OBJECTIVE OF GUIDELINES
The Malaysia Dam Safety Management Guidelines (MyDAMS) are designed for implementation within Malaysia, requiring alignment with existing legislation, regulations, and standards MyDAMS aims to establish a comprehensive framework for managing dam safety and offers guidelines for developing and executing effective dam safety practices across the nation This encompasses various types of dams, including those utilized for water supply, irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, flood mitigation, water quality control, sediment retention, and recreational purposes.
Dam safety management aims to safeguard lives, property, and the environment from dam failures by implementing a robust safety management system and program MyDAMS outlines best practices for comprehensive dam safety management throughout the entire dam lifecycle, including planning, investigation, design, construction, commissioning, operation, maintenance, surveillance, safety reviews, rehabilitation, emergency preparedness, and abandonment.
MyDAMS is essential for dam owners, operators, consultants, engineers, contractors, and regulatory bodies involved in dam safety management While all stakeholders share the responsibility for ensuring safe dams, the Dam Owner holds ultimate accountability throughout the dam's life cycle The application of MyDAMS requires reasonable skill and care, tailored to the dam's size, hazard rating, and complexity.
The International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) and other recognized agencies offer extensive technical bulletins and literature that provide essential guidelines for various aspects of dam management, including investigation, design, construction, operation, maintenance, surveillance, rehabilitation, risk assessment, and emergency action plans (EAP) MyDAMS aligns closely with these documents, aiming to assist dam owners and stakeholders in comprehending the legal obligations and liabilities related to the development, ownership, and operation of dams in Malaysia.
Each dam and its site possess distinct characteristics, necessitating a tailored approach for assessment and management Dam owners must understand these unique features to effectively prioritize the efforts and resources required to uphold a satisfactory level of dam safety.
2 MALAYSIA DAM SAFETY MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES careful heed must be paid to the experience, ability and expertise, which is an essential requirement of a dam engineer.
COMMITMENT TO DAM SAFETY
On August 29, 2012, the Cabinet directed KeTTHA, in collaboration with the Performance Management and Delivery Unit (PEMANDU), to address dam safety management practices in Malaysia Following this, a special lab session led by PEMANDU from October 29 to November 9, 2012, concluded with the endorsement of a Special Committee aimed at regulating all dam safety management practices and the establishment of a Dam Technical Centre.
In 2016, Malaysia conducted a series of meetings and workshops involving government agencies, dam owners, operators, and designers to address the development of MyDAMS and to establish dam safety legislation aligned with international best practices.
Dam owners are encouraged to provide funding and resources to undertake dam safety programme that are essential to minimise the risks posed by dams.
SCOPE OF GUIDELINES
MyDAMS offers essential guidelines for dam safety management in Malaysia, specifically targeting dams that are at least 10 meters tall with a storage capacity of 20,000 cubic meters or more, as well as those with a storage capacity of 50,000 cubic meters or greater and a height exceeding 5 meters.
The Guidelines outline essential aspects of dam management, including planning, investigation, design, construction, commissioning, operation, maintenance, surveillance, safety review, rehabilitation, emergency preparedness, and abandonment However, they are not intended to serve as a manual for design, construction, or operations.
The Dam Owner, in collaboration with their Technical Adviser, should determine the relevance of materials included in MyDAMS for a specific project.
In the development and safety evaluation of dam projects and other life cycle management aspects, it is essential to consult relevant technical publications and seek guidance from qualified, experienced professionals It is important to note that MyDAMS may not address every possible scenario.
CONTENTS OF GUIDELINES
An outline of the content included within the parent document and each supporting Appendix is as follows:
Outlines the objective of dam safety management, purpose and scope of the Guidelines and the contents of this document
Outlines Malaysia’s legislative framework as of 2016 for the safety management of dams
Appendix A details the legal responsibilities and liabilities of individuals involved in the development, ownership, and operation of dams These guidelines will be updated in accordance with the forthcoming Federal Legislation on dam safety Chapter 3 focuses on the potential hazards associated with dams and outlines essential safety principles.
Defines dam safety objectives and principles that are applicable to the investigation, design, construction, commissioning, assessment, rehabilitation and operation of dams in Malaysia Chapter 4: Dam Safety Management System
Outlines the guidelines for establishing and implementing a dam safety management system
Appendix B – Outlines the guidelines for the consequence assessments and hazard ratings of dams in Malaysia
This article outlines essential guidelines for investigating and designing new dams, assessing existing structures, and planning rehabilitation works It details the scope of investigation and design activities while emphasizing the importance of risk assessment and safety management in the design documentation process.
Appendix C highlights the essential aspects of dam design, emphasizing the importance of personnel qualification and experience, as well as quality assurance and control It addresses the need for thorough risk and hazard assessments to ensure dam safety, and outlines the appropriate safety level criteria for various threats, including floods and earthquakes.
4 MALAYSIA DAM SAFETY MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES
This article outlines essential guidelines for the construction and commissioning of new dams, as well as the rehabilitation of existing ones It details the responsibilities of personnel involved, emphasizes the importance of quality control measures, and addresses key construction and commissioning challenges.
Effective operation and maintenance (O&M) are crucial components of dam safety management It is essential for dam owners to comprehend the operational parameters of their structures under normal, unusual, and extreme conditions Additionally, the training and competence of operating staff are vital for identifying potential threats and recognizing failure symptoms.
Appendix D details the essential components of a standard dam Operations and Maintenance (O&M) manual, including vital background information, operational and maintenance procedures, and assigned responsibilities It emphasizes the importance of accounting, reporting, documentation, and record-keeping practices that are crucial for ensuring dam safety.
Chapter 8: Surveillance and Safety Review
This article outlines essential procedures for dam surveillance, focusing on the detection of potential problems and unsafe trends, as well as monitoring the dam's performance It emphasizes the importance of safety actions to prevent oversights and details the principles of safety reviews, which assess the integrity of dams against known failure modes and mechanisms relevant to various dam types.
Appendix E – Outlines the principles and procedures of surveillance covering safety inspection, monitoring and surveillance evaluations
This article outlines the essential principles and procedures for the management of dam upgrades and rehabilitation, focusing on remedial measures to address safety deficiencies It highlights the conditions that necessitate the rehabilitation of both concrete and embankment dams, as well as their associated structures.
Outlines emergency preparedness planning processes and guidelines for EAPs, review and training to ensure effectiveness of EAPs
Appendix F details the essential planning and processes for emergency preparedness, outlining recommended procedures for developing an Emergency Action Plan (EAP) that aligns with the National Disaster Management Agency (NADMA) guidelines for effective crisis management during emergencies.
This article outlines essential guidelines for managing dam safety issues, addressing deficiencies, and handling changes in dam usage and decommissioning processes It also offers guidance on ensuring public safety around dams, emphasizing the importance of effective management practices in maintaining safety and compliance.
A glossary of terms relevant to dam safety is provided at the beginning of this document
INTRODUCTION
Federal State Regulatory Regime
A typical dam is constructed on a river and features a reservoir that encompasses a large catchment area Upstream, there are designated catchment and buffer zones, along with safety and security zones at the dam site and downstream These zones may impose restrictions on access rights, types of activities, resource utilization, and land management practices Due to the separation of powers between Federal and State governments, many aspects related to dam development and operations, including land use, rivers, lakes, wetlands, and local planning, fall under State Government jurisdiction Consequently, the siting of any dam within a State requires approval from the State Government.
The approval of dam projects in Malaysia is contingent upon compliance with various state laws, including those related to town planning, environmental protection, and water resources In Sabah and Sarawak, additional licensing for electricity generation is also required It is crucial for dam proponents to understand these legislative requirements and take necessary measures to adhere to them MyDAMS provides an overview of relevant state legislation, with detailed listings available in Appendix A Project proponents are strongly advised to seek legal counsel to ensure compliance with the applicable state laws for their specific dam location.
The Federal Government oversees dam safety, primarily concerning large dams constructed by Federal agencies However, there is currently no specific Federal law dedicated to regulating dam safety Existing legislation, such as the Factories and Machinery Act 1967 (FMA), Construction Industry Development Board Act 1994 (CIDB), and Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (OSHA), applies to various aspects of dam operations, including worker safety and machinery The Environmental Quality Act 1974 is relevant for new dam developments or capacity expansions to promote sustainable practices Additionally, security measures at dam sites may be governed by the Protected Areas and Protected Places Act 1959 A summary of dam owners' obligations under these laws is provided in Appendix A, but aside from these, there are no Federal laws specifically addressing dam safety.
LAWS, PRACTICES AND PARTIES INVOLVED
Status of the Dam Safety Guidelines
The Guidelines provide essential best practices for dam safety, although adopting and implementing MyDAMS is not mandatory for dam owners Despite the absence of specific legislation governing dam safety, individual dams may be subject to licensing or permit conditions under state laws, such as the Lembaga Urus Air Selangor (LUAS) Enactment, which can necessitate compliance with the Guidelines In these cases, the relevant state authority may reference the Guidelines or specific components, like the preparation of an Emergency Action Plan (EAP), as a condition for permits or licenses, thereby giving the Guidelines a binding nature.
1 Adapted from Part II, New Zealand Guidelines on Dam Safety
The legal status requires dam owners/operators to adhere to specified regulations, with state laws applying in cases of non-compliance Some dam owners may follow their own internal guidelines or international standards like ICOLD The Guidelines are the culmination of a thorough national initiative, aligning with global best practices while incorporating local elements to ensure relevance for Malaysian dam owners and regulatory bodies In legal contexts, courts may consider valid justifications rather than solely relying on in-house guidelines or adapted international codes that lack formal approval.
Common Law
Dams are crucial to national infrastructure, but their failure can lead to severe consequences, including loss of life, economic damage, and environmental harm Despite Malaysia's relatively good dam safety record, global incidents underscore the necessity for effective dam safety management programs Currently, there is no specific legislation governing dam safety in Malaysia; instead, common law assigns responsibility for dam safety to the Dam Owner, who may face liability for damages caused by dam failures Operators must exercise reasonable care in the design, construction, and operation of dams to prevent failures Establishing formal guidelines for accountability and thorough review processes is essential to identify and rectify potential mistakes before they lead to failures These guidelines should serve as minimum standards for compliance, and Dam Owners may also be liable for damages resulting from natural events linked to their dams.
Common law in Malaysia is derived from precedents established by court decisions, which may come from various courts within the Commonwealth These precedents are recognized and utilized by Malaysian courts, making common law an integral part of the legal system in the country.
According to the Rylands v Fletcher ruling, an individual who intentionally brings hazardous materials onto their property is responsible for any potential harm that may arise from their escape This principle establishes that such a person must manage these risks diligently; failure to do so renders them prima facie liable for any resulting damages.
The 10 Malaysia Dam Safety Management Guidelines emphasize the importance of the Dam Owner's responsibility in ensuring safety and minimizing risks associated with dam construction and operation If damage occurs as a foreseeable result of damming activities, the Dam Owner may be held liable Therefore, it is crucial for the Dam Owner to conduct thorough studies on the natural impacts of the dam and implement all reasonable measures to mitigate potential hazards.
Best Practices in the Dam Safety Guidelines
MyDAMS aims to ensure that all dam owners and operators adhere to established safety practices, grounded in international best practices such as FEMA, ICOLD, and guidelines from Australia, New Zealand, and Canada By adopting and implementing these Guidelines, dam owners can significantly reduce the risk of dam failures and safeguard lives and property from potential disasters Furthermore, demonstrating compliance with these safety standards may help mitigate liability for dam owners in the event of damage claims.
Parties Involved and Responsibility / Liability
MyDAMS should be used by:
Owners of dams and its operators / employees
The Dam Owner plays a crucial role in the safety and operation of the dam, holding all necessary statutory approvals and being legally accountable for its maintenance While the Dam Owner may engage technical advisers for design and safety assessments, as well as qualified contractors for construction and rehabilitation, these agents operate under the Owner's authority and share responsibility as outlined in their contracts It is imperative for the Dam Owner to comprehend their liabilities, as they will be held fully accountable by authorities in the event of any issues, including potential criminal liability following a dam failure Therefore, a proactive approach to safety by Dam Owners is vital to ensure public protection and mitigate risks.
To mitigate negligence risks, it is crucial for Dam Owners to understand and implement the established Guidelines By doing so, they can ensure the safe development, maintenance, and operation of the dam Furthermore, demonstrating full compliance with these Guidelines can significantly reduce potential liability and legal risks for the Dam Owner.
Apart from the Police and National Disaster Management Agency who may take control of a disaster, there are other authorities who administer legislation relating to dam safety These are:
State, municipal, and federal legislation govern the processes related to dam construction and management, with various authorities involved at each level State governments oversee consents, constraints, and approvals through planning and land/water alienation Municipal councils are responsible for permits related to earthworks, buildings, and drainage The District Land Office manages land alienation, utilization, and reservation for dam-related purposes Dam owners must adhere to varying conditions set by state authorities Environmental considerations are handled by the Department of Environment, which assesses the dam's safety impact on the environment, while the Department of Occupational Safety and Health and the Construction Industry Development Board focus on worker and machinery safety Additionally, the National Security Council ensures the dam's security by designating it as a Protected Place, and the National Disaster Management Agency coordinates the establishment of an Emergency Action Plan (EAP).
Technical advisers and contractors in the dam industry engage in a diverse range of activities, requiring expertise in various fields Key skills include geology, geotechnical engineering, hydrology, hydraulic engineering, seismology, environmental assessment, structural engineering, and electrical engineering.
The 12 Malaysia Dam Safety Management Guidelines emphasize the importance of evaluating and managing construction risks, particularly flood risks, during the construction phase It is essential for Dam Owners to engage external specialists for project management, quality assurance, and peer review, as these professionals carry significant responsibilities and act as agents for the Dam Owner A clear understanding of the scope, responsibilities, and liabilities between the Dam Owner and their agents is crucial, ideally outlined in contractual agreements Dam Owners must recognize that they bear full liability for any dam incidents, as authorities will hold them accountable rather than the agents Additionally, the Guidelines recommend maintaining continuity of key Technical Advisers throughout the design, construction, and commissioning phases to ensure effective management and oversight.
Environmental, planning, and building legislation, along with its enforcement by authorities, safeguards public interest, particularly during the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and planning approval processes for new dam developments Public involvement is primarily driven by those directly affected by the dam's operation, as well as interest groups advocating for specific environmental, social, cultural, or political issues Individuals with a direct stake often perceive the dam, and its stored contents, as potential hazards to life and property, highlighting the paramount importance of public safety, which is a key focus of MyDAMS Additionally, public participation should be integrated into Emergency Action Plans (EAPs) and simulation exercises Stakeholders in the dam industry must consistently acknowledge their duty of care to the public and act as stewards of public well-being.
FEDERAL STATUTORY OBLIGATIONS
Street, Drainage and Building Act 1974 (SDBA)
This Act is applicable exclusively to Peninsular Malaysia, where municipal authorities hold jurisdiction over the entire region Although the definition of "building" in the SDBA may not explicitly encompass "dams," municipal authorities often have practical oversight in related matters.
A "building" encompasses any structure such as a house, hut, shed, or roofed enclosure, regardless of its use for human habitation This definition also includes walls, fences, platforms, gates, posts, pillars, and various types of docks, piers, jetties, and bridges, along with any supporting structures or foundations related to these elements, as outlined in the SDB 1974.
Legal requirements govern the regulation of dams under this Act, necessitating that dam owners submit their construction or rehabilitation plans to municipal authorities for approval, similar to building works These applications must include detailed drawings, specifications, design reports, and review reports to ensure compliance with applicable regulations and guidelines Additionally, dam owners are prohibited from commencing full operations until they receive a Certificate of Completion and Compliance from the municipal authority.
In the event of a breach of the relevant provisions of this Act, municipal authorities are authorized to take action, including prosecution, which may lead to fines or convictions They can also issue stop work orders and compound offences Therefore, dam owners and operators should thoroughly understand the requirements set by municipal authorities and proactively comply with them It is important for owners to verify if the jurisdiction of municipal authorities applies to their dam site, especially for those located in remote areas, as similar legislation is also in effect in Sabah and Sarawak.
Akta Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara and Water Services Industry Act 2006
The restructuring of the water supply industry in Peninsular Malaysia led to the establishment of two key laws: the Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara Act 2006 (SPAN) and the Water Services Industry Act 2006 (WSIA) The WSIA provides a comprehensive regulatory framework for the water supply and sewerage sectors, including rules and licensing for industry regulation Together, these Acts govern the entire lifecycle of water supply services, encompassing the harvesting, storage, treatment, distribution, and wastewater discharge processes SPAN regulates all related infrastructure, such as dams, under the provisions of WSIA, which mandates that entities involved in water supply services obtain licenses and furnish relevant information regarding water supply systems.
Water supply services encompass the treatment of water sourced from watercourses, along with the distribution and supply of this treated water to consumers This includes the essential operation and maintenance of the entire water supply system.
“Dams” are included in the definition of “watercourses” WSIA 2006
6 “water supply system” means the whole of a system incorporating public mains, pipes, chambers, treatment plants, pumping stations, service or balancing reservoirs or any combination thereof and all other structures,
The 14 Malaysia Dam Safety Management Guidelines emphasize the importance of adhering to licensing requirements for public water supply services, which encompass associated infrastructure, including dams The Act imposes various penalties, including fines and imprisonment, for violations In addition to the roles of SPAN and WSIA, it is crucial to recognize that most states in Peninsular Malaysia have their own legislation governing water resource management, which may mandate dam licensing Similarly, Sabah and Sarawak have specific laws regulating water resources and dams, detailed in Appendix A.
Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994
The Act aims to ensure the safety, health, and welfare of individuals at work, promoting a work environment that meets their physiological and psychological needs It grants the Department of Occupational Safety and Health the authority to enforce its provisions, requiring dam owners and all industries, including construction, agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and utilities, to comply Applicable throughout Malaysia, the Act mandates employers to implement measures that guarantee the safety and health of all individuals on their premises, including providing safe work systems and adequate training The definition of "employees" encompasses independent contractors and their employees Additionally, the Act imposes a duty of care on dam owners towards third parties affected by their operations and establishes penalties, including fines and imprisonment, for violations.
Factories and Machinery Act 1967
The WSIA 2006 Act governs factories employing manual labor, focusing on the safety, health, and welfare of workers It addresses the registration of installations, buildings, and equipment, as well as the land used for the storage, abstraction, collection, treatment, distribution, and supply of water.
The legal requirements for the inspection of machinery at dam sites are outlined in the Act, which applies even though a dam is not classified as a "factory." All machinery used at these sites must be certified fit for operation, and the occupier is responsible for maintaining safety appliances and machinery Employees operating machines that could cause bodily injury must receive proper supervision, instruction, and training Dam sites involving engineering construction work are also governed by the Act, which encompasses various activities such as construction, repair, and demolition of dams Periodic inspections by the Inspector of Factories and Machinery are mandatory, and dam operators must facilitate these inspections In the event of serious incidents resulting in injury, loss of life, or significant damage, immediate reporting to the Inspector is required, who may then initiate an inquiry The Act enforces penalties, including fines and jail terms, for violations and is applicable throughout Malaysia.
Environmental Quality Act 1974
The Environmental Quality Act (EQA) defines "environment" as encompassing various physical factors surrounding humans, including land, water, atmosphere, climate, sound, odor, taste, biological elements of animals and plants, and social aesthetics This legislation empowers the Director General of the Department of Environment (DOE) to regulate and prevent pollution across Malaysia The EQA prohibits unauthorized discharges or deposits of pollutants into inland waters, which include rivers, streams, canals, drains, and other natural or artificial water bodies Additionally, Section 34A of the EQA, along with the Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order 2015, mandates that proponents of major dam projects conduct and submit an environmental impact assessment.
According to FMA Section 3, "machinery" encompasses a wide range of equipment, including steam boilers, pressure vessels (both fired and unfired), pipelines, prime movers, gas cylinders, hoisting machines, transmission machinery, driven machinery, materials handling equipment, and amusement devices Additionally, it covers any machinery used for casting, cutting, welding, electro-deposition, or spraying materials with compressed gas or air However, certain exclusions apply, which are not specified in this summary.
(a) any machinery used for the propulsion of vehicles other than steam boilers or steam engines;
(b) any machinery driven by manual power other than hoisting machines;
(c) any machinery used solely for private and domestic purposes; or
16 MALAYSIA DAM SAFETY MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES
The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report must be prepared in accordance with the guidelines established by the Department of Environment (DOE), focusing on identifying anticipated environmental impacts and proposing mitigation measures The DOE ensures that all approved actions are implemented by the project proponent, who must submit an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) prior to construction Local authorities are increasingly mandating the EIA process for major projects, regardless of whether they are classified as prescribed activities The Act imposes various penalties, including fines and imprisonment, for violations Notably, the Environmental Quality Act (EQA) does not apply to dam construction in Sabah and Sarawak, although similar environmental regulations are enforced in those regions.
Construction Industry Development Board Act (CIDB)
The Act governs the construction industry in Malaysia, encompassing a wide range of projects such as dams, bridges, and tunnels It defines construction works to include essential activities like site clearance, excavation, and foundation laying Only registered contractors with a valid CIDB certificate are authorized to perform construction works, and they must maintain accurate records with the CIDB, including any relevant documentation Contractors are responsible for ensuring safety and compliance with the Act and CIDB regulations, while the CIDB holds the authority to issue stop work orders, conduct investigations, and carry out inspections Additionally, a levy is required for construction contracts exceeding five hundred thousand, and the Act outlines penalties, including fines and imprisonment, for violations.
(a) Construction of dams, impounding reservoirs with a surface area of 200 hectares or more;
(b) Construction of dam and hydro-electric power scheme with either or both of:
(i) dam of 15 metres or more in height and ancillary structures covering a total area of 400 hectares or more;
(ii) reservoir with a surface area of 100 hectares or more;
Other Requirements on Dam Safety – MKN ARAHAN NO 20
Major dams present significant risks to life and property if they fail, making it essential for dam owners to implement an Emergency Action Plan (EAP) for disaster management MyDAMS mandates the establishment of an EAP, which must adhere to the National Directive on Policy and Management of Disasters (MKN ARAHAN NO 20) from the National Security Council The National Disaster Management Agency (NADMA) is responsible for operationalizing this directive, with the Prime Minister declaring a "Disaster Emergency" to protect life, property, and public health based on the disaster's complexity and required resources While MKN ARAHAN NO 20 is not legally binding, compliance is strongly recommended for dam owners to benefit from a structured response mechanism that extends from the national to local levels Demonstrating adherence to these guidelines may help dam owners reduce liability following a disaster.
POTENTIAL HAZARDS OF DAMS AND SAFETY PRINCIPLES
3 POTENTIAL HAZARDS OF DAMS AND SAFETY PRINCIPLES
POTENTIAL HAZARDS OF DAMS
Special Nature of Dams
Dams are unique structures constructed from a blend of natural and engineered materials, designed to store significant volumes of water Their stability relies heavily on foundational support and abutments Each dam possesses distinct characteristics influenced by site geology, construction materials, and structural design Due to the diverse factors such as geological variations, material differences, and potential flood and earthquake risks, it is impractical to establish a universal design code or standard evaluation procedures for dams Therefore, each dam must be assessed individually, considering all relevant factors.
Safety Issues
The topography of a site plays a crucial role in determining how a dam integrates with or alters the landscape Additionally, the regional and local geology significantly impacts the structural safety, water retention, and slope stability of the reservoir The availability and quality of construction materials at the project site, along with the dam's design, are vital for ensuring its resilience during both construction and operation Effective flood management is essential for maintaining dam safety, as it influences how floodwaters are handled throughout the dam's lifecycle Furthermore, seismic risks and potential earthquake loads can jeopardize the dam's integrity, including its stored contents and the surrounding reservoir shoreline Overall, safety concerns related to large dams can be intricate and multifaceted.
Dams undergo aging and deterioration due to geological and chemical processes, and advancements in technology can reveal safety concerns that were previously unknown The potential for catastrophic dam failures necessitates continuous monitoring and maintenance to ensure safe conditions Moreover, given that dams often have significantly longer life spans compared to other engineered structures, they must exhibit resilience over time to withstand evolving challenges.
POTENTIAL HAZARDS OF DAMS AND SAFETY PRINCIPLES
20 MALAYSIA DAM SAFETY MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES
Safety Deficiency Due to Weaknesses in Foundation and Abutments
The dam's foundation and abutments are crucial components of its overall water barrier system If these structures lack adequate support or are compromised by issues such as internal erosion, high seepage, or structural weaknesses, significant safety risks can emerge Common deficiencies in dam foundations and abutments include vulnerabilities like joints, shear zones, and faults, which may lead to instability, erosion, liquefaction, and material degradation over time.
Safety Deficiency in Appurtenant Structures
Appurtenant structures are essential for dam safety, encompassing spillways, intakes, outlets, sluices, and their respective gates, valves, and control systems These facilities manage flood flows and facilitate reservoir lowering during safety emergencies Depending on site-specific needs, additional structures like tunnels, pipelines, surge chambers, penstocks, and power stations may also be classified as appurtenant if they serve safety functions Common dam safety deficiencies in these structures include inadequate spillway capacity, vulnerability to blockages, and damage from erosion, abrasion, and scour.
Safety Deficiency Due to Ageing
Aging can cause hidden safety deficiencies in dams that may not be evident during initial commissioning Additionally, improper operation of mechanical and electrical equipment in associated structures can jeopardize dam safety Therefore, it is crucial to implement proper operational procedures and provide comprehensive training for personnel to ensure the equipment functions correctly under normal, unusual, and emergency conditions.
WHY DAM SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND PROGRAMME ARE NECESSARY?
The consequences of a catastrophic dam failure are enormous At stake are not only lives and property, but the community, its economic well-being and the natural environment
Malaysia has experienced several dam incidences involving the loss of life and economic losses in some cases as follow:
POTENTIAL HAZARDS OF DAMS AND SAFETY PRINCIPLES
In October 2013, four individuals drowned at the Sultan Abu Bakar Hydro Power Dam due to excess water being released during the monsoon season These individuals were illegal squatters encroaching on the spillway outlet area, located downstream of the dam's outlet channel.
In 1981, the Batu Arang Dam in Selangor experienced a failure due to a classical slip on its upstream slopes during an extended period of heavy rainfall This incident revealed significant softening of the compacted materials on the dam's upstream side; however, it is noteworthy that no serious damage occurred downstream.
• Collapse of the spillway at Anak Endau Dam in 1986 during its first overspilling
• Damage of Ayer Keroh Dam in November 1993 due to construction at the downstream toe of the dam
• Collapse of the cofferdam due to overtopping by flood during construction at Paya Peda Dam in 2012
• Bukit Panchor Dam, Penang, the earthfill dam failed by a classical slip on the upstream slopes following an extremely wet and prolonged dry period in 1970 No serious damage occurred downstream
As population density rises, the risk of loss of life and property damage escalates, highlighting the need for heightened vigilance, especially with the construction of large dams on unstable foundations Historical data suggests that robust dam safety programs could have averted most incidents from escalating into catastrophic failures.
Lessons to be learnt from past dam incidents and failures include:
(a) Dam failure incidents led to the introduction of dam safety legislation to manage the risk of dam failure
St Francis Dam in California failed in 1928 killed 450 people The Coroner of
A jury in Los Angeles emphasized the importance of public safety and engineering judgment, stating that the construction and operation of a major dam should not rely solely on one individual's expertise, regardless of their stature, without oversight from independent experts.
1929 the State of California enacted legislation with this intent
The 1925 failure of Eigiau Dam in Wales led to the collapse of a downstream dam, causing a flood in Dalgarrog that tragically resulted in the deaths of sixteen individuals In response to this disaster, the United Kingdom enacted dam safety legislation through the Reservoirs Act in 1930.
POTENTIAL HAZARDS OF DAMS AND SAFETY PRINCIPLES
22 MALAYSIA DAM SAFETY MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES
The catastrophic dam failures at Malpasset in France in 1959, caused by a foundation defect and resulting in the deaths of 421 people, and at Vaiont in Italy in 1963, triggered by a landslide that led to dam overtopping and claimed 2,600 lives, prompted governments worldwide to implement new or revised regulations to enhance the safety oversight of dams and reservoirs.
(b) Design and construction defects can be unrecognised for many years and then suddenly cause serious problems
Lawn Lake Dam, Colorado, built in 1903, failed in 1982 releasing 800ML of stored water, killing three people Failure was caused by corrosion failure of the outlet pipe
San Luis Dam, California, built in 1966, suffered partial failure of the up- stream shoulder after drawdown in 1981
(c) Deficiencies in dams engineering during investigation, design and construction can lead to failures
Teton Dam, Ohio, failed during first filling in 1976 killing 11 people Design and construction deficiencies were not recognised Poor management was also involved
Carsington Dam, United Kingdom, failed at completion of construction before initial filling This was caused by embankment instability due to non recognition of adverse geological features
(d) Surveillance programs and vigilant dams personnel can provide early warning of disasters and reduce the loss of life
The Baldwin Hills Dam in Los Angeles, constructed in 1951, experienced a catastrophic failure on December 14, 1963 At 11:15 AM, the caretaker observed significant seepage, and by 3:38 PM, the dam collapsed Fortunately, thanks to timely evacuations, 1,600 residents from the downstream area were safely removed, resulting in only five fatalities.
Fontenelle Dam USA nearly failed on 6 May 1965 due to excessive seepage
Quick action by operations personnel in drawing the reservoir down and placing rockfill over the seepage area averted a disaster
Zeyzoun Dam, Syria, failed in June 2002 Early warnings of the impending failure allowed evacuation of hundreds of people downstream reducing the loss of life
POTENTIAL HAZARDS OF DAMS AND SAFETY PRINCIPLES
(e) A disaster can result if surveillance programs are not effective or are "non existent"
A mine tailings dam near Starva, Italy failed on 19 July 1985, killing 279 people No surveillance program existed No warning of the failure have been conducted
(f) The size of a dam does not necessarily indicate the hazard rating of a dam Small dams can place the population, environment and/or the economy at risk
In 1982, the Lawn Lake Dam in Colorado, despite its modest height of just 8 meters, failed catastrophically, resulting in the tragic loss of three lives and inflicting millions of dollars in damages on the downstream town of Estes Park.
(g) Dam failures continue to occur worldwide emphasising the need for ongoing vigilance
Gouhou Dam, China failed in 1993
Los Frailes Iron Pyrite Mine Tailings Dam, Spain failed in April 1998
Shih-Kung Dam, Taiwan suffered extensive damage in an earthquake in
Zeyzoun Dam, Syria failed in June 2002
USA experienced over 4000 dam incidents in the period 1994 to 2001 (US
National Performance of Dams Register)
Further details of dams' incidents are contained in "Dams and Public Safety" (Jansen, 1983),
"Deterioration of Dams and Reservoirs (ICOLD, 1983) and "Lessons from Dam Incidents" (ICOLD 1974).
PRINCIPLES OF DAM SAFETY
Fundamental Dam Safety Objective
Principle 1: The people, property and the environment, present and future, should be protected from the harmful effects of a dam failure or an uncontrolled release of the reservoir contents
To achieve a desirable level of safety, measures must be taken to:
Control the release of discharge downstream of a dam that would result in undesirable consequences
To minimize the risk of uncontrolled water loss from a reservoir, it is essential to implement resilient design, construction, and operational standards for dams and their related structures.
Mitigate through incident management and preparedness of the consequences of such events if they were to happen
Effective dam safety management must ensure transparency regarding all assessed risk factors, thereby instilling confidence in stakeholders and the public that potential risks to individuals, property, and the environment are being adequately managed.
Investigation, Design, Construction and Commissioning
Principle 2: All natural hazards, loading conditions, potential failure modes and any other adverse effects to the safe design, construction, commissioning, operation and rehabilitation of a dam should be identified
Dam safety can be compromised by various hazards such as heavy rainfall, severe winds, floods, earthquakes, landslides, and lightning strikes While the likelihood and intensity of these hazards cannot be entirely predicted, it is the responsibility of the Dam Owner to ensure that the dam is designed and maintained to minimize the risk of failure as much as possible Additionally, human factors, including design errors, construction deficiencies, and operational and maintenance issues, can also impact dam safety and are typically within the control of the Dam Owner.
POTENTIAL HAZARDS OF DAMS AND SAFETY PRINCIPLES
Design and construction of the civil works is insufficient
Dam safety elements of the design and construction of mechanical and electrical equipment are insufficient
Testing and commissioning procedures, O&M manuals, surveillance of dams and EAP are inappropriate
Violation of security and vandalism that affect dam safety
Principle 3: Dams and appurtenant structures should be designed, constructed, commissioned, operated and rehabilitated in a way that they meet the performance criteria
Design criteria for dams must align with the potential consequences of failure, ensuring that they remain unaffected by later construction, commissioning, and operational practices.
The competency and experience of the dam owner’s agents must be adequate in managing the special nature of the dam and commensurate with the consequences of dam failure
The Dam Owner must provide adequate funding for investigations, design and construction to allow sufficient assessment and protection on vital aspects (e.g dam foundation and treatment)
Dam Owner should not compromise safety due to financial pressure or programme accomplishment
There must be trusting and cooperative relationship among Dam Owner, Designer and Contractor The Designer must be appropriately consulted on matters that affect dam safety
Continuity of key technical advice should be maintained throughout the entire life cycle of the dam to minimise possibility of contradicting or misinterpreting the design intent and philosophy
Understanding and evaluating dam safety risks and controls is crucial, as they play a vital role in both dam design and rehabilitation It is essential to incorporate resilient features into the design to effectively manage uncertainties related to future loading conditions and variations in construction material properties.
Dam records relating to the investigation, design, construction, commissioning and maintenance should be well kept and updated throughout the life span of a dam
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26 MALAYSIA DAM SAFETY MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES
Quality assurance and control should be established and retained relating to investigation, design, construction, commissioning, operation, maintenance and rehabilitation of dam.
Responsibility of Dam Safety Management and Operational Integrity
Principle 4: The responsibility for the safety of the dam and its operational integrity rests with the Dam Owner
The Dam Owner holds both moral and legal responsibility for dam safety, a duty primarily shouldered by government entities in Malaysia, although private mining companies are increasingly acquiring dam ownership The National Disaster Management Agency (NADMA) is instrumental in ensuring public safety, providing oversight and crisis management support in the event of dam failures.
The Dam Owner is responsible, but not limited to, for:
Establishing and maintaining the necessary competencies for the executing dam safety management including provision of sufficient information and training
Establishing appropriate procedures and arrangements to upkeep safety of the dam under all conditions
Ensuring the design, construction, and quality of dams and their associated structures adheres to current dam safety practices is essential for maintaining resilience against potential failure consequences.
Ensuring the safe control of the reservoir operations (i.e inflows, outflows and stored volumes)
Ensuring the safe control of all sediments and deleterious materials that result due to the operation of dam and reservoir
Ensuring the completion of periodic dam safety inspection and reviews
Ensuring that EAP, commensurate with the consequences of dam failure, is in place and updated periodically
Dam can span many human generations Provision must be made for continuity of dam records and database for future reference
POTENTIAL HAZARDS OF DAMS AND SAFETY PRINCIPLES
Role of Government
Principle 5: The legal and governmental framework for all industrial activities, including operation of dams, provides the overarching structures for operational integrity and safety assurance
The government of Malaysia has the responsibility to address the issues on dam safety; no other organisation have these role and responsibility to protect the people, property and environment
Generally, the legal framework, specific laws and regulations is established, but not limited to, for:
Protecting against mis-operation or failure of dams and reservoirs
Provision of management of dams, reservoirs and operations that cause possibility of dam breach or other inundation risks
A clear framework that typically includes dam safety management and roles for operational integrity and safety assurance
Enforcement of related legislation, regulations and any other measures by governments, within the national laws system, to efficiently carry out their national responsibilities and any other international obligations.
Leadership and Management for Safety
Principle 6: An established and efficient leadership and management for safety should be sustained over the life cycle of the dam
Effective dam safety management requires strong leadership from top management, supported by a well-established management system It is essential to foster a culture of safety awareness among all individuals involved in dam safety practices Regular assessments of safety performance, along with the integration of lessons learned from past experiences, should be conducted to ensure continuous improvement and adherence to safety standards.
To ensure an efficient leadership and management in all levels of the organisation, the following factors that govern include:
Good performance and effective practices must be considered to prevent human and organisation failures
All ranges of interactions amongst individuals at all levels, with organisations and with technology in a management system is recognised and considered
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28 MALAYSIA DAM SAFETY MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES
Accidents can occur despite implementing all safety measures, highlighting the importance of conducting thorough lesson learned sessions These sessions should be documented and acted upon, encompassing analyses and findings such as root causes, operator knowledge and experience, initiating events, accident symptoms, near misses, and unintended acts.
Dam Safety Management
Principle 7: A dam safety management system, commensurate with the consequences of dam failure and incorporating policies, procedures and responsibilities should be in place for all dams
Effective dam safety management relies on implementing procedures that align with the potential consequences of dam failure Dam owners must demonstrate their commitment to safety by establishing a structured framework for conducting operations and addressing identified safety issues and deficiencies A comprehensive dam safety management system is essential for ensuring the integrity and reliability of dam operations.
Establishment of a dam safety policy / mission statement / standard that reflects the Dam Owner’s pledge to dam safety
A descriptive constituents of the dam safety management system, e.g action plans and resources for carrying out dam safety works
The implementation of a comprehensive dam safety management system includes essential responsibilities and procedures This procedural framework encompasses safety inspections, instrumentation monitoring, and regular safety reviews, with proactive alerts triggered when deficiencies or safety threshold exceedances are detected.
Incorporating assessment on performance of the dam
Incorporating identification with sufficient information on any safety issues and potential symptoms in the performance of the dam and dam safety management system
Provision of necessary facilities, communication system, training and education for staff and knowledge and information management
Effective dam safety management requires a hazard rating that categorizes risks based on the worst potential consequences of failure modes This classification is essential for establishing an appropriate dam safety program and ensuring effective oversight by relevant authorities.
Principle 8: Protection should seek to achieve the highest level of operational integrity and safety that can be reasonably obtained
POTENTIAL HAZARDS OF DAMS AND SAFETY PRINCIPLES
To ensure the highest level of safety for the public and the environment throughout the dam's lifecycle, it is essential to implement robust safety measures without compromising the dam's benefits Key elements must be evaluated to achieve this goal effectively.
Population that makes them susceptible to potential dangers of dam
Environmental, social and economic factors
Hazards from recognised harmful event that affects dam safety
Appropriate funding and resources should be allocated by Dam Owners to ensure sustainable safe operation of dam
Principle 9: No risks of dam safety impose on any persons and society should exceed the permissible level of tolerable risk
To ensure the safety of individuals and society, it is essential to mitigate inappropriate risks associated with dams The acceptable limits of dam-related risks are defined by the maximum tolerable hazards Effective dam safety management involves assessing both the benefits and risks to achieve an agreement on adequate protective measures, in accordance with legal requirements The responsibility for dam safety management lies with the Dam Owner, who operates within a regulatory framework established by governmental authorities Key aspects of risk management in this context include thorough evaluation and compliance with safety standards.
Ensuring that protection of public interest gained from dam outweighs the hazard and risk posed by dam and reservoir
Reduction, if not elimination of failure modes to the extent that is tolerable
Control risks of foreseeable hazard, if not eliminate to as low as reasonably practicable
Ensuring that effective dam safety procedures and EAPs are able to mitigate any harmful incidents or dam failures
Drills on crisis response program in preparation of the dam failures to create public awareness of the affected population
Preparation of financial aids (e.g insurances, Dam Owner’s compensation, societal resources) as a contingency plan in case of dam failure
The dam safety management should include managing risks to overall affected people, property and environment are within the standards normally accepted by society
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30 MALAYSIA DAM SAFETY MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES
Sustainability of Dams and Reservoirs
Principle 10: Dams and reservoirs must be sustainable to yield a long lasting societal worth asset by ensuring all failures and harmful incidents are negated as reasonably practical as possible
Effective dam safety management must span the entire lifespan of the dam, as every action taken now influences its future stability The aging process of dams, combined with persistent adverse weather conditions and environmental changes, necessitates a careful assessment of the ongoing risks faced by dams and reservoirs.
Effective safety management requires continuous evaluation of the adequacy of protective measures against potential risks arising from decisions made Recommended safety mechanisms include implementing robust protocols, conducting regular risk assessments, and ensuring comprehensive training for all personnel involved.
At the feasibility study stage, thorough dam site selection should be carried out with sufficient information acquired
In the design and construction phases, it is essential to implement strong design and engineering practices, which involve utilizing state-of-the-art technologies, high-quality materials, and ensuring appropriate safety margins to enhance the reliability of engineering features.
An effective blend of inherent and constructed dam safety features
Effective dam safety management is essential during the operation, maintenance, and surveillance of the dam It requires a steadfast commitment to safety alongside regular inspections and compliance with regulatory standards.
Crisis management plan should be established for preventing any mis-operation consequences
Also, provision of recovery plan especially to bring back into normal operation, should any mis-operation incident occurs.
Emergency Preparedness and Action Plan
Principle 11: Emergency preparedness and action plan should be in place for dams
Every dam must have an emergency preparedness plan that aligns with its hazard rating and is regularly updated throughout its lifecycle The emergency action plan (EAP) should be developed before the reservoir is first filled, ensuring that crisis protections are in place from that point forward, while taking into account all reasonably foreseeable dam incidents and failures.
POTENTIAL HAZARDS OF DAMS AND SAFETY PRINCIPLES
Any absence of legal requirements does not negate the Dam Owner from providing emergency preparedness and action plan
Efficient arrangement necessary at dam site, local, state, national and as concurred between neighbouring countries is established
Advance arrangements of the crisis management actions (e.g identification of emergencies, adopted EAPs, communication plans, and remedial actions)
Having developed the EAPs, drills should be carried out accordingly to ascertain the preparedness of the relevant parties involved
INTRODUCTION
The main goal of dam safety management is to prevent dam failures while also ensuring preparedness for unusual conditions to effectively control hazardous situations.
The catastrophic failure of a dam poses significant risks to lives, property, and the economic stability of communities, as well as harming the natural environment As population density rises, the likelihood of fatalities and property damage increases Historical data shows that many dam failures could have been avoided with robust safety programs Valuable lessons from previous dam incidents and failures are documented in resources such as “Deterioration of Dams and Reservoirs” (ICOLD, 1983) and "Dam Failures – Statistical Analysis” (ICOLD Bulletin 99).
“Dams and Public Safety” (Jansen, 1983)
An effective dam safety management system is essential for establishing a comprehensive framework that governs safety activities, decision-making, and supporting processes Key elements of a robust dam safety program must be clearly defined, and it is crucial to develop decision criteria, practices, and procedures during the system's establishment.
The management of safety at a dam must align with its hazard rating, ensuring that the standard of care and the application of the management system are proportional to the potential risks associated with the dam.
RESPONSIBILITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY
The Role of Government
The government plays a crucial role in safeguarding the community by enacting legislation that establishes regulatory authorities These authorities are responsible for ensuring that current and prospective dam owners take necessary measures to maintain dam safety effectively.
Responsibility for Dam Safety and Liability for Dam Failure
Dam Owners hold both legal and moral obligations to implement all necessary precautions to avert dam failures and to lessen the impact should a failure occur The primary responsibility for ensuring dam safety lies with the Dam Owner, who may face lawsuits from affected parties in the event of loss of life or property damage due to a dam failure.
34 MALAYSIA DAM SAFETY MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES damages The Dam Owner's professional advisers, contractors and other involved parties may also be caught up in such action
The Dam Owner is responsible for ensuring that adequate funds are available to provide an appropriate dam safety program, as outlined in MyDAMS
Implementing a comprehensive dam safety program is essential for minimizing the risk of adverse legal outcomes By prioritizing dam safety and incorporating defensive engineering practices in both the development and management of dams, organizations can effectively mitigate potential legal challenges, as highlighted by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD).
Dam Owner
The owner of each dam is responsible for its safety This responsibility requires the provision of sufficient resources to meet its safety program requirements
Dam Owners should ensure that for each of their dams:
• They are operated and maintained in a safe manner;
• Dam Hazard Ratings are known and regularly reviewed;
• Appropriate surveillance programs are implemented;
• EAPs are prepared and tested; and assist relevant government agencies in downstream emergency planning ;
• Suitably qualified and experienced personnel are engaged on dam works and during inspections;
• Suitable corporate governance structures and internal reporting processes are in place
• Dam safety reviews are undertaken at the appropriate time; and
• Dam risk profiles are available and risks are being addressed on a priority and urgency basis.
Regulatory Authorities
Regulatory authorities must keep a comprehensive register of dams under their jurisdiction and possess the authority to ensure these dams are designed, constructed, operated, and maintained according to established standards It is essential for Dam Owners of Significant or higher Hazard Rating dams, as well as those with Population at Risk (PAR), to remain vigilant about their dam's condition and implement a robust dam safety program.
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Dam Engineers and Operators
Dam safety requirements must be identified and documented by qualified and experienced engineers throughout all phases of a dam's life, including design, construction, operation, and decommissioning.
Dam operators must understand the potential risks associated with the dam and be proficient in identifying and reporting any deficiencies or negative trends that may lead to a failure, ensuring timely communication with a dam engineer.
DAM SAFETY MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME
Governance
a Dam Safety Policy/Statement/Standard
Dam owners and senior management, whether individuals, public authorities, or private companies, are responsible for implementing an effective dam safety management program It is essential for every dam owner to establish a comprehensive dam safety policy, statement, or standard to ensure the safety and reliability of their structures.
A dam safety policy, statement or standard articulates a Dam Owner’s commitment to dam safety management including the linkage of its dam safety objectives to:
• The protection of third party property, public infrastructure and the environment
• The Dam Owner’s organisational goals and values
The organisation’s directive to its personnel responsible for implementation of the dam safety management programme should be stated in the policy statement b Dam Owner Actions and Priorities
A Dam Owner must prioritize the safe operation of their dams and reservoirs, ensuring a strong commitment to dam safety management at every organizational level, from senior management to field personnel It is crucial for senior management to stay informed about essential activities and decisions that impact the safe management of their dams.
A dam safety management program must align with organizational objectives to effectively address and resolve any safety issues that may occur throughout the dam's lifespan.
38 MALAYSIA DAM SAFETY MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES c Delegated Authority and Enabling
A clear line of authority and accountability for dam safety in a Dam Owner’s organisation should be clearly stated
To ensure effective dam safety management, it is essential to provide sufficient financial and personnel resources, along with delegated authority to responsible individuals This resource allocation must support the timely execution of all dam safety activities, including the investigation and resolution of any safety issues that may occur throughout the dam's lifespan, in compliance with regulatory requirements.
Dam owners must establish efficient communication processes to ensure that critical dam safety issues are quickly reported to the right personnel and escalated to key decision-makers and, when necessary, external authorities Additionally, fostering an organizational culture that encourages the upward flow of dam safety information is essential.
A Dam Owner’s dam safety policy, statement or standard and its dam safety achievements should be communicated throughout the Dam Owner’s organisation e Review
Regular internal and external assessments of a dam owner's safety management program are crucial for effective governance These reviews confirm that the dam safety objectives are suitable and being achieved, while also fostering a commitment to continuous improvement.
Competency of People
The Dam Owner must ensure that qualified personnel are engaged to effectively implement all aspects of the dam safety management program, fulfilling their designated roles and responsibilities.
Dam Owners must seek technical advice from qualified experts in dam engineering and safety to ensure optimal safety measures The collaboration between Dam Owners, Designers, and Technical Advisers is crucial for maintaining dam safety It is essential for all parties involved to clearly understand their roles and the limits of their responsibilities in the dam management process.
Routine on-the-ground surveillance and monitoring serve as the primary defense in dam safety, forming a crucial component of an effective dam safety management program It is essential that qualified individuals evaluate the surveillance and monitoring outcomes, assess dam performance, and conduct intermediate dam safety reviews to ensure comprehensive reporting and effective management.
Individuals responsible for dam safety must be aware of the various conditions and hazards that can impact dam integrity, recognize the potential failure modes, identify early warning signs associated with each failure mode, and implement appropriate surveillance and monitoring procedures tailored to these risks.
Typical competencies required for personnel involved in ongoing dam safety management are listed in Table 4.1
Table 4.1: Competencies for People involved in Dam Safety Management
Role Principal Areas of Competence
Legal, regulatory and duty of care responsibilities relating to dam safety Understanding of dam safety hazards and risks
Understanding of dam safety management programmes, principles and practices, and emergency planning and response procedures
Understanding of quality assurance principles
Structural, geotechnical, engineering geologist, mechanical, electrical, seismic, hydrologic and hydraulic design specialist
Understanding of dam safety management programmes, principles and practices
Operation, maintenance and testing procedures
Response to and managing dam safety issues
Gates and valves including associated power supplies, control and protection systems, and communication systems
Safe operation of gates and valves
Dam safety and surveillance principles and practices
40 MALAYSIA DAM SAFETY MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES
Dam safety and surveillance principles including visual recognition of the onset of potential failure modes and dam safety deficiencies, e.g erosion, crack
Emergency response procedures including escalation process for alerting others
Safe operation of gates and valves (if appropriate)
Understanding of the potential effects of a dam failure
Competency requirements to be established by an appropriate authority
Regulators Understanding of the implications of legislation relating to dam safety
Public at Risk Understanding of safety around dams and reservoirs
Note 1: Depending on the dam, Dam Hazard Rating and the Dam Owner, these roles may be performed by the Dam Owner in some cases and, in other cases, by a single person or team of people.
Training and Education
Training and education programmes for all personnel with responsibilities for dam safety should be geared towards developing and maintaining appropriate awareness and competencies, and should take into account:
• The organisational structure and governance arrangements
• The characteristics of the dam, reservoir and appurtenant structures
• The potential failure modes for the dam and appurtenant structures
• The gate and valve systems that fulfil dam and reservoir safety functions
• Site-specific issues including any potential or confirmed dam safety deficiencies
• Changes in the facilities or operating procedures
The personnel involved must be trained and know how to fulfil their respective roles Training records should be maintained for all personnel with dam safety responsibilities.
Form and Content
A dam safety management programme should:
• Detail requirements and frequencies for routine surveillance and monitoring, data evaluation, and reporting to the Dam Owner
• Detail requirements and frequencies for the routine inspection and testing of gate and valve systems that fulfil dam and reservoir safety functions
• Assign routine surveillance, monitoring, inspection, testing, data evaluation and reporting tasks to ensure they are carried out by appropriately qualified and experienced people
• Contain requirements for intermediate dam safety reviews and comprehensive dam safety reviews
• Contain an EAP or, if appropriate, a reference to a separate EAP
• Contain procedures for the identification, evaluation, and resolution of dam safety issues
• Include appropriate governance, management, communication, training and information management programmes.
Documentation
A comprehensive dam safety management program must be meticulously documented, encompassing all aspects of operations, surveillance, maintenance, testing, and emergency procedures This documentation should be readily accessible to those tasked with its implementation and review, ensuring clarity and user-friendliness for easy interpretation.
Effective management of the dam safety management program requires careful control of documentation It is essential to store these documents in both hard copy and electronic formats, ensuring they are kept at distinct primary and backup locations for security and accessibility.
Information Management
Effective record keeping and preservation of dam information are crucial throughout the dam's lifespan Properly filed and managed records ensure easy retrieval, protecting the Dam Owner from losses due to staff turnover and saving time and money in future information retrieval For instance, having access to historical records can prevent the need for intrusive drilling and investigations when addressing dam safety deficiencies.
Audits and Reviews
Audits and reviews of a dam safety management programme allow a Dam Owner to maintain a pathway of continuous improvement and provide assurance that dam safety risk
The 42 Malaysia Dam Safety Management Guidelines emphasize the importance of effective management through a balanced approach of both internal self-assessment and external audits This combination ensures comprehensive evaluations that enhance the overall safety and integrity of dam operations.