実用的な重要性
In everyday conversation, we communicate and request information using various linguistic forms, among which interrogative sentences are frequently employed.
Research indicates that there have been studies comparing English and Vietnamese interrogative sentences However, there is a lack of research on the similarities and differences between Japanese and Vietnamese interrogative sentences This gap highlights the need for further investigation, which I aim to pursue The findings from this study will be highly beneficial for teaching and learning Japanese for Vietnamese speakers Additionally, these results will have practical applications in translation work between Japanese and Vietnamese.
学術的な重要性
Research on interrogative sentences in modern standard Japanese focuses on their definitions, classifications, and semantic functions, leading to significant scholarly contributions Notably, studies by Hashimoto have provided valuable insights into these aspects.
In 1948, a definition of interrogative sentences was proposed, and in 1960, the National Institute for Japanese Language conducted an initial classification and analysis of various forms of question expressions.
Interrogative sentences, as typical forms of linguistic behavior, play a crucial role in communication and cognition They are central to the various types of questions in language, encompassing diverse structures and expressions of inquiry.
Research on such sentences aligns with the current global trends in language studies, specifically focusing on practical applications.
研究目的
Mục tiêu cuối cùng của nghiên cứu này bao gồm bốn điểm chính: a Làm rõ đặc điểm của câu hỏi trong tiếng Nhật để giúp người học tiếng Nhật là người Việt tránh mắc lỗi trong việc sử dụng câu hỏi, đồng thời hiểu đặc điểm của câu hỏi trong tiếng Việt để xác định nguyên nhân gây ra sự sai sót b Tìm kiếm các biểu hiện tương ứng phù hợp trong tiếng Việt cho câu hỏi trong tiếng Nhật, nhằm giảm bớt khó khăn khi dịch câu hỏi từ tiếng Nhật sang tiếng Việt và tìm ra phương pháp dịch tốt hơn c Kết quả nghiên cứu sẽ giúp xác nhận tính hợp lý, khả năng phát hiện và tổng quát của khung lý thuyết nghiên cứu ngôn ngữ d Nghiên cứu này sẽ mang lại nhận thức đầy đủ hơn về hệ thống câu hỏi trong tiếng Nhật và tiếng Việt, đồng thời đóng góp trực tiếp vào việc dịch thuật và giảng dạy giữa hai ngôn ngữ.
In addition to the aforementioned objectives, there is still a lack of information about the Japanese language in Vietnam, while information about the Vietnamese language in Japan is also insufficient This article aims to contribute to Japanese language education in Vietnam and Vietnamese language education in Japan Furthermore, it hopes to facilitate comparative studies between Vietnamese and Japanese, as well as contribute to the mutual translation of literary works in both languages.
This study focuses on the comparison of interrogative sentences in Vietnamese and Japanese It specifically examines the structural differences and various forms of questioning expressions, comparing Japanese interrogative words with Vietnamese non-selective interrogatives.
While exclamatory sentences can be considered a type of interrogative sentence based on their formal characteristics, distinguishing clearly between the two is challenging Therefore, this study focuses solely on standard interrogative sentences in contemporary Japanese, excluding exclamatory sentences Additionally, due to significant regional variations in the use of interrogative words, the research is limited to standard Japanese Furthermore, as the usage of interrogative sentences differs between spoken and written language, this study exclusively examines interrogative sentences used in spoken language.
調査範囲
The study focuses on the examination of various forms of structure and interrogative expressions The comparison encompasses several aspects: semantics and pragmatics, structure and system, as well as function and activity.
研究方法
比較方法：均質/構造的分化; 均一性/機能的分離; 同種/分離された操作。
Types of research methods include comparative analysis, along with observation, statistics, systematization, and contrast comparison.
本研究は以下の手順にしたがって進める。
１． 先行研究の分析方法を確認する。
This study analyzes previous research and data to identify the characteristics of interrogative sentences in different languages, highlighting both their similarities and differences.
２．実例を通して、両言語における疑問詞疑問文を対照比較する。
The research methodology of this study is determined by the fundamental characteristics of the research subject and its objectives Key features include the variability of context, communication topics, everyday conversational exchanges, and oral language Additionally, the study addresses the diversity and integration of semantic levels, encompassing both shallow and deep semantics, as well as types of pragmatic information.
Nghiên cứu này áp dụng phương pháp so sánh dựa trên Võ Đại Quang (2000) trong tác phẩm "Đối chiếu cấu trúc và phương thức biểu hiện của câu hỏi chính danh trong tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt," tập trung vào tiểu loại câu hỏi có đại từ nghi vấn.
本論の構成
Chapter 1 organizes previous research on interrogative sentences in Japanese and Vietnamese, introducing the definitions, classifications, and various concepts of question words in both languages.
Chapter 2 organizes the definitions and classifications of interrogative sentences in both Japanese and Vietnamese languages.
Chapter 3 organizes the elements of question words and the structure of interrogative sentences in both Japanese and Vietnamese, highlighting various forms of questioning expressions.
Chapter 4 conducts a comparative analysis of the structures and forms of interrogative expressions, focusing on the similarities and differences between question words and question sentences in Japanese and Vietnamese.
疑問文に関する先行研究の概観と本研究の立場
日本語における疑問文に関する研究
This section presents an overview of various concepts related to interrogative sentences in Japanese, based on the traditional research by Mai Yingrui (2017) on Japanese question formation.
1.1.1 日本語における疑問文の定義
Traditional research categorizes interrogative sentences based on their form and function Initially, the definition of interrogative sentences from a formal perspective has been explored by scholars such as Hashimoto (1948) and Tano.
（1988）、森山（1989）、大鹿（1990）と森川（2009）が挙げられる。
According to Hashimoto (1948), interrogative sentences typically use a question word within the sentence or include a question particle at the end.
In Japanese, questions can be formed by using particles such as "か" or by employing a rising intonation, which can also indicate a question without any additional particles.
In 1988, Tanomura examined sentences that end with the sentence-final particle "ka," as well as those that can incorporate "ka" without altering their meaning, including expressions like "kana" and "kashira."
Sentences that end with "ど" are defined as interrogative sentences Additionally, interrogative sentences that include the negation "ない" are classified as negative interrogative sentences.
Moriya (1989) asserts that interrogative sentences can be formally defined, identifying those that include the sentence-ending particle "ka" or indefinite words as questions Similarly, Oshika (1990) defines interrogative sentences as those that either end with the particle "ka," contain an indefinite form within the sentence, or possess both elements; in spoken language, a rising intonation may also replace the particle "ka."
According to Morikawa (2009), in Japanese grammar, a sentence can be considered a question if it meets at least one of three criteria: the use of a rising intonation at the end of the sentence, the inclusion of a specific particle (such as "ka"), or the presence of an interrogative word within the sentence.
In the discussion above, all sources except Tanomura (1988) suggest that a sentence containing an interrogative word qualifies as an interrogative sentence However, the use of the particle "demo" and a non-rising intonation at the end of a sentence, such as in "Nan demo ii" (meaning "Anything is fine"), indicates that despite the presence of the interrogative word "nan," the sentence is classified as a declarative statement rather than an interrogative one Therefore, it is not always accurate to label a sentence with an interrogative word as an interrogative sentence, highlighting the need to reconsider the definition of interrogative sentences.
Next, regarding the definition of interrogative sentences based on their functions, notable contributions include those by Yasuoka and Takubo (1992), Ando (1999), the Japanese Descriptive Grammar Research Group (2003), and Miyazaki (2005).
According to Yoshioka and Takubo (1992), interrogative sentences are defined as expressions through which the speaker seeks information that is unknown to them or poses questions to themselves Adachi (1999) adds that while interrogative sentences primarily function to elicit information from the listener, they can also convey information to the interlocutor The Japanese Descriptive Grammar Research Group (2003) states that interrogative sentences express a modality of doubt regarding the speaker's judgment about a proposition, emphasizing that while the central function of interrogative sentences is to ask questions, their role extends beyond mere inquiries.
According to a study from 2003, questions arise when the speaker lacks certain information, leading to an inability to make a judgment Additionally, the listener's understanding is crucial for effective communication.
The article discusses two fundamental characteristics of questions: the aim to resolve doubts and the request for information from the listener It highlights that confirmation questions lack the first characteristic, while doubt questions lack the second Miyazaki (2005) emphasizes that a typical question is one that seeks information from the listener, referring to it as a "question sentence." Furthermore, it points out that questions are not merely statements of indecision or requests for information; rather, they embody the speaker's subjectivity, aiming to alleviate doubts and facilitate the sharing of information Ultimately, the essential function of questions is to express a request for information.
1.1.2 日本語における疑問文の分類
Questions can be categorized based on their formal characteristics, specifically the presence or absence of question words and options This classification includes three types: wh-questions, yes-no questions, and choice questions Additionally, questions can be further divided into affirmative and negative questions based on the affirmation or negation of the predicate.
In addition, Nitta (1991) classified interrogative sentences from the perspective of modality, while Yoshida (1994) proposed a classification based on the motives of the question's target and the questioning behavior Furthermore, Morikawa conducted a classification based on the presence or absence of information requests.
（2009）、言語的反応による分類をした林（2016）がある。
ベトナム語における疑問文に関する研究
1.2.1 ベトナム語における疑問文の定義
Speaking is a form of communication that involves specific actions associated with each sentence When a speaker articulates a sentence, they engage in the act of confirming a proposition while simultaneously fulfilling various communicative purposes, such as presenting information, paraphrasing, questioning, answering, and making positive or negative counterarguments This concept emphasizes the performative nature of language Traditionally, it has been believed that when we speak, we can only achieve one of three specific outcomes.
２．問いかける
The reason for this is that many languages have distinct grammatical forms for these three types of sentences While it is necessary to classify sentences based on their forms, this classification does not necessarily align with their actual usage, making it difficult to categorize them solely by their speaking purposes.
The study of Vietnamese grammar, particularly in relation to interrogative sentences, involves a systematic approach by linguists who generally analyze the structure and function of questions within the language.
Bài viết đề cập đến hai cách tiếp cận khác nhau trong việc phân loại và mô tả câu hỏi Cách tiếp cận đầu tiên dựa trên tiêu chí hình thức - cấu trúc, phản ánh quan điểm truyền thống Các nhà ngôn ngữ học tiêu biểu trong lĩnh vực này bao gồm Nguyễn Kim Thân (1975, 1997) và Hồ Lê.
(1979), Hoàng Trọng Phiến (1980), Nguyễn Phú Phong (1994), Diệp Quang Ban (1989,
1998)になる。2番目の見方は、Lê Đông (1994, 1996), Cao Xuân Hạo (2004)の言語行動理
Based on theories of argumentation and conversation, this article presents a practical perspective on the formulation and classification of interrogative sentences.
Theo Hoàng Trọng Phiến (1980), câu hỏi thuộc loại câu được phân loại theo sự hiện thực hóa Trong khi câu khẳng định thuộc về loại câu thực tế, câu hỏi thuộc về loại câu khả năng Dù ở hình thức nào, nội dung của câu hỏi đều nhằm làm rõ "điều chưa biết" mà cần phải được trả lời Câu hỏi nhằm đạt được sự đồng thuận của người nghe được gọi là câu hỏi tu từ Câu hỏi có cấu trúc cụ thể để tổ chức "điều chưa biết" Mục đích của người hỏi là tìm ra câu trả lời cho "điều chưa biết", và người trả lời cung cấp các yếu tố tương ứng để đáp lại Cả người hỏi và người trả lời đều tập trung tư tưởng vào "điều chưa biết" đó.
Theo Cao Xuân Hạo (2004), ngoài giá trị của câu hỏi (cần thông báo), câu hỏi trong tiếng Việt và nhiều ngôn ngữ khác chứa đựng giá trị của từ "xảy ra", có thể mang nhiều ý nghĩa khác nhau như phủ định, khẳng định hoặc nghi ngờ Câu hỏi đóng vai trò đưa vào những điều chưa biết trong mệnh đề Mỗi câu hỏi đều có giá trị của từ "xảy ra", điều này là công cụ và mục đích của người hỏi.
1.2.2 ベトナム語における疑問文の分類
According to traditional classification, Vietnamese interrogative sentences are typically categorized into three groups based on their form and structure.
１．全体の疑問文（一般的な疑問文）
２．部分の質問（個別の疑問文/特定の疑問文）
３．選択疑問文（用語の疑問文/並行疑問文）
Với sự phát triển mạnh mẽ của chủ đề ngữ dụng trong nghiên cứu ngôn ngữ, lý thuyết về hành vi ngôn ngữ đã ra đời, tập trung vào mục đích của phát ngôn, vai trò của người nói trong giao tiếp và mối quan hệ giữa người nói và người nghe Kể từ đó, các nhà ngôn ngữ học đã có những quan điểm khác nhau về ngôn ngữ nói chung, đặc biệt là về câu hỏi Họ không chỉ quan tâm đến cấu trúc tĩnh và hình thức thuần túy mà còn xem xét hoạt động của chúng trong giao tiếp từ góc độ quản lý Do đó, việc mô tả và phân loại câu hỏi cũng đã có sự thay đổi đáng kể Một trong những nhà ngôn ngữ học tiêu biểu cho xu hướng này là Cao Xuân Hạo (2004), người đã dựa vào khả năng ngôn ngữ để phân loại câu trong tiếng Việt Theo ông, câu hỏi trong tiếng Việt được phân thành các loại khác nhau.
１．問いかける疑問文
２．要求の価値がある疑問文
３．肯定の価値がある疑問文
４．否定の価値がある疑問文
５．推測または疑い、躊躇する疑問文
６．感嘆の価値がある疑問文
1.2.3 ベトナム語における疑問詞
Theo Cao Xuân Hạo (2004), câu hỏi sử dụng từ để hỏi được xác định qua dấu hỏi chứa từ nghi vấn, nhằm đặt câu hỏi về một điểm cụ thể Do đó, ngay cả khi câu văn tách rời khỏi tình huống hoặc ngữ cảnh đang được nói đến, vẫn có thể xác định được vấn đề Đây được coi là câu hỏi rõ ràng về một điểm cụ thể.
Vì sao lại thế?（何故ですか？）
Bao giờ anh đi?（いつ行きますか？）
Tên của anh ấy là gì?（彼の名前は？）
Cái này là cái gì?（これは何ですか？）
一般的な型は次になる：
= ？
= ？
= ？
本研究の立場
1.3.1 疑問文の定義
The formal characteristics of interrogative sentences are represented by three key elements: the presence or absence of question words, the use of sentence-final particles, and the rise or fall of intonation at the end of the sentence This study references prior research to analyze interrogative sentences.
In terms of structure, questions in Japanese can be identified by the use of interrogative words, rising intonation at the end of the sentence, and specific sentence-ending particles such as "ka."
The article defines a question as a form that functionally expresses a request for an answer However, there are instances that do not adhere to this definition, such as sentences that use an interrogative form without indicating a request for an answer, instead expressing doubt or irony This study adopts a two-step approach: first, it identifies whether a sentence is in question form, and then it analyzes the functions associated with that form The criteria for recognizing a sentence as a question based on its formal characteristics are proposed as follows.
ア）【文が疑問詞を有している場合】
① 文末形式の使用に関わらず、上昇のイントネーションを伴ったもの。
It is possible to use a non-rising intonation; however, there are limitations on the use of sentence-final forms.
イ）【文が疑問詞を有していない場合】
The sentence structure does not utilize a terminal form, yet it is accompanied by an upward intonation that indicates a rising tone.
The difference in sentence endings can lead to either a rising intonation or a non-rising intonation.
This study focuses on interrogative sentences featuring question words, specifically examining those that meet the criteria of containing a question word.
1.3.2 疑問文として取り扱う範囲と用例の収集
This study focuses on interrogative sentences used in spoken modern standard Japanese It defines the scope of the interrogative sentences examined based on established definitions.
This study focuses on analyzing spoken question forms, utilizing everyday conversations as primary examples Additionally, it compares Japanese question structures with those in Vietnamese.
15 問文を比較するので、バイリンガル本は必要になる。そのため、Thanh Xuân(2017)
「Tuyển Tập Truyện Cười Song Ngữ Nhật Việt」Dân Trí 出版社から用例の収集を行った。
日本語とベトナム語における 問いかける疑問文の定義と分類
問いかける疑問文の定義
Interrogative sentences are linguistic actions categorized according to language values They are structured to pose questions and elicit responses, embodying subtle nuances of meaning and form A question that invites inquiry holds value in the words asked and seeks a corresponding answer.
Questions and answers are closely interconnected and represent one of the universal forms of linguistic and social behavior.
Theo Lê Quang Thiêm (1989), câu hỏi có thể được chia thành hai loại chính: câu hỏi yêu cầu thông tin và câu hỏi không yêu cầu thông tin Câu hỏi yêu cầu thông tin là những câu hỏi mà người hỏi cần tìm kiếm thông tin chính xác và có mục đích rõ ràng, và cần có câu trả lời Cụ thể hơn, câu hỏi yêu cầu thông tin là những câu hỏi mà người hỏi mong muốn nhận được câu trả lời.
Interrogative sentences are characterized by the questioner either not knowing the answer or seeking information from the interlocutor These questioning forms represent the core of all types of interrogative sentences across languages.
N.BelnapとT.Stil (1981)は、「問いかける疑問文の意味は、それに答えることができる
一連の文である」と主張した。
In summary, interrogative sentences serve to enhance the speaker's skepticism while anticipating responses from the listener These sentences can be categorized in various ways.
日本語の問いかける疑問文の分類は3つに分けられる。
１． 疑問詞疑問文（補充疑問文）
２． 真偽疑問文
３． 選択疑問文
ベトナム語の問いかける疑問文の分類は２つに分けられる。
１．無選択疑問文
２．選択疑問文
This section will provide a detailed classification of interrogative sentences in Japanese and Vietnamese, highlighting the differences and similarities between the two languages.
問いかける疑問文の分類
2.2.1 日本語における問いかける疑問文の分類
2.2.1.1 疑問詞疑問文（補充疑問文）
Interrogative sentences of this type are characterized by the inclusion of疑問詞 (question words) such as "when," "where," "who," "what," "how much," "which," "what kind of," and "why." The answers aim to respond directly to the questions posed by the inquirer, focusing on the specific pronouns used in the inquiry.
（１） あの可愛い女の子は誰ですか。
Cô bé dễ thương kia là ai đấy?
（２）これはいくらですか。
Cái này giá bao nhiêu?
2.2.1.2 真偽疑問文
（３）お刺身が食べられますか。
Anh có ăn được món sashimi không?
（４）彼女は外国人ですか。
Cô ấy là người nước ngoài à?
In a yes-no question, responses should be limited to affirming or denying a specific point This type of inquiry is characterized by the absence of interrogative words Required answers typically begin with "yes" or "no."
（５）橋本：お酒が飲めますか。
Anh có uống được rượu không?
アリ：はい、飲めます。
寿太郎：いいえ、飲めません。
2.2.1.3 選択疑問文
There are different types of interrogative sentences that allow respondents to choose one of the provided answers The structure of these sentences varies depending on where the presupposed elements are placed within the sentence.
In sentences where the predicate is a noun and the focus of the question lies within the predicate itself, it is essential to split the interrogative sentence into two propositions.
（６）彼は日本人ですか、韓国人ですか。
Anh ta là người Nhật, hay là người Hàn quốc?
When the elements that require selection are nouns or the object components of predicate verbs (such as direct and indirect objects, or methods), it is sufficient to simply add the word "ka" after those nouns.
（７）夏休みは香港か台湾かシンガポールに行きたいんですか。
Nghỉ hè anh muốn đi Hong kong, Đài loan hay Singapore?
The scope of elements that imply choice can be expanded by using the phrase {noun + ka + doubtful pronoun + ka}.
（８）この仕事は内田さんか誰かに頼むつもりですか。
Công việc này anh định nhờ anh Uchida hay nhờ ai?
In formal written or spoken language, the word "か" that appears within selected words is often replaced by "あるいは" or "それとも," indicating alternatives or choices.
（９）黒あるいは青のペンで記入しますか。
Tôi điền vào bằng bút đen hay bút xanh ạ?
2.2.2 ベトナム語における問いかける疑問文の分類
Currently, there are various perspectives on the classification of Vietnamese questions It is worth considering that interrogative sentences can be categorized into two main groups based on the purpose related to the responses.
１．無選択疑問文
２．選択疑問文
選択疑問文は、2つのサブカテゴリに分けることもできる。
2a 確定選択疑問文（肯定性または否定性を持つ）
2b 不確定選択疑問文
Theo Hoàng Trọng Phiến (1980), câu hỏi được phân loại thành các loại nhỏ dựa trên tính chất của câu hỏi Ngoài ra, câu hỏi còn tồn tại dựa trên "điều chưa biết" từ câu trả lời, điều này quy định việc tìm kiếm câu trả lời.
2.2.2.1 無選択疑問文
Các từ nghi vấn như "ai", "thế nào", "đi đâu", "bao giờ" là những từ dùng trong loại câu hỏi cụ thể Người nói dựa trên dự đoán rằng người nghe có khả năng cung cấp câu trả lời để xác định nội dung của câu hỏi Mục đích của việc phát biểu câu hỏi là nhận được câu trả lời từ người khác Trong những câu hỏi này, câu trả lời luôn được thể hiện rõ ràng.
(10) おばあさん：誰が庭に出ていますか？
Ai đang ở ngoài vườn đấy?
田中： 僕だ、おばあちゃん。
(11) 妻： どこに行ったかい。
Anh đi đâu mà giờ mới về?
日向：秀吉さんの家に行ったよ。
Anh sang nhà ông Hideyoshi
In notification scenarios, interrogative words serve as the focal point for both questions and answers These words are essential for presenting queries that direct both the listener and the respondent to the same necessary information The word order in interrogative sentences can correspond to various elements within each statement.
１． Ai đang đến? (Aiは主語の位置におく)
２． Anh đến ai bây giờ? (Aiは述語の位置におく)
３． Anh đã đọc bức thư này chưa? (đọc chưaは述語の位置におく)
Therefore, it is unnecessary to classify based on the word order of interrogative sentences While general questions are associated with a question word that pertains to the entire sentence, it is important not to confuse this with the individual question elements corresponding to specific words As defined, "unknown" can exist in any part of a question, and there can be only one "unknown."
2.2.2.2 選択疑問文
A choice question is a type of interrogative sentence that presents options, reflecting the speaker's uncertainty about the information being sought Specifically, choice questions require the respondent to select from unknown information, highlighting the need for decision-making based on the available alternatives.
2.2.2.2.1 確定選択疑問文（肯定性または否定性を持つ）
This type of interrogative sentence typically consists of two parts: one that conveys affirmation and another that expresses negation.
(12) 彼は親切な人か親切ではない人か。
Anh ta là người tử tế hay không phải người tử tế?
Trong nhiều trường hợp, phần mang tính phủ định có thể dễ dàng được lược bỏ, chỉ giữ lại từ phủ định Ví dụ ở câu (12) có thể được rút gọn thành "Anh ta là người tử tế hay không?"
または、「はい」および「いいえ」の確認を付加する。
(13) 昨日ここに来ましたか？
Có phải anh đã đến đây hôm qua?
はい、そうです。
2.2.2.2.2 不確定選択疑問文
まとめ
Interrogative sentences are a type of communication that require a response and can be categorized into several types Each language has its own unique characteristics that influence how these interrogative sentences are classified Generally, questions provide a beneficial focus, enabling respondents to find appropriate answers to the inquiries posed.
In Japanese, interrogative sentences can be categorized into three types: wh-questions (supplementary questions), true-false questions, and choice questions In contrast, Vietnamese interrogative sentences are divided into two categories: non-choice questions and choice questions.
Chapter 3 investigates the structure of interrogative sentences in Japanese and Vietnamese, focusing on their questioning forms.
日本語とベトナム語における 疑問詞疑問文の構造と疑問表現の諸形式
日本語における疑問詞疑問文の構造と疑問表現の諸形式
第２章で説明したように、問いかける疑問文は基本的に「不明」、質問の焦点で欠けてい るものに使用され、通常に聞き手に大量の情報、または回答、を提供するように求める。対 照的に、日本語の問いかける疑問文は次の3つの基準の1つ（または複数）で指定された ものである。
１．文末に「か」、「の」の助詞など文末形式を使用する
(15) おまえ、今日来るか。
Hôm nay mày có đến không?
(16) 君、明日の会議出るの。
Anh có đến buổi họp ngày mai không?
２．上昇のイントネーションを伴う
(17) あなた、明日の会議お出になる(↑)。
Anh có đến dự buổi họp ngày mai không?
３．疑問詞を有しているもの
(18) 次は何を見るか。
Lần kế ta sẽ xem gì nhỉ?
Interrogative sentences that request missing information are known as interrogative word questions or supplementary questions These sentences often include question words such as "when," "where," "who," "what," "how much," and "which."
3.1.1 構造と疑問表現の諸形式
According to Masuoka and Takubo (1992), the series of interrogative words includes terms such as "dore" (which), "doko" (where), "dochira" (which way), "dono" (which), "donna" (what kind), "dou" (how), "doushite" (why), as well as nouns like "dare" (who), "nani" (what), "itsu" (when), "ikutsu" (how many), and "ikura" (how much), along with the adverb "naze" (why) This study adopts the term "interrogative words" to encompass those identified by Masuoka and Takubo, including compound forms like "nanji" (what time), "nansai" (how old), and "nankoku" (how many countries) Interrogative sentences can be classified based on the presence or absence of interrogative words, distinguishing between interrogative sentences with interrogative words and declarative sentences without them Typically, interrogative sentences are used to seek information corresponding to the interrogative word; however, some sentences containing interrogative words may not function as true interrogative sentences.
In Japanese, interrogative sentences are formed using specific question words These include demonstrative words that start with "do," such as dore (which), doko (where), dochira (which way), dono (which), dou (how), and doushite (why).
Nouns play a crucial role in language, serving to identify people, things, times, quantities, and prices Key interrogative nouns include "who," "what," "when," "how many," and "how much." Notably, "when," "how many," and "how much" function as modifiers for predicates, enhancing the clarity and detail of sentences Understanding these nouns is essential for effective communication and comprehension.
In interrogative sentences using question words, there are both affirmative questions, such as "What will you eat?" and negative questions like "What will you not eat?"
In this study, we do not categorize negative sentences as a distinct sentence type Instead, we emphasize the importance of interrogative words, treating all instances as interrogative sentences.
The phrase "誰もワイン飲まないの" (No one drinks wine) illustrates a complete denial of the action "drinking wine," where "誰" (who) corresponds with "ない" (not) Although it is formally structured as a question with the interrogative word "誰," it functions as a yes/no question seeking affirmation or denial.
森川（ 2009）では、情報疑問文の「ダ」がモーダルとして機能し、非情報疑問文の
「ダ」と補文の「ダ」は繫辞として機能することを主張している。
１．a 誰が犯人ダカ？ b 誰が犯人デスカ？ c 誰が犯人ダ？ d 誰が犯人デス？
２．a 太郎が犯人ダカ？ b 太郎が犯人デスカ？ c 太郎が犯人ダ？ d 太郎が犯人デス？
According to Morikawa, in the case of yes-no questions, the forms "plain form da + ka" and "plain form da" are ungrammatical Conversely, in wh-questions, while the form "plain form da + ka" is ungrammatical, the form "plain form da" is grammatical Morikawa (2009) proposes an explanation from the perspective of generative grammar regarding why "da," used in declarative sentences, can also be utilized in interrogative sentences Examples of wh-questions that feature the sentence-ending form "plain form + da" include the following.
Interrogative sentences can correspond to a declarative statement known as a presupposition This presupposition applies to anyone who uses the interrogative while maintaining the normal order of the declarative sentence Therefore, understanding this relationship is crucial for effective communication.
By listing the preliminary assumptions corresponding to several interrogative sentences, the use of interrogative words related to declarative sentences clarifies the structural order of interrogative sentences.
In Japanese, interrogative words such as "誰か" (someone), "どれか" (some), "なにか" (something), "どこか" (somewhere), "どちらか" (either), "いつか" (sometime), and "なぜか" (for some reason), along with negative forms like "誰も" (no one), "どれも" (none), "なにも" (nothing), "どこも" (nowhere), "どちらも" (neither), and "いつも" (always), as well as inclusive forms like "誰でも" (anyone), "どれでも" (any), "なんでも" (anything), "どこでも" (anywhere), "どちらでも" (whichever), and "いつでも" (whenever), are used to indicate uncertain objects in sentences.
Adding "ka," "mo," and "demo" creates indefinite pronouns in Japanese Specifically, "ka" indicates the existence of an uncertain object, "mo" signifies the non-existence of an object with a negative structure, and "demo" denotes any arbitrary object.
(19) 誰がボウルを壊したのですか？
→ 前仮定：誰かがボウルを壊した。
Ai đó đã làm vỡ bát.
ベトナム語における疑問詞疑問文の構造と疑問表現の諸形式
Câu hỏi không chọn lựa là những câu hỏi có từ nghi vấn như "ai", "gì", "nào", "đâu", "sao" được đặt ở vị trí thích hợp trong câu.
Interrogative words are essential elements that reflect the structure of concepts, serving as subpoints regarding the unknown within a sentence.
Answers to these interrogative words provide the missing information in questions In this context, both the questioner and the respondent are dealing with the unknown These factors contribute to narrowing down the unknown quantity and help formulate hypotheses for responses from the dialogue participants.
例：Ai đứng gần cửa kia?（誰があのドアの近くに立っていますか。）
Bác đi đâu đấy ạ?（どこにいくの。）
Anh cần gì?（何が要る。）
The concept of unknown quantities is heavily influenced by the context of the conversation, including its purpose and the intentions of the speakers Although the same question may be posed, the range of unknown quantities can vary significantly depending on the specific conversational setting.
例：Xin lỗi, anh hỏi ai?（すみません、誰に聞いたの。）
The inquirer seeks essential information to identify appropriate treatment options and assess the dynamics of their relationship.
The presupposition preceding a question determines the scope of content necessary for the inquiry This unknown scope relies on specific semantics, particularly the practical characteristics of question words, which include the presuppositions attached to certain interrogatives, nuances of evaluation related to those question words, and the types of questions being posed.
In Vietnamese, question words used in interrogative sentences are categorized as follows.
Theo Hoàng Trọng Phiến (1980), trong tiếng Việt, có một số từ nghi vấn đặc biệt được phân loại thành các nhóm khác nhau.
１．主語または述語の位置で、人を尋ねる：「ai?」
２．主語または補語の位置で、物または行動を尋ねる：「gì?」、「cái gì?」
Trong tiếng Việt, để hỏi về cách thức, đặc điểm, hoặc tính chất của một hành động, ta sử dụng các câu hỏi như "như thế nào?", "ra sao?", và "nào?" Để chỉ ra vị trí trong không gian, ta có thể hỏi bằng các cụm từ như "đâu?" hoặc "ở chỗ nào?".
５．動きを表す：「đi đâu?」
６．時間を表す：「lúc nào?」、「bao giờ?」、「hồi nào?」
７．原因を表す：「sao?」、「tại sao?」、「vì sao?」
８．数量を表す：「bao nhiêu?」「mấy?」