INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the study
Globalization has increased the demand for advanced language skills, particularly in the shipping industry, where modern technologies and education play a crucial role Effective communication among seafarers from diverse nations is essential for successful operations at sea and between ships and shore English has emerged as the primary language for maritime communication, making it vital to understand English terminology and its Vietnamese equivalents in maritime logistics My upbringing in a major port city in Vietnam, coupled with my family's long-standing involvement in the port, has motivated me to pursue research in this field to enhance my knowledge of maritime logistics.
Aim of the study
The research focuses on translating specialized maritime logistics terminology to enhance understanding and communication within the field It explores various translation strategies and procedures, aiming to provide a comprehensive overview that facilitates effective interactions in maritime logistics.
In details, my Graduation paper aims at:
* Collecting and presenting English terms in maritime logistics profession
* Providing Vietnamese equivalents or expressions for its English terms in maritime logistics profession
* Preliminarily analyzing translation strategies and procedures employed in the translation of English terms into their Vietnamese corresponding
* Providing some knowledge of maritime logistics profession to students majoring in the field.
Scope of the study
Maritime logistics is a vast professional field that demands extensive research and expertise Due to time and knowledge constraints, this study focuses specifically on the vocabulary and concepts related to sea shipping and port warehousing, as these two aspects are closely interconnected within the maritime logistics sector.
Method of the study
This graduation paper employs qualitative methods that emphasize logic and an objective perspective By concentrating on consistent data and thorough, convergent reasoning, qualitative research distinguishes itself from divergent reasoning.
All of English and Vietnamese terms in this graduation paper are collected from internet and dictionary These data are divided into groups based on their common character.
Design of the study
This Graduation paper is divided into three parts, in which the second one is the most important part
Part I: The rationale, aims, method, scope and design of the research are mentioned to provide readers an overview of the research
Part II: Mention the main content of the research and is divided into three chapters: Chapter I: Theoretical background of translation
Chapter II: Maritime logistics terminology
Chapter III: Difficulties and and suggestions in translating process
Part III: Summarize main ideas mentiond in previous parts.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Translation theory
Translation is a multifaceted concept, with various definitions shaped by the perspectives of translators, researchers, and linguists Each professional brings their unique interpretation, highlighting the complexity of understanding what translation truly encompasses.
Translation, as defined by Brislin (1976), encompasses the transfer of thoughts and ideas between languages, regardless of whether they are expressed in written or spoken form This process applies to languages with established orthographies as well as those without, including sign languages used by the deaf.
Eugene Nida (1964) viewed translation as a scientific discipline, emphasizing that the transfer of messages between languages warrants scientific analysis In his later work on translation theory, he introduced the concept of dynamic equivalence, defining translation as the closest natural equivalent of the source language's message, prioritizing meaning first and style second (Nida, 1982).
According to Roger T Bell (1991), translation involves conveying the meaning of a text from a source language to a target language while maintaining both semantic and stylistic equivalences He emphasizes that translation is essentially the process of substituting a representation of a text in one language with an equivalent representation in another language.
"Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language" (Newmark, 1981, 7)
“It is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text” (Newmark, 1988, 5)
“The process of changing something that is written or spoken into another language” (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7 th edition, p1632)
Surjeet Singh Warwal defines translation as the process of understanding a text's meaning and creating an equivalent version in another language, known as the target text The original text is referred to as the source text, while the language it is translated into is the target language Warwal further elaborates on the term "translation" to provide a deeper understanding of the concept.
“Translation is the word for Greek and translation word made up two think one is
Translation, derived from the words "trans" meaning across and "lation" meaning to bring, involves converting text from the source language (S.L) to the target language (T.L) This creative process is akin to changing from one set of clothes to another while maintaining the same context.
Translation, despite varying definitions, shares common characteristics In essence, it is the process of identifying the most suitable equivalents to effectively convey meanings from the source language to the target language.
There are various methods by which the text is translated According to Peter Newmark (1988, 45) there are eight methods which have been put in the form of a flattened V diagram below:
Word-for-word trans Adaptation
Literal Translation Free translation Faithful Translation Idiomatic translation Semantic Translation Communicative translation
Interlinear translation exemplifies word-for-word translation, where the target language (TL) is positioned directly beneath the source language (SL) words, maintaining the original word order This method translates each word individually, often using their most common meanings without considering context, while cultural terms are rendered literally The primary purpose of word-for-word translation is to grasp the structure of the source language or to interpret challenging texts as a preliminary step in the translation process.
The SL grammatical structures are translated to their closest TL counterparts, while lexical items are translated individually and out of context This pre-translation process highlights the challenges that need to be addressed.
A faithful translation aims to accurately convey the original text's contextual meaning while adhering to the grammatical structures of the target language It effectively transfers cultural terms and maintains the level of grammatical and lexical deviation from the source language norms The translation strives to remain true to the intentions and stylistic choices of the original writer.
Semantic translation differs from ‘faithful translation’ only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value (that is, the beautiful and natural sounds of the
In translation, it is essential to balance fidelity to the original text with flexibility in conveying meaning A 'faithful' translation adheres strictly to the source material, while a 'semantic' translation allows for creative interpretation, prioritizing the essence of the message This approach often involves substituting culturally specific terms with neutral equivalents, ensuring that the translation resonates with a broader audience without compromising the original intent.
The most flexible form of translation is often applied to plays, comedies, and poetry, where the original characters, plots, and themes are maintained while adapting the source language (SL) culture to the target language (TL) culture Although the practice of literally translating a play or poem before having it rewritten by a seasoned dramatist or poet has led to some subpar adaptations, there are also notable adaptations that have successfully revitalized classic period plays.
Free translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of original Usually it is a paraphrase much longer than the original, a So-called
‘intralingual translation’, often prolix and pretentious, and not translation at all
Idiomatic translation reproduces the ‘message’ of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialism and idioms where these do not exist in the original
Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership
Translation procedures, as defined by Chesterman (1989), are techniques used by translators to achieve equivalence while transferring meaning from the Source Text to the Target Text In the 1950s, Jean Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet identified seven translation methods: borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation, each providing distinct approaches to achieve this equivalence.
Borrowing involves incorporating a word from the source language into the target language, making it one of the simplest translation procedures This technique is typically used in two scenarios: first, when a new technical term lacks an equivalent in the target language; and second, when a translator retains a foreign term for stylistic purposes, enhancing the flavor of the target text.
A calque involves the literal translation of an expression from a source text into a target text This can be done by either adhering to the syntax of the target language while translating each word literally or by disregarding the target language's syntax and preserving the structure of the source language, which may result in awkward phrasing When employing a calque, a translator effectively creates a neologism in the target language by adopting the structural elements of the original language.
A word-for-word translation can be used in some languages and not others dependent on the sentence structure
English for Specific purposes in translation (ESP)
I.2.1 Definitions and characteristics of ESP
ESP, or English for Specific Purposes, has emerged as a significant focus in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teaching According to Strevens (1988), ESP represents a specific instance of special purpose language instruction However, defining ESP can be challenging, as various researchers have articulated its meaning in diverse ways.
According to Strevens (1988, 1-2), a definition of ESP needs to distinguish between four absolute and two variable characteristics:
ESP consists of English language teaching which is:
1 Designed to meet specific needs of the learners
2 Related in content (i.e., in its themes and topics) to particular disciplines, occupations and activities
3 Centered on the language appropriate to those activities, in syntax, lexis, discourse, semantics, etc
4 In contrast with general English (GE)
ESP may be, but is not necessarily:
1 Restricted as to the language skills to be learnt (e.g.: reading only, speech recognition only, etc.)
2 Taught according to any pre-ordained methodology (i.e., ESP is not restricted to any particular methodology – although communicative methodology is very often felt to be the most appropriate)
To clarify the meaning of ESP, Dudley-Evans (1998, 4) gave an extended definition in terms of “absolute” and “variable” characteristics…
1 ESP is defined to meet specific needs of the learners
2 ESP makes use of underlying methodology and activities of the discipline it serves
3 ESP is centered on the language appropriate to these activities in terms of grammar, lexis, register, study skills, discourse and genre
1 ESP may be related to or designed for specific disciplines
2 ESP may use, in specific teaching situations, a different methodology from that of
3 ESP is likely to be designed for adult learners, either at a tertiary level institution or in a professional work situation It could, however, be for learners at secondary school level
4 ESP is generally designed for intermediate or advanced students
5 Most ESP courses assume some basic knowledge of the language systems
Dudley-Evans (1998) builds on Strevens' (1988) definition of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) by eliminating the rigid distinction between ESP and General English (GE) and incorporating more flexible characteristics ESP is not confined to a specific discipline or learner demographic; rather, it is an approach to language teaching focused on the learner's objectives As Hutchinson (1987) states, “ESP is an approach to language teaching in which all decisions as to content and method are based on the learner’s reason for learning.” Learners are motivated by their need for relevant knowledge, such as students in maritime logistics who seek English skills applicable to their careers Strevens (1988) emphasizes the tailored nature of ESP, stating, “Tell us what you need to learn and for what purpose We will then design a course which teaches you precisely that: no more or no less.”
English for Specific Purposes (ESP) is a significant subset of English as a Foreign Language (EFL), as highlighted by Hutchinson and Waters (1987) They illustrate that ESP represents one of the primary branches of English language teaching (ELT), emphasizing its specialized focus and importance in the broader context of language education.
There are two primary types of English for Specific Purposes (ESP): English for Academic Purposes (EAP) and English for Occupational/Vocational Purposes (EOP/EVP/VESL) According to Robinson (1991), the ESP family tree can be illustrated in two ways: the first version categorizes ESP into EOP, which addresses work-related needs and training, and EAP, which focuses on academic study requirements The second version expands this classification into three branches: academic, professional, and vocational, encompassing both work and study-related needs.
Pre-experience EOP Simultaneous/ in-service
Pre-study For study in a specific discipline In-study
Figure 1: The ESP ‘family tree’ (Robinson, 1991, 3)
Business ESP Professional Social Usually done privately
Figure 2: ESP in the USA (Robinson, 1991, 4)
Another typical tree diagram for ESP which divides EAP and EOP according to discipline or professional area is presented by Dudley-Evans (1998, 6) (figure 3)
English for academic purposes English for occupational purposes
English for English for English for English for English for English for
Science and Medical Legal Management, Professional Vocational
Technology Purposes Purposes Finance and Purposes Purposes
English English Pre- Vocational for for Vocational Purposes
Medical Business English Purposes Purposes
Figure 3: ESP classification by professional area (Evans & John, 1998, 6)
English for Specific Purposes (ESP) encompasses two main types of instruction: English for Occupational Purposes (EOP) and English for Academic Purposes (EAP) EOP focuses on equipping individuals with the English language skills necessary for their specific jobs, such as hotel staff and flight attendants In contrast, EAP emphasizes essential skills like oral presentation, which requires understanding audience needs, careful planning, and effective delivery, all crucial for success in academic settings However, distinguishing between EOP and EAP can be challenging, particularly in Vietnam, where English is primarily taught as a foreign language in universities Graduates often find themselves using English as a practical tool in their workplaces, blurring the lines between study and professional use Hutchinson (1987) notes that this distinction is "not a clear-cut" due to the overlap between work and study environments, where language skills acquired in academic contexts are frequently applied in professional settings.
Terminology
Terminology is crucial for grasping the nuances of specialized texts and contexts A solid understanding of technical and scientific terminology enables students to discern the primary message of a document, while also aiding specialists in conveying content more effectively Extensive research has been conducted on this subject, resulting in numerous proposed definitions.
Terminology encompasses two key meanings: firstly, it refers to the discipline focused on the principles and methods for studying concepts and their designations—such as terms, names, and symbols—across various subject fields, including the collection, processing, and management of relevant data; secondly, it signifies the specific set of terms that constitute the specialized language of a particular subject area (Valeontis & Mantzari, 2006).
In the Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary (7 th edition, 1583) it is said that terminology is the set of technical words or expressions used in a particular field
Terminology refers to a collection of terms that possess specific meanings within particular contexts, with each term representing a concept relevant to fields such as economics, science, and biology.
I.3.2 The distinction between term and word
It is necessary to distinguish between terminology and ordinary words As Baker
According to 1998, terms differ from regular words as they possess a unique reference, specifically pointing to distinct conceptual entities, properties, activities, or relationships that define the knowledge domain of a specific field.
A word is defined by the English Oxford Advanced Dictionary (7th edition, 1758) as a single unit of language that conveys meaning and can be either spoken or written Similarly, a term refers to a word or phrase that serves as the name for something, particularly in a specific context.
Basically, they are names of concepts and subjects belonging to different specialized fields
In short, a term is a point of reference, whereas a word is only a constituent of language Hence, all terms are words, but only some words can be terms
There are three characteristics of terminology and they are classified namely as accurateness, systematism and popularity
A term represented a concept in particular field must be clear and exact to make sure there is no misunderstanding and confusion for the ones receiving the terms
In normal conversation, normal words often convey some characteristics of polysemy and synonym Accuracy is necessary so that people never mistake one concept to another
In the realm of specialized language, each term holds significance based on its interconnectedness with other terms, forming a cohesive conceptual framework within a profession The meaning of a term is largely influenced by its relationships within this system, and when a term is removed from its contextual setting, it risks losing its professional relevance For instance, the phrase "free time" may typically be interpreted as "spare time," but within the maritime profession, it carries a distinct and specific meaning that is crucial to understanding its usage.
“the amount of time that a carrier will be used to load or unload goods on vessels”
To effectively disseminate knowledge and its benefits, terminology must be popularized Achieving this popularity requires that scientific materials are not only comprehensible but also memorable, making them easy to speak, write, and edit.
In a nutshell, terminology has five important characteristics accurateness, systematism, internationalism, nationalism, and popularity These characteristics are key elements to the creation of terminology
The following Internationalism and nationalism characteristics come with the scale of popularity as it indicates the popularity of terms in the world as well as within a nation
Internationally recognized terms are essential for advancing scientific knowledge, as they represent universal concepts in various languages To accelerate scientific development, it is crucial to establish a consensus on terminology across different languages A prime example of this is the medical field, where names of diseases (such as Down syndrome, Ebola, and Hepatitis C) and medications (including Tetracycline, Timolol, and Vinsamin) are standardized globally.
Each language may require other principles in accordance with its culture Therefore, terminology in Vietnam also has two typical characteristics including nationalism and popularity
Terms, while specific to specialized fields, are integral to the national language, reflecting its culture and characteristics In essence, they are constructed from the lexicon and grammatical structure of the national language.
Non-equivalence at word level and above word level
I.4.1 Non-equivalence at word level
In the process of translating certain text, translator will focus on decoding linguistic element which conveys meaning The smallest unit which possesses individual meaning is a word
Baker (1992) defines non-equivalence at the word level as the absence of an equivalent term in the target language for a word found in the source text She identifies 11 common types of non-equivalence, which include culture-specific concepts, lexical gaps in the target language, and semantically complex source language words.
Roger T Bell (1991) argues that the pursuit of total equivalence in translation is unrealistic, stating that "the ideal of total equivalence is a chimera." She emphasizes that just as there is no absolute synonymy among words within a single language, it is not surprising to find a lack of synonymy between different languages Therefore, Bell concludes that true word equivalence does not exist across languages.
Newmark (1991) asserts that achieving perfect translation equivalence between words in the source and target languages is unrealistic Linguistic theorists acknowledge the challenges of non-equivalence at the word level, highlighting that these issues significantly impact the translation of terminology between English and Vietnamese.
I.4.2 Non-equivalence at above word level
The second level above word is collocation which is of utmost importance for translation studies of each register (in this case Maritime Logistics English)
In both spoken and written communication, words typically do not stand alone; instead, they are often combined with other words According to Baker (1992), the arrangement of words is not random in any language, as there are specific rules governing how they can be paired to effectively convey meaning.
Collocation refers to the way words commonly combine with each other, making it essential for understanding language at a deeper level These word combinations are crucial not only in everyday language but also in specialized fields, as they highlight the unique characteristics of different languages.
Extensive research has been conducted on collocation, highlighting its crucial role in enhancing productive vocabulary While there is a general agreement among researchers and linguists about the significance of collocation, opinions vary regarding its precise definition and interpretation.
Linguistically speaking, collocations are mostly used to make reference to some sort of syntagmatic relations of words
Collocation is defined by Baker (1992, 47), is the tendency of certain words to co- occur regularly in a given language
In Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary, it is said that “a combination of words in a language, that happens very often and more frequent than would happen by chance”
In Oxford collocations Dictionary, collocation is defined as “the way words combine in a language to produce natural-sounding speech and writing”
Collocation, in brief, is said to be connected with other words in a way that is familiar with native speakers
I.4.4 Collocational meaning and the shift of meaning in collocation
Baker (1992) argues that a word's meaning is shaped more by its collocations than by its standalone definition For instance, the term "dry" takes on distinct meanings when paired with different words: "dry cow" refers to a cow that does not produce milk, "dry wine" indicates the original liquid of wine, "dry country" describes a nation where alcohol is banned, and "dry voice" conveys an emotionless tone These specific combinations create unique interpretations that contrast with more common uses of "dry," such as in "dry clothes," "dry river," and "dry weather," where it simply means 'free from water.'
The term 'waterless' illustrates how the meaning of a word is often shaped by its collocates rather than just the meanings of its individual components Therefore, understanding collocational meaning is crucial for accurately translating the source text, as it emphasizes the importance of context over merely substituting words with their dictionary definitions.
In maritime terminology, certain words experience shifts in meaning, exemplified by the verb "steer." This term can transition from "direct," as in "to steer a ship," to "keep," as in "to steer a steady course." Understanding these nuances is essential for effective communication in maritime contexts.
Certain phrases exist in both standard and maritime English with similar forms but differing meanings For instance, "to take the plunge" in standard English means to make a decision after careful consideration, while in maritime English, "to take a plunge" refers to the act of diving or immersing This highlights the importance of context in understanding language nuances.
A STUDY ON TRANSLATION OF MARITIME LOGISTICS TERMINOLOGY
Logistics
Logistics encompasses the comprehensive management of the product value chain, connecting suppliers to customers It involves every facet of the production process, including design, sourcing, financing, information flow, energy management, transportation, distribution, and sales.
(http://www.investinganswers.com/financial-dictionary/businesses-corporations/logistics-580)
Logistics, a term derived from French in the late 19th century meaning "accountant" or "responsible for counting," has evolved significantly over time Today, it plays a crucial role in the economy as it encompasses the planning, implementation, and control of processes that ensure the efficient and effective transportation and storage of goods from their origin to their final destination.
II.1.2.1 Concept, focusing point and functions of maritime logistics:
Concept _Maritime logistics is the process of planning, implementing and managing the movement of goods and information involved in ocean carriage
Focusing point _Maritime logistics is concerned with not only individual functions relating to sea transportation, but also an effective logistics flow as a systematic entity of the logistics integration system
Sea transportation encompasses various activities such as contracting, shipping, sea voyages, cargo movement, and loading/unloading In addition to these core functions, it also includes essential logistics services like stripping and stuffing, storage and warehousing, providing distribution centers, quality control, testing, assembly, packaging, repacking, repairing, inland connections, and facilitating re-use.
Source: Song D K, 2012, Maritime logistics: A complete guide to effective
Maritime transport is the shipmen of goods (cargo) and people (passengers) by sea and other waterways
According to the Global Facilitation Partnership for Transportation and Trade (GFP), over 80% of global trade is conducted via maritime transport, which has experienced an annual growth rate of approximately 3.1% over the past 30 years While numerous shipping companies operate in the industry, most are small and hold minimal market shares; the top 10 largest operators accounted for 52% of the world’s TEU capacity in 2012 The three largest companies—Maersk Line (Denmark), MSC (Switzerland), and CMA-CGM Group (France)—collectively provide 5,291,145 TEU, representing about 30% of the global total Notably, although these leading shipping firms are based in developed nations, their fleets are predominantly registered in developing countries, with Panama and Liberia together representing one-third of the world's deadweight tonnage.
International maritime transport costs are typically two to three times higher than the customs duties imposed by importing countries; however, it remains the most cost-effective option for transporting large quantities of goods compared to other transportation methods.
Construction of maritime logistics terminology
Single term is a technique word that has its own meaning The below illustration is the classified single term formed by a noun or a verb
II.2.1.1 Single terminologies in form of noun formed by suffiex and prefixes
Maritime terminology often utilizes specific suffixes and prefixes to form nouns, enhancing the understanding of nautical concepts Common suffixes include “-ment,” “-er,” “-age,” “-tion,” and “-ness,” which help create terms that are essential in the maritime industry Below is a table that showcases a variety of nouns that exemplify this linguistic structure, illustrating the rich vocabulary associated with maritime activities.
An agreement made by an ocean carrier to provide cargo space on a vessel at a specified time and for a specified price to accommodate an exporter or importer
Người thuê tàu hoặc chủ hàng (Affreighter/Cargo owner) có nhu cầu chuyên chở sẽ thương thảo và ký kết hợp đồng thuê tàu với người chở thuê hoặc chủ tàu (Carrier/Ships owner) Theo hợp đồng này, người chở thuê cam kết vận chuyển hàng hóa và cung cấp diện tích hoặc toàn bộ tàu cho người thuê sử dụng trong thời gian nhất định để thực hiện việc xuất nhập khẩu, trong khi người thuê phải thanh toán số tiền cước đã được thỏa thuận.
A carrier is any individual or organization that agrees to perform or arrange the transportation of goods or passengers using various modes of transport, including rail, road, sea, air, or inland waterways, either separately or in combination.
Người vận tải hàng hoá, người lái tàu
A shipment of goods to a consignee
Việc vận chuyển hàng hoá đến người nhận hàng
A truck trailer body that can be detached from the chassis for loading into a vessel, a rail car or stacked in a container depot
Là một công cụ vận tải hàng hoá có sức chứa lớn và dễ vận chuyển trên nhiều phương tiện như tàu thuỷ, tàu hoả,
Used to denote movements of cargo containers interchangeably between transport modes, i.e., motor, rail, water, and air carriers, and where the equipment is compatible within the multiple systems
Vận chuyển hàng hóa là quá trình di chuyển hàng từ điểm lấy đến điểm giao nhận thông qua nhiều phương thức khác nhau, bao gồm đường bộ, đường thủy và đường hàng không.
Refers to carriage of goods by lighter and the charge assessed there from
Khi tàu không cập bến trực tiếp, việc bốc dỡ hàng hóa được thực hiện bằng cách neo đậu tàu ngoài cầu cảng và sử dụng sà lan (Lighter) để vận chuyển hàng hóa lên và xuống tàu.
Freight tendered to a carrier by one consignor at one place at one time for delivery to one consignee at one place on one bill of lading
Việc gửi hàng hoá đến người vận chuyện trên một vận đơn đường biển
The charge made for towing a vessel
Khoản phí để chi trả cho việc kéo, đẩy tàu
– The consolidation of a quantity of individual items into one large shipping unit for easier handling –
Loading one or more large items of cargo onto a single piece of equipment, such as a pallet Đơn vị hoá
Gộp các kiện hàng lẻ thành một đơn vị có kích cỡ thống nhất giúp nâng cao hiệu quả bốc dỡ và vận chuyển Quá trình này đã dẫn đến sự phát triển của các phương thức vận chuyển bằng pallet và container.
The fitness of a vessel for its intended use
Chỉ tàu đủ điều kiện để ra khơi
II.2.1.2 Single terminologies in form of verb:
Single terminologies in form of verbs are widely used in communication in maritime logistics as following examples
A compound term can function as a noun, adjective, or verb, formed by two or more words or parts of words, either written together or connected by a hyphen In maritime logistics, these compound terminologies often include compound nouns and compound adjectives, highlighting their significance in the industry.
II.2.2.1 Compound terminologies consisting of noun as classifier + thing:
It includes two nouns, in which the initial holds the function as classifier and help distinguish the second noun from other similar concepts
Money paid so that a ship can anchor somewhere
Số tiền phải trả để neo đậu tàu
Experts in the law and practice of general average and marine insurance
They prepare claims under marine insurance policies which generally involve loss or damage to marine craft
Chuyên viên tính tổn thất
Chuyên gia có kinh nghiệm trong công việc tính toán thiệt hại và phí tổn của những bên có quyền lợi trong chuyến đi biển
If a vessel chartered for loading “on the berth”, the contract of carriage was
Hợp đồng chở hàng tại bến
Khi một hợp đồng thuê tàu chỉ định chủ tàu nhận hàng tại một bến cụ thể được ghi rõ là “on the berth”, hợp đồng này được gọi là “hợp đồng chở tàu tại bến”.
A storage area for large items which at at a minimum are most efficiently handle by pallet load
Khu lưu giữ số lượng lớn hàng hóa được quản lý hiệu quả bằng pallet
Known as ro-ro, vessels designed to carry wheeled cargo, such as cars, trucks, etc
Là loại tàu chuyên dung để các phương tiện có bánh lái như xe ôtô, xe tải, etc
Fees payable in return for permission to moor at a particular harbor
Số tiền chủ tàu chi trả để sử dụng cảng trong việc kinh doanh
A certificate stating the gross and net tonnage of a ship
Giấy chứng nhận dung tải
Giấy chứng nhận kích thước, dung tích, trọng tải của tàu
II.2.2.2 Compound terminologies consisting of adjective as classifier + thing:
The adjective element of the compound term holds the function of classifier as illustrated below
Một loại cảng được quản lý bởi chính quyền sở tại
Solids, liquids, gases that can harm people, other living organisms, property, or the environment
Các loại hàng hóa có đặc tính lý hóa như dễ gây cháy nổ, ăn mòn, nhiễm độc, và phóng xạ có thể gây nguy hiểm cho con người, sinh vật sống, tài sản và môi trường.
If loading/discharging achieved sooner than agreed, there will be no freight money returned
Miễn thưởng bốc/dỡ nhanh
Chủ tàu không có nghĩa vụ thanh toán phí bốc dỡ nhanh cho chủ hàng, ngay cả khi thời gian bốc dỡ hàng hóa đã được rút ngắn so với quy định trong hợp đồng.
Goods that must be loaded individually, and not in intermodal containers nor in bulk as with oil or grain
Là các loại hàng thông thường, được đóng thành đơn vị khác với công-te-nơ hoặc hàng hóa số lượng lớn như dầu hoặc ngũ cốc
Highly effective way to secure shipment, equipment, etc
Dùng để niêm phong hàng hóa, công-te- nơ, etc
A carrier that needs assistant from equipment installed at port
Tàu không có trang bị bốc/dỡ hàng
The water levels within the port are subject to change with the ocean tides
Là cảng có mực nước biến động do chịu ảnh hưởng của thủy triều lên xuống
II.2.2.3 Compound terminologies consisting of present participle + noun:
These terminologies include one word which is Present participle – V-ing form and one word being a noun (thing) as following examples
A machine designed for packaging goods
Thiết bị đóng bao
Thiết bị dung để đóng bao hàng hóa
Trade carried on by water between neighboring ports of the same country
Là hoạt động vận chuyển của các con tàu giữa cảng ven bờ của cùng một nước
The time it takes to fully discharge a shipment thời gian dỡ hàng
Thời gian dung để dỡ hàng hóa
A policy covering loss of or damage to specified goods irrespective of the ship in which they are consigned
Hợp đồng bảo hiểm để ngỏ
Là loại bảo hiểm ghi điều khoản chi trả thiệt hại của một số hàng hóa đã được định sẵn giá trị
Dues pay for mooring at ports
Chi phí chi trả để neo đậu tại cảng Rolling cargo
Any wheeled freight that is usually loaded or towed onto a ship
Hàng chuyển chở có bánh lăn
Các loại hàng hóa có bánh lăn chuyên chở
List of ports of call of a ship
Bản biểu về thời gian và chuyến đi cụ thể ghé qua các cảng làm hàng của tàu Shipping conference
A group of shipping lines which have associated to offer regular service on specific routes at publicly announced prices
Là hình thức liên kết kinh doanh của các hãng tàu chợ cùng kinh doanh trong một khu vực hay trên một tuyến đường vận tải
II.2.2.4 Compound terminologies consisting of past participle + noun:
Terminologies include one word which is past participle – verb-ed form and one word being a noun (thing) in below table
The vessel must reach the agreed destination and be physically and legally ready to commence cargo and the notice of readiness must be given correctly by the master
Tàu phải đáp ứng đủ ba điều kiện để được gọi là “tàu đã đến”: (1) đã thực sự vào cầu, bến và có tên trong hợp đồng
(2) đã sẵn sàng để bốc, dỡ hàng, (3) đã có văn bản thông báo bốc dỡ trao cho người nhận
Dutiable goods undergo manufacturing operation without payment of duty
Hàng lưu kho ngoại quan
Các hàng hóa tạm thời lưu ở kho ngoại quan để chờ nộp thuế
A building or other secured area in which bonded cargo is stored
Nơi lưu giữ hàng hóa ngoại quan chưa đóng thuế
A form of intermodal transport, which is the movement of goods with same loading unit using two or more modes of transport
Vận tải đa phương thức
Cách vận chuyển hàng hóa có sự tham gia phối hợp từ 2 phương thức vận tải trở lên
The insulated area to store goods during the shipment
Khoang hàng được cách nhiệt để lưu giữ cách hàng hóa trong khi vận chuyển
A type of ship used to transport perishable commodities which require temperature-control
Loại tàu dùng để vận chuyển hàng hóa dễ hư hỏng cần nhiệt độ thấp để bảo quản
Container provided ventilation to prevent depreciation
Các công-te-nơ được trang bị hệ thống thông gió
II.2.3 Neologism in maritime logistics
Neologisms are the process of creating new words by combining existing words, they can be considered as eponyms and acronyms
II.2.3.1 Eponyms in maritime logistics
Eponyms are proper nouns that commonly used for an idea it is associated with which is usually a person, place, thing
A set of international rules for the international carriage of goods by sea
Là quy tắc luật pháp dựa trên công ước quốc tế chi phối vận chuyển hàng đường biển
A set of rules governing the international shipment of goods
Là quy tắc luật pháp chi phối hợp đồng vận tải đường biển
The largest ships that can pass through the Strait off Malacca
Tàu có kích thước lớn có thể đi qua eo biển Malacca
The size regulations for vessel set by the
Kích thước của tàu thuỷ được đặt ra bởi cơ quan quản lý Panama
Named after the famous Suez Calnal
They are mid-sized vessels, designed to pass through Suez canal
Là tiêu chuẩn sử dụng để miêu tả các tàu có kích cỡ lớn nhất có thể đi qua kênh đào Suez
The law of general average is a maritime principle that mandates all parties involved in a sea venture to share losses proportionately This principle applies when sacrifices are made to the cargo in order to protect the remaining goods during a maritime incident.
Quy tắc tính thiệt hại tổn thất chung yêu cầu các bên liên quan, bao gồm chủ tàu và chủ hàng, phải cùng nhau chia sẻ gánh nặng tổn thất khi xảy ra sự cố, nhằm bảo vệ lợi ích chung của cả hai bên.
II.2.3.2 Acronyms in maritime logistics
Acronyms are abbreviated forms of words frequently used in maritime logistics documents, contracts, and communications These shorthand representations derive from the initial components of longer terms, as illustrated in the accompanying table.
A.B.S American Bureau of shipping Tổ chức đăng kiểm tàu Hoa Kỳ
BIMCO Baltic and International Maritime
Công hội Hàng hải Quốc tế và vùng Bantic
DWT Deadweight tonnage Đơn vị đo năng lực vận tải của tàu tính bằng tấn
FAS Free Alongside Ship Giao dọc mạn tàu
FIO Free In and Out Miễn phí bốc và dỡ
IMDG Code International Maritime Dangerous
Quy tắc quốc tế về vận chuyển hàng nguy hiểm đường biển IMO International Maritime
Tổ chức hàng hải quốc tế
DIFFICULTIES AND SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS IN
Difficulties in translating maritime logistics terminology
III.1.1 Finding the most adequate equivalent unit
Translating source text can be challenging due to the varying meanings of words in general English compared to specific English contexts This complexity often leads to confusion for translators, making it difficult to find the most appropriate equivalent units and accurately convey the intended meaning.
For example, “free time” which can be translated in general English into
In Vietnamese, "thời gian rảnh" refers to time free from duties or available for leisure activities, while in a maritime context, "free time" specifically means the period during which cargo owners can unload goods without incurring charges, translated as "thời gian nhận hàng." A misunderstanding of "free time" in this context could lead to unnecessary breaks during unloading, negatively impacting the overall efficiency of the system.
Taking account of more following examples: “general average”, “rider”, and
In the maritime industry, the term "broken stowage" refers to the loss of space in a cargo hold due to the shape and arrangement of the cargo, leading to inefficiencies in storage This concept differs significantly from its ordinary interpretations, which include a mathematical calculation of values, a person riding a horse, or simply damaged stowage In Vietnamese, "broken stowage" translates to "tổn thất chung," highlighting its unique meaning within maritime contexts.
Translators often face the challenge of selecting the most appropriate translation from multiple options available for a source text, particularly in professional contexts For instance, the term "additional charges" can be translated as "phí bổ sung," "chi phí thêm," or "phụ phí," but "phụ phí" is the preferred term in the maritime industry Similarly, the word "Carrier" can refer to both a person and a vessel, requiring translators to consider the context to convey the correct meaning accurately.
In order to deliver a best possible translated text, translators have to practice and accumulate experiences so it requires a lot of time and effort of the translators
III.1.2 No direct equivalence from target language to source language
In maritime logistics, numerous terms emerge to convey new ideas and concepts developed during the working process This creates challenges for translators, who often struggle to find direct equivalents in the target language.
In English, a "pallet" refers to a flat wooden structure used for transporting goods, but there is no direct equivalent term in Vietnamese Despite the long-standing use of pallets, this concept has not been integrated into the Vietnamese lexicon.
A significant challenge in translation is the complexity of semantic terms in the source language, where certain terms may convey multiple meanings that lack direct equivalents in the target language.
Non reversible layday Thời gian bốc dỡ không bù trừ
Vessel sharing agreement Thỏa thuận chia phần tàu chạy chung lịch trình
Cell guide Cấu trúc định hướng chất xếp container
Gearless ship Tàu không có trang bị bốc/dỡ hàng
Despite the challenges inherent in translation, professional translators are essential in effectively re-creating the message of the original text To conclude this chapter, various strategies are proposed to address the difficulties faced in maritime translation.
Suggested solutions in translating maritime logistics terminology
Omission in translation involves removing non-essential words from the source text to enhance clarity and avoid redundancy This technique helps streamline the translated content while maintaining its original meaning.
The term "Bill of lading" can be directly translated into Vietnamese as "Hóa đơn về vận tải," but for a more natural flow, it is better rendered as "Hóa đơn vận tải" or simply "Vận đơn." This approach ensures that the translation sounds more natural to Vietnamese speakers while preserving the original meaning.
Labels of dangerous goods Nhãn hàng nguy hiểm
Memorandum of affreightment Bản ghi nhớ thuê tàu
Notice of readiness Thông báo giao nhận
Port of distress Cảng lánh nạn
Port of registry Cảng đăng ký
Private form of charter-party Mẫu hợp đồng thuê tàu tư nhân
Rate of freight Cước suất
The international convention of the tonnage measurement of ship
Chứng nhận quốc tế dung tải tàu
III.2.2 Translation by using borrowed words
A borrowed word as the name suggested, it is a word or phrase borrowed from another language to express or describe a concept for which where is no obvious word available
Borrowed words effectively bridge language gaps and enhance communication by addressing culture-specific items and foreign concepts This strategy plays a crucial role in enriching human language and facilitating better understanding among speakers.
Taking some following examples: “Acid”, “Aerial”, “Container”, “Tonnage” and
In the borrowing process, the word "sling" undergoes phonological and semantic changes The pronunciation is altered because certain sounds may not exist in the borrowing language Consequently, words like "A-xít" and "Ăng-ten" are adapted to fit the phonetic structure of the new language.
“Công-te-nơ”, “Tấn” and “xì-lẵng”
III.2.3 Translation by a collocation with similar meaning
Translators aim to create target language collocations that are natural while preserving the meaning of the original source language collocations.
Anchor comes home To draw anchor toward the ship
To give a storm warning To notify a signal of a storm
Thông báo dấu hiệu bão
To give a wide berth To keep reasonable distance
To proceed towards harbor To move towards harbour Di chuyển lại gần bến cảng
To put the hammer down To accelerate Tăng tốc
Some compound nouns can be translated literally into Vietnamese, while others lack direct equivalents This translation technique involves grammatical changes, specifically replacing one word class with another without altering the meaning Although the stylistic value of the transposed expression may differ, the core meaning remains intact Ultimately, it is crucial to select the form that best suits the context.
Shipping agent Đại lý hàng hải
Shipping instructions Bản chỉ dẫn làm hàng
Shipping note Thông báo gửi hàng
The above examples indicate the different equivalent of the word “Shipping” in different context, in which the Vietnamese equivalent for “shipping” changes as
“làm hàng”, “gửi hàng”, “hàng hải” to fit best the context of the word
Another example of transposition is the grammatical changes that occur in the target language Taking account of some following examples:
Cảng được chọn Noun Verb
Kho ngoại quan Noun Noun
Thời gian bốc dỡ bù trừ
From above examples, it can be easy to notice that some of the participants of the compound terminologies in these examples change its grammatical form, from
“Adjective” to “Verb” and “Noun” in order to achieve equivalence
III.2.5 Translation by adding information
This strategy is intended to add a word in a sentence to make it more understandable, however, the content of the text should be kept the same as the original text
One way of adding more information is, translator adds a verb so that the produced target text is clear, straightforward and easy to understand as following examples:
Rate of loading Năng suất bốc, xếp hàng
Seasonal port Cảng hoạt động theo mùa
Statement of facts Bảng kê thời gian bốc dỡ hàng
Uncontainable cargo Hàng quá khổ
Translators can enhance the target text by adding supplementary information to clarify meaning and eliminate ambiguity Such additions are essential for ensuring precise communication in the translation process.
Pick up charge Phụ phí nhận công-te-nơ
Rolling cargo Hàng chuyên chở có bánh lăn
Unprotected goods Hàng để trần, không bao bì che chắn
Vanning Việc đóng hàng (chất xếp hàng) vào công-te-nơ.
CONCLUSION
Maritime logistics plays a vital role in facilitating international trade, particularly for open economies With over 80 percent of global merchandise trade transported by sea, proficiency in English—the standardized language of the maritime industry—is essential for effective communication between ships and shore operations.
This thesis is conducted to have insight knowledge and methods of maritime logistics translation providing readers popular maritime logistics terminologies and methods of translation
This research on maritime logistics acknowledges its limitations, stemming from constraints in time and experience Constructive feedback from teachers, peers, students, and individuals interested in the field would be greatly appreciated to enhance the study.
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APPENDIX 1: Choose the appropriate translation
A penalty charge, known as demurrage, is imposed on shippers or consignees for holding a carrier's equipment beyond the allotted free time The terms regarding free time and demurrage fees are outlined in the charter party or freight tariff.
Phí lưu bãi là khoản chi mà chủ hàng hoặc người nhận hàng phải thanh toán khi hàng hóa bị giữ lại quá thời gian cho phép Thời gian nhận hàng và mức phí lưu bãi được quy định rõ trong hợp đồng thuê tàu hoặc bảng giá cước vận chuyển.
Phí phạt là khoản tiền mà chủ hàng hoặc người nhận hàng phải trả khi thiết bị của nhà cung cấp dịch vụ bị trì hoãn vượt quá thời gian miễn phí cho phép Thời gian miễn phí và mức phí huỷ bỏ được quy định rõ ràng trong biểu phí thuê bao hoặc phí vận chuyển.
Phụ trách hình phạt sẽ áp dụng cho chủ hàng hoặc người nhận hàng nếu việc trì hoãn trang thiết bị của hãng vượt quá thời gian miễn phí cho phép Thời gian và mức lưu bãi miễn phí được quy định trong biểu thuế hợp đồng thuê tàu hoặc hàng hóa.
A freight forwarder is an individual or company responsible for organizing the transportation of goods and managing related formalities on behalf of a shipper Their key responsibilities include securing shipping space, preparing essential documentation, and facilitating customs clearance to ensure smooth transit of goods.
Người giao hàng là cá nhân hoặc công ty chuyên trách việc sắp xếp vận chuyển hàng hóa và các thủ tục liên quan thay mặt cho chủ hàng Nhiệm vụ của họ bao gồm việc đặt chỗ trên tàu, cung cấp tất cả tài liệu cần thiết và thực hiện các thủ tục hải quan.
Người giao hàng, hay còn gọi là công ty giao nhận, đóng vai trò quan trọng trong việc sắp xếp vận chuyển hàng hóa và thực hiện các thủ tục liên quan thay mặt cho chủ hàng Nhiệm vụ chính của họ bao gồm việc đặt chỗ trên tàu, cung cấp các tài liệu cần thiết và xử lý thủ tục hải quan.
Người giao hàng, hay còn gọi là công ty sắp xếp xe ngựa, có trách nhiệm vận chuyển hàng hóa và thực hiện các thủ tục liên quan từ phía chủ hàng Nhiệm vụ chính của họ bao gồm việc xác định vị trí hàng hóa trên tàu, cung cấp đầy đủ các tài liệu cần thiết và tổ chức các thủ tục hải quan.
Definition: The consolidation of a quantity of individual items into one large shipping unit for easier and faster handling through methods such as palletizing, stripping, slinging and containerization
Việc hợp nhất nhiều mặt hàng thành một đơn vị vận chuyển lớn giúp đơn giản hóa quy trình và tăng tốc độ xử lý thông qua các phương pháp như xếp pallet, tước, slinging và containerization.
Sự kết hợp các mục riêng lẻ thành một đơn vị vận chuyển lớn giúp xử lý dễ dàng và nhanh chóng hơn Điều này được thực hiện thông qua các phương pháp như sản xuất tấm pallet, tước, slinging và containerization.
Gộp các kiện hàng lẻ thành một đơn vị vận chuyển có kích thước thống nhất giúp nâng cao hiệu quả công việc Quá trình này bao gồm việc sử dụng các tấm pallet, dây xì lẵng hoặc tháo gỡ để sắp xếp hàng vào container một cách hợp lý.
Definition: A free port in a country divorced from customs authority, but under government control Merchandise, except contraband, maybe stored in the zone without being subject to import duty regulations
Cảng miễn phí là khu vực đặc biệt tại một quốc gia có hải quan độc lập nhưng vẫn dưới sự giám sát của chính phủ Tại đây, hàng hóa, ngoại trừ hàng buôn lậu, có thể được lưu trữ mà không phải tuân theo các quy định về thuế nhập khẩu.
Cảng tự do là khu vực không có sự can thiệp của hải quan, nhưng vẫn được chính phủ địa phương kiểm soát Tại đây, hàng hóa thông thường có thể được lưu trữ mà không phải chịu thuế nhập khẩu, ngoại trừ các mặt hàng buôn lậu.