of Health 2008, Decision No 867/1998 / QD-BYT of the Ministry of Health
2 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development 2013, Circular No 07/2013 / TT- BNNPTNT
3 Ministry of Health 2016, Circular No 50/2016 / TT-BYT of Ministry of Health
4 Report on Thai Nguyen tea production and consumption by Thai Nguyen Provincial People's Committee in 2015
5 Vietnam Ecolink - Ecolink Company (2009), Organic standards of the World Organic Agriculture Association (IFOAM)
6 Thai Nguyen Provincial Tea Development Project for the period 2017 - 2020 of the People's Committee of Thai Nguyen province in 2017
7 Do Ngoc Fund - Do Thi Ngoc Oanh, Tea growing and processing techniques with high yield - good quality, Agriculture Publishing House, Hanoi, 2008
8 Doan Hung Tien, Do Van Ngoc (1998), Collection of research works on tea (1988 -
9 Nguyen Huu Khai, Vietnam tea tree - capacity for export competition and development, Labor - Society Publishing House, Hanoi, 2005
10 BaoHan (2020, 08 08) Building safe tea production models Retrieved from Nhandan: https://nhandan.com.vn/tin-tuc-kinh-te/xay-dung-mo-hinh-san-xuat-che- an-toan-612010/
Ta Thi Thanh Huyen's 2010 ministerial-level thesis at the University of Economics and Business Administration in Thai Nguyen focuses on the production and consumption of tea products, emphasizing sustainable development in Thai Nguyen province.
13 ADDA Viet Nam (2015) GIÁO TRÌNH ĐÀO TẠO VÀ NHỮNG ĐIỀU CẦN LƯU Ý TRONG HLND VỀ NÔNG NGHIÊP HỮU CƠ (OA-FFS)
14 2002) Retrieved from IFOAM ORGANIC INTERNATIONAL: https://www.ifoam.bio/why-organic/shaping-agriculture/four-principles-organic
15 AGROINFO (2005) Vietnamese tea: "Famous but a few pieces"
16 Altieri, M A (2004) linking ecologists and traditional farmers in the search for 35-42
17 D.RigbyaD.Cáceresb (2001) Organic farming and the sustainability of agricultural systems 21-40 doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-521X(00)00060-3
18 Hang Thi Minh Bui, H T (2020) Factors influencing farmers’ decision to convert to organic tea cultivation in the mountainous areas of northern Vietnam
19 Hicks, Alastair (2001 ) Review of Global Tea Production and the Impact on Industry of the Asian Economic Situation
20 IFOAM, FiLB (2016) The World of Organic Agriculture: Statistics and Emerging Trends
22 Leu, Andre (2017) Development of Organic Agriculture, suggestions to the Government of Vietnam
24 Ma.F.Sarte, E B (2008) monitoring sustainable agriculture in Southeast Asia International Journal of sustainable development 95-102
25 Phuong, H N (2013) EFFECTIVENESS OF HOUSEHOLD’S TEA PRODUCTION IN THAI NGUYEN
26 Pretty, J (2008) “Agricultural sustainability: concepts, principles and evidence”
27 Saigenji, Yoshiko; Zeller, Manfred (2009) Effect of contract farming on productivity and income of smallholders: The case of tea production in north- western Vietnam
28 TNDT (2009, May ) dialitinhthainguyen Retrieved from Bao Dien Tu Thai Nguyen
29 Tuan, M Ha (2014) Establishing a Transformative Learning Framework for Promoting Organic Farming in Northern Vietnam: a case study on Organic Tea
30 WEIBULL, J B ‐ C (2005) The effects of organic agriculture on biodiversity and abundance: a meta ‐ analysis
31 Willer, H and Kilcher L (2016) The world of organic agriculture: Statistics
& Emerging Trends, FIBL; IFOAM- Organics International
32 http://iasvn.org/homepage/Bao-cao-nganh-hang-che-thang-52016-8414.html
33 http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC
34 http://www.vietrade.gov.vn/che/6019-san-luong-va-xuat-khau-che-the- gioiqua- nhung-con-so-phan-1.html
35 https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BA%A3n_xu%E1%BA%A5t
36 https://voer.edu.vn/m/khai-niem-tieu-thu-san-pham/a2aaa837
37 http://yno.com.vn/tin-tuc/news/2-nguon-goc-cay-tra.html
SOME PICTURES OF ORGANIC CULTIVATIONS MODELS, ACTIVITIES
IN THE INTERNSHIP PROCESS AT TAN LINH COMMUNE, DAI TU
Figures 1: Organic tea development process evaluation
Figures 2: Organic tea planing and reseach areas
APENDIX 2 PHIẾU THU THẬP THÔNG TIN VỀ TÌNH HÌNH
SẢN XUẤT CHÈ HỮU CƠ
I- THÔNG TIN CƠ BẢN VỀ HỘ GIA ĐÌNH
1 Họ và Tên chủ hộ:……… …Dân tộc:………
2 Hộ có bao nhiêu người? người
II- THÔNG TIN VỀ TÌNH HÌNH KINH TẾ CỦA HỘ GIA ĐÌNH
3 Năm 2019 Gia đình được chính quyền địa phương xếp vào loại hộ gì?
Giàu Khá Trung bình Nghèo
4 Các nguồn thu nhập của hộ gia đình:
Ngành nghề sản xuất Sản lượng Thành tiền Ghi chú
III- THÔNG TIN VỀ TÌNH HÌNH SẢN XUẤT CHÈ HỮU CƠ
5 Gia đình có sản xuất chè hữu cơ không? Có Không
Đồi chè của gia đình đã được trồng từ nhiều năm, với sản xuất chè an toàn bắt đầu từ năm cụ thể Tổng diện tích trồng chè là một con số nhất định, trong đó diện tích chè an toàn chiếm một phần quan trọng Gia đình trồng giống chè nào và có thực hiện trồng xen với cây khác hay không? Nếu có, phương pháp trồng xen được áp dụng nhằm mục đích gì? Sản lượng chè đạt được hàng tháng là bao nhiêu?
Sản lượng sản xuất được/tháng
Sản xuất chủ yếu vào thời gian nào trong năm? g) So với trước đây, sản lượng chè mỗi loại được nhiều hơn hay ít hơn? Ít hơn Nhiều hơn
Tại sao lại có sự biến động như vậy?
6 Quy trình sản xuất chè hữu cơ như thế nào? (cắt tỉa chè như thế nào, thu hoạch?)
7 Gia đình có sử dụng thuốc BVTV không? Có Không
Nếu có, a) BVTV loại gì ? b)Liều lượng bao nhiêu? ……… c)Phun trước khi hái bao nhiêu ngày? ………
8 Gia đình có sử dụng phân bón không? Có Không
Nếu có a) Phân bón gì? b)Liều lương bao nhiêu? c) Bón vào lúc nào?
9 Tại sao gia đình lại sản xuất chè an toàn?
10 Gia đình sử dụng phương pháp nào để sao chè (dùng điện hay chất đốt)?
Nếu dùng chất đốt thì: a) Chất đốt là gì? b) Dùng hết bao nhiêu cho một mẻ sao (một mẻ = ? kg)
11 Gia đình có tham gia các lớp tập huấn về kỹ thuật trồng chè hữu cơ không?
Nếu có, đơn vị nào tổ chức:…………
12 Gia đình có được hướng dẫn của cán bộ khuyến nông không?
- Nếu không, theo kinh nghiệm ở đâu?
- Gia đình có thường xuyên trao đổi kinh nghiệm với các gia đình khác không?
13 Gia đình có được hỗ trợ trong quá trình sản xuất chè hữu cơ không?
Nếu có: Hỗ trợ như thế nào? (Giống, kinh phí):
Trong sản xuất chè, lao động chính thường bao gồm các thành viên trong gia đình, với sự tham gia của cả nam và nữ Việc phân chia lao động trong gia đình có thể rõ ràng hoặc không, tùy thuộc vào từng trường hợp cụ thể Ngoài ra, lao động làm thuê cho gia đình chủ yếu đến từ các địa phương khác nhau, góp phần vào quá trình sản xuất chè.
15 Gia đình có ký hợp đồng với bên mua chè hữu cơ không?
Nếu có: Ký với đơn vị nào? Thời gia ký hợp đồng bao lâu? Nếu không: Sản phẩn bán cho ai? Phương thức bán hàng như thế nào?
16 Cơ quan nào chứng nhận sản phẩm chè hữu cơ của gia đình? a)Gia đình phải đáp ứng những yêu cầu nào để được chứng nhận?
……… b) Chứng nhận có giá trị trong thời gian bao lâu?