副词的有关理论基础
副词的有关理论基础
1.1.1副词的定义
Adverbs are defined in various ways by different scholars Chen Wangdao, in "An Introduction to Grammar," describes adverbs as words that indicate the intensity, mood, and measurement of statements Ding Shusheng, in "Modern Chinese Grammar," states that adverbs typically modify verbs, auxiliary verbs, and adjectives Wang Li defines adverbs as words that express degree, scope, time, possibility, or negation, without referring to tangible objects or facts Huang Borong and Liao Xudong, in their work "Modern Chinese," assert that adverbs often limit and modify verbs and adjectives, conveying meanings of degree, scope, and time Xing Fuyi echoes this in "Modern Chinese," noting that adverbs frequently modify verbs and adjectives to express similar meanings Lastly, Luo Xiaosuo, in "Introduction to Modern Chinese," agrees that adverbs generally modify verbs or adjectives, indicating degree, scope, and time.
The classification of Chinese vocabulary is generally based on three main criteria: the ability of words to function as syntactic components, their combinatory potential with other words, and their meanings The first two criteria serve as functional standards and are the primary basis for categorizing word classes, while the third criterion acts as a referential standard These standards not only facilitate the classification of word categories but also help define these categories, with their commonality representing connotation and their scope indicating denotation Therefore, when defining a word class by integrating these three aspects, the scope of the definition should be clearly delineated.
In academia, adverbs are often viewed as indicators of degree, extent, and frequency; however, adverbs themselves lack inherent meaning The concepts of "degree, extent, frequency, and negation" are not intrinsic to adverbs alone but rather arise from their contextual usage.
The definition of adverbs based on meaning is problematic, as certain words can serve dual roles, such as time-related terms that may function as either adverbs or nouns.
Recently, Zhang Yisheng's definition of adverbs has gained popularity, describing them primarily as modifiers that function as adverbials, with some serving as initial modifiers or complements Under specific conditions, certain adverbs can also act as high-level predicates and quasi-modifiers, fulfilling roles such as restriction, commentary, and connection However, the use of terms like "primarily," "some," and "under specific conditions" introduces ambiguity, making the definition less precise Additionally, the inclusion of complex terms such as "high-level predicate," "quasi-modifier," and "semi-open" complicates both teaching and learning, contradicting the principle that definitions should be concise and clear.
In summary, adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, or entire sentences, providing information about concepts such as time, place, degree, and manner Adverbs hold a unique position in the Chinese language, and their usage has been highly valued throughout history.
1.1.2副词的分类
There are varying perspectives within academia regarding the internal classification of modern Chinese adverbs In 1979, Mr Lü Shuxiang noted that while it is essential to categorize adverbs, achieving a clear and tidy classification is challenging due to the inherently diverse nature of adverbs themselves His statement underscores the necessity of subclassification while also highlighting the complexities involved in this process.
To effectively classify adverb subcategories, it is essential to establish clear criteria for defining adverbs Currently, there is no consensus in the academic community regarding the definition of adverbs, their functional characteristics, or the classification of Chinese adverb subcategories Over the past century, various grammatical works have consistently attempted to categorize adverbs into subtypes.
《马氏文通》在“状字别义”一节中将“状字”分为六类，黎锦熙《新著国语文法》
（1924）也分为六类，杨树达《高等国文法》（1930）分十类，王力《中国现代语
The classification of Chinese grammar has evolved through various influential works, including "法" (1943), which categorizes elements into eight types, and Lü Shuxiang's "中国文法要略" (1944) with seven categories of "restrictive words." Ding Shengshu et al.'s "现代汉语语法讲话" (1961) offers five classifications, while Zhao Yuanren's "汉语口语语法" (1979) identifies nine types Additionally, Lü Shuxiang and others in "现代汉语八百词" (1980) present eight categories, and Zhu Deqi's "语法讲义" (1982) outlines four Notably, several influential textbooks, such as those by Hu Yushui (1979) and Huang Borong from Peking University (1991), categorize these elements into six types.
Adverbs can be categorized into several subtypes, including degree adverbs, scope adverbs, time adverbs, and negation adverbs Additionally, there are other subcategories that vary among different classifications, such as mood adverbs, frequency adverbs, conjunction adverbs, modality adverbs, interrogative adverbs, and numeral adverbs These classifications primarily reflect the meanings of the adverbs, although there are functional differences among the various types.
Undoubtedly, the classification of adverbs should not rely solely on semantics; it must also consider functional aspects, distribution, and positioning It is particularly important to integrate both semantic and functional characteristics, allowing them to complement and validate each other, to accurately determine the appropriate subcategory for each adverb.
Most language researchers and linguists categorize modern Chinese adverbs into six main types: degree adverbs, time adverbs, scope adverbs, negative adverbs, frequency adverbs, and repetitive adverbs.
一，程度副词（很、非常）：
（1） 尹夏沫看着自己腿上淡淡的伤口，伤口愈合得 很 好，估计将来并不会留
下疤痕。 （明晓溪《泡沫之夏》）
二，时间副词（才、就）：
（2） 她那时虽然小，也知道自从那个叔叔离开，母亲 就 变得很不快乐。
三，范围副词（都、只）：
（3） 她应该表现出受宠若惊才对，可惜，她太累了，希望他们两个全 都 消
失。 （明晓溪《泡沫之夏》）
四，否定副词（没有）：
（4） 等了许久， 没有 等到她的回答。
（明晓溪《泡沫之夏》）
五，频率副词（经常、总是）：
（5）“我也许会 经常 来看小澄，”洛熙慢慢地说，“希望不会打扰到你。”
（明晓溪《泡沫之夏》）
六，重复副词（再、也）：
（6）不半年，头发 也 花白起来了，记性尤其坏，甚而至于常常忘却了去掏米。
（明晓溪《泡沫之夏》）
In modern Chinese, negative adverbs hold significant importance and exhibit a complex internal structure.
否定副词的有关理论基础
1.2.1否定副词的概述
Negation is a normal cognitive process where individuals express denial towards reality or emotions in various ways For instance, both Vietnamese and Chinese people often use head shaking to convey a sense of negation.
Language serves as a tool for expressing human thoughts, and there are various ways to convey negation In Chinese, negation can be expressed through specific negative words like "不," "别," and "甭." Additionally, words that inherently carry negative meanings, such as "拒绝" (refuse) and "禁止" (prohibit), are also used Informal or vulgar expressions, like "屁" (fart), can convey negation, as well as interrogative pronouns such as "怎么" (how) and "谁" (who), exemplified by phrases like "谁知道啊!" (Who knows!).
The various forms of language mentioned above all convey a sense of negation; however, their linguistic functions and statuses differ According to Li Yuming (1997), "negation and negation forms are distinct concepts Negation forms are structures created by adding negative words to affirmative statements, while negation itself is a much more complex issue."
Negation adverbs are a fundamental category of adverbs recognized by nearly all scholars According to Zhang Bin in his overview of modern Chinese function words, negation adverbs are defined as adverbs that express negation He identifies a limited number of key negation adverbs, including "不" (bu), "没" (mei), "没有" (meiyou), "未" (wei), and "别" (bie).
In his work "Modern Chinese," Hu Yushu does not elaborate on negative adverbs but simply states that among adverbs, those indicating negation include "bu," "mei," "meiyou," "wei," and "bie."
In his 2000 work "The Nature, Scope, and Classification of Modern Chinese Adverbs," Zhang Yisheng offers a unique classification of adverbs He identifies negative adverbs such as "不" (bu), "没" (mei), "未" (wei), "别" (bie), "非" (fei), "没有" (meiyou), and "白" (bai) as significant examples in this category.
杨荣样（1999）曾对《敦煌变文集》、《朱子语类》、《新编五代史平话》、
A comprehensive investigation was conducted on negative adverbs found in "Jin Ping Mei Ci Hua" and three other texts, categorizing the 18 identified negative adverbs into four distinct groups: "bu" (不), "wei" (未), "fei" (非), and "mo" (莫).
Li Quan identifies 16 negative adverbs in Chinese, which include "甭, 别, 不, 不曾, 不必, 非, 没, 没有, 莫, 未, 未曾, 未必, 未尝, 无从, 无须, and 无庸." While the classification of negative adverbs is relatively less contentious, most researchers argue that the total count is actually 31, incorporating additional terms like "白."
The article discusses a range of Chinese words that convey negation or absence, including terms like "不" (no), "没有" (not have), "未" (not yet), and "无须" (no need) These words are integral to expressing denial, lack, or unnecessary actions in the Chinese language Understanding these terms enhances comprehension of nuanced communication, emphasizing the importance of negation in various contexts.
1.2.2否定副词“没有”的有关理论基础
The negation adverb "没有" is frequently used in Chinese, prompting researchers to focus on its micro-level characteristics through case studies and comparative analyses To clarify the grammatical traits, semantic features, and pragmatic functions of "没有," linguists have compared it with other negation adverbs For instance, Shi Xiyao (1995) examined various negation targets of "不" and its grammatical positioning, highlighting the pragmatic distinctions between "不" and "没有." Lu Jiawen (1983) summarized the similarities and differences between the two adverbs from grammatical meaning and function, concluding with seven key points Bai Zhan (2000) reviewed previous comparative studies, identifying three common misconceptions Gu Qian (2009) conducted a comparative study of the modern Chinese negation adverbs "不," "没（有）," and "别," analyzing their differences and commonalities across syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic dimensions.
The adverb "没有" holds a significant position within the system of negative adverbs in Chinese Throughout history, it has frequently appeared in various literary forms, including poetry and prose In modern Chinese grammar, "没有" is often regarded as a challenging aspect, attracting considerable attention from linguists and learners of the language alike.
1.2.3否定副词“没有”与“不”的比较研究
In modern Chinese, the negative adverbs "不" (bu) and "没有" (meiyou) play crucial roles within the language system Many students struggle to distinguish between these two negations during their Chinese language studies Each adverb has its specific function in contemporary Chinese, and understanding their distinctions is beneficial not only for the study of the Chinese language itself but also for teaching Chinese as a foreign language Consequently, research on the differences between "不" and "没有" often approaches the topic from both linguistic and educational perspectives.
Research on the distinction between the negation words "不" (bu) and "没有" (mei you) has traditionally focused on several key aspects.
One perspective highlights that the distinction between the negation words "不" (bu) and "没有" (meiyou) primarily lies in the temporal aspects they convey Historically, numerous studies have focused on how these terms differ in terms of tense, emphasizing their unique implications in past, present, and future contexts.
In modern Chinese, "不" is used for the present and future, while "没有" pertains to the past and present Recent studies have revealed a common misconception that "没有" can also express future contexts Nevertheless, the distinction between "不" and "没有" remains a focal point in the exploration of the temporal system in contemporary Chinese.
现代汉语否定副词“没有”研究
否定副词“没有（没）”的语法功能
The word "没有" (méiyǒu) is a crucial negative adverb in modern Chinese, sharing certain grammatical characteristics with general adverbs Its primary function is to modify verbs, adjectives, verb phrases, and adjective phrases, highlighting its significant role in sentence structure.
2.1.1 “没有（没）”+ V + O(宾语)
（7）“是吗？”爸爸惊喜地说，“怎么小澄 没有 告诉我？”
（明晓溪《泡沫之夏》）
（8）尹夏沫起身，走到玄关处换鞋， 没有 回头地说：“爸、妈，我去接小澄回
家。” （明晓溪《泡沫之夏》）
（9）尹夏沫 没有 理会他，声音冷得如同刀子。
（明晓溪《泡沫之夏》）
（10）“礼物都已经发送完了，我说要来看你我什么 没有 来，店长姐姐还嘱咐我
不要着急。” （明晓溪《泡沫之夏》）
The term "没有" is frequently placed before the main verb in a sentence to convey a negative meaning This indicates that a certain action did not occur at a specific moment in time For instance, actions such as "change," "turn back," "come," and "pay attention" did not take place at the moment of speaking.
The placement of "没有" before a verb indicates that an action did not occur at the moment of speaking but is expected to happen in the future.
再看下面的一些例子：
（11）今晚这顿饭，爸爸和妈妈很沉默，刚才只顾听小澄说话，她竟然一点也
没有 察觉。 （明晓溪《泡沫之夏》）
（12）结果发现，洛熙并 没有 偷东西。
（明晓溪《泡沫之夏》）
（13）她 没有 问他为什么会出现在直播大厅。
（明晓溪《泡沫之夏》）
In the given examples, the verbs "perceive," "steal," and "ask" are classified as general verbs Notably, in sentences (11), (12), and (13), the negative adverb "not" precedes these verbs, thereby negating the actions of "she perceives," "she steals," and "she asks."
The existence of phrases like "Luo Xi stole something" and "she asked him" indicates that, at a certain point in time, these events did not occur.
The negative adverb "没有" is often used to modify verbal components, specifically by following it with a verb or a verb-centered phrase.
（14）他已经坐在那里一天一夜， 没有 吃饭，也不觉得饥饿。
（明晓溪《泡沫之夏》）
（15）那个男人面色铁青地瞪着妈妈，一眼也 没有 看小澄。
（明晓溪《泡沫之夏》）
（16） “当时你跟薇安同时去角逐这个机会，蕾欧公司选择了她并 没有 选择
你。” （ 明晓溪《泡沫之夏》）
In the example provided, the verbs "eat," "see," and "choose" are general action words, while "meal," "Xiao Cheng," and "you" serve as the recipients of these actions In this context, the negative adverb "not" is placed before the object-verb structure to indicate that the recipient did not receive the action or behavior from the subject.
（17）她 没有 回答他，就像在说一个跟两人毫无关系的事情。
（明晓溪《泡沫之夏》）
（18）“我 没有 骗你，我真的很幸福。”
（明晓溪《泡沫之夏》）
Trong (17) và (18), chúng ta thấy rằng "anh" và "bạn" là tân ngữ của câu Cấu trúc "không có" kết hợp với "V + O" (tức là động từ + tân ngữ) biểu thị rằng tại một thời điểm nào đó, các tân ngữ "anh" và "bạn" không bị tác động bởi các chủ ngữ "cô ấy" và "tôi".
2.1.2 “没有（没）”+ V +补语
In this structure, "no" not only conveys a sense of negation but also indicates that a specific action has not occurred or has not yielded a result.
（19）姚淑儿好像根本 没有 听见，她透过镜子看着整个化妆休息室。
（明晓溪《泡沫之夏》）
（20）声音太低了，尹夏沫 没有 听清楚，她扭头看向爸爸。
（明晓溪《泡沫之夏》）
In sentences (19) and (20), both "hear" and "hear clearly" exemplify the "verb + complement" structure The negation "not" indicates that while the subject has executed the action, it may still be ongoing or has been interrupted for some reason, preventing the speaker from achieving their original intention and, consequently, the final result.
（21）“薇安 薇安 没有 撞到我 是我自己不小心 我 我不是故意从薇安身边
走。” （明晓溪《泡沫之夏》）
（22）母亲忽然转过身，眼睛呆滞没有焦距，看着身后小小的她，又仿佛根本
没有 看到她。 （明晓溪《泡沫之夏》）
（23）可是她 没有 照顾好小澄。
（明晓溪《泡沫之夏》）
In the examples provided, the negative adverb "没有" (did not) precedes the verb phrase, which consists of a general verb followed by various complements, including result, degree, time, and directional complements Specifically, in sentences (21), (22), and (23)—such as "Vivian bumped into me," "saw her," and "she took good care of Xiao Cheng"—the presence of the negative adverb "没有" indicates that the actions performed by the subject did not yield any results.
2.1.3 “没有（没）”+状语+V
When the negative adverb "没有" precedes an adverbial phrase, it negates not the action or event that follows, but rather the accompanying time, place, or manner This indicates that while the action has occurred, it did not take place according to the specified time, location, or method in the sentence.
（24）不过那天以后，尹夏沫再也 没有 在学校里见过这个叫做方锦华的女生。
（明晓溪《泡沫之夏》）
（25）“后来，她突然消失了，再也 没有 在学校出现过。”
（明晓溪《泡沫之夏》）
（26）因为曾经误会了他， 没有 在他最需要的时候站出来，每个女生都自责得
难以原谅自己。 （明晓溪《泡沫之夏》）
（27）自从你进了演艺圈，自从我上了大学，都 没有 在外面吃过饭呢。”
（明晓溪《泡沫之夏》）
In the examples provided, the negative adverb "没有" precedes the structure "adverbial + verb," indicating that a certain action has not occurred over a period of time Specifically, "没有" appears before actions such as "see," "appear," "stand out," and "eat," signifying that these actions did not take place in a specific location.
In the context of the article, the phrase "没有" negates the existence of several key events related to a character named 尹夏沫 and a girl named 方锦华 It indicates that尹夏沫 did not encounter 方锦华 at school, did not come forward when he needed support, and did not share meals outside of school This emphasizes that the actions and interactions of the subject did not take place at specific locations (school, outside) and during crucial moments (when he needed it most).
Sometimes, "no" can be placed before the verb in a sentence However, this positioning is not always interchangeable.
2.1.4 “没有（没）”+形容词
“没有”可以修饰形容词，表示对事物性质、状态变化过程的否定。
否定副词“没有”的语义特征
2.2.1“没有”与“时”的关系
Tense, also known as temporal category, is closely related to the aspect of time in language It primarily emphasizes the specific timing of actions or events, while aspect focuses on the progression of these actions In modern Chinese, time exhibits unique characteristics compared to other language families Firstly, Chinese lacks the internal inflectional morphology found in Indo-European languages, relying instead on broad morphological and analytical forms to convey tense and aspect meanings Secondly, there is significant flexibility in how temporal meanings influence the choice of tense and aspect forms, as they do not have a one-to-one correspondence Lastly, tense and aspect meanings often share the same grammatical form, making them difficult to distinguish.
In modern Chinese, the relationship between the negative adverb "没有" and time is complex Traditionally, many believed that "没有" was used to objectively describe past or present situations However, recent research increasingly demonstrates that this view is incorrect, as "没有" can also be applied to refer to future contexts.
（47） 早晨他去超市的时候她 还没有 出去。
（明晓溪《泡沫之夏》）
（48）“我来，是在你 还没有 嫁给他之前，向你求婚。”
（明晓溪《泡沫之夏》）
上面的句子中背景时间都表示未来，在句中都能和“没有”共现，（47）中动作
In the context of the morning, the actions "he went to the supermarket" and "she did not go out" occur sequentially, with the latter action referencing the former as a time marker Therefore, "not going out" is understood in relation to "the morning when he went to the supermarket," establishing a clear timeline where "going out" is considered in the past.
This action has not yet occurred; it is a hypothetical situation The phrase "not marrying him" is in relation to "him proposing to you," indicating that on the timeline of events, the proposal happens first, followed by the act of marriage.
If the background time of a negation is in the future, the reference time for that action must be a specific point in time, such as "when he went to the supermarket" or "before you married him."
2.2.2 “没有”与“体”搭配的特点
In relation to verbs, time can be expressed through adverbs within sentences and through the concept of "aspect," which refers to the timing of actions such as their initiation, progression, or completion Aspect is a grammatical concept that reflects how the timing of a verb's action is perceived and experienced While verbs are central to conveying aspectual meaning, they are not the sole carriers of this meaning; rather, the sentence serves as the primary unit that embodies aspect Each element within a sentence can influence the aspectual meaning, highlighting the importance of studying verbs in the context of aspect.
In modern Chinese, the typical markers indicating aspect include "了," "着," and "过," which represent the perfective aspect, progressive aspect, and experiential aspect, respectively.
“没有”与“了”的搭配
In modern Chinese, the character "了" serves dual functions; it can act as a modal particle, referred to as "了1," and as a tense marker, known as "了2." Let's examine some example sentences to illustrate these uses.
（49）“少爷还不是几个月都 没有 来过学校了！”
（明晓溪《泡沫之夏》）
（50） “已经好几天 没有 画画了，躺在病床上觉得胳膊都有些酸了。”
（明晓溪《泡沫之夏》）
In examples (49) and (50), it is evident that the construction "VP (Verb Phrase) + 了" cannot coexist with the negation adverb "没有." The perfective aspect of the verb indicates a completed action, while "没有 + VP" signifies that the action has not occurred.
Cấu trúc "没有+VP" và "VP了" không tương thích về mặt ngữ nghĩa, do đó không thể xuất hiện đồng thời Phó từ phủ định "没有" không thể kết hợp với "VP+了", nhưng có thể đi cùng với trợ từ ngữ khí "了1".
“没有”与“过”的搭配
The usage of "过" in negative sentences is quite common, often paired with "没." It conveys a dynamic nature of events, similar to the aspect marker "了." Since "过" reflects experiences that have occurred and concluded in the past, it inherently implies a change over time, highlighting its dynamic quality as a representation of historical transformation.
Cấu trúc “V+过” biểu thị hành động đã hoàn thành, với đặc điểm ngữ nghĩa [+ hoàn toàn] “过” và “没有” có cùng đặc điểm số lượng và có thể xuất hiện đồng thời trong câu.
（51）她和丈夫收养洛熙，是因为真的很喜欢他， 没有 见过比他更可爱更聪明
的孩子了。 （明晓溪《泡沫之夏》）
（52）他叫洛熙，十六岁，无论在学校里还是在电视里她都 没有 见过比他更漂
亮的男孩子。 （明晓溪《泡沫之夏》）
This was her first time meeting Ou Chen's father Since she got to know him, he had never mentioned his parents, and she had never seen any photos or portraits of them.
Examples (51), (52), and (53) illustrate the combination of "没有" (not) with the experiential marker "过" (have), indicating that the actions or events being discussed have already occurred or been completed prior to the statement In this context, "没有" serves to convey a corresponding negative meaning within these completed actions.
“没有”与“着”的搭配
“着”主要表示持续，凡是可以延续的动词和一部分状态形容词只要表义
需要都可以缀上个“着”。
In general, the construction "verb + 着" cannot be negated by an adverb, as "着" and the negation are semantically incompatible However, in specific contexts or with the assistance of other words, it is possible to appropriately add a suitable negation before "verb + 着."
否定副词“没有（没）”的语用功能
2.3.1由“没有”参与构成的比较句
2.3.1.1“没有”+有“比”标记的比较结构
“没有”用在“比”之前时，表达的是一种前者不如后者的意思，也就是后者
“更 ”，程度上比前者要大很多。
Understanding oneself thoroughly is crucial; it empowers you to determine your next steps and how to take them Relying on others to dictate your direction can be a daunting prospect.
In China, few issues evoke as much sensitivity and concern as the redistribution of power and interests, surpassing even the desecration of ancestral graves In an instant, one can feel lost, plunged into a dark abyss where the struggles of heroes are met with tears.
When Lao Qin arrived in the village, he did not attract much more attention from the villagers than usual Familiar faces greeted him with cheerful smiles, saying, "Hello, Secretary Qin."
In comparative sentences, "not" negates the entire content that follows, often conveying a sense of contrast.
2.3.1.2“没有”+无“比”标记的比较意义
（58）到了七十年代后期，北京的风沙已经 没有 那么大的威力了。
（张锲《哦，北京的胡同》）
（59）“我 没有 你那么笨。 ”尹夏末说。
In the context of Ming Xiaoxi's "Summer of Bubble," when the term "比" (compare) is absent, the expression of "没有" (not have) conveys a relative standard of comparison It typically indicates that the first element is lesser in degree or quantity than the second, illustrating that the former's extent is inferior to that of the latter.
2.3.2“没有（没）”+ 这么/那么 + A （过）
不能用“没有（没）”定的光杆性质形容词却可以进入“没有（没）”+ 这么/那么 +
A + 过”句法槽。例如：
In her work, San Mao reflects on her numerous relationships, expressing that none have felt as natural as the current one, which has transformed her into a pure and innocent child.
Rain lay there, feeling an unprecedented sense of fragility, overwhelmed by despair and a lack of interest in life.
绪低落到了极点。 （琼瑶《烟锁重楼》）
Các tính từ "tự nhiên", "căng thẳng", "mong manh" trong ví dụ thể hiện đặc điểm đồng nhất theo trục thời gian, không thể đi vào cấu trúc ngữ pháp "không có (không) + A" Tuy nhiên, cụm từ "tự nhiên như vậy", "căng thẳng như vậy", "mong manh như vậy" lại làm nổi bật sự nhấn mạnh.
The heterogeneous characteristics of the states of "natural," "tense," and "fragile" in the context of the chain exhibit variable semantic features.
The term "过" can be attached to certain changeable adjectives, as noted by Gong Qianyan in 1991 This allows for phrases like "so natural," "so tense," and "so fragile," which emphasize temporal characteristics and can be interpreted as accepting the notion of "not having."
Trong bài viết "Động từ tính từ trong tiếng Trung hiện đại", Zhang Guoxian chỉ ra rằng "tính từ không có độ rõ ràng và điểm giao, mà là một tập hợp mơ hồ, mỗi tính từ là một tập con mơ hồ." Đại từ "như vậy" và "thế này" khi được đặt trước tính từ giúp làm rõ hơn tính chất mơ hồ của nó Cụm từ "như vậy/thế này + A" chỉ là một điểm trên chuỗi biến đổi trạng thái của A, tức là nó làm nổi bật các đặc điểm không đồng nhất bên trong A, khiến cho tính từ có tính chất phủ định mạnh mẽ như "không" có thể xuất hiện trong cấu trúc ngữ pháp "không (chưa) như vậy/thế này + A + qua".
This chapter conducts a comprehensive study of the modern Chinese negative adverb "没有" (méiyǒu) through the lenses of grammar, semantics, and pragmatics It reveals the grammatical characteristics, semantic features, and pragmatic functions of "没有." The adverb primarily serves to modify verbs, verbal structures, adjectives, and adjectival structures When placed before a verb or verbal structure, "没有" indicates that a certain action did not occur at a specific point in time Similarly, when it precedes an adjective or adjectival structure, it negates the state, quality, or nature of a particular entity Additionally, the chapter highlights the semantic traits of "没有," emphasizing its role in negation within various contexts.
The relationship of "time" and the collocation characteristics of "no" with "body" are significant in understanding the pragmatic function of the negative adverb "no." The term "no" contributes to the formation of comparative sentences, while certain adjectives that cannot be negated with "no" can still be used in the structure "no" + so/that.
Trong quá trình nghiên cứu, do thời gian hạn chế, nhiều khía cạnh của cấu trúc ngữ pháp "么 + A + 过" vẫn chưa được đề cập Tôi hy vọng thông qua bài viết này, việc nghiên cứu về trạng từ phủ định "没有" sẽ giúp hiểu rõ hơn về ngữ pháp và các khía cạnh liên quan của nó.
This study aims to enhance the understanding of modern Chinese negation, specifically focusing on the negation adverb "没有," among Chinese scholars By examining the pragmatic features of this adverb, the research seeks to provide valuable insights into its usage and significance in contemporary Chinese language.
