研究理由
Proverbs are linguistic elements that reflect the unique characteristics of different countries They embody valuable experiences, rich heritage, profound human philosophy, and the distinctive cultural traits of nations and ethnic groups.
Understanding proverbs enhances vocabulary, enriches expressive abilities, and provides insights into a country's cultural characteristics and lifestyle.
Due to the aforementioned reasons, the author has begun to study proverbs, particularly those related to weather.
研究目的
For generations, Vietnam has been recognized as an agricultural nation, with natural elements deeply integrated into its culture and daily life While Japan has made significant advancements in agricultural development, notable differences in agricultural culture still exist between the two countries due to their geographical positions and developmental trajectories.
The purpose of studying weather-related proverbs in Japan and Vietnam is to reveal the structural forms, meanings of expressions, and cultural similarities and differences present in proverbs from both languages.
研究対象と範囲
This study focuses on proverbs related to weather in Japanese and Vietnamese, specifically examining those that convey imagery associated with weather phenomena.
Language development and social factors can lead to discrepancies between the number of proverbs that exist and those listed in dictionaries This topic focuses on proverbs featuring imagery and natural depictions, as represented in dictionaries from Japan and Vietnam.
The research focuses on proverbs from Japanese and Vietnamese dictionaries, with the specific dictionaries and their titles to be updated later These proverbs are well-known among the people of both countries, making them a relevant area of study.
研究方法
Bài viết này thu thập và phân tích dữ liệu từ các tài liệu như của Shafuddin Ninyeku (1987) về tục ngữ liên quan đến thiên nhiên trong tiếng Indonesia và tiếng Nhật, Đặng Thanh Huyền (2011) so sánh tục ngữ trong tiếng Nhật và tiếng Việt, và Zheng Zhishu (2005) phân tích đặc điểm tục ngữ Nhật Bản và Hàn Quốc Mục tiêu là cung cấp một hệ thống thông tin đầy đủ và chính xác về tục ngữ.
関連トピックのことわざを観察、検索、統計的に一覧表示する。
日本語とベトナムごにおけることわざの構造、意味、文化の対照。
研究構造
本研究は序論と結論をのぞき、３章から構成されている。
Chapter 1 provides an overview of proverbs in general and specifically focuses on Japanese proverbs This section discusses the definition and origins of proverbs, offering essential knowledge about them Additionally, it highlights the similarities and differences between proverbs and idiomatic expressions, helping readers distinguish between the two.
Chapter 2 focuses on the characteristics of weather-related proverbs in the Japanese language It begins by examining the historical and contemporary usage of these proverbs, categorized by various weather factors This section highlights several features of proverbs, particularly those related to weather Specifically, it discusses the structure of proverbs, illustrating how they combine language and life experiences to convey meaning Additionally, it explores the content, expressive forms, and the poetic techniques often employed in these sayings to effectively communicate their messages.
Chapter 3 focuses on the comparison of weather-related proverbs in Japanese and Vietnamese Similar to Chapter 2, it begins by listing the usage of weather proverbs in Vietnamese, categorized by different weather factors The majority of the chapter discusses the characteristics of these proverbs in Vietnamese, highlighting aspects such as structure, expression forms, artistic qualities, and meanings Following this analysis, the chapter contrasts Japanese and Vietnamese proverbs, particularly those related to weather This comparative study not only enhances the understanding of weather proverbs but also illustrates the cultural communication between Vietnam and Japan through the lens of weather.
先行研究
Numerous studies have been conducted on proverbs, with one notable research being Villers Damien's (2014) "Le Proverbe et les Genres Connexes" published by Presses Académiques Francophones In this study, Damien begins with a definition of proverbs, categorizes various types, and introduces their origins and structures Another significant work is by Shafudin, Ninyek from Osaka University (1987), titled "Proverbs Related to Nature: A Case Study of Indonesian and Japanese." This research highlights numerous proverbs related to natural elements such as rain, wind, moon, and flora and fauna in both Indonesian and Japanese, while contrasting the meanings associated with these elements in the two languages.
Nguyễn Thị Hồng Thu (2005) trong tác phẩm "Tục ngữ Nhật Bản về văn hóa ứng xử: Có so sánh với tục ngữ Việt Nam" và Nguyễn Thu Huyền (2011) trong "So sánh đối chiếu nhóm tục ngữ liên quan đến tình yêu, hôn nhân trong tiếng Nhật và tiếng Việt" đã giới thiệu các câu tục ngữ Nhật Bản và so sánh với tục ngữ Việt Nam, đồng thời làm rõ mối quan hệ giữa tục ngữ và văn hóa hành động Hai tác phẩm chỉ ra những điểm tương đồng và khác biệt trong văn hóa hành động giữa hai quốc gia.
Based on the research, the author has developed a detailed theoretical framework to clearly distinguish between proverbs and idiomatic expressions Thanks to studies from Osaka University, the author references several Japanese proverbs related to nature, highlighting their distinct elements and meanings While there are many proverbs in illustrated books, they are often organized alphabetically, which can obscure their thematic connections The author aims to provide unique and understandable explanations alongside numerous nature-related proverbs Although previous studies have effectively presented fundamental information about proverbs, there is a lack of comparative research on weather-related proverbs in Japanese and Vietnamese Therefore, this study seeks to contrast weather-related proverbs in both languages.
研究の新たな貢献
The author's research focuses on proverbs related to weather and the general proverb information system While the referenced documents are relevant to the author's study, they exhibit several shortcomings regarding the general proverb system and weather-related proverbs In countries such as the UK, France, China, Japan, and South Korea, proverb research is well-developed, with numerous topics related to weather proverbs However, in Vietnam, there is still a significant lack of specific studies on weather forecasting This gap in research is the reason the author has chosen to investigate weather-related proverbs.
In the study of weather-related proverbs, the author has systematized several theoretical proofs to distinguish between proverbs and idioms Additionally, the author established a framework for weather-related proverbs in both Japanese and Vietnamese Furthermore, to enhance language skills, the author proposes incorporating proverbs into the Japanese curriculum at the Faculty of Japanese Language and Culture at Hanoi National University of Foreign Languages, thereby enriching knowledge of language, culture, traditions, and customs.
一般的なことわざと日本語のことわざの概要
ことわざの定義
Peter Crzybek (1994) defines a proverb as a traditional saying that is widely recognized and repeated, conveying a truth rooted in common sense or practical human experience He notes that proverbs that outline fundamental rules of conduct can also be referred to as maxims.
Proverbs are simple and concrete traditional statements that share a common repetitive nature They serve to explain fundamental codes of conduct and are often referred to as maxims.
Paul Robert (1967) defines a proverb as a truth derived from experience or a piece of practical wisdom that is commonly shared within a social group, expressed in an elliptical and often figurative form Proverbs encapsulate practical experiences and insights, serving as a reflection of collective knowledge within a community.
The advice on practical wisdom is universally applicable across social groups, expressed through language that utilizes common imagery and established formulas.
Vũ Ngọc Phan (2008) đã chỉ ra rằng trong văn hóa Việt Nam, tục ngữ là những câu nói tự nó diễn đạt đầy đủ một ý nghĩa, một nhận xét, một kinh nghiệm, hoặc một bài học luân lý, đôi khi cũng mang tính phê phán.
Proverbs in the UK are simple, concrete traditional phrases that reflect common sense and practical human experiences These sayings, often known as maxims, describe fundamental codes of conduct and embody shared, repetitive qualities.
French proverbs offer practical advice rooted in experiential wisdom, reflecting shared insights within societal groups They are expressed in language through commonly recognized images and discoveries, serving as a linguistic representation of collective knowledge.
Câu nói 6 phán 3 định nghĩa rằng "câu tục ngữ là những câu hoàn chỉnh diễn đạt ý tưởng, quan sát, kinh nghiệm, đạo đức, và đôi khi là sự chỉ trích."
In Japan, defining proverbs is challenging, as noted in the "Japanese-English Proverbs Dictionary" (1994), which suggests they may encompass songs, lessons, or specific problem recognitions Furthermore, according to "Super Daizanrin," proverbs consist of sentences that embody experiences, knowledge, concerns, and lessons passed down from ancestors since ancient times.
Proverbs serve various functions within language, reflecting cultural wisdom and societal norms Overall, they encapsulate key insights and lessons that resonate across different contexts.
Proverbs serve as timeless lessons derived from experience, advice, disappointment, and morality, encapsulating wisdom that has been preserved over generations.
ことわざと慣用句の分別
Proverbs and idiomatic expressions are commonly used in everyday speech However, understanding these phrases correctly, particularly distinguishing between idioms and proverbs, can be challenging for many people To effectively differentiate between idioms and proverbs, one must have a basis for identification, scientific reasoning, and established criteria.
日本では、ことわざと慣用句は以下のように分別する。
Vietnamese proverbs are defined as sentences that fully express ideas, observations, experiences, morals, and sometimes criticisms.
Defining Japanese proverbs can be challenging, as they may encompass elements of song, lessons, or the recognition of specific issues.
表１.日本語におけることわざと慣用句の分別
ことわざ 慣用句
生活をしていく上に役立つ色々な知恵を教
えてくれることばになります。上手な例え
を使った短い言葉で人生の教えや心理をあ
例：河童の川流れ
Words that combine two or more elements to create a meaning different from their original definitions are referred to as compound words.
例：足が棒になる
皮 肉 や 風 刺 を 表 し て い る 場 合 も あ る 。 ま
た、教訓や格言として用いられることも多
例：石の上にも三年
Daily actions and states are often expressed using parts of the body.
例：目を皿にする
ことわざはいつ誰が作ったというものでは
なく、たくさんの人々の日々の生活の中か
ら自然に生まれた言葉である。
例：暑さ寒さも彼岸まで
習慣として使われてきた一かたまりの言葉 や文句のこと。
例：首を長くする
1 つだけで文章として成立する。
例：故きを温ねて新しきを知る
慣用句は文中で使われ、慣用句だけで文が 成立するわけではない。
In Vietnam, proverbs and idiomatic expressions are categorized in specific ways, such as the phrase "having a high nose," which signifies a sense of pride, often exemplified by achieving a perfect score of 100 on a test.
表２.ベトナム語におけることわざと慣用句の分別
ことわざ 慣用句
アイデアを完全に表現する完全なステート
メントである。
例：Gần mực thì đen, gần đèn thì rạng
Câu thành ngữ không chỉ là những cụm từ đơn giản mà còn là yếu tố quan trọng trong câu, thể hiện khái niệm thông qua hình ảnh Ví dụ điển hình là câu "Mẹ tròn con vuông".
内容は、人々の人生経験、歴史的および社
会的経験の収集に属している。
例：Nhất nước nhì phân tam cần tứ giống 、
Chuồn chuồn bay thấp thì mưa /Bay cao thì nắng bay vừa thì râm
Symbolic and metaphorical rhetoric often employs metonymy to convey deeper meanings and associations, enhancing the richness of language and communication.
ク な レ ト リ ッ ク を 使 用 す る こ と が よ く あ る。
例：Chân cứng đá mềm
しばしば独立して使用される。
例： Lời nói chẳng mất tiền mua/ Lựa lời mà nói cho vừa lòng nhau
People often use interjections within sentences, as they are simply phrases that add emphasis or emotion to the text.
例：Đâm bị thóc chọc bị gạo
Theo ngôn ngữ học Việt Nam, tục ngữ được coi là những câu nói hoàn chỉnh thể hiện ý tưởng rõ ràng (ví dụ: Gần mực thì đen, gần đèn thì rạng) Trong khi đó, thành ngữ chỉ là những cụm từ, là thành phần của câu, dùng để hình ảnh hóa các khái niệm (ví dụ: Mẹ tròn con vuông).
Câu tục ngữ phản ánh kinh nghiệm sống, lịch sử và xã hội của con người, ví dụ như "Nhất nước nhì phân tam cần tứ giống" và "Chuồn chuồn bay thấp thì mưa, bay cao thì nắng, bay vừa thì râm" Các thành ngữ mang tính biểu tượng, phổ biến và có ý nghĩa sâu sắc trong văn hóa.
Trong văn học, việc sử dụng phép tu từ ẩn dụ hoặc metonymy rất phổ biến Một ví dụ điển hình là cụm từ "Chân cứng đá mềm" Chính vì vậy, các thành ngữ thường để lại ấn tượng mạnh mẽ cho người nghe hoặc người đọc, nhờ vào sức biểu đạt mạnh mẽ của chúng Do đó, người ta thường sử dụng những từ ngữ mang tính biểu cảm cao (ví dụ: Tôi chúc anh đi "chân cứng đá mềm").
Câu tục ngữ là một câu hoàn chỉnh, thể hiện ý tưởng đầy đủ và thường được sử dụng độc lập Ví dụ, mọi người thường nhắc nhở nhau với câu "Lời nói chẳng mất tiền mua/ Lựa lời mà nói cho vừa lòng nhau" Hơn nữa, vì thành ngữ chỉ là những cụm từ, nên mọi người thường sử dụng chúng như những câu xen vào trong văn bản.
「Đâm bị thóc chọc bị gạo」。
ことわざの起源
The kanji for "proverb," 諺, combines "文" (text) and "厂" (factory) to signify a "clearly defined pattern." Additionally, it merges "言" (word) and "彦" (boy) to represent "a neatly articulated phrase" or "a statement that is logically sound." Thus, proverbs encapsulate the essence of well-structured and meaningful expressions.
「業（わざ）」という言葉から成り立っているとされている。「業」は、深い意味
A proverb is a term that signifies actions or events with significant intent In essence, proverbs convey words that provide meaning or rationale to actions that have been realized.
Câu tục ngữ là sản phẩm sáng tạo của quần chúng trong quá trình lao động và phản ánh nhận thức khách quan về thế giới Theo thời gian, dấu ấn lịch sử của xã hội và quốc gia được lưu giữ trong nhiều câu tục ngữ Những câu như "Dưa La, cà Láng, nem Báng, tương Bần, nước mắm Vạn Vân, cá rô đầm Sét" và "Chim mía Xuân Phổ, cá bống sông Trà, kẹo gương Thu Xà, mạch nha Thi Phổ" vẫn tồn tại, phản ánh những đặc sản nổi tiếng của các vùng đất xưa Đồng thời, những quan niệm lạc hậu và tập quán nặng nề cũng được ghi lại qua các câu tục ngữ như "Cha mẹ đặt đâu con ngồi đấy" và "Chồng chung chồng chạ ai khéo hầu hạ thì được chồng riêng" Hơn nữa, có những câu văn châm biếm liên quan đến tên tuổi của các nhân vật trong xã hội cũ như "Năm tiền có chứng, một quan có cứ", "Miệng quan, trôn trẻ", "Quan thấy kiện như kiến thấy mỡ".
Nhiều nhà nghiên cứu tục ngữ đã đề cập đến thời điểm ra đời của các câu như "Con dại cái mang" và "Con mống sống mang" trong văn bản lịch sử cổ đại Một số học giả tin rằng chúng bắt đầu từ thời kỳ mẹ tính, trong khi một số khác khẳng định chúng xuất hiện trong thời kỳ xung đột khi chế độ tôn giáo thống trị.
Proverbs are remarkably adaptable, making it challenging to assign specific dates to them, and often, it's not even necessary Over time, many proverbs have evolved, acquiring new layers of meaning while retaining their original essence Although some proverbs may no longer be relevant in today's society, they once played a significant role in the treasure trove of wisdom that proverbs represent.
Donald Keene と池田（1994）は、次のように述べている。「ことわざは個々の筆
Việc xác định nguồn gốc của các câu tục ngữ là khó khăn vì chúng không thuộc về một cá nhân mà thực chất là sản phẩm của nhiều người Đặc biệt, trong tiếng Anh và tiếng Nhật, các câu tục ngữ xuất phát không chỉ từ cộng đồng mà còn từ các tác phẩm văn học.
Proverbs can be considered products derived from ancient times In Japan, these sayings originate not only from the community but also from literary works.
日本語における天気にかすることわざの特徴
日本語における天気に関することわざの利用（要因別の統計）
Tác giả đã thu thập thống kê về 202 câu tục ngữ liên quan đến thời tiết bằng tiếng Nhật từ nhiều nguồn tài liệu khác nhau, bao gồm "Tập hợp tục ngữ về thời tiết" của Cơ quan Hợp tác Quốc tế Nhật Bản (2008), "Từ điển tục ngữ" của Cục Thủy sản Nhật Bản (2011) và "Từ điển tục ngữ Nhật - Việt" của Nguyễn Thị Hồng Thu (2005) Các tục ngữ này thường xuất hiện dưới dạng tuyên bố (câu trần thuật).
Proverbs related to rain and its elements constitute the largest portion of weather-related sayings, accounting for approximately 110 expressions, or 54% of the total Japan, an island nation located in the heart of the Pacific, is significantly influenced by its climate, which helps explain this prevalence In an environment where humid air frequently leads to rainfall, rain has historically been a primary concern Most proverbs about rain are predictive, focusing on forecasting when it will rain and anticipating the consequences that follow.
例えば、次は雨に関することわざ：
ことわざ 意味
おおあめ 雷を起こす積乱雲（せきらんうん）は低気圧
The presence of a front often leads to increased humidity, particularly at night, which can result in heavy rainfall.
びきすじ 雲
し 尾をひく形のすじ雲は、高い空に強い西風に
When traveling by vehicle, it is often the case that a developed low-pressure system is approaching.
雷 光 北 西 方
らいこうきたにしかた
る 一般に夏の雷雲は上空の偏西風に吹かれて、
Moving from west to east, thunderclouds located in the west and northwest are approaching our area.
In addition to rain, factors such as wind, storms, sun, thunder, and lightning also play a role in weather patterns Proverbs often incorporate these elements to help individuals predict their own circumstances Furthermore, these factors are utilized to forecast each other’s effects based on their interrelated influences.
ことわざの特徴
2.1 ことわざの構造
Trong tiếng Nhật, cấu trúc của tục ngữ được phân loại và xem xét dựa trên các đặc điểm sau: a Dừng ở danh từ.
Japanese proverbs typically take the form of a noun ending According to statistics by Zheng Zhishu, approximately 40.9% of proverbs are structured in this noun-ending format.
The Japanese proverb "Three years on a stone" emphasizes the value of perseverance and patience in achieving success Similarly, "Even a small insect has a soul" highlights the intrinsic worth of all living beings, regardless of their size The phrase "A lie can be a means to an end" suggests that sometimes dishonesty can serve a purpose Conversely, "Buddhist chants in a horse's ear" illustrates the futility of preaching to those who cannot understand Lastly, "Oni" represents the concept of demons or evil spirits, often symbolizing challenges we must confront.
The article explores various Japanese proverbs and their meanings, emphasizing the wisdom they convey Key phrases include "A stitch in time saves nine," which highlights the importance of proactive measures, and "Three heads are better than one," illustrating the value of collaboration It also discusses the idea that ignorance can sometimes be bliss, as seen in "What you don't know won't hurt you." Other expressions, such as "Every cloud has a silver lining," suggest that good can emerge from adversity, while "Don't count your chickens before they hatch" warns against premature assumptions These proverbs collectively offer insights into human behavior and decision-making, reflecting cultural values and practical wisdom.
The concept of "underlying support" emphasizes the importance of those who work quietly behind the scenes, much like the saying "even a dead tree adds to the mountain's charm," which highlights that every contribution, no matter how small, has value Additionally, the phrase "turning to God in times of hardship" reflects the human tendency to seek hope and assistance during difficult moments, underscoring the significance of support systems in our lives.
み/弘法も筆の誤り/七転び八起き/暖簾に腕押しなど。 b 文種
A "declarative sentence" is used to describe or speculate about the present Proverbs exist in a declarative form across all languages, illustrating this concept Examples include "After rain, the ground hardens," "Test the bridge before crossing," "Even a dog will bump into a stick while walking," and "A drowning person will grab at straws." Other sayings like "Repaying kindness with ingratitude," "Even monkeys fall from trees," "Those who associate with red will become red," "Dust gathers into a mountain," "Desperate times call for desperate measures," and "What happens twice will happen thrice," further emphasize the significance of these expressions.
隠す/渡る世間に鬼はないなど。
Interrogative sentences are a common linguistic form used when a questioner requests information from the respondent in the form of an answer In Japanese, this structure is essential for effective communication.
Proverbs in the form of questions are quite rare Examples include "Will a demon appear or a snake?" and "How can a sparrow understand the ambitions of a swan?" Additionally, there's the saying "When the spirit is focused, nothing is impossible."
"Câu lệnh" là một loại câu thể hiện mệnh lệnh hoặc yêu cầu Thông thường, các từ chỉ thị được đặt ở cuối câu Có nhiều câu tục ngữ Nhật Bản mang hình thức câu lệnh, chẳng hạn như "Cứ để cho cánh đồng thành núi", "Vội vàng thì lại chậm", "Chiến thắng thì phải thắt chặt dây mũ", "Hạnh phúc đến với người kiên nhẫn", "Khi vào làng thì phải theo phong tục làng", "Việc tốt thì nên làm ngay", "Phải rèn sắt khi còn nóng", "Phải theo người khác để sửa đổi bản thân", "Phải đau để hiểu nỗi đau của người khác", v.v Những cách diễn đạt này mang tính cổ điển.
Japanese proverbs are rich in antiquated expressions, showcasing a variety of forms such as writing, structure, vocabulary, and practical usage.
Creating is often easier than forcing; a short belt can be too tight, while a long sash can be cumbersome Time flies swiftly, and taking the initiative is crucial.
To master others, one must first understand the concept of "灯台下暗し," which highlights the irony of overlooking what is close at hand Similarly, "毒をもって毒を制す" suggests that sometimes, one must use a similar force to counteract a problem The phrase "敵は本能寺にあり" reminds us that our true adversaries may be closer than we think Additionally, the saying "時は金なり" emphasizes the value of time as a precious resource Finally, "良薬" symbolizes the importance of effective solutions, even if they may be difficult to accept Together, these proverbs illustrate the complexities of strategy, awareness, and the judicious use of resources in overcoming challenges.
は 口に苦し など。
In life, it is often wiser to take a longer, more thoughtful route rather than rushing into decisions, as the saying goes, "more haste, less speed." Additionally, as we age, it's essential to embrace the wisdom and guidance of the younger generation Furthermore, the idea that one should not act without careful consideration is highlighted by the phrase "a pheasant would not be shot if it did not call out." Lastly, it's better to be a leader in a smaller group than to be a subordinate in a larger one, emphasizing the value of taking charge, no matter the scale.
Do not become complacent like a cow; without entering the tiger's den, you cannot gain the tiger's cub Even among close friends, there should be respect and etiquette Seek shelter under a great tree for protection and support.
In Japanese culture, several proverbs emphasize the importance of foresight and consideration for others "A stick before stumbling" suggests that preparation can prevent future problems, while "No curse from a god you don’t disturb" highlights the value of avoiding unnecessary conflict Additionally, "A departing bird does not foul its nest" teaches the importance of leaving places in good condition, and "Compassion is for the benefit of others" underscores the significance of kindness in human interactions These sayings collectively advocate for prudence, respect, and empathy in daily life.