研究の対象
Nghiên cứu này tập trung vào các biểu hiện xin lỗi xuất hiện trong cùng một tiểu thuyết bằng hai ngôn ngữ Các biểu hiện xin lỗi được xem xét bao gồm các cụm từ cố định trong tiếng Nhật như "ごめんなさい", "すみません", "申し訳ない", cùng với từ xin lỗi duy nhất trong tiếng Việt là "xin lỗi".
In this paper, we focus on specific expressions of apology, excluding others such as "forgive me."
This study focuses on the frequency and context of apology expressions in novels, comparing and contrasting their usage in both languages The strategies employed in apologies are not included in the scope of this research.
研究の範囲
Bài viết này so sánh tác phẩm gốc tiếng Nhật "Norwegian Wood" với bản dịch tiếng Việt "Rừng Na-uy", cũng như tác phẩm "The Devotion of Suspect X" và bản dịch "Phía sau nghi can X".
The article examines the frequency and context of apology expressions in Japanese and Vietnamese as depicted in two novels It highlights the cultural nuances and variations in how apologies are conveyed in both languages, providing insights into the social dynamics and interpersonal relationships reflected in the literary works By analyzing these expressions, the study reveals the significance of context in shaping the meaning and effectiveness of apologies across different cultures.
との関係などである。
This article discusses various research methods, including analytical, comparative, and statistical approaches Each method will be explained in detail, highlighting its specific applications and significance in research.
This study examines the expressions of apology in Japanese and Vietnamese novels, focusing on the frequency of these expressions, the contexts in which they are used, their purposes, and the recipients involved.
・対照方法では、両言語の謝罪表現を対照し、両言語の差異を調べる。
The statistical methods employed involve creating and analyzing tables and charts based on data obtained from the examination and comparison of Japanese and Vietnamese novels.
本研究は序論・本論・結論の３つの部分から構成されている。
The introduction outlines the previous research, the objectives of the study, the target subjects and scope, as well as the research methodology The main body of the article is divided into three chapters.
・第1章：謝罪言語行動についての理論
本章では謝罪言語行動をめぐる基礎的な理論を述べる。
・第2章： 日本語とベトナム語における謝罪表現の概要
先行研究から論じた両言語の謝罪表現の特徴をまとめる。
・第3章： 日本語の謝罪表現とベトナム語の謝罪表現の研究
To clarify the characteristics, frequency, and contexts of use of both languages, a comparative analysis will be conducted using literary works as primary sources.
最後に、結論にはまとめと今後の課題を述べる。
日本語及びベトナム語の謝罪言語行動についての理論
謝罪言語行動とは何か
1.1.1 言語行動の定義
Neustupny (1988) defined language behavior as the process of generating sentences, interpreting it narrowly as simply verbal expression He described communication as the process of using these sentences as tools to achieve specific goals Additionally, he argued that this communication, along with other socio-cultural behaviors, constitutes "interaction." This relationship among the three elements is illustrated in the accompanying diagram.
図1：行動言語・コミュニケーション・インターアクションの関係
（ネウストプニー 1988：20）
この図について、ネウストプニー（1988）は次のような解釈をしている。
Language behavior is an integral part of communication behavior, which in turn is a component of interaction However, not all interactions are for the purpose of information exchange, such as those found in factory processes or games Additionally, communication can occur without language, as seen with gestures The former is referred to as "substantial behavior."
Neustupný (1982) introduced the concept of "sociocultural behavior," later referred to as "nonverbal behavior" (Neustupný, 1983) This framework categorizes behavior into three key types: 1) verbal behavior, 2) communicative behavior, which encompasses both verbal and nonverbal actions, and 3) interaction, defined as the interplay of communicative behaviors.
＋実質行動）がある。」
According to Neustupný (1988), linguistic behavior is positioned alongside non-verbal behavior as an integral part of communication actions However, subsequent papers have expanded on this concept.
In 2005, Neusztupny shifted his perspective and adopted a broader interpretation of linguistic behavior, redefining its meaning significantly.
Language behavior can be used almost interchangeably with "communication," signifying a broader concept of general behavior.
Interaction occurs when two or more participants are involved, encompassing both non-verbal behaviors (socio-cultural actions) and verbal behaviors (communication) Furthermore, communication can be divided into non-grammatical communicative actions (socio-linguistic behaviors) and grammatical actions (narrower forms of communication).
The concept of "language" can be categorized into various meanings, traditionally encompassing fields such as sociology, anthropology, sociolinguistics, and pragmatics, all of which have been subjects of traditional linguistics.
（ネウストプニー 2005：2）
On the other hand, Sugito (1992) expands the scope of linguistic behavior, defining it not merely as the structured elements of language—such as phonemes, syllables, morphemes, words, and sentences—but as the actions through which individuals communicate with one another using language.
The concept of language behavior, as discussed by Neustupný (2005), aligns with communication, while Sugito (1992) expands the study of language behavior to include paralinguistic elements such as voice volume, intonation, gestures, and facial expressions, as well as non-verbal actions like clothing, movements, and spatial positioning This broader definition encompasses non-verbal behavior as part of language behavior Based on this understanding, the apology language behavior explored in this article is defined as the actions through which individuals express apologies using both verbal and non-verbal means.
1.1.2謝罪の定義：
In the previous section, we defined the concept of apology language behavior, but it is essential to explore the meaning of "apology" itself and consider its definition in this context.
Indeed, the concept of "apology" is present in every language When one begins to study a foreign language, understanding how to express regret and seek forgiveness becomes essential for effective communication and cultural exchange.
Apologies are often introduced alongside greetings and expressions of gratitude This article will first define the concept of apology based on prior research, followed by an outline of the perspective taken in this study.
Research on "apologies" is actively conducted both globally and in Japan This article summarizes the definition of an apology, highlighting its significance in interpersonal communication and cultural contexts.
森山（1992） 「相手への損害を与えたことによる不均衡の修復であり、対人
関係の修復」
熊谷（1993） 「話し手のあやまちや相手への被害等への責任を認め、許し乞
い、それによって相手との人間関係における均衡を回復する行 為」
近藤（2002） 「不愉快な気分を相手に負わせる行為を犯してしまったため、
Acknowledging responsibility for one's actions is essential for maintaining or rebuilding relationships with others, and it involves engaging in restorative efforts to repair any damage caused.
ポライトネス理論
1.2.1 Brown & Levinson（1987）のポライトネス理論
Brown & Levinson（1987）の理論はポライトネスに関する最も基本的で、代表的な
Politeness can be defined as a set of principles and strategies related to linguistic behavior that facilitate and maintain smooth communication and relationships with others.
Brown & Levinson（1987）のポライトネス理論は、Goffman（1972）の「フェイス
The concept of "face" introduces two fundamental human desires: "positive face," which reflects the need for social approval and acceptance, and "negative face," which signifies the desire for autonomy and freedom from imposition.
Positive face refers to the desire to be recognized and liked by others, embodying a fundamental human need for social acceptance and approval.
Negative face refers to the desire to avoid unwanted intrusion from others and to maintain a degree of distance, emphasizing a "negative-oriented desire." Importantly, the term "negative" here does not imply negativity in the emotional sense According to "Research on Japanese Language and Japanese Language Education - Volume 18," it is more appropriate to view this as a directional aspect of desire In contrast, the desire to connect with others is termed positive face, while the desire to keep a distance or avoid intrusion is categorized as negative face.
1.2.2 謝罪言語行動におけるポライトネス
Brown & Levinson（1987）はポライトネスの観点から謝罪を定義した。彼らは、
Apologies are expressions of regret from the speaker for actions that have threatened the listener's negative face, known as face-threatening acts (FTAs) They serve to mitigate the impact of these FTAs While an apology poses a threat to the speaker's positive face, it simultaneously addresses the negative face of the listener.
日本語の謝罪言語行動
2.1.1 謝罪の動機・目的について
This paper examines expressions used in apologies, highlighting that such expressions do not always directly convey an apology or "apology" itself.
According to Kumatori (1992), in the context of speech acts, it is essential to focus not only on the speaker's intention but also on the social interaction goals and discourse structure objectives that are crucial for establishing social interactions In the case of apologies, Goffman (1971) views apologies as a ceremonial strategy used to restore imbalances in human relationships This perspective utilizes Goffman's concepts of "actual harm" and "remedial work" to analyze apologies from the standpoint of sociological interaction theory Goffman defines apologies as a form of remedial work that occurs in social life when an infraction takes place, highlighting their role in addressing violations.
Acknowledging wrongdoing and feeling guilt about the offense is essential for accountability Recognizing the violation demonstrates a commitment to understanding the impact of one's actions.
In 1992, Moriyama identified apologies and expressions of gratitude as typical forms of communication for relationship repair.
In our interactions, we often encounter situations that create a sense of responsibility regarding our relationships, particularly when one party feels they have received a benefit or caused harm to the other This leads to an imbalance of interests that necessitates a repair of the relationship The linguistic actions taken by the speaker to mend this relationship are referred to as relationship-repairing language behaviors Specifically, expressing gratitude serves as a response to receiving a benefit, while an apology addresses the harm caused Although these expressions primarily focus on the imbalance of interests, they can also reflect conversational aspects of encounters and farewells, introducing a form of interest relationship, as seen in phrases like "excuse me."
Moriyama (1992: 288-289) suggests that both apologies and expressions of gratitude are actions taken to restore imbalanced relationships that arise from self-interest.
Kumagai (1993) argues that it is essential to consider the impact on others and that the act of responding negatively to requests or offers inherently involves a focus on repairing relationships This perspective highlights a fundamental difference between such responses and the genuine care shown in interactions, emphasizing the complexity of social dynamics in communication.
The three discussions on apologies in Japanese, as mentioned above, are all grounded in Goffman's interactional perspective They assert that the act of apologizing aims to rectify the imbalances that arise within human relationships.
According to Kotani's research, the motivations behind apologies in Japanese culture are not solely aimed at repairing relationships Analyzing interviews with Japanese university students, Kotani found that individuals often apologize even when they do not feel personally responsible This behavior stems from the belief that apologies can make others feel better In essence, Japanese apologies are not always about taking responsibility for a wrongdoing, but rather about acknowledging the other person's discomfort and expressing concern, ultimately aiming to uplift their spirits.
In summary, prior research on the motivations and purposes of apologies in Japanese indicates that apologies serve not only to address imbalances in human relationships arising from vested interests but also to create a positive emotional state for others, even when the individual is not responsible for the situation.
2.1.2 謝罪が行われる状況について
次に、謝罪が行われる状況について論じられた研究を概観する。
Kumatori Valley (1992) summarizes the main types of uncomfortable situations that trigger apologies.
The phenomenon of situational transformation occurs when the speaker's "comfortable situation" is perceived as an "uncomfortable situation" by the listener, highlighting a shift in perspective that is commonly observed in the Japanese language.
In situations of gratitude, expressions of apology such as "I'm sorry" are often used.
（2） 過失による被害（物を壊したなど）
（3） 許可要請、行為/情報依頼
（4） 退室、入室、別れの挨拶として
（5） 事実誤認（人違い、言い間違いなど）
（6） エチケット（行儀）違反
The inability to meet expected or required behaviors, such as refusing requests, failing to answer questions, or not fulfilling obligations, can lead to significant consequences.
The seven types of uncomfortable situations highlighted in Kumatori Valley illustrate how these scenarios can prompt apologies These uncomfortable situations range from typical greetings that involve sympathetic language to genuine apologies, encompassing a continuum that includes both tangible harms and those that are harder to recognize.
ベトナム語における謝罪言語行動
Nghiên cứu trước đây về hành động ngôn ngữ xin lỗi trong tiếng Việt còn hạn chế so với các hành động ngôn ngữ khác Hầu hết các tài liệu tham khảo đều là sách và luận văn tiếng Việt, trong khi các bài viết bằng tiếng Nhật được công bố tại Nhật Bản vẫn chưa được xem xét Do đó, nghiên cứu này sẽ dựa vào luận văn tiến sĩ của Nguyễn Thế Dương (2006) về biểu hiện xin lỗi trong tiếng Việt.
Nguyen The Duong（2006）によれば、ベトナム語の謝罪行動を「謝罪ストラテジー」
In Vietnamese, there are two main strategies for expressing apologies These strategies reflect the cultural nuances and social dynamics of apologetic language behavior in Vietnam.
Trong giao tiếp, có hai hình thức xin lỗi: "Xin lỗi trực tiếp" và "Xin lỗi gián tiếp" Xin lỗi trực tiếp bao gồm việc sử dụng các từ như "xin lỗi" để thể hiện sự hối tiếc một cách rõ ràng và chân thành Ngược lại, xin lỗi gián tiếp thường không sử dụng các từ ngữ xin lỗi cụ thể, mà thay vào đó, thể hiện sự xin lỗi qua hành động hoặc ngữ cảnh khác.
Nghiên cứu đã chỉ ra rằng có hai loại chiến lược xin lỗi trong tiếng Việt, trong đó một loại không bao gồm cụm từ "xin lỗi" Tác giả đã sử dụng các bộ phim truyền hình Việt Nam làm tài liệu nghiên cứu để làm rõ các đặc điểm của ngôn ngữ Việt Nam liên quan đến biểu hiện xin lỗi, các tình huống diễn ra và những yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến việc lựa chọn chiến lược xin lỗi.
Nghiên cứu của Nguyễn Thế Dương (2006) cho thấy người Việt Nam thường sử dụng chiến lược "xin lỗi" theo cách gián tiếp Cụ thể, biểu hiện xin lỗi phổ biến nhất là "xin lỗi", và trong một số trường hợp, người nói có thể thêm tên hoặc đại từ nhân xưng như "A xin lỗi B", "A xin lỗi", hoặc "xin lỗi B" (trong đó A là người nói và B là người nghe) Ngoài ra, có thể có các từ thu hút sự chú ý như "ôi", "này" trước hoặc sau câu xin lỗi Cuối cùng, các trợ từ tiếng Việt như "nhé", "ạ" cũng có thể được thêm vào hoặc bỏ đi tùy thuộc vào ngữ cảnh và cảm xúc.
In Vietnamese, expressions of apology vary in language form depending on the purpose, context, recipient, and emotions involved.
The previous discussion focused on prior research concerning expressions of apology in the Vietnamese language Currently, there is limited literature on Vietnamese apologies, and various aspects, such as the functions of standardized apology expressions, remain insufficiently explored and debated.
This study identifies key expressions of apology in Japanese, including formal phrases like "申し訳ない" (moushiwakenai), "すまない" (sumanai), and "ごめん" (gomen), as well as more casual expressions such as "悪い" (warui) and "失礼" (shitsurei), which can be compared to similar phrases in Vietnamese.
謝罪表現として「xin lỗi」、「tha lỗi」が採取できた。
This paper aims to analyze the tendencies in the use of conventional expressions of apology in Japanese and Vietnamese literature, focusing on the examination of the same novel's materials, while acknowledging that language usage may vary by age and region within both countries.
日本語謝罪表現とベトナム語謝罪表現の対照研究
研究データ
3.1.1 データ収集法
This study aims to collect data from Japanese original novels and their Vietnamese translations In language behavior research, reproducing language usage is crucial, and dialogue from television dramas can serve as effective data due to its contextual relevance While conversations in novels may not represent completely natural data, they offer easier data collection across various speech situations (Wakamoto, 2010) Additionally, the conversations within novels allow for the gathering of substantial data, making it easier to identify trends and characteristics in language expression By thoroughly analyzing and comparing apology expressions from both languages, the study will explore the differences between them from multiple perspectives.
While this data collection method has its drawbacks, particularly in that it may not encompass all strategies used by native Japanese and Vietnamese speakers in their expressions of apology, existing research has similarly noted these limitations Nevertheless, it is believed that this approach can still capture fundamental variations in apology expressions and allow for the observation of the characteristics of apologetic language behavior in real-world contexts.
The selection of novels is a crucial factor in this study The novels chosen for analysis were based on specific criteria that guide their relevance as data for research.
・できるだけ日常生活に近い
・発話の場面が多様
・日本語原作版とベトナム語翻訳版が両方ある
3.1.2 データ資料の説明
今回データ収集に用いた映小説は以下の通りである。
表2：研究資料として使用された文学作品
作品名 作家 出版年・
ベトナム語翻
1 『ノルウェイの森』 村上春樹 1987年／
『Rừng Na-uy』 Trịnh Lữ
2 『容疑者Xの献身』 東野圭吾 2005年／
The materials used in this paper include the original Japanese version of "Norwegian Wood" and its Vietnamese translated edition.
『Rừng Na-uy』という一つと、日本語原作の『容疑者Xの献身』とベトナム語翻訳
版『Phía sau nghi can X』という二つの作品である。
The former was created by the author Haruki Murakami and published by Kodansha in 1987.
Bản dịch tiếng Việt được thực hiện bởi dịch giả Trịnh Lữ và được tái bản vào năm 2014 Phiên bản gốc bằng tiếng Nhật (được sử dụng trong bài viết này là phiên bản Kindle) có 439 trang, trong khi bản dịch tiếng Việt có 554 trang.
Tác phẩm này được viết bởi nhà văn Higashino Keigo và được xuất bản bởi Bungeishunjū vào năm 2005 Phiên bản dịch tiếng Việt được dịch bởi Trương Thùy Lan và cũng được phát hành vào năm 2005 Bản gốc tiếng Nhật (phiên bản Kindle được sử dụng trong bài viết này) có 352 trang, trong khi phiên bản dịch tiếng Việt có 392 trang.
This study examines the expressions of apology in Japanese and Vietnamese through an analysis of the original Japanese work and its Vietnamese translation Both the original text and the translated version contain numerous instances of apology expressions, making them ideal materials for a thorough comparative analysis.
研究結果と考察
3.2.1.1 謝罪表現の使用頻度
The occurrence rate of Japanese apology expressions is illustrated in Figure 2, based on the original Japanese version of the novel.
図2：日本語原作版の謝罪表現の出現率
The recent study identified a total of 101 instances of Japanese apology expressions This comprehensive analysis highlights the diverse ways in which apologies are articulated in the Japanese language.
現ごとの種類は「ごめん」類（ごめん、ごめんなさい）が38件（37％）、「すまない」
類（すみません、すみませんでした、すまない、すまなかった）が30件（30％）、
In the analysis of expressions of apology, the term "申し訳ない" and its variations accounted for 14 instances, representing 14% of the total Meanwhile, phrases related to "失礼" were noted 6 times, highlighting the frequency and significance of these expressions in communication.
件（6％）、「悪い」類（悪い、悪かった）が13件（13％）ということになった。表
As shown in the data, the most frequently used expression of apology is the "I'm sorry" category, which appears 38 times.
日本語原作版の謝罪の出現率
「ごめん」類 「すまない」類 「申し訳ない」類 「失礼」類 「悪い」類
「失礼」類は低い方（6件）だった。また、「すまない」類の出現率も目立つ（31件）。
図3：ベトナム語翻訳版の謝罪表現の出現率
The total occurrence of apology expressions in the Vietnamese translation amounted to 93 instances The results indicate that in Japan
Compared to other languages, Vietnamese has fewer expressions for apologies This study identifies two distinct types of apology expressions in Vietnamese.
Một trong những cách diễn đạt xin lỗi phổ biến trong tiếng Việt là "Xin lỗi".
（91件－98％）、「Tha lỗi」（2件－２％）だということが顕著である。以上にも言及
されたNguyen The Duong（2006）の主張を改めて明らかにした。つまり、ベトナム
Trong bản dịch tiếng Việt của các biểu hiện xin lỗi, có sự xuất hiện của các từ như "ごめん" và "すまない" trong phiên bản gốc tiếng Nhật Tuy nhiên, hầu hết các từ này đều có xu hướng được dịch thành "Xin lỗi" trong tiếng Việt.
The frequency of apology expressions in both languages reveals that the Vietnamese translation contains eight fewer instances than the original Japanese version This indicates a notable difference in the portrayal of apologies between the Japanese original and its Vietnamese translation, even within the same literary work.
ベトナム語翻訳版の謝罪表現の出現率
While there may be slight differences in the frequency of usage, this article aims to explore the similarities and differences in expressions of apology between the two languages.
3.2.1.2 謝罪表現の使用目的
謝罪表現の使用目的について、各類の件数を表３にまとめた。
表3：謝罪表現の使用機能
カテゴリー 謝罪 感謝 注意喚起 挨拶
軽妙なマ ナー違反
「申し訳ない」 11 0 0 0 2 1 0 14
As mentioned earlier, the most frequently used expression in the research conducted is "gomen nasai," followed by "sumanai" in second place The "gomen nasai" category clearly represents the act of apology.
The term "thank you" is widely used, yet its functions of expressing gratitude and raising awareness are often lacking Conversely, phrases like "I'm sorry" serve not only to apologize but also to convey appreciation and alertness.
Greetings and introductory phrases are commonly used in various contexts, including requests Additionally, expressions of gratitude play a significant role in communication, enhancing the overall message.
The expression "I’m sorry" primarily appears in contexts related to apologies, specifically in phrases like "I’m sorry" and is not commonly found in other forms of apology However, aside from "thank you," it can also be expressed as "I appreciate you going out of your way," serving as a form of acknowledgment.
The findings of this study suggest that expressions of apology, such as "I'm sorry," cannot be exclusively categorized as forms of "warning." Therefore, it is important to consider a broader range of expressions in future research.