绪论
第一节：选题缘由及意义
1.1.1 汉越词的一些概念
1.1.1.1 汉越词的来源
Four thousand years ago, before the adoption of Chinese characters, the Vietnamese people spoke their own language, known as Proto-Vietnamese Due to geographical factors and interactions between the two nations, many Chinese immigrants settled in Vietnam, leading to the introduction of Chinese characters into the Vietnamese language.
Initially, Chinese characters were exclusively used by rulers, but over time, their use expanded to the general populace This shift prompted people to study and extensively utilize Chinese characters Consequently, the Vietnamese gradually began to engage with ancient Chinese texts, such as the "Four Books" and the "Five Classics."
《左传》等，都是复杂和脱离口语的一种语言（文言文）。
When Chinese characters entered Vietnam, they retained their original pronunciation and tones, lacking Vietnamese phonetics Consequently, the Vietnamese adapted these characters by assigning them Vietnamese pronunciations based on what they heard Utilizing the phonetic systems from ancient Chinese dictionaries, Vietnamese speakers modified the sounds of Old Chinese to fit their language, resulting in six distinct tones that correspond to Vietnamese words Both Mandarin and Vietnamese are monosyllabic languages and belong to the root word category, where grammatical relationships are expressed through word order and function words rather than morphological changes As a result, Chinese easily adapted to the requirements of Vietnamese, leading to a significant number of Chinese loanwords being incorporated into Vietnamese The Vietnamese then creatively combined these loanwords, resulting in Sino-Vietnamese terms.
1.1.1.2 汉越词的分类
In Vietnamese, Sino-Vietnamese words can be categorized into three main types: ancient Sino-Vietnamese words, Sino-Vietnamese words, and Vietnamese-adapted Sino-Vietnamese words Ancient Sino-Vietnamese words refer to the phonetics of characters that were introduced into spoken Vietnamese before the widespread adoption of Chinese characters Vietnamese-adapted Sino-Vietnamese words represent a further evolution, having been modified to fit Vietnamese pronunciation patterns Over time, these words have been fully integrated into the Vietnamese language, with speakers no longer perceiving them as foreign terms but rather as authentic Vietnamese vocabulary.
Ancient Sino-Vietnamese words are based on the phonetics of ancient Chinese, exhibiting specific correspondences with the phonology of Old Chinese In his work "Research on Sino-Vietnamese Language," Mr Wang Li initially identified 113 such words Subsequently, Vietnamese linguist Wang Lu expanded this list, confirming a total of 332 ancient Sino-Vietnamese words.
“Bo”是汉语“父”字
“Buon”由汉语“烦”字演变而来“忧愁”的意思
“Mui”是汉语的“味”
“Chen”是汉语的“盏”，是“酒杯”的意思
“Chua”是汉语的“主”
The phonetic changes in Han-Vietnamese words are influenced by the Vietnamese language Similar to ancient Han-Vietnamese vocabulary, these words include essential everyday terms that are frequently used.
“In”是“印”的越化形式
“Gan”是“肝”的越化形式
“Gieng”是“正”的越化形式，“正月”为 Thang Gieng
“Dao”是“刀”的越化形式
其他如“停”- Dung，“来”- Lai，“记”- Ghi，“方”- Vuong，“青”- Xanh，
“为”- Vi, “个”- Con 等。
1.1.2 选题的缘由
1.1.2.1 汉越词对越南学生影响很大
During the teaching process to Vietnamese students, the author observed that many students exhibit misunderstandings of Chinese vocabulary, largely influenced by their native language Sino-Vietnamese words constitute an essential part of the Vietnamese vocabulary system, comprising approximately 60% of it, significantly impacting students' reading comprehension of Chinese However, there is a lack of research focused on the errors Vietnamese students make with Sino-Vietnamese terms.
Through literature review, the author found that research on errors made by foreign students learning Chinese primarily focuses on students from Europe and America, while studies on Asian students are mainly centered on those from Japan, Korea, and Russia However, there is a lack of analysis regarding the errors and underlying causes of Vietnamese students learning Chinese In the literature on Chinese-Vietnamese vocabulary, some studies address phonetics, while others compare and analyze grammatical and lexical systems or focus on specific skills such as speaking and writing Yet, there appears to be no research on reading or the use of Chinese-Vietnamese vocabulary in reading Chinese As Chinese language education is still in its early stages in Vietnam, research findings related to Chinese language skills and reading are currently absent.
1.1.2.3 汉越词对学生阅读理解十分重要
Han-Vietnamese vocabulary plays a crucial role in the reading comprehension of Vietnamese students The understanding of the correspondence between Chinese words and their Han-Vietnamese equivalents varies among students, leading to different levels of positive transfer and errors during Chinese reading Therefore, it is essential to explore the relationship between Chinese words and Han-Vietnamese terms, as well as to investigate the comprehension obstacles that students encounter while reading Chinese texts.
This article primarily investigates the positive transfer of Vietnamese students' understanding of Chinese vocabulary through the use of Sino-Vietnamese words while reading It also addresses common errors encountered during this learning process.
1.1.3 选题的意义
Historical records indicate that the relationship between Vietnam and China began around the 2nd to 3rd century BC, with linguistic interactions emerging alongside the movement of peoples Over the course of more than two millennia, from that time until the 19th century, the Vietnamese language underwent significant influence from Chinese Vietnamese has absorbed a substantial number of Chinese vocabulary, establishing a close relationship despite its modern form no longer using Chinese characters The impact of China on various aspects of Vietnam, as well as the influence of Chinese on Vietnamese, is a well-documented historical fact Chinese vocabulary has become an essential component of Vietnamese, greatly enriching its expressive capabilities.
In Vietnam, students face challenges in mastering Chinese reading comprehension, often attributing their difficulties to a limited vocabulary However, the author believes that the root cause lies in ineffective learning methods and a lack of support from teachers This study aims to present effective strategies to assist Vietnamese students in improving their reading skills, particularly by utilizing Chinese-Vietnamese vocabulary to enhance their understanding of Chinese texts.
1.1.3.2 理论与应用意义
Due to the more formal and elegant expression of Sino-Vietnamese words compared to native Vietnamese terms, writers often prefer using them in various mediums such as magazines, textbooks, and novels This high frequency of usage reflects the influence of Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary on the thought patterns of native Vietnamese speakers Consequently, there is a strong connection between Sino-Vietnamese words and daily spoken language, writing, and reading While this relationship significantly aids Vietnamese students in understanding the semantics of Chinese vocabulary, it also increases the likelihood of misunderstandings.
Thuật ngữ "改革" trong tiếng Trung Quốc tương đương với từ "cai cach" trong tiếng Việt, và cả hai đều mang ý nghĩa giống nhau Trong tiếng Việt, chúng ta cũng sử dụng "cai cach" để diễn tả khái niệm này.
Khái niệm "阴阳五行" trong tiếng Trung, hay còn gọi là "am duong ngu hanh" trong tiếng Việt, đều mang ý nghĩa tương đồng Người Việt Nam cũng sử dụng thuật ngữ "am duong ngu hanh" để diễn tả cùng một khái niệm.