INTRODUCTION
Reasons for Choosing the Study
English has become essential across various aspects of life, dominating international communication, science, business, aviation, entertainment, broadcasting, and education Consequently, when the need for a global language arises, English is often the preferred choice.
The demand for English language learning is rapidly increasing in Vietnam, prompting many individuals to prioritize their English studies Official statistics from the Vietnamese Ministry of Education and Training highlight this growing trend, reflecting a strong commitment to improving English proficiency among the population.
2003, the English language was chosen by 98.5% of Vietnamese secondary students as their compulsory foreign language subject
While Vietnamese learners may find the initial stages of learning English easier due to the similarities in the alphabet, achieving proficiency remains a challenge Advanced learners must grasp metaphorical expressions to master the language effectively The ability to use English metaphors fluently enhances their understanding of literature and real-life communication Additionally, metaphors embody unique cultural aspects, serving as a bridge between nations and fostering a friendly atmosphere among speakers This connection promotes global mutual understanding of diverse cultures, customs, and behaviors, which is essential for preventing culture shocks during international interactions.
Metaphor has been studied and viewed at different angles by numerous scholars It is still a controversial topic which attracts people’s interest As an
As an English learner with a keen interest in metaphors, which are often regarded as a crucial aspect of figurative language (John I., 2003:345), the author has chosen to focus her graduation thesis on "A Study on Metaphors of Love in English."
Hopefully, the study, to some extent, can help Vietnamese learners of English understand metaphors more deeply so that they can use them more efficiently.
Aims and Objectives of the Study
This thesis explores common love metaphors in English, analyzes their meanings in both English and Vietnamese, and offers suggested activities and exercises for effectively teaching and learning these metaphors in an educational context.
To fully achieve these aims, the study has to answer two questions:
- What are the common metaphors of love used in English?
- What are the meanings of these English love metaphors and their Vietnamese equivalents?
Scope of the Study
The study concerns about love metaphors in English However, “ A Study on
The topic of "Metaphors of Love in English" encompasses a wide range of expressions, making it challenging to address every aspect comprehensively in a graduation paper This study specifically concentrates on a selection of common love metaphors found in the English language, providing insights into their significance and usage.
The concept of "love" primarily refers to a profound and tender feeling of affection between individuals This study focuses specifically on romantic love between men and women, excluding broader interpretations such as patriotic love or maternal affection As such, the metaphors explored in this research are centered solely on the dynamics of love in heterosexual relationships.
Vietnamese metaphors of love are explored to enhance the understanding of prevalent English love metaphors discussed in this study Additionally, a comparative analysis of love metaphors in both English and Vietnamese could serve as a more advanced area of research.
Another point is that activities and exercises presented in Chapter 3 only serve as samples to give learners chances to practise using these metaphors and also as suggestions for teachers.
Method of the Study
This research employs a combination of methods, beginning with a review of existing studies on metaphors to enhance understanding of the topic Data collection involves selecting and analyzing English and Vietnamese love metaphors, followed by categorization and analysis to deepen insights into this aspect.
Design of the Study
The study is divided into three main parts Part I “INTRODUCTION” consists of the author’s reasons for choosing the study, aims, scope, methods, and design of the study
Part II entitled “DEVELOPMENT” includes three chapters Chapter 1,
The article begins with a theoretical background on metaphors, exploring key concepts such as source and target domains, their characteristics, and classifications Chapter 2, titled "A Study on Metaphors of Love in English," examines prevalent love metaphors in English linked to themes like nature, flowers, drink, fire, madness, war, and journey, along with their Vietnamese counterparts Chapter 3 offers suggested exercises to enhance understanding of these metaphors.
Teaching and Learning English Metaphors of Love” presents some suggested activities and exercises to give learners chances to practice using these metaphors
In part III “CONCLUSION”, the author summarizes the main points in the study and suggests some topics for further studies
The study ends with the “REFERENCES” which lists all the materials and sources of information used in this study.
DEVELOPMENT
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
In the initial chapter of this study, the author aims to provide a concise overview of metaphors, focusing on key concepts such as the source domain and target domain, as well as the defining characteristics and classifications of metaphors.
Metaphors are often perceived as extraordinary elements of poetic language, but they are actually prevalent in our everyday communication According to Lakoff and Johnson (1980), metaphors play a significant role in shaping the way we understand and interact with the world around us.
Metaphor has been defined in various ways throughout history, with Aristotle's Poetics and Rhetoric serving as a foundational text for over 2000 years Aristotle posited that metaphor functions as a substitution of the figurative for the literal or as a compressed form of simile, emphasizing that understanding a metaphor involves interpreting a corresponding simile, such as "A is B" equating to "A is like B." Additionally, Aristotle's "substitution" theory, as articulated by Max Black, suggests that metaphor involves assigning a name from one category to something in another, whether through transference among different categories or based on analogy.
Another viewpoint on metaphor belongs to Dinh, T.L According to him,
“metaphor is the transference of meaning from one object to another based on similarity between these two objects.” (1995:194) This viewpoint is supported by
Do, H.C as he defined metaphor as “the symbolic name of one object, which is based on the similarity, realistic or imaginary, between the identified object called
In 1996, it was noted that "A" and the object referred to as "B" share a significant relationship, as the name of "B" is transferred to "A." Despite differing expressions of their concepts, both authors recognize the transfer of meaning between A and B, highlighting the similarities between these two entities.
A metaphor is defined as a word or phrase employed creatively to illustrate that one person or thing possesses qualities similar to another, according to the Oxford Student’s Dictionary of English (2001:140).
All definitions of metaphor converge on a fundamental principle: metaphor involves the transfer of a name through associations of similarity.
1.2 Source Domain and Target Domain
Zoltỏn Kửvecses in “Metaphor: A Practical Introduction” has said that:
Metaphors establish connections between two conceptual domains: the target domain, which we seek to understand, and the source domain, from which we derive metaphorical expressions For instance, concepts like life, love, and social organizations serve as target domains, while journeys, war, and food act as source domains This relationship involves a mapping where the target domain is interpreted through the lens of the source domain A clear example is the metaphor "Love is a journey," where love (the target domain) is understood in terms of a journey (the source domain), allowing us to perceive love as an experiential journey.
Metaphor can be understood in various ways, with Hoa (2004) describing it as a hidden comparison This comparison relies on the similarities in aspects such as shape, size, position, movement, function, color, behavior, character, and sound.
Firstly, metaphor is created on the basis of similarity of shape
Neck of the bottle Mouth of the cave
In these examples, the term "neck" refers not to a part of the human body, but rather to the narrow section at the top of a bottle.
The term "mouth" is often used metaphorically to describe the entrance of a cave, illustrating how language can transform the meaning of a word beyond its literal definition.
The head of a cabbage The teeth of a saw
Hoang Tat Truong (1993:80) Similar to the above example, “head” and “teeth” are metaphorical expressions based on the identification of shape
Metaphor is also created on the basis of similarity of size
Their daughter is quite plump but their son is positively elephantine
English –Vietnamese –Dictionary (1993:559) The image of “elephantine” is used metaphorically making a hidden comparison with a big person
Sometimes, metaphor is resulted from the similarity of position
Look at the following example:
The foot of a mountain The heart of the country
Hoang Tat Truong (1993:79) discusses how expressions like “foot of the mountain” illustrate positional similarities, where "foot" symbolizes the lowest part of the body and metaphorically refers to the base of the mountain Similarly, "heart" represents a central and vital part of the body Other phrases such as “leg of the table” and “tail of the procession” also serve as metaphors based on their positional significance.
Basing on similarity of movement, people have created many metaphors Look at the example:
They had to worm their way through the narrow tunnel
English – Vietnamese – dictionary (1993:2069) The river snaked away into the distance
The term "worm" refers to an animal characterized by its soft, rounded, or flattened body, often used metaphorically to describe a person's twisting movement Similarly, the verb "snake" serves as a metaphor, drawing on the concept of movement to illustrate similar actions.
Many metaphors are used in daily life, based on the similarity of function:
Key to the mystery Head of the class Hand of the clock
In these examples, the terms "key," "head," and "hand" do not refer to their literal meanings; instead, they represent metaphorical concepts related to obstruction This transference of meaning highlights shared functional similarities rather than their traditional definitions associated with instruments, body parts, or success.
In many cases, metaphor is resulted from the similarity of colour
The rose of clouds at down
The terms "rose" and "orange" are associated with color similarities, as noted in the English-Vietnamese Dictionary (1993:1216) The word "rose" refers to a type of flower but is also used metaphorically to describe clouds that exhibit a rose hue Similarly, "orange," which denotes a fruit, serves as a metaphor for lights that possess an orange tint These expressions illustrate how color identification forms the basis of metaphorical language.
1.3.7 Similarity of Behaviour and Character
Sometimes, people create metaphor basing on the similarity of behaviour and character
Look at the following example
The term "fox" denotes a large, intelligent animal and is often used metaphorically to describe a cunning individual In contrast, "Othello," a character from William Shakespeare's tragedy "Othello – the Moor of Venice," symbolizes intense jealousy Both "fox" and "Othello" serve as metaphors that highlight similar traits and behaviors, illustrating the complexities of human character.
Taking the following example for the illustration of metaphors based on the similarity of sound:
A STUDY ON METAPHORS OF LOVE IN ENGLISH
Love is a universal emotion experienced by all living beings, characterized by deep attachment and affection for others This powerful feeling is often described as what makes the world go round, highlighting its significance in our lives.
If you are still wondering why love is so important in our lives, the answer is that it satisfies the emotional needs of human beings
Human beings possess an inherent capacity for love, deeply rooted in our biological makeup, which plays a crucial role in forming and sustaining society The profound love parents feel for their newborns often leads them to prioritize their child's needs over their own, demonstrating love's transformative power This powerful emotion transcends boundaries and has the potential to significantly change lives, enabling individuals to achieve remarkable feats that would otherwise seem impossible.
Love is an abstract concept that can be challenging to understand without the use of metaphors People often rely on various metaphors to articulate their feelings about love, making it a subject that continually captivates our discussions In this chapter, the author aims to explore the most common metaphors for love in English and their Vietnamese counterparts.
2.1 Love Metaphors Related to Nature:
Nature-inspired metaphors often depict love as an unpredictable force beyond our control, suggesting that love, much like nature, cannot be manipulated or forced It unfolds spontaneously, affecting individuals unexpectedly and reminding us that happiness derived from love is influenced by external elements Ultimately, love is a natural phenomenon that cannot be avoided or dictated, emphasizing its inherent unpredictability.
Sometimes love is represented as a storm, flood, or wind, thus highlighting the aspects of the intensity of love and the lack of control of those in love
For example: She swept me off my feet
Waves of passion came over him
She was carried away by love
One of the most common nature-related metaphors in English is “Love is sunshine” Sunshine can bring us warmth, faith and hope in a brighter tomorrow
Love is essential for human existence, much like sunshine is vital for all living beings Just as sunshine enables growth and survival, love serves as the foundation of life, bringing happiness and brightness to our experiences This parallel between love and sunshine highlights their significance in our lives, leading to the metaphor "Love is sunshine."
When she smiles, she lights up the room
You are the sunshine of my life
She brought sunshine where winter winds had blown
Love inspires kindness and compassion among humans, manifesting in various forms such as a passionate kiss, a mother's tender touch, or the affection shared among siblings This powerful emotion is an essential part of our lives, making it clear why love is often likened to sunshine, illuminating our connections and relationships.
In Vietnamese, the metaphor “Love is sunshine” is used widely not only in literature but also in daily language
- Với em anh như ánh nắng ấm áp giữa mùa đông giá lạnh
- Em muốn là mặt trời tỏa sáng soi dõi bước chân anh
- Anh - mặt trời của em - sưởi ấm trái tim em bằng những tia nắng mới ngọt ngào và ấm áp
- Em là ánh mặt trời, luôn tỏa sáng mỗi khi anh lầm đường lỡ bước, là tia nắng duy nhất còn sót lại trong cuộc đời anh
- Anh đành viết tin nhắn và gửi đến tim em tia nắng ấm của tâm hồn anh
- Anh là mặt trời bé nhỏ trong cuộc đời em
The metaphor "Love is the air" highlights the essential yet invisible nature of love, much like the air we breathe This comparison underscores the significance of love in our lives, even though it cannot be seen Widely used in English, this metaphor emphasizes the vital role love plays in our emotional well-being.
She is the air I breathe
She is a breath of fresh air
I breathe your love: it is my air
Your love is my air, I need you to survive
Air is essential for life, as we cannot survive without it, making it one of the most precious elements in our world Similarly, love holds equal significance; without its energy, all the luxuries of life lose their value and meaning.
In Vietnamese, like in English, love is also represented as the air In Vietnamese, there can be found many expressions based on this metaphor such as:
- Lúc nào anh cũng cho em hít thở bầu không khí đầy tình yêu của anh
- Em là nguồn không khí cho anh hít thở
- Anh là bầu không khí bao bọc em, bầu không khí ấy trong ngần,thanh khiết
- Và anh chính là bầu không khí tiếp cho em hơi thở và sức sống
Another love metaphor related to nature is the metaphor “Love is autumn”
It is often used in poems
- My love is autumn locked inside your heart (1)
- Love is autumn leaves changing colored emotions as the air grows cold (2)
- Love is autumn leaves changing beautiful colors.
- Love is autumn hues of gold and orange arranged in order upon the countryside (3)
As autumn arrives with its cool weather, many people experience feelings of loneliness and a longing for love, often expressing these emotions through the seasonal changes This enchanting season, characterized by falling leaves and crisp air, is seen as the most romantic time of the year Both autumn and love evoke deep emotions and mystical experiences, making them closely intertwined in their ability to elicit profound feelings within the human soul Thus, autumn is often compared to love, reinforcing its reputation as the most romantic season.
In Vietnamese, love is often expressed through nature-inspired metaphors, similar to English Phrases like "Love is sunshine," "Love is autumn," "Love is wind," "Love is wave," and "Love is whirlwind" illustrate the deep connection between romantic feelings and the natural world.
- Anh làm mùa thu cho em mơ màng ( 5 )
- Trong lòng Mạc Ngôn Hy đột nhiên trào dâng một cơn sóng sục sôi ( 7 )
- Hễ thấy cô ta thì cơn sóng trong lòng anh lại dâng trào, yêu – hận tồn tại song song
- Em đem ánh bình minh chiếu sáng đời tôi và chỉ lối cho tôi, dẫn đường cho tôi vượt quá những khó khăn của cuộc đời ( 8 )
- Có em kề bên nói cười
Người là ánh sáng của đời tôi ( 9 )
- Anh ấy đem đến cho tôi một thứ tình cảm mà có lẽ tôi chưa từng có khi yêu Huy- một cơn gió lạ ( 10 )
- Anh sẽ lại chỉ là một cơn gió, một cơn gió lạnh giá làm trái tim em thêm buốt nhức (11)
- Cô ấy đến thổi vào đời tôi một luồng gió mới
- Tình yêu là cơn gió cuộc đời
2.2 Love Metaphors related to Flowers and Drink
There can be found in English a great deal of love metaphors related to flowers and drink
An English musician has said that:
Love is a rose but you better not pick it
It only grows when it is on the vine
A handful of thorns and you will know you have missed it
You lose your love when you say the word “mine” (12 )
A metaphor serves as a hidden comparison, linking the similar qualities of two dissimilar objects For instance, the metaphor "Love is a rose" illustrates how the rose, a flower renowned for its beauty and fragrance, symbolizes love's dual nature While roses evoke feelings of joy and connection, they also grow from thorny stems, reflecting the bittersweet aspects of love This analogy highlights that love encompasses both tender emotions and potential pain, making the rose an ideal representation of love's sensual, sacred, and romantic qualities.
Different colors of roses may also represent different feelings and emotions
Red roses, universally recognized as symbols of love, stand out among the myriad of rose colors like maroon, yellow, and pink Their vibrant hue embodies romance and passion, making them a classic choice in art, poetry, and modern media The commanding color red captures attention, much like love itself, which craves recognition Scientific studies suggest that red can stimulate a faster heartbeat and breathing, mirroring the effects of love on the body Additionally, color therapists associate red with both passion and pain, highlighting the intense emotions that romantic love can evoke.
The popular country singer Don Williams starts his song “Then it is love” with the words: “Some people say that love is a rose
Maybe they have hit it right on the nose”
We can find many other expressions of the metaphor “Love is a rose”:
- My love is a red rose
- Love is the wild rose
- For my love Sarah – my beautiful Spanish rose
- Love is a beautiful rose with a bouquet of nasty thorns
The metaphor "Love is wine" is prevalent in English, illustrated by phrases such as "drunk with love" and "fuddling look." Expressions like "fuddling smell" and "I am drunk without wine, with the streets where she has been" further emphasize the intoxicating nature of love, drawing a vivid connection between romantic feelings and the effects of wine.
Ernest Hemingway once described wine as one of the most civilized and natural creations, perfected to offer unmatched enjoyment and appreciation Just as wine can intoxicate, the profound experience of love can similarly envelop your senses, leading to a state of emotional euphoria.
The respects in which love and wine are similar are numerous:
The origins of wine lie in the depths of the vat and cask, where fermentation and bubbling naturally reveal its essence without external influence Similarly, the profound secret of love, nestled within the hearts of lovers, yearns for expression and revelation due to its compelling nature.
SOME SUGGESTED EXERCISES FOR TEACHING AND
TEACHING AND LEARNING ENGLISH METAPHORS OF
Metaphor is often underestimated in English teaching and learning, with many perceiving it as difficult and primarily literary However, metaphors play a crucial role in everyday language and communication By understanding metaphorical expressions grouped by common concepts, such as "Love is magic," learners can easily remember phrases like "She cast her spell over me" and "The magic is gone." This understanding not only aids retention but also encourages students to create their own metaphors, enhancing their language skills and creativity.
Metaphor deserves a more prominent role in language teaching for three key reasons: it is essential to language use, it permeates the language system structurally, and it offers valuable methodological insights By incorporating multi-text exercises into teaching materials, educators can create effective and straightforward learning experiences Additionally, enhancing the structure of reference materials by integrating these theoretical concepts could lead to significant improvements in language education.
Metaphors play a crucial role in vocabulary learning by allowing us to understand one concept through the lens of another This ability to connect different domains enhances our comprehension of words, as it links their literal meanings to metaphorical interpretations For instance, the term "shaky" can be applied to both buildings and theories, illustrating the metaphor "theories are buildings." Similarly, "remote" can describe both physical distance and emotional relationships, exemplifying the metaphor "relationship is distance." By utilizing metaphors, learners can systematically expand their vocabulary across various contexts.
Metaphors serve as vital carriers of culture, offering insights into how we perceive and interpret the world By studying and understanding metaphors, we can deepen our appreciation of cultural nuances and enhance our learning experiences.
Because of the importance of English metaphors in language teaching and learning, the author would like to give some activities and exercises for learners to practice
Activity 1: Exploring how metaphors make meaning
Materials: Student journals, slips of paper with metaphors for love from songs and poems, computers with internet access
"Love is a journey of connection and understanding."
After two minutes, encourage students to share their sentences and ask the class to identify any similarities If no one points them out, clarify that these sentences are metaphors Take this opportunity to review or introduce the definition of a metaphor, explore different types of metaphors, and explain how they differ from similes.
Then tell students to pair up, and give each pair a slip of paper with one of the following lines from love songs and poems:
“Your love is smallpox” – Paul and Storm, “Your Love Is (Love Song With Metaphor)”
“Love is a battlefield” – Pat Benatar, “Love is a Battlefield”
“Love is a rose” – Neil Young, “Love Is a Rose”
“Love, it is a river” – Amanda McBroom, “The Rose”
“Love is a banana peel” – Ben Weisman and Fred Wise, “I Slipped, I
Stumbled, I Fell,” (sung by Elvis Presley)
“Oh, love is a journey with water and stars” – Pablo Neruda, Sonnet 12
“[Love] is an ever-fixed mark / That looks on tempests and is never shaken” – William Shakespeare, Sonnet 116
“Love is a truck Love is a wall” – Connie Kaldor, “Love Is a Truck”
“Love’s a loaded gun” – Alice Cooper, “Love’s a Loaded Gun”
“Love is a losing game” – Amy Winehouse, “Love Is a Losing Game”
“Love is the drug” – Roxy Music, “Love Is the Drug”
“Love is a song that never ends” – “Love is a Song” from “Bambi”
Explain that the task is to “unpack” one of the lyrics, explaining what the comparison being made tells us about love
After students share their observations about what these metaphors mean, discuss them, using these questions:
What do these metaphors say about love?
Why do you think songs and poems often use metaphor to discuss love? Why use comparisons and analogies to express views about love?
What other metaphors can you recall from popular love songs? What do these metaphors reveal about love?
What kinds of metaphors do we use to talk about love – in songs and otherwise? What does this tell us about how love is perceived in our culture?
Why are metaphors so common in love songs? Can you think of any songs that talk about love directly, without using metaphors or similes?
This activity aims to enhance students' understanding of love metaphors found in English poems and songs By comparing these metaphors with those in Vietnamese, students can identify both similarities and differences between the two languages This engaging approach is suitable for high school and university students alike, fostering a deeper appreciation of poetic expressions across cultures.
1 Introduce some poems or love songs, for example, Roxy Music’s “Love Is the Drug” or Bruce Springsteen’s “I am on Fire” Discuss the comparison of “love” and
“drug”; “love” and “fire” Make sure all of the students see the comparisons
2 Then ask the students to think about other things one could compare to love Put
The exercise begins with the phrase “Love is…” written on the chalkboard, prompting students to brainstorm 5 to 8 comparisons Once a comparison is selected, such as “love is a journey,” the teacher guides the class to explore shared elements They discuss how love, like a journey, involves ongoing change and discovery, with lovers as travelers pursuing common life goals The relationship serves as their vehicle, facilitating progress toward these goals However, the journey presents challenges, including obstacles and crossroads that require decisions about their path together Finally, the class synthesizes these ideas into a five-line poem, encapsulating their insights on love.
3 Students then break up into small groups and each student select one of the “Love is…” comparisons from the master list, or come up with one of his/her own The students brainstorm in the small groups so that each has a list of commonalities for his/her comparison
4 Once these lists are compiled, students then take the items and create a metaphor poem of 4 to 6 lines Each student is able to create a poem by the end of the class period The classes included students of limited English proficiency, and even these students produce a completed poem
Application: This activity can be used in a class of English literature Students should be high level because in this activity, they are asked to create a metaphor poem by themselves
1 Introduce some articles in daily newspapers
2 Ask students to look through newspapers to find the metaphors in the articles
3 Review what they find and discuss the meaning of the metaphors
4 Have students write their own metaphors and share them with the class
5 Allow the class to vote on the most creative metaphor
Teachers can effectively implement this activity in English semantics classes, as it aids students in enhancing their ability to infer meaning from context during reading lessons To ensure a positive learning experience, the materials should be arranged from easier to more challenging texts, preventing students from feeling overwhelmed at the outset.
1 Let students see some pictures
2 Have students describe the pictures and make up a short story using a metaphor of love
Mary deeply loved Peter, and Peter reciprocated her feelings However, when Peter encountered Daisy, a stunning girl, he fell for her, leaving Mary heartbroken Despite Mary's efforts to win Peter back, Daisy ultimately captured his heart.
3 Ask students to explain the meaning of the metaphor that they have used
4 Have them write comparison words for each picture and draw illustrations to match
5 Walk through other pictures, asking students to comment on what they see and rework their comments into metaphors Then, provide an opportunity for the students to create their own picture books using metaphors along with comparison images
Application: This activity can be used in a speaking class as well as a class of
English semantics can be effectively taught to students at all levels through the use of picture books, which enhance understanding and retention of metaphors This engaging approach not only simplifies complex concepts but also makes learning enjoyable for students.
Exercise 1: Match the corresponding constituent elements of the source (indicated by numbers) and the target domains (indicated by letters) in the “Love is war” metaphor
1 the battles in the war
2 the belligerents in the war
3 the damage in the war to the belligerents
4 the strategies for the war actions
(a) the damage in love to the lovers (b) to allow the partner to take control (c) the dominance of a partner
(d) the events of the love relationship (e) the lovers in the love relationship (f) the plans for the love relationship
This exercise can enhance students' understanding of the metaphor "Love is war" in an English semantics class Educators can also adapt this activity to explore other metaphors like "Love is fire" and "Love is disease," fostering a deeper comprehension of the various ways love is conceptualized.
Exercise 2: Matching: Which expression goes with which metaphor?
1 He is starved for love
2 Their relationship has been a long, bumpy road
3 At first they were inseparable, but now they are breaking up
4 There is a very close tie between my parents and myself
5 Romeo was burning with love for Juliet
6 She was putting more into the relationship than he was
7 He was swept off his feet when he first saw her
8 They were magnetically drawn to each other
9 She tried to fight her feelings for him
10 He had to let go of his feelings for her and move on
12 They were crazy about each other
13 She is completely ruled by her heart
14 He worships the ground she walks on
15 Baby, I love you so much!