选题理由
文学这一概念按照王同亿（1993）在《新现代汉语词典》中的解释则是
Literature serves as an artistic reflection of objective reality, acting as a mirror to societal life Through literary works, readers gain insights into the social landscapes of various eras within a nation, while also appreciating the author's unique writing style, worldview, and the emotions embedded in their creations These works not only reflect the historical and cultural essence of a country but also represent a reimagining of social life By exploring literature, we can understand both contemporary and historical societal experiences globally, as well as admire the beauty of language With the rise of international cultural exchanges, literature from different countries has taken center stage, although language barriers pose challenges to literary communication Consequently, the translation of literary works has become increasingly important, playing a crucial role in the global literary dialogue.
Vietnam and China share a deep cultural connection and have a long history of literary exchange Translations of ancient, modern, and contemporary Chinese literary works have enriched Vietnamese literature enthusiasts Vietnamese readers are well-acquainted with classic Chinese texts such as "The Records of the Eastern Zhou Kingdoms," "Romance of the Three Kingdoms," "Water Margin," "Dream of the Red Chamber," "Book of Songs," and "Songs of Chu," as well as renowned works by authors like Lu Xun, Ba Jin, Lao She, and Guo Moruo In recent years, Mo Yan and his acclaimed novel "Big Breasts and Wide Hips" have gained significant popularity in Vietnam The role of literary translators has been crucial in facilitating the introduction of Chinese literature into Vietnam.
Lu Xun's influence and his works hold significant importance in Vietnamese foreign literature, with his writings included in the curriculum of various educational levels Among his notable works, "Medicine" stands out as a representative piece Lu Xun shares thematic and contextual similarities with Vietnamese realist writers such as Nam Cao, Nguyen Cong Hoan, Wu Bi Su, and Vu Trong Phung "Medicine," like many of Lu Xun's works, has been translated into Vietnamese by numerous translators and has gained popularity among Vietnamese readers, including high school and university students Among the various Vietnamese translations of "Medicine," Zhang Zheng's version is widely regarded by scholars as the most classic translation.
As a Chinese language learner and literature enthusiast, I believe that studying Chinese literary works, particularly those of Lu Xun, is best achieved by examining both the original texts and their translations This approach allows for a deeper understanding of the ideological content and artistic characteristics of the works, while also appreciating the translation skills of Mr Zhang Zheng.
Based on the reasons mentioned above, I intend to choose "Analyzing the Translation of Lu Xun's Novel 'Medicine' from a Comparative Linguistic Perspective—Taking Zhang Zheng's Translation as an Example" as my Master's thesis topic in Chinese Studies, to elucidate the works of Chinese author Lu Xun.
The current state of the translation of "The Drug" and the distinctive features of Zhang Zheng's literary works offer valuable insights into literary translation This paper aims to enhance knowledge related to literary translation, ultimately providing a reference resource for Chinese language teaching in Vietnam, particularly in the context of translation education.
研究目的
This paper aims to analyze Zhang Zheng's unique translation characteristics of Lu Xun's work "Medicine," particularly focusing on the translation methods and strategies employed by Zhang Zheng and their impact Through this analysis, the study seeks to explore the nuances of translation in conveying the original text's meaning and cultural significance.
The advantages of the Vietnamese translation of "Medicine" are highlighted, along with personal opinions and suggestions based on translation theories and Zhang Zheng's translation practice These insights aim to provide valuable references for Vietnamese Chinese language teaching and translation.
研究任务
为了达到上述目的，本论文要完成以下各项任务：
（1）对相关理论依据进行总结和相关研究现状进行综述；
（2）对张正的《药》的越南语译文进行考察与分析，阐明其特点；
（3）经分析提出相关的文学作品翻译及教学方法的意见和建议。
研究方法
在研究过程中，我们拟定采取以下研究方法：
（1）考察法：用以对鲁迅《药》的译文进行考察；
（2）分析法：用以对张正的越南语译文进行分析，阐明其特点；
（3）对比法：用以对原文和译文进行对比，指出两者的差异；
此外，在研究的过程中本人还采取文献法、引证法、例证法等。
研究对象及范围
The translation of Lu Xun's works is diverse, and this study focuses on Zhang Zheng's translations due to their high acclaim among researchers and readers alike Zhang Zheng's translations are commonly selected for inclusion in Vietnamese literature textbooks, highlighting their significance and impact in the field This paper aims to explore the nuances and contributions of Zhang Zheng's translations of Lu Xun's literature.
The current state of the Vietnamese translation of Lu Xun's "Medicine" is analyzed through a comparative lens of Chinese and Vietnamese languages This examination highlights the similarities and differences between the two languages, while also incorporating translation theory to enhance the understanding of the Vietnamese rendition of "Medicine."
论文结构
本论文除了前言、结语、参考文献及附录之外，主要内容共分三章：
Chapter One presents a review of relevant research and theoretical foundations, summarizing key findings in translation theory and language comparison theory It also provides an overview of Lu Xun's work "Medicine" and Zhang Zheng's Vietnamese translation of the piece.
Chapter Two focuses on the examination and analysis of the Vietnamese translation of Lu Xun's "Medicine" by Zhang Zheng It provides a detailed investigation into his translation methods, strategies, and techniques Key aspects covered include vocabulary handling, sentence structure management, and the consideration of cultural factors.
Chapter Three focuses on the advantages of Zhang Zheng's Vietnamese translation of "Medicine" and offers relevant teaching suggestions Building on the analysis from Chapter Two, this section further explores the merits of Zhang Zheng's translation and the reasons behind them, linking these insights to the teaching of Chinese in Vietnam and providing several recommendations.
理论依据及研究综述
相关理论依据
1.1.1．《药》原文和译文的作者与作品简介
1.1.1.1 鲁迅及其小说《药》
Lu Xun (1881-1936) is regarded as the founder of modern Chinese literature and a towering figure in the literary world His works hold significant value due to their profound themes and real-world implications, aiming not just to create literature, but to expose the inherent flaws of the nation, rejuvenate national spirit, and advance the historical process of modernization in China Born Zhou Shuren, Lu Xun's lifelong efforts have had a tremendous impact on modern Chinese literature, producing thirty-three short stories compiled in collections such as "A Call to Arms," "Wandering," and "Old Tales Retold." Since the 1920s, his works have been translated into English by numerous translators, gaining widespread recognition Rich in artistic value and innovative ideas, Lu Xun's writings incorporate traditional Chinese thoughts, religious beliefs, and customs, making them highly appreciated by readers worldwide and an essential part of cross-cultural communication (Zheng Xinling, 1986:56).
Lu Xun was not only a great writer but also a thinker and revolutionary who recognized that merely treating physical ailments would not save the Chinese people; instead, awakening their minds was essential for overcoming poverty and oppression He became a leading figure in the New Culture Movement, advocating for change After studying at the Naval School and graduating from the Mining School in 1901, he went to Japan to study medicine A pivotal moment occurred while he was at Sendai Medical School when he witnessed a Chinese man being executed by Japanese soldiers, surrounded by indifferent Chinese onlookers This experience profoundly impacted him, leading him to conclude that as a doctor he could only heal physical ailments, while as a writer, he could address the deeper psychological issues plaguing his countrymen Returning to China in 1909, he taught in various schools in Beijing and Shanghai, aiming to alter the tragic fate of the Chinese people In 1918, he published his first vernacular novel, "A Madman's Diary," in "New Youth," followed by several short stories compiled in collections such as "Call to Arms," "Wandering," and "Old Tales Retold." Lu Xun passed away in Shanghai in 1936, leaving behind a legacy that earned him the title of "Soul of the Nation," with a diverse body of work that includes novels, essays, poetry, and literary criticism.
Lu Xun's novels focus on the stories of ordinary people, reflecting the true state of Chinese society at the time through profound analysis His writing style and artistic characteristics stem from this deep exploration of everyday life "Medicine," written on April 15, 1919, just before the May Fourth Movement, addresses the ignorance of the masses and the sorrow of revolutionaries who sacrifice themselves for a populace unaware of their plight The story employs a dual structure, intertwining the tragic tale of the ignorant Huas and the heroic yet lonely death of Xia Yu By choosing these surnames, Lu Xun prompts readers to contemplate and seek new revolutionary forces, making "Medicine" a significant work that encourages reflection on societal issues.
1.1.1.2 张正与鲁迅小说《药》译文的简介
Zhang Zheng (1916-2004), originally named Pei Zhangzheng, hailed from Ganlu County in Ha Tinh Province He was a renowned professor, distinguished translator, and literary critic, primarily recognized for his translations of Chinese literary works.
1939 年起写越南文学批评。1957 年，他成为越南文学协会的会员。
His notable works include "In My Eyes" (literary criticism, 1939), "Some Wild" (folklore studies, 1941), "Poetry and Prose of Nguyen Uyen" (research, 1965), and "Poetry and Prose of Nguyen Cong Chu" (research, 1979) Additionally, he has translated several of Lu Xun's short stories, such as "The Call of the Wild," "Wandering," and "New Stories."
Mr Zhang Zheng's translation of Lu Xun's novel "Medicine" is included in the collection "Nahan," published by Hanoi Culture Publishing House in 1961 This translation has been selected as a text for the Vietnamese high school curriculum, demonstrating the enduring literary value of both Lu Xun's original work and Zhang Zheng's translation The continued inclusion of "Medicine" in the high school syllabus reflects its popularity and appreciation among the public.
Vào năm 1975, Zhang Zheng đã hợp tác với nhà nghiên cứu Lỗ Tấn người Việt Nam, Đặng Thái Mai, để dịch tác phẩm "A Q Truyện" của Lỗ Tấn, được xuất bản bởi Nhà xuất bản Xây dựng Hà Nội Sau những năm 60, Zhang Zheng đã độc lập dịch nhiều tác phẩm khác của Lỗ Tấn, bao gồm "Truyện mới" và "Tiếng kêu" từ năm 1960 đến 1962.
The Vietnamese edition of "Wandering" has been published by the Hanoi Cultural Publishing House, marking the completion of the translation of all 33 of Lu Xun's novels into Vietnamese Additionally, in 1963, Zhang Zheng released a three-volume translation of "Selected Essays of Lu Xun," which includes 261 essays and prose pieces The first volume features translations from the essay collection "Dawn Flowers, Evening Gatherings," while the second volume contains translations from the prose poetry collection "Wild Grass." This three-volume set provides Vietnamese readers with a rich selection of Lu Xun's essays and prose works.
1971 年，张正的《鲁迅短篇小说选》译本由河内文化出版社出版，内收
Trong số 14 tác phẩm của Lu Xun, bao gồm "Nai Hàn", "Phỏng Hoang" và "Câu Chuyện Mới Biên", bản dịch "A Q Chính Truyện" của ông được xuất bản bởi Nhà xuất bản Văn hóa Hà Nội vào năm 1982 Năm 1989, ông tiếp tục phát hành bản dịch mới của "Tuyển Tập Tiểu Thuyết Lu Xun" (phiên bản Nhà xuất bản Văn hóa Hà Nội) Trần Chính là dịch giả có số lượng bản dịch tác phẩm Lu Xun nhiều nhất tại Việt Nam, đóng góp to lớn cho việc phổ biến văn học Lu Xun ở đất nước này.
鲁 迅 的 文 学 作 品 在 越 南 深 受 欢 迎 ， 已 经 有 了 翻 译 者 翻 译 鲁 迅 小 说
The translations of "药" by Pan Hui and Zhang Zheng highlight distinct approaches Pan Hui's version retains the original style through a literal translation method, preserving the nuances of the Chinese language, which may pose comprehension challenges for Vietnamese readers In contrast, Zhang Zheng's translation aligns with Vietnamese grammar and expression, employing various techniques while maintaining the author's intent and cultural elements of the original work His choice of language resonates with everyday Vietnamese, making it accessible and relatable for a broad audience As a result, Zhang Zheng's translation has received high acclaim in literary circles and is often included in high school Vietnamese literature textbooks.
1.1.2.1 翻译的定义
关于翻译概念，不同学者提出不相同的看法，以下翻译的三种定义。
The first type of definition is the general definition found in dictionaries and encyclopedias For instance, sources like the Cihai, Oxford English Dictionary, Modern French Dictionary, and the Great Russian Dictionary define translation as the process of expressing the meaning of one language in another language, transforming text from one language to another while preserving its meaning, or simply converting from one language to another.
The second definition of translation within the field of literary studies views translation as a form of artistic creation This perspective emphasizes the creative function of language and focuses on the artistic effects of translated works In literary studies, there are two main concepts related to translation: (1) literary translation refers to
The essence of literary translation lies in conveying the author's complete intent—both deliberate and subconscious—through artistic techniques that influence the reader's thoughts and emotions It involves expressing the original work's artistic atmosphere in a different language, ensuring that the core meaning and emotional depth are preserved.
The third definition of translation pertains to linguistics, where it is viewed as the conversion of specific speech rather than the language system itself Western scholars have proposed various definitions of translation from a linguistic perspective, emphasizing its role in the transformation of concrete language expressions.
Translation involves replacing text from a source language with stylistically equivalent material in a target language It entails transforming the verbal output of one language into another while preserving the original meaning Additionally, translation aims to represent the original information through the closest natural equivalents, maintaining both semantic integrity and stylistic elements.
鲁迅作品在越南的翻译及研究情况综述
1.2.1 鲁迅作品在越南的翻译情况
Lu Xun and his works have consistently garnered admiration from a wide readership In recent years, some of Lu Xun's pieces have been included in the textbooks for Vietnamese high school students Although Vietnamese readers were introduced to Lu Xun and his writings relatively late, his arrival in Vietnam was met with swift popularity, offering readers a fresh cultural perspective.
Lu Xun's works reflect societal aspects that closely resemble those of Vietnamese society, allowing Vietnamese readers to resonate with the characters' experiences in his novels This connection is a key reason for the popularity of Lu Xun's literature among Vietnamese audiences Consequently, the translation of Lu Xun's works plays a crucial role in Sino-Vietnamese literary exchange, positioning translators as vital ambassadors of friendship between the two cultures.
In 1952, the World Publishing House released Jian Zhi's translation of "The Lonely Ones," marking the first collection of Lu Xun's works in Vietnam At the time of its publication, Hanoi was still under French colonial rule "The Lonely Ones" includes a selection of poignant narratives that reflect the complexities of human experience.
《狂人曰记》（Nhật ký người điên）、《故乡》（Cố hương）、《兔和猫》
（Thỏ và mèo）、《药》（Thuốc）、《祝福》（Chúc phúc）、《孤独者》
Bài viết này đề cập đến tác phẩm "Con người cô độc" với 6 truyện ngắn và hai bài tiểu luận "Tự truyện Lỗ Tấn" và "Tôi viết tiểu thuyết thế nào" Tác giả, Giản Chi, là một học giả nổi tiếng về Hán học tại Việt Nam, chuyên nghiên cứu về Phật học và thơ ca, đồng thời là một nhà nghiên cứu văn hóa phương Đông có hiểu biết sâu sắc về văn học cổ điển Trung Quốc Giản Chi áp dụng phương pháp dịch thuật trực tiếp mà Lỗ Tấn đề xuất để dịch các tác phẩm của ông Tuy nhiên, dịch phẩm của ông có nhiều lỗi dịch và sai sót, ảnh hưởng đến chất lượng bản dịch Ngoài ra, việc sử dụng từ ngữ cổ xưa và hiếm gặp trong bản dịch cũng khiến độc giả gặp khó khăn trong việc hiểu nghĩa của một số từ vựng.
Năm 1955, Nhà xuất bản Hà Nội phát hành cuốn "Tuyển tập tiểu thuyết Lỗ Tấn tập 1" do Phan Quỳ dịch, bao gồm 7 tác phẩm nổi bật: "Nhật ký người điên", "Khổng Ất Kỷ", "Chuyện cái đầu tóc", "Sóng gió", "Cố hương", "AQ chính truyện" và "Chúc phúc" Cuốn "Tuyển tập tiểu thuyết Lỗ Tấn tập 2" được xuất bản bởi Hội Nhà văn.
Được xuất bản vào năm 1957, tác phẩm này bao gồm các tác phẩm nổi bật như "Thuốc", "Ngày mai", "Một việc nhỏ", "Tấn kịch về con vịt" và "Xã kịch".
Vào năm 1956, Nhà xuất bản Văn nghệ Hà Nội đã phát hành tác phẩm "Lu Xun Tạp Văn Tuyển Tập," do Phan Quỳ dịch, bao gồm 36 bài viết, trong đó có những tác phẩm nổi bật như "Xã hí" và "Trên lầu tiệm rượu."
Pan Kui, although not a professional translator, possesses significant advantages as a writer in terms of literary sensitivity and composition While his translations may feature outdated vocabulary and exhibit irregular syntax and grammar that do not meet modern readers' standards, they carry a literary quality and subtly reflect the style of Lu Xun.
Năm 1961, Nhà xuất bản Hà Nội phát hành hai tập truyện ngắn là "Gào thét" và "Bàng hoàng" Đến năm 1963, Nhà xuất bản Văn hóa cho ra mắt tuyển tập "Lu Xun - Tập hợp các bài tiểu luận".
两册，第一册有《坟》 （Nấm mồ ）、《热风》 （Gió nóng ）、《华盖集》
Bài viết đề cập đến các tác phẩm nổi bật của nhà văn Lỗ Tấn, bao gồm "Hoa cái", "Hoa cái tiếp theo", và "Nhặt cánh hoa tàn", trong đó chứa đựng năm bài tiểu luận Ngoài ra, tập hai còn có tác phẩm "Cỏ dại", thể hiện sâu sắc tư tưởng và phong cách sáng tác của ông.
《Mà thôi》, 《Tam nhàn》, 《Hai lòng》, và 《Nam xoang Bắc điệu》 là những tác phẩm tiêu biểu, thể hiện sự phong phú của văn học Việt Nam cho đến nay.
Zhang Zheng, the most important and authoritative translator of Lu Xun's works in Vietnam, has dedicated his career to translating the renowned Chinese author's essays and fiction Inspired by Lu Xun's writings translated by Deng Taimei in "Qingyi Magazine," Zhang committed himself to mastering Chinese in order to read the original texts After studying in China, he began translating Lu Xun's works and became a professional translator and educator, which is reflected in his precise and orthodox translation style As the most prolific and comprehensive translator of Lu Xun in Vietnam, Zhang's annotated translations are characterized by their rich literary style, correct grammar, and beautiful imagery His works are highly regarded by Vietnamese scholars of Lu Xun, leading to their inclusion in high school language curricula.
Nghiên cứu và dịch thuật tác phẩm của Lỗ Tấn tại Việt Nam là một quá trình tương hỗ Các học giả Việt Nam đã đóng góp nhiều nhất cho nghiên cứu và bình luận về Lỗ Tấn trong các bài viết về tác giả Trung Quốc hiện đại Ngoài việc công bố nhiều bài luận và bài viết trên các tạp chí học thuật và báo chí, còn có một số tác phẩm nghiên cứu và bình luận chuyên sâu về Lỗ Tấn Một số nhà dịch thuật nổi bật như Trần Văn Tấn và Hồng Dân Hoa đã dịch tác phẩm "Lỗ Tấn: Xuất thân và tư tưởng sáng tác" của Lý Hà Lâm.
版社 1960），周天（Chu Thiên）翻译张望的《鲁迅论美术》（艺术文化出版
Nhiều tác phẩm nghiên cứu về nhà văn Lỗ Tấn đã được các học giả Việt Nam viết, trong đó có "Lỗ Tấn - Thân thế và Văn nghệ" của Đặng Thai Mai (1944), "Lỗ Tấn - Tư tưởng văn hóa cách mạng Trung Quốc" của Lê Xuân Vũ (1959), "Lỗ Tấn" của Trương Chính (1976), và "Nhà lý luận văn học Lỗ Tấn" của Phương Lựu (1977) Đặc biệt, tác phẩm của Đặng Thai Mai đã được đăng tải trên tạp chí Thanh Ý và thu hút sự quan tâm của giới trí thức trẻ thời bấy giờ Trong bối cảnh văn hóa Trung-Việt bị ngưng trệ dưới sự thống trị của người Pháp, cuốn sách của Đặng Thai Mai đã mang lại làn gió mới cho những trí thức trẻ đang khao khát cứu nước Tác phẩm "Lỗ Tấn" của Trương Chính đã tổng hợp những thành tựu nghiên cứu của người Trung Quốc, kết hợp với kinh nghiệm dịch thuật và nghiên cứu sâu sắc của tác giả, cung cấp một kho tư liệu phong phú và phân tích tác phẩm một cách tỉ mỉ.
"Medicine" is a classic work of Chinese literature that has had a profound global impact On the eve of the May Fourth Movement, Lu Xun sharply addressed the relationship between revolutionaries and the masses through his novel, creating a significant stir Using ordinary themes, Lu Xun deeply reflects the fate of the Chinese nation during a specific historical period Rather than presenting a heroic epic, "Medicine" explores the social epic of the people's destiny.