Themenauswahl
Translation is a crucial subject within the Department of Western European Languages and Cultures at the Foreign Language University of the National University of Hanoi, Vietnam (VNU) It is also essential for the future careers of many students This research project aims to present various translation methods, focusing specifically on the process of translating Students often face numerous challenges when converting German texts into Vietnamese Additionally, translation methods serve as a vital foundation for achieving high-quality translation outcomes.
Another reason for this selection is that the youth book series "TKKG" is highly engaging and has greatly inspired me For these reasons, the topic of translation methods in the first three volumes of the youth crime series TKKG will be the focus of this work.
Forschungsgegenstand
Die Arbeit beschọftigt sich mit ĩbersetzungsmethoden der drei ersten Bọnde der ĩbersetzung des Jugendkrimis „TKKG“ von Stefan Wolf Es geht um konkrete ĩbersetzungsmethoden beim Literaturỹbersetzen.
Forschungsmethode
This study focuses on an empirical investigation of a youth crime novel's translation from German to Vietnamese It aims to analyze the product of translation, specifically the translations themselves By examining the translation of the mentioned book series, the research seeks to uncover the translation process and identify the methods employed by the translator.
Zielsetzung
Ein kurzer ĩberblick ỹber die theoretischen Grundlagen geben
Die Besonderheiten beim ĩbersetzen einiger ĩbersetzungssituationen analysieren
In ihrer ĩbersetzung hat die ĩbersetzerin Pham Thi Kim Chung viele ĩbersetzungsmethoden benutzt Diese Methoden haben einen Beitrag geleistet, den Erfolg der ĩbersetzung zu leisten
Materialien
This paper utilizes the first three volumes of the youth crime series "TKKG" by Stefan Wolf and their Vietnamese translations Additionally, it incorporates various other sources, including websites and related works, that pertain to the subject matter.
Theoretische Grundlagen 4 1 Definition des ĩbersetzens
Zum Begriff „ĩbersetzungsmethoden“
Koller identifies seven translation methods, referred to as translator strategies, which must be considered in the context of cultural and linguistic contact Within the realm of cultural contact, two distinct translation methods emerge: adaptive translation and transfer translation.
Aspekt des Sprachkontakts lassen sich nach Koller auch zwei
6 ĩbersetzungsmethoden unterscheiden: die sich einpassende und die verfremdende ĩbersetzung
Diese Arbeit beschọftigt sich mit ĩbersetzungsmethoden Deswegen ist es erforderlich, den Begriff detaillierter zu definieren Im Folgenden soll eine gute
Darstellung aus der Dissertation von Hoai An Le zitiert werden
Bei der adaptierenden ĩbersetzung werden die kulturspezifischen AS-
Textelemente durch Elemente der ZS-Kultur ersetzt, damit der kommunikative Zweck in der ĩbersetzung erreicht weden kann Zum
Beispiel gilt im berühmten Versroman von Nguyen Du (Truyen Kieu) 8 die
Figur Sở Khanh als Frauenheld Um diese kulturspezifische Figur in der
Deutschen Kultur reflektieren zu kửnnen, kann der Ausdruck Don Joan
8 „Das Mọdchen Kieu“ - Meisterwerk von Nguyen Du (1765-1820) ĩbersetzungs- methoden
In translation, the concept of transferring culture-specific elements into the target language is crucial, as it can lead to the development of new linguistic and stylistic expressions In Vietnamese culture, asking questions serves as a typical greeting form, such as inquiring "Bác/cô/chú đi đâu đấy ạ?" (Where are you going?), which is less common in German and typically used under specific temporal and local conditions By applying the transfer method, this greeting can be translated as "Wohin gehen Sie/Wohin gehst du?" for cultural analysis However, when utilizing the adaptation method, it may be translated to "Guten Morgen" or "Guten Tag," depending on the context Currently, there is a noticeable trend in Vietnam where traditional greeting forms are used less frequently, with a growing preference for European-style greetings like "Chào ông, chào bà!" or "Ich grüße Sie."
In the context of language contact, Koller identifies two translation methods: assimilative and foreignizing translation Assimilative translation refers to the approach where the translator aligns solely with the norms and conventions of the target language (TL).
9 Kollegen, Freunde, Familienangehửrige ode Bekannte kửnnen sich begrỹòen, indem sie fragen „Wohin des Wegs“ Frỹher war diese Gruòform ỹblich in der deutschen Kultur, z.B in Grimms Mọrchen
In Asia, particularly in Vietnam, the culture of greeting through questions, known as "văn hóa chào hỏi" or greeting etiquette, is prevalent This practice involves asking questions without expecting a specific answer Similar forms of this greeting style can also be found in English, exemplified by phrases like "How do you do?"
The article discusses the challenges of maintaining linguistic and stylistic expression norms during translation, particularly between German and Vietnamese, which exhibit significant divergences For instance, the sentence "du siehst heute sexy aus" can be translated variably, with the more culturally acceptable versions being "em hụm nay trụng hấp dẫn quỏ" or "em hụm nay thật tuyệt," while the direct translation "Em hụm nay trụng sexy quỏ" is less acceptable in Vietnamese culture Koller categorizes translation methods based on cultural and linguistic contact into two subcategories; however, the interrelationship between culture and language is complex and inseparable in translation practice.
When translating from German to Vietnamese, it is essential to consider the structural and cultural differences between the languages to apply appropriate translation methods and effectively solve specific translation problems This study focuses on three translation methods or strategies found in the first three volumes of the youth crime series TKKG, specifically "Omission of Relative Pronouns," "Use of Vietnamese Reduplicative Words," and "Use of Explications." Therefore, it is necessary to explain what relative pronouns are, what Vietnamese reduplicative words entail, and what explication means.
„Ein Relativpronomen ist ein Pronomen wie z.B welcher oder der, die, das, das einen Nebensatz einleitet und anstelle eines Substantivs aus dem Hauptsatz steht.“ 12
Relative pronouns typically refer to a word in the main clause and agree with the antecedent in gender and number However, the case of the relative pronoun depends on its grammatical role in the subordinate clause.
In der Arbeit sind alle Relativpronomen in Kategorien zu klassifizieren:
2.2.1.1 Die Relativpronomen „der, die, das“
Diese Formen kửnnen je nach dem syntaktischen Zusammenhang auch Artikel sein Das wird in folgender Tabelle dargestellt
Kasus Maskulinum Femininum Neutrum Plural
Nominativ der die das die
Akkusativ den die das die
Dativ dem der dem denen
Genitiv dessen deren dessen deren/ derer 14
In der folgenden Tabelle sind Beispiele 15 dazu
12 Langenscheidt Groòwửrterbuch: Deutsch als Fremdsprache: 879
14 Derer im Genitiv Plural ist umgangsprachlich
15 Was man ỹber Relativpronomen und Relativsọtze wissen soll Verfỹgbar unter: http://www.mein-deutschbuch.de/lernen.php?menu_id#akkusativ [aufgerufen am 12.04.2013]
Nom Sg Mask Der Mann, der aus Bremen kommt, heiòt Erwin
Knuddelbọr f Die Frau, die aus Hanover kommt, heiòt Gertrude
Nimmersatt n Das Kind, das aus Lỹbeck kommt, heiòt Torsten
Pl Die Leute, die aus Berlin kommen, sind
My husband bought a very expensive table last week I found a bar that I would like to show you The child we saw was carrying books under their arm.
Pl Die Fotos, die ich in Paris gemacht habe, sind echt gut geworden
Dat Sg m Herr Schmal, dem mehrere Họuser gerhửren, hat neuerdings Geldprobleme f Die Frau, der wir die Bücher gaben, wohnt in
Hamburg n Das ist das Kind, dem ich ein Buch geliehen habe
Pl Unsere Gọste, denen das Bỹfett sehr gut geschmeckt hat, sind zufrieden
Gen Sg m Das ist Herr Gans, dessen Frau neulich im Lotto viel
Geld gewonnen hat f Ich habe eine Wohnung gefunden, deren Rọume groò sind n Das Kind, dessen Vater nicht zu erreichen ist, muss sofort operiert werden
Pl Die Frauen, deren Radios kaputt sind, müssen jetzt
2.2.1.2 Die Relativpronomen „welcher, welche, welches“
Relative pronouns are increasingly rare in contemporary language usage This study shows that their occurrence is infrequent Occasionally, they are employed to avoid word repetition caused by the coincidence of the articles der, die, and das with similar-sounding words.
Kasus Maskulinum Femininum Neutrum Plural
Nominativ welcher welche welches welche
Akkusativ welchen welche welches welche
Dativ welchem welcher welches welchen
Es ist nur eine Minderheit, welche die Leistung der Politiker bezweifelt
According to Sommerfeldt and Starke, both relative pronouns serve a generalizing function and are used substantively The relative pronoun "who" can be rephrased as "anyone," "the one who," "someone who," or "all who," referring to an indefinite person or group of people The relative pronoun "what" is frequently used as a generalizing relative pronoun, typically not referring to a specific noun or pronoun, but rather to the content of the entire overarching sentence.
Im Folgenden sind Beispiele dazu:
Wer zu viel iòt und trinkt, schadet seiner Gesundheit
Das ist alles, was er weiò
Unlike in Germany, the phenomenon of reduplication is quite prevalent in Vietnamese, particularly in literature Vietnamese reduplicated words have long been a subject of study for many linguists both domestically and internationally The following will provide a definition of this linguistic feature.
Từ láy là từ có các yếu tố cấu tạo được lặp lại về mặt ngữ âm, bao gồm cả sự lặp (điệp) và biến đổi (đối) Nếu chỉ có sự lặp mà không có biến đổi, như trong các ví dụ "người người", "nhà nhà", "ngành ngành", thì đó chỉ là dạng láy của từ, không phải là từ láy thực sự.
According to the definition, two criteria must be met to identify a reduplication word First, it should not be a mere repetition of the word Second, the sounds and syllables must undergo a transformation.
16 Mai Ngọc Chừ, Vũ Đức Nghiệu, Hoàng Trọng Phiến: 146
„Wau Wau“ ist beispielsweise Reduplikationswort im Deutschen Das ganze Wort wiederholt Wohin gegen im Vietnamesischen das zweite kriterium nicht erfüllt, denn es gab keine Verọnderung der Lauten und Silben.
Äquivalenz als Problem und als Stein des Anstoòes
2.3.1 Der Begriff „Äquivalenz“ nach Werner Koller
Koller asserts, based on numerous research studies, that equivalence is the core concept of all theoretical translation approaches He focuses on the equivalence relation, which refers to the translation relationship between the source and target texts Koller defines equivalence as a reciprocal relationship, emphasizing that this relationship is crucial for translators' decision-making and serves as the primary goal of translation and the main criterion for evaluating translations To elaborate on the concept of equivalence, Koller identifies five reference frameworks that are essential for determining the type of translation equivalence, including extralinguistic context, connotations, text and language norms, the target audience (readers of the translation), and the aesthetic-formal and individual stylistic features of the source text He labels the equivalence that aligns with extralinguistic context as denotative equivalence.
18 „In jeder Sprache ist der Satz die sprachliche Form zur Beschreibung eines Sachveralts Im jedem Satz und seinen Funktionsteilen mit dem darin auftretenden Sprachmaterial (Wửrtern) spiegelt sich ein
Sachverhalt wider Ein auòersprachlicher Sachverhalt ist die Summe von Einzelmerkmalen, die eine Wirkung- und Bedeutungseinheit in Bezug ein Geschehen und ein Ergebnis (Sein) bilden.“ (H Griesbach 2000:25)
In translation studies, the concept of connotative equivalence refers to the alignment of meanings that go beyond the literal interpretation of words Additionally, there are text-normative, pragmatic (recipient-oriented), and formal-aesthetic types of equivalence Since achieving equivalence poses significant challenges in both theory and practice, the following examples illustrate various forms of equivalence as outlined by Koller.
According to Koller, the central focus in describing denotative equivalence relationships lies in the lexicon, which includes words and fixed phrases, as this is where languages are most productive Within the lexical domain, five types of equivalence can be identified: one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, one-to-zero, and one-to-part correspondences.
2.3.2.1 Die Eins-zu-eins-Entsprechung
Eins-zu-eins-Entsprechung bedeutet, dass fur einen Ausdruck 21 in der AS ein Ausdruck in der ZS besteht
Translators often struggle to determine whether a one-to-one correspondence exists in a specific context or if another type of equivalence is needed However, it is not their primary responsibility to make this distinction Their main task is to provide an appropriate translation that conveys the intended meaning effectively.
ZS zu finden Erfahrungsgemọò kann ein ĩbersetzer schnell eine angemessene Entsprechung in der ZS finden, wenn er viel vom Sachverhalt
21 Was Koller mit Ausdruck (ein Wort, eine Beziehung, eine Benennung, eine Mehr-Wort-Benennung, eine Wendung, eine Bedeutung oder ein Konzept) meint, ist aus seier Beschreibung nicht ersichtlich
15 im AS-Text versteht und eine groòe ĩbersetzungserfahrung hat 22
2.3.2.2 Die Eins-zu-viele-Entsprechung
Choosing the most appropriate equivalent in a target language (TL) can be challenging, as there are often multiple synonyms available This situation is referred to as a one-to-many correspondence, meaning that a single source language (SL) expression can have various translation options The translator must make a decision that meets the expectations of the TL audience.
It is important to note that the classification of different correspondence types in the lexical domain is relatively fluid, as each language, much like life itself, evolves rapidly to describe the ever-changing world of human experiences Consequently, the inventory of expressions in languages is constantly updated to reflect these transformations.
Translation processes involve both the introduction of new terms from different languages, reflecting diverse ways of thinking, and the removal of outdated expressions from a specific language Consequently, translators must engage in lifelong learning and continuous education to stay updated on the latest developments in both their native and foreign languages.
2.3.2.3 Die Viele-zu-eins-Entsprechung
Nicht nur die Eins-zu-viele-Entsprechung bereitet dem ĩbersetzer
Decision-making challenges arise from the many-to-one correspondence in language Unlike the one-to-many correspondence, many expressions in Vietnamese correspond to a single term in German For instance, the first-person singular pronoun "tôi" encompasses various forms like "tớ," "mình," "anh," "em," "ta," "tao," "ông," "bà," and "cháu," which all translate to "I" in German In Vietnamese culture, there is a tendency to relate to communication partners as family members Kinship terms in Vietnamese also serve as forms of address, influenced by age, familiarity, relationship, and social status This complexity in kinship terms presents significant challenges for foreigners learning Vietnamese in the early stages.
2.3.2.4 Die Eins-zu-Null-Entsprechung (Lücke)
In the context of denotative equivalence relationships, the one-to-zero correspondence must not be overlooked, as this type of correspondence poses significant challenges in translation When mutual correspondences exist between two languages, a translator can easily find them in reliable dictionaries A one-to-zero correspondence refers to a situation where an expression in the source language lacks a corresponding expression in the target language, as noted by Koller.
24 Das ist auch relativ, weil selbst der ĩbersetzer viele Ausdrỹcke in seiner Muttersprache nicht kennt
26 Die Wửrterbuchkritik ist fỹr den ĩbersetzerberuf wichtig
17 diese Entsprechung die Lỹcke, und fỹr den ĩbersetzer ist es nicht leicht, diese Lỹcke zu schlieòen 27
Um Lỹcken zu schlieòen, bieten sich folgende fỹnf ĩbersetzungsverfahren bzw ĩbersetzungsmethode an: 28
1: ĩbernahme des AS-Ausdrucks in die ZS (ggf In Anfỹhrungzeichen)
2 Lehnỹbersetzung: der AS-Ausdruck wird wửrtlich (Glied fỹr Glied) in die ZS übersetzt
3 Als Entsprechung zum AS-Ausdruck wird in der ZS ein bereits in ọhnlicher Bedeutung verwendeter Ausdruck gebraucht
4 Der AS-Ausdruck wird in der ZS umschrieben, kommentiert oder definiert
2.3.2.5 Die Eins-zu-Teil-Entsprechung
The term refers to a denotative equivalence relationship, where an expression in the source language (SL) only partially corresponds to an expression in the target language (TL) Koller highlights color designations as a classic example of this one-to-part correspondence According to the author, this correspondence leads to numerous challenges in translation and often results in untranslatability Nida and Taber share this perspective.
The content of a message must be conveyed with minimal loss or distortion, prioritizing the direct conceptual meaning Stolze argues that accurately representing the same reality across different languages and cultures is nearly impossible Consequently, translators face the challenge of achieving an equivalent meaning in their translation efforts.
Translation often involves commentary, interpretation, and modifications to effectively convey the values of the source text to the target language reader To achieve a clear understanding of the original message, especially when facing gaps or partial correspondences between languages, translators frequently resort to these strategies According to Koller, translation is an art that attempts to make the impossible possible while minimizing unavoidable losses.
In translation, it is common to encounter one-to-zero correspondences (gaps) and one-to-part correspondences This article will focus on the use of explanations in translation It can be observed that this translation method effectively addresses the issue of correspondences.
Literaturübersetzen
Literary translation plays a crucial role in intercultural exchange, as it goes beyond merely translating a literary work; it involves an integral interpretation of the original text in a new language.
Sprache aufgefasst, jedoch nicht als metasprachliche, sondern als eine zumindest dem Anspruch nach literatursprachliche Interpretation
Literary texts possess unique characteristics that can be analyzed in translations, focusing on dynamic translation solutions rather than static equivalence These texts are marked by specific qualities that define their literary nature Jiri Levý identifies formal features that distinguish literary texts from ordinary ones, such as rhythm, sound, creative forms, and deviations from norms.
Die Aufgabe des Literaturübersetzers besteht darin, dass er nicht nur den Inhalt gut ỹbertrọgt, sondern auch die Literarizitọt darstellen muss
31 Äquivalenz ist ein Zentralproblem in der ĩbersetzungswissenschaft