Objets de recherche
This brief paper focuses on the study of discursive elements in both the French and Vietnamese languages that translators must consider during the translation process To provide the most accurate perspective on these elements, we select a diverse range of texts from different genres.
The article includes an analysis of the mistakes made by both students and professional translators, which helps us understand how to achieve high-quality translations in terms of meaning and style.
Our corpus includes translations published in bilingual books, novels, and poems, as well as texts translated by third and fourth-year translation students from the Department of French Language and Culture at the National University of Hanoi's School of Foreign Languages.
Méthodologie de recherche
This thesis examines the discursive errors made by both students and professional translators, focusing on the discursive components of two languages By analyzing these components, we aim to propose translation solutions for each text evaluated.
En fait, nous utilisons des méthodes suivantes :
- Consultation des sources bibliographiques: les articles, les bibliographies d’ouvrage de références et Internet
- Application des connaissances ainsi que des expériences personnelles après avoir appris les modules de traduction et de théorie de la traduction
- Utilisation des méthodes analytiques, descriptives et synthétiques pour :
Analyser des éléments discursifs du texte de départ
Analyser la manière d’expression du vietnamien dans des textes concrets, décrire et analyser les erreurs en matière discursive dans la traduction
Appliquer des connaissances discursivesde deux langues pour donner quelques propositions de traduction
Plan d’ensemble
Notre mémoire de fin d’études se compose de deux chapitres principaux :
The first section will explore the theoretical foundations of translation, focusing on the interpretative approach to professional translation This chapter will also introduce the discursive component, one of four essential elements for professional translation, highlighting the discursive factors that must be considered during the translation process Understanding these theories enables us to produce translations that closely align with the original message in terms of meaning and style.
The second part will focus on justifying the significant role of the discursive component in translation by analyzing discursive errors made by both students and professional translators in concrete texts This analysis aims to propose more reasonable solutions through the application of discursive knowledge.
BASE THÉORIQUE
Définition de la traduction
Translation remains a topic of ongoing discussion, with theorists providing numerous definitions to clarify its meaning Understanding these definitions can enhance our comprehension of what translation truly entails.
According to Le Petit Robert (2008:2592), the verb "to translate," derived from the Latin "traducere" (1480), means "to transfer." This term, which dates back to 1520, refers to the process of converting statements from one natural language to another, aiming for semantic and expressive equivalence between the two statements In this definition, achieving semantic and expressive equivalence is the primary goal of translation.
Hartmann & Stock (Dictionary of Translation Studies, 1972 : 713) considèrent la traduction comme une substitution d'un texte dans une langue par un texte équivalent dans une autre langue
According to J Dubois in "La nouvelle grammaire du français," translation involves expressing in a target language what has been stated in the source language while maintaining semantic and stylistic equivalences.
M.E.A.Nina, un linguiste américain a insisté sur l’équivalence dans la traduction (Translation and Texte Transfer, New York, Perter Lang, 1992 : 38) : ô La traduction consiste à produire dans la langue d’arrivộe l’ộquivalent naturel le plus proche du message de la langue de départ, d’abord quant à la signification puis quant au style ằ Pour la traduction, M.E.A.Nina souligne la signification, la forme, le style et l’expression du texte de départ en langue d’arrivée
In "Noblesse de la parole," Edmond Cary views translation as an operation aimed at establishing equivalences between two texts in different languages These equivalences are inherently dependent on the nature of the texts, their intended purpose, and the cultural relationships between the two peoples involved Additionally, factors such as the moral, intellectual, and emotional climates, along with the specific contingencies of the time and place of both departure and arrival, play a crucial role in the translation process.
Translation is defined as the process of fully conveying a message in the target language while maintaining the semantic and stylistic equivalences of the source language However, differences between languages persist, requiring translators to possess strong linguistic skills and a wide range of extralinguistic knowledge This expertise is essential for producing a translation that accurately reflects the information of the original text, preserves its style, and is suitable for the intended audience.
Many people mistakenly believe that translation is merely a straightforward linguistic conversion from one language to another, assuming that it only requires substituting words from the source text with their equivalents in the target language This perspective reflects a method known as the contrastive approach in pedagogical translation, which is primarily an educational technique for language learning.
Analysons l’exemple suivant pour mieux comprendre la différence entre une traduction pédagogique et une traduction professionnelle :
C’est une femme qui est instruite, qui sait tout faire…Elle touche à un chiffon : ỗa devient une robe…Elle meuble une petite maison de paysan : ỗa devient le Paradis…
This excerpt is from "The Return of the Prisoner" featured in "The Testament and Other Stories," published by the Bilingual Editions of the Foreign Language Publishing House We have two translated versions available.
Traduction 1: Đó là một người đàn bà có học thức, có thể làm được mọi việc…Cô ấy chạm tay vào một mảnh giẻ rách, thế là nó thành ngay một chiếc áo…Cô ấy mà xếp dọn một túp lều nông dân, nó sẽ trở thành thiên đường…
Cô ấy là người có học thức và khéo léo, có khả năng biến những mảnh vải vụn thành những chiếc váy đẹp Bên cạnh đó, cô cũng chăm sóc ngôi nhà đơn sơ của mình, biến nó thành một thiên đường ấm cúng và đầy sắc màu.
Ces deux traductions sont fidèles au texte de départ Pourtant, nous trouvons évidemment que la deuxième traduction est acceptable plus facilement que la première
In translation, the translator first seeks equivalent terms in bilingual dictionaries for any unfamiliar words They then aim to convey the meaning of the source text by replicating its grammatical and lexical structure in the target language, ensuring all information is preserved This method is known as the contrastive approach to pedagogical translation, which serves as a language learning technique.
In the second stage, after grasping the author's intent, the translator reformulates the original text into the target language to ensure the translation resonates with Vietnamese readers This method is known as the interpretative approach to professional translation.
Through the example provided, we see that the first translation remains faithful to the original in terms of words and phrases However, due to the implementation of the contrastive approach in pedagogical translation, it highlights the nuances and differences in meaning.
The translation suffers from a word-for-word approach and the translator's omission of stylistic differences between the two languages, resulting in awkward phrasing that is unsuitable for Vietnamese readers.
Nous allons étudier plus clairement l’approche interprétative de la traduction professionnelle ainsi que ses avantages par rapport à l’approche contrastive lors du processus de la traduction.
Traduction professionnelle
In this section, we reference the Translation Theory Course taught by Mr Nguyen Chi Dan, a professor in the Department of French Language and Culture at the National University of Hanoi's School of Foreign Languages.
2.1 Objectifs de la traduction professionnelle
Professional translation differs from educational translation, as it is conducted within the context of training or internships The primary goal of this activity is to make the content of a written work—whether pragmatic or literary—accessible to recipients who do not understand the original language.
Selon M NGUYEN Chi Dan, la traduction professionnelle connaợt deux grands objectifs suivants:
- Transmission intégrale dans une autre langue du sens (du vouloir dire de l’auteur) d’un discours produit en une langue
- Déclenchement d’une action ou d’une réaction chez les interlocuteurs
Donc, la traduction professionnelle ne se limite pas à un travail sur la langue, elle vise à transmettre le ô vouloir dire ằ de l’auteur d’une langue à une autre
15 langue, plus que la langue elle-même C’est pourquoi la traduction professionnelle applique l’approche interprétative
2.2 Approche interprétative de la traduction professionnelle
Christine DURIEUX (SELESKOVITCH, Danica, Etudes traductologiques, Didier Erudition, 1993) a proposé un schéma fondé sur la théorie interprétative de la traduction et qui s’impose pour la traduction professionnelle
(Sens-vouloir dire de l’auteur) xx xx xx xx
Texte de départ Texte d’arrivée
The two key phases of the operation are highlighted in this process The first phase begins with the initial text and focuses on grasping its meaning, emphasizing understanding The second phase starts from this understanding and culminates in the final text, which is centered on reexpression.
This diagram, represented by two non-touching axes, illustrates the lack of contact between two languages It begins with the source text and follows a pathway that ultimately leads to a more readable and faithful target text that aligns with the author's intended meaning.
This phase involves becoming aware of the meaning of the source text From the source language, we create a mental image that embodies the understood meaning This mental image, representing the sense, is the focus of the translation process.
16 compréhension ne peut être menée à bien qu’avec la mobilisation des connaissances autres que linguistiques pour saisir le sens
According to Marianne Lederer in "Translation Today," effective translation requires a deep understanding of the source material Professional translators must possess not only language skills but also a cognitive background that includes encyclopedic knowledge This knowledge is further enriched by the insights gained from the text as the translator progresses through the reading.
The key components of communication competence identified by Sophie Moirand in her work "Teaching to Communicate in a Foreign Language" (1982) include linguistic, sociocultural, referential, and discursive knowledge These four elements are essential for effective communication in a foreign language.
- Une composante linguistique, c’est-à-dire la connaissance et l’appropriation
(la capacité de les utiliser) des modèles phonétiques, lexicaux, grammaticaux et textuels du système de la langue
Autrement dit, la composante linguistique se compose de tous les connaissances concernant la langue telles que la grammaire, le lexique, la phonologie…
In the given example, all the wet nurses that Father Barbeau found requested eighteen livres per month, which was the same rate charged to a bourgeois However, Father Barbeau was only willing to pay twelve or fifteen livres, believing that this amount was already quite high for a peasant.
(La petite Fadette _George Sand)
En gộnộrale, nous connaissons le mot ô livre ằ avec quelques sens :
+ Un assemblage de feuilles imprimées réunies par un côté un volume ou texte imprimé d’un tel ouvrage
+ Unité de masse anglo-saxonne valant 453,39 kg
+ Ancienne unité monétaire de plusieurs pays…
In this context, the term "book" refers specifically to the former monetary unit of France The polysemy of words can lead to ambiguity in understanding Therefore, having a sufficient linguistic knowledge is crucial in the translation process.
A sociocultural component involves understanding and adopting social rules and norms governing interactions between individuals and institutions, as well as knowledge of cultural history and the relationships among social objects.
Elle signifie la connaissance concernant les éléments divers comme coutumes, pensée, tradition, vêtements, musique, peinture, mode de vie…
- Une composante référentielle, c’est-à-dire la connaissance des domaines d’expérience et des objets du monde et de leurs relations
Il s’agit de la connaissance du sujet traité du texte : Politique, loi, tourisme, science, technologie…
A discursive component involves understanding and mastering various types of discourse and their organization based on the parameters of the communication situation in which they are produced and interpreted.
Elle consiste en connaissance des types de texte et de la manière d’expression de la langue
Prenons un exemple suivant pour mieux comprendre l'importance des connaissances autres que linguistique (précisément, la connaissance socio- culturelle) dans le processus de traduction :
Principale source de revenus de l'Arabie saoudite, le pétrole constitue pourtant aujourd'hui son talon d'Achille
(Le roi Abdallah mort, l'Arabie saoudite doit changer, Le Point.fr)
Understanding Greek mythology is essential for translating the phrase regarding Achilles, a legendary hero from the Iliad, an epic of ancient Greece His mother dipped him in the River Styx to make him invulnerable, but his heel, held by her, remained dry, leading to his death when struck by an arrow in that vulnerable spot during the war Consequently, the term "Achilles' heel" refers to a person's weakness, drawing from Achilles' story Similarly, while oil is the primary source of income for Saudi Arabia, it has also become a significant vulnerability for the kingdom today.
After grasping the meaning of the original text, the translator selects the most faithful expression to interpret it, ensuring that this mode of expression is tailored to the intended audience.
It is clear that this stage is crucial for the translator, requiring a high level of skill and knowledge Indeed, understanding a meaning that is not one's own and rephrasing that foreign thought in another language is more complex than it may seem.
In this phase, mobilizing discursive knowledge is essential for ensuring that the text is clear and aligns with the reader's language habits To achieve this, we must set aside the original structure while preserving its meaning.
Composante discursive
3.1 Définition de la composante discursive
Selon Sophie Moirand (Enseigner à communiquer en langue étrangère,
In 1982, the discursive component refers to the understanding and mastery of various types of discourse and their organization based on the parameters of the communication situation in which they are produced and interpreted.
According to H Boyer (1990: 48-51), a discursive or textual component encompasses the understanding and effective management of various textual functions and discourse construction This includes inter-sentential cohesion and the coherence of argumentative or narrative projects, which are essential for constructing or recognizing a demonstration or narrative.
The discursive component in translation involves understanding the types of texts and the modes of expression in both the source and target languages Knowledge of the discursive features of the source language enables translators to comprehend the text more easily and accurately, while familiarity with the discursive aspects of the target language is essential for effective translation.
20 pour que le traducteur puisse prendre les bonnes décisions en matière de réexpression
According to Daniel Gile in "La traduire, la comprendre, et l’apprendre" (2005), a translated text effectively serves its purpose if it allows readers to experience the same sensations and retain the same information as the original For readers to engage with a text without difficulty, comprehension is essential, necessitating clarity and alignment with the reader's linguistic habits This emphasizes the importance of the translator's mastery of discursive knowledge in the target language, as highlighted by Danica Seleskovitch in "L’interprète dans les conférences internationales" (1968).
“Interpréter, c’est donc aussi savoir s’exprimer de sa langue maternelle et du langage pour être capable de créer sans cesse toutes les formules nécessaires à l’expression”
Quels sont donc les éléments discursifs à analyser devant un texte à traduire ?
Based on the theory of discursive competence outlined in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), we identify key discursive elements that significantly impact the translation process.
+ Genre de texte et type de texte :
According to the Referential Language (Thyrion F., Rosier L., Denyer M; Collection parcours et références, Brussels, De Boeck & Larcier, 2003), a text type is a classification category based on observable linguistic criteria within the text itself Based on intent, we can identify five main types of texts: informative, instructive, persuasive, poetic, and fictional.
The term "genre" refers to various forms of expression defined by tradition Textual genres include literary forms such as novels, poetry, and theater, as well as common genres like resumes, presentations, debates, interviews, and various journalistic styles.
The classification of texts into distinct categories is somewhat artificial, as few works are purely one type; most blend various forms Many texts are composed of sequences from different genres, such as poetry that can be descriptive, narrative, dialogued, and argumentative, exemplified by fables Additionally, translation often involves texts from diverse genres Therefore, we will present texts for analysis across various genres.
+ Les registres de langue (les niveaux de langage) :
Les trois principaux sont le langage soutenu, le langage courant, et le langage familier Chacun de ces registres se caractérise par certaines marques particulières, selon Fralica, un site invitant à la pratique du ô franỗais en libertộ cadrộe ằ : http://users.skynet.be/fralica/refer/theorie/theocom/communic/niveaux.htm :
Respect ou non-respect des règles de grammaire
Formal language employs complex and refined vocabulary It is used in official letters, literary texts, or when addressing someone of significant importance.
Exemple : Il réside dans une demeure en banlieue
Le langage courant s’emploie dans la vie de tous les jours dans des circonstances quotidiennes
Exemple: Il vit dans une maison en banlieue
Le langage familier signale un milieu populaire, des relations amicales ou familiales Il fait appel souvent à des mots familiers et à des abréviations
Exemple: Il crèche dans une baraque en banlieue
The terms "dwelling," "house," and "shack" all refer to places of residence However, "dwelling" is frequently used in literature alongside the formal verb "to reside." In everyday conversation, "to live in a house" is more common Conversely, "shack" denotes a poorly constructed home and corresponds to the informal verb "to squat."
En outre, nous pouvons avoir recours au langage scientifique ou au langage vulgaire
+ L’organisation des phrases et de leurs composantes :
The arrangement of ideas within a text and the order of words in a sentence differ from one language to another Even within the same language, each variation in word arrangement can convey a distinct nuance.
Mon amie s’est ennuyée à la montagne
Ou: A la montagne, mon amie s’est ennuyée
Dans la deuxiốme phrase, le syntagme prộpositionnel ô à la montagne ằ est placộ à la tête pour insister sur cette information
+ La cohérence et la cohésion :
Selon Patrick Renaut (http://pedagogie.ac-toulouse.fr/ien09- pamiers/IMG/pdf/LecPamiersDiffusion.pdf):
La cohérence : C’est la liaison, le rapport étroit d’idées qui s’accordent entre elles, c’est l’absence de contradiction Elle correspond au niveau sémantique et informationnel
La cohésion: La cohésion tient au fait que les éléments grammaticaux aillent ensemble Elle correspond au niveau grammatical et textuel Les signes de la cohésion sont des connecteurs logiques
Les prix montent ; les gens réclament une augmentation de salaire
Unies par un simple point-virgule, les deux propositions de cette phrase ont une relation de cause/conséquence qui est implicitement entretenue
Rhetoric is employed to create an effect or impression, such as evoking emotions, seducing, convincing, or capturing attention Its expressive style diverges from ordinary language use, providing a unique expressiveness Generally, rhetoric does not adhere strictly to grammatical rules and is characterized by structural breaks, word choice, sentence rhythm, sound quality, and poetic artistry.
Rhetoric plays a significant role in advertising, utilizing nuanced and evocative language along with strong arguments An example can be found in the study of argumentative structures in television advertising, as highlighted in a 2007 postgraduate thesis.
Des cheveux aussi brillants, aussi lisses, aussi forts que la nature Nouveau Timotei bambou, la nature est sublime, vos cheveux aussi
The Timotei shampoo advertisement highlights the idea that hair can be as radiant, smooth, and strong as nature itself It draws a parallel between the beauty of nature and the beauty of your hair, suggesting that if nature is sublime, then your hair can be sublime too This creates an equal comparison, emphasizing the natural qualities that can be achieved with Timotei shampoo.
Bilan du chapitre
In this chapter, we discussed definitions of translation and presented the interpretative approach to professional translation, which emphasizes preserving the original meaning while adapting to the target audience To achieve this, translators must utilize four essential components: linguistic, referential, socio-cultural, and discursive, with the latter often overlooked by novice and even some professional translators We highlighted significant discursive elements in French-Vietnamese translation, demonstrating their importance in both phases of the translation process In the next section, we will analyze discursive errors made by students and professional translators to underscore the critical role of this component Through this analysis, we aim to assist aspiring translators in paying closer attention to discursive elements to enhance the quality of their translations.
ANALYSE DES ERREURS EN MATIÈRE DISCURSIVE
Lettre familiale
It wasn't Jacques who prompted me to write to you; rather, I felt compelled to reach out after realizing it has been two months since we last saw each other.
Conflicts are inevitable in every family due to differing perspectives and lifestyles However, these differences should not lead to silence or distance I firmly believe that with a little goodwill from both you and me, dear Mom, we can resolve our issues and strengthen our relationship.
Je puis vous assurer que je suis navrée de notre dernière discussion et que je mettrai tout en œuvre pour que ce soit vraiment la dernière
I would be so grateful if you could overlook my silence; it has weighed heavily on me, believe me To help ease this tension, would you both do me the pleasure of joining me for lunch at my home this Sunday?
Croyez, chère Maman, à toute mon affection
(La bonne correspondance_ Maison d’édition de Thế Giới, 1999 : 163)
We begin with a family letter, a form of correspondence in both French and Vietnamese that is written from the heart and with spontaneity The true essence of a family letter lies in its naturalness This type of message does not adhere to formalities or complicated structures; instead, it fosters a friendly written conversation filled with freedom and warmth.
The article discusses a reconciliation letter from a woman to her mother-in-law, highlighting the cultured nature of the family through the respectful salutation "ô vous." The woman's expression is delicate and tactful, reflecting sensitivity and careful consideration She sincerely conveys her feelings and respect, aiming to prevent any resentment from her mother-in-law regarding her past behavior.
Prenons une traduction suivante dans le livre ôLa bonne correspondance ằ publiée par Maison d’édition de Thế Giới en 1999 ô Mẹ thõn yờu của con,
Jaques không yêu cầu con viết thư thăm mẹ, nhưng con cảm thấy nỗi nhớ mẹ ngày càng lớn khi nhận ra đã gần hai tháng rồi mẹ con mình chưa gặp nhau.
Mọi gia đình đều có những va chạm không thể tránh khỏi do sự khác biệt trong cách nghĩ và lối sống Tuy nhiên, điều quan trọng là không để những mâu thuẫn này dẫn đến im lặng và lãnh đạm Mẹ yêu quý, con tin rằng với một chút thiện chí từ cả hai phía, mọi vấn đề sẽ được giải quyết.
Con xin hứa với mẹ rằng cuộc tranh cãi vừa qua đã khiến con rất đau lòng, và con sẽ nỗ lực hết mình để đó là lần tranh cãi cuối cùng.
Con sẽ rất hạnh phúc nếu mẹ không ghét con vì sự im lặng của con Xin mẹ hãy tin rằng điều này đã đè nặng lên con Để quên đi nỗi buồn, liệu mẹ có cho con cơ hội mời mẹ về nhà ăn trưa cùng vào hai chủ nhật mỗi tháng không?
Mẹ thân yêu, xin mẹ ghi nhận tấm lòng trìu mến của con
After reading this translation, we find that it accurately conveys the information from the original text; however, it contains linguistic inaccuracies and awkward expressions due to the translator's use of a contrastive approach This is evident in the literal translation that relies on word and phrase correspondences, such as translating "ô dộsir" as "ô sự ao ước," "ô assurer" as "ô cam kết," and "ô mon silence" as "ô sự im lặng của con."
In Vietnamese family letters, certain words and phrases stand out during the first reading, highlighting common issues These include expressions like "ô yêu cầu" (request), "ô va chạm" (collision), "ô cam kết" (commitment), "ô cứ hai chủ nhật une fois" (every other Sunday), and "ô tấm lũng trỡu mến" (affectionate terms).
The term "ô yờu cầu" is viewed as an obligation, while "ô bảo" or "ô nhắc" reflects a positive marital relationship, indicating that the woman does not require a gentle request from her husband "Ô Heurt" signifies disagreement between individuals, whereas in Vietnamese, "ô va chạm" is used to describe conflicts with strangers In familial relationships, terms like "ô mõu thuẫn" or "ô bất đồng" are less aggressive and therefore more reasonable.
The phrase "There are conflicts in every family" serves as an emphatic statement that highlights the notion of "conflicts." When translating this into Vietnamese, it is essential to retain the author's nuanced meaning.
The phrases "I specifically commit to you, Mom, the recent argument has hurt me deeply" and "please acknowledge my heartfelt feelings, Mom" seem overly formal for a familial context.
The phrase "ô hai chủ nhật một lần" is clearly a literal translation In Vietnamese, expressions like "ô ba ngày một lần" or "ô hai tuần một lần" are commonly used, but "ô hai chủ nhật một lần" is not Instead, the phrase "ô hai tuần một lần vào chủ nhật" is easily accepted.
Lettre administrative
Si le langage de la correspondance familiale est exprimé en pleinede liberté, le langage de la correspondance officielle et administrative doit être soutenu Examinons l’exemple suivant : ô Maợtre,
J’ai été sollicité par une personne de mes relations, qui me demande de commanditer pour une opération commerciale qu’elle se propose d’entreprendre
Plutôt ignorant en matière d’affaires, j’aimerais discuter avec vous des modalités possibles de cette commandite, ainsi que du contrat dont elle ferait éventuellement l’objet
Voudriez-vous me fixer un rendez-vous, un jour de la semaine prochaine (jeudi excepté) ?
Je vous remercie à l’avance et vous prie de bien vouloir agrộer, Maợtre, l’expression de ma considération distinguée
Jacques Oudart ằ (La bonne correspondance_ Maison d’édition de Thế Giới, 1999 : 266 )
This article discusses a letter requesting an appointment with a notary for a specific matter, emphasizing the importance of politeness The salutation and closing phrases reflect the relationship and status between the sender and recipient Phrases like "Dear Sir" or "Dear Mr." convey a sense of warmth and cordiality Additionally, the sender shows respect by addressing the recipient with the title "Master," highlighting the formal nature of the correspondence.
De plus, des expressions comme ô j’aimerais… ằ, ô voudriez-vous… ằ, ô je vous prie de… ằ nous montrent la politesse de la lettre
This letter features a clear structure divided into three parts The first part includes two paragraphs explaining the reason the sender is requesting an appointment with the notary The second part outlines the main objective of the letter: to request a meeting The third part consists of a simple and direct closing salutation Understanding the structure of the text aids the translator in achieving clarity and coherence in the translated document.
Voici une traduction dans le livre ô La bonne correspondance ằ publiộ par la
Maison d’édition de Thế Giới : ô Thưa ngài,
Tôi có người quen mới rủ tôi hùn vốn vào một nghiệp vụ thương mại mà họ định làm
Vì không có kiến thức sâu về kinh doanh, tôi mong muốn thảo luận với ngài về các hình thức hợp tác đầu tư, cũng như nội dung của hợp đồng liên quan đến việc này.
Liệu ngài có thể hẹn cho tôi một ngày nào đó trong tuần tới (trừ thứ 5)?
Xin cảm ơn trước thưa ngài, và xin ghi nhận tấm lòng quý mến của tôi
Jacques Oudart ằ (La bonne correspondance_ Maison d’édition de Thế Giới, 1999 : 267 )
An administrative letter requires formal language; however, the use of a contrastive approach can lead to awkward expressions in translation While relative clauses enhance coherence in French sentences, a word-for-word translation into Vietnamese can become cumbersome and complicated, resulting in phrases like "what they intend to do" or "what this will involve."
To address this error, we transform the initial sentence of the original text into a coherent Vietnamese sentence while preserving its meaning Specifically, the first sentence conveys two key pieces of information: a contact of the sender is considering starting a business and is inviting them to invest in this venture Our proposed sentence is: "Ô Tụi cú một người quen đang cú ý định kinh doanh, anh ấy rủ tụi cựng đầu tư ằ."
The second sentence of the translation reflects the application of a contrastive approach to pedagogical translation The translator retained the structure of the French sentence, which led to comprehension difficulties for Vietnamese readers To address this issue, we reformulate the sentence as follows: "Ô Plutụt ignorant en matière d’affaires, j’aimerais discuter avec vous des modalités possibles de cette commandite ainsi que du contrat concernant." Additionally, to ensure cohesion within the sentence, we incorporate the pair "ô vỡ…nờn…" to establish a cause-and-effect relationship.
Quant à la troisième phrase qui consiste à demander un rendez-vous au notaire :
Liệu ngài có thể hẹn cho tôi một ngày nào đó trong tuần tới (trừ thứ 5)?
La traduction est assez directe comme demande Nous decidons donc de la commencer par ô hy vọng ằ pour montrer le respect et la politesse vers le rộcepteur
Additionally, the expression "I hope " conveys a humble tone for a polite request, aligning with the "Would you " phrasing from the original text This creates a respectful approach to making inquiries.
Hy vọng ông có thể dành cho tôi một buổi hẹn vào một ngày nào đó trong tuần (trừ thứ 5)
In Vietnamese administrative letters, it is uncommon to express personal feelings in the closing remarks Phrases such as "Ô tấm lũng quý mến" are considered inappropriate Instead, formal expressions like "Ô Tụi xin chân thành cảm ơn" and "Ô Xin gửi đến…lời chào trân trọng" are typically used to convey respect and gratitude.
Aprốs avoir compris les caractộristiques d’une lettre administrative du franỗais et du vietnamien, nous proposons une solution suivante : ô Thưa ụng,
Tôi có một người quen đang có ý định kinh doanh, anh ấy rủ tôi cùng đầu tư
Vì thiếu hiểu biết về các điều khoản thương mại, tôi muốn thảo luận với ông về một số hình thức đầu tư và các điều khoản trong hợp đồng.
Hy vọng ông có thể dành cho tôi một buổi hẹn vào một ngày nào đó trong tuần (trừ thứ 5)
Tôi xin chân thành cảm ơn
Texte littéraire
Concernant ce type de texte, nous donnons un extrait du roman ô Oự es-tu ?ằ de Marc Lộvy – l’ộcrivain franỗais contemporain dont les œuvres sont les plus lues en France
Born on September 14, 1974, at 8 AM, his birthplace was a small island off the Honduran coast, located at 15°30' N latitude and 65° W longitude His birth went unnoticed, recorded as number 734 in the registry For the first two days of his life, he developed in complete indifference, with stable vital signs that did not warrant special attention He received the same standard care as all newborns, with his vital constants monitored every six hours as per protocol However, on September 16
At 2 PM, the analysis results caught the attention of a team of Guadeloupean scientists, who questioned the abnormal growth of a particular specimen That evening, the lead scientist expressed concern and immediately contacted his American colleagues, realizing that a significant transformation was occurring that warranted global attention This creature, born from the union of cold and heat, was beginning to exhibit a dangerous nature Unlike its sister, who had only lived for eleven days due to insufficient strength, this specimen was growing at an alarming rate, reaching a concerning size by just two days old By the third evening of its life, it began to move in various directions, spinning around and displaying increasing vitality, yet showing no inclination to settle in one place.
( Où es-tu ?_ Marc Lévy)
At the beginning of the novel "Where Are You?", this excerpt illustrates the significant evolution of an orange during its first three days of life Understanding this transformation is essential for a translator aiming to accurately convey the text.
The coherence and cohesion of this text are expressed through a clear chronological order: on September 14, on September 16, and on the third evening of his life During the first two days, this orange develops normally However, the logical connector "but" indicates a contrary phenomenon Following this connector, several commas separate the ideas in the subsequent sentence.
The article highlights the theme of discontinuous growth, contrasting the short life of the author's younger sister, who lived only eleven days, with the alarming and rapid growth of the author, who reached a concerning height by just two days old The use of the adverb "on the contrary" and the conjunction "if" adds excitement and allure to the narrative.
Furthermore, the writer employs personification, a rhetorical device that aligns with the literary style characterized by its aesthetic function This figure of speech helps the author evoke feelings or impressions in the readers Specifically, the author describes the evolution of the hurricane as akin to that of a child, illustrating its development in a relatable manner, much like all newborns of its kind, including its little sister, Elaine.
In translation, it is essential for the translator to utilize the lexical field related to the birth of a newborn While the translator is aware that the pronoun "ô il" refers to the orange, it is important not to replace "ô il" with "ô l'orange" to maintain the charm of the text and pique the curiosity of readers.
Ô Nú được sinh ra vào ngày 14 tháng Chín năm 1974, lúc 8 giờ sáng, tại vị trí 15.30 độ vĩ bắc, 65 độ kinh tây, trên một hòn đảo nhỏ ngoài khơi Honduras Sự ra đời của nó không được ai chú ý, và trong sổ trực, nó mang số.
Trong hai ngày đầu sau khi chào đời, sự phát triển của nó diễn ra bình thường và không thu hút sự chú ý đặc biệt từ mọi người Các thông số theo dõi đều ổn định, vì vậy quy trình ghi nhận diễn ra như thường lệ cứ mỗi 6 giờ Tuy nhiên, vào ngày 16 tháng Chín lúc 14 giờ, các kết quả phân tích bắt đầu gây lo ngại cho một nhóm nhà khoa học Guadeloupe, khi sự phát triển của nó có dấu hiệu chệch khỏi quỹ đạo bình thường.
Vào buổi tối, trưởng nhóm phụ trách theo dõi tình hình không thể giấu nổi sự lo lắng và ngay lập tức đã liên lạc với các đồng nghiệp.
Tại Mỹ, một hiện tượng đáng lo ngại đang diễn ra liên quan đến sự phát triển bất thường của một đứa trẻ Sự kết hợp giữa cái nóng và cái lạnh cùng với tính khí khó lường của nó đang thu hút sự chú ý của nhân loại Khác với người chị gái Élaine, chỉ sống được mười một ngày do không đủ sức mạnh, đứa trẻ này đang phát triển với tốc độ đáng báo động Chỉ sau hai ngày, nó đã đạt được sức vóc đáng lo ngại và đến ngày thứ ba, nó bắt đầu di chuyển hỗn loạn, xoay quanh chính mình, thể hiện sức sống mãnh liệt nhưng vẫn chưa xác định được hướng đi cụ thể.
(Em ở đâu ?_ Maison d’édition de Nha Nam)
The translator successfully captured the allure of the text without revealing the character's identity In the sentence discussing Sister Elaine, the translator highlights the contrast in the strength and evolution of two oranges by employing evocative terms such as "only" and "just."
This translation exemplifies a common issue of repetition in translation, featuring excessive repeated phrases such as "ô nú ằ," "ô của nú ằ," and "ô sự phỏt triển ằ." In Vietnamese, repetition can enhance rhythm, coherence, and expression; however, it often leads to a heavy and tedious text Unlike the original text, which employs a variety of pronouns to avoid repetition, the Vietnamese translation redundantly uses "ô nú ằ" and "ô của nú ằ," indicating a limited vocabulary on the part of the translator.
To correct this error, we can either remove the unnecessary repeated word (changing "ô chiếc nụi của nú ằ" to "ô chiếc nụi ằ") or replace it with a synonym (substituting "ô sự lo lắng ằ" with "ô nỗi lo ằ") It is essential for a writer to be attentive to such details.
42 doit avoir un vocabulaire très riche, dans ce cas-là, le traducteur ne réussit pas à jouer le rôle de Marc Lévy
Dans deux premières phrases, nous comptons cinq prépositions, ce qui rend les idées très séparées
The phrase "ô Điều gỡ đú quan trọng đang xảy ra" is not a good translation because the translator has too closely adhered to the term "ô quan trọng," which in Vietnamese appears neutral or even positive However, in this context, we are concerned about the uncontrollable growth of oranges Therefore, using "ô nghiờm trọng" is a more appropriate solution.
Texte juridique
Legal texts possess a solemn tone, as they represent the voice of the State and aim to enforce the law, which comprises the social rules necessary for the proper organization of society The law applies universally, requiring compliance from all individuals Consequently, legal language inherently carries an imperative quality, delineating what is permitted or prohibited Furthermore, legal language must be precise and clear to avoid pitfalls, misunderstandings, and misinterpretations, ensuring that everyone comprehends the content of the law.
En comprenant ces caractéristiques de la langue du droit, le traducteur doit assurer la précision, la clarté du texte de départ en langue d’arrivée lors de la traduction
Analysons des ộlộments discursifs de l’article 19 du Code civil des Franỗais (Dernière modification : 22 mars 2005) :
Est franỗais l’enfant nộ en France de parents inconnus
However, it is reported that an individual may never acquire French nationality if, during their minority, their parentage is established in relation to a foreigner and if, in accordance with the national law of their parent, they possess that parent's nationality.
Cet article parle du droit d’avoir la nationalitộ franỗaise et de la perte de la nationalitộ franỗaise de l’enfant nộ en France
The second sentence is lengthy yet clear, thanks to the robust structure of the arguments supported by logical connectors such as "however" and "if." This cohesion significantly contributes to the redundancy often found in legal language, which stems from a desire for comprehensiveness.
La voix passive est abondamment employộe : ô sera rộputộ ằ, ô est ộtablie ằ, ô se voie transmettre ằ, ô ờtre transmise ằ L’utilisation de tournures passives donne ces textes juridiques un ton neutre, objectif et solennel
Examinons une traduction suivante : Điều 19 :
Những đứa trẻ bị bỏ rơi sinh ra tại Pháp thì được mang quốc tịch Pháp
Trẻ em sẽ không được cấp quốc tịch Pháp khi còn ở độ tuổi vị thành niên nếu có quan hệ con cái với một người nước ngoài, và trong trường hợp này, trẻ sẽ mang quốc tịch của cha hoặc mẹ theo quy định của quốc gia đó.
Generally, the translator understands the meaning of the articles but makes some errors in discourse due to a lack of attention to the precision, clarity, and coherence of the legal text.
According to Isabel González Rey in "Une approche didactique aux caractéristiques linguistiques du français juridique," legal texts often use the third person singular, typically masculine, to refer to individuals in specific situations However, translating "l’enfant" as "những đứa trẻ" in Vietnamese introduces ambiguity regarding number, which is not acceptable in legal language Furthermore, the term "đứa trẻ" is colloquial and does not align with the scientific language of law Instead, the appropriate term is "trẻ em," which signifies that any child born in France to unknown parents is considered French.
The phrase "abandoned" does not fully capture the meaning of the initial phase, as it implies that the parents chose to leave the child However, there are situations where parents may have passed away shortly after the child was born in France In such cases, the child still retains the right to French nationality.
The construction of the second sentence in the translation is unclear due to the term "ô khi ằ." In legal language, the relationship between result and condition requires clarity, which is expressed by the term "ô nếuằ" between two ideas.
Pour compréhension plus précise de l’argumentation de cette phrase, elle peut s’expliquer comme suivant : ô Toutefois, l’enfant sera rộputộ n’avoir jamais ộtộ franỗais :
+ Si au cours de sa minorité, sa filiation est établie à l’égard d’un étranger et
+ Si l’enfant a nationalité de son auteur (l’étranger), conformément à la loi nationale de celui-ci ằ
Donc, il faut avoir deux conditions en même temps pour arriver au résultat : ô l’enfant sera rộputộ n’avoir jamais ộtộ franỗais ằ
The expression of legal language is highly precise, rejecting any insufficient or superfluous explanations For instance, the term "quốc gia" is a Chinese loanword that also means "country."
Comme nous disons, la langue du droit est précise et claire Nous présentons donc une proposition de la Maison du droit vietnamo-franỗaise : Điều 19 :
Trẻ em sinh ra tại Pháp mà không xác định được cha mẹ thì có quốc tịch Pháp
Trẻ sẽ mất quốc tịch Pháp và được xem như chưa bao giờ có quốc tịch này nếu trong thời kỳ chưa thành niên xác định được cha mẹ là người nước ngoài, và theo luật quốc tịch của cha hoặc mẹ, trẻ phải mang quốc tịch của họ.
(Bộ luật dân sự Pháp, Nhà xuất bản tư pháp, 2006 :29)
In legal texts, it is essential to maintain uniformity in legal language, particularly regarding nationality terms Key phrases include "acquire nationality," "lose nationality," "reintegrate into nationality," "deprive nationality," and "renounce nationality." Therefore, we utilize the terms "acquire nationality" and "lose nationality" to ensure clarity and consistency.
This translation is clear and utilizes logical connectors such as "however" and "if." Additionally, the translator adheres to the structure of Vietnamese legal texts by incorporating authority references like "in accordance with," "by virtue of," and "according to," which are reflected in phrases such as "based on" and "according to."
Publicité
In the realm of journalism, advertising stands out due to its captivating and unique expression, effectively conveying its message This activity aims to promote a brand and encourage the audience to purchase a product or utilize a specific service Daily, we encounter advertisements across various platforms, including television, newspapers, and billboards.
Advertising is defined by two key characteristics: attractiveness and conciseness These elements are reflected in sentence length, word choice (including evocative words, adjectives, and adverbs), poetic art, and persuasive argumentation When translating advertisements, it is essential to preserve these characteristics alongside the content.
Dans le cadre de ce petit mémoire, nous proposons deux publicités de l’image
La première contient des phrases courtes et la dernière est présentée par un petit texte Comment traduire ces deux publicités en vietnamien?
Algifo est un médicament utilisé pour le traitement à court terme de maux de tête Cette publicité se compose des phrases courtes et syntagmes verbaux:
- Agit même si vous n’y croyez pas
- Soulage rapidement les maux de tête
Notamment, la première phrase est poétique, courte, facile à mémoriser avec la rime ô i ằ :
Algifor, agit même si vous n’y croyez pas
Lors de la traduction, nous devons donc obéir l’art poétique de la première phrase et la concision de ces phrases
Examinons la traduction suivante d’un étudiant :
- Làm giảm cơn đau đầu nhanh chóng
- Đọc kỹ hướng dẫn sử dụng trước khi dùng
In this translation, the original meaning is preserved, but the rhyme is not interpreted, resulting in a loss of the original effect that creates impression and attraction The phrase "It quickly alleviates headaches" is relatively long and less appealing On the other hand, "Read the instructions carefully before use" is a phrase well-suited for Vietnamese audiences.
En essayant d’assurer des éléments discursifs, nous proposons la traduction suivante :
- Có Algifo, khỏi lo đau đầu
- Giảm nhanh các cơn đau
- Đọc kỹ hướng dẫn sử dụng trước khi dùng
To maintain the original rhyme in translation, we create a version using the rhyme pattern ô o ằ, which preserves the meaning of the source text This approach effectively conveys the product's efficiency while appealing to consumers through its rhyme The term ô chỉ ằ (meaning "only") in ô Chỉ sau 30 phỳt ằ emphasizes the rapid action of the medication.
High-quality silk pajama sets for women, crafted from 22 Momme natural mulberry silk, are now available in a variety of sizes Chic and playful, wearing these silk pajamas adds an elegant touch to your wardrobe Once you slip into LilySilk pajamas, you'll experience unparalleled comfort.
LilySilk's pajama advertisement highlights the brand's commitment to high-quality, sexy, and fun designs The use of adjectives such as elegant and comfortable enhances the appeal of the product By employing the structure of a hypothesis, phrases like "If then " and "Once that " make the advertisement more engaging Placing "sexy and fun" at the beginning of the sentence emphasizes these key qualities, attracting women who want to feel stylish in their sleepwear.
Introducing the Lilysilk high-quality silk pajamas for women, made from 22 Momme natural mulberry silk and currently in stock These pajamas offer numerous benefits, including exceptional comfort and breathability In conclusion, the product's advantages reaffirm its value in the market.
The pronoun "ô" targets women who read this advertisement This form of address is commonly used in advertising to create a sense of personal connection, making readers feel as though the message is directly speaking to them.
Observons maintenant la traduction ci-dessous d’un étudiant:
Bộ đồ ngủ chất lượng cao dành cho phụ nữ được làm từ lụa tơ tằm tự nhiên 22 Momme, mang đến nhiều kích cỡ để bạn lựa chọn Với thiết kế gợi cảm và phong cách, bộ đồ ngủ bằng lụa này sẽ làm tủ quần áo của bạn trở nên sành điệu hơn Khi mặc đồ ngủ LilySilk, bạn sẽ cảm nhận được sự thoải mái tuyệt đối.
Upon closer inspection, the translation appears to be decent; however, the lack of connectors results in disjointed ideas, making it less appealing The phrase "high-quality sleepwear for women" is incomplete, missing a predicate to form a full sentence Additionally, the descriptions "made from 22 Momme natural silk" and "available in various sizes" serve only as appositions to characterize the sleepwear, indicating a structural error in the sentence organization Furthermore, the second sentence leaves readers unclear about whether "sensual and attractive" refers to the quality of the sleepwear.
53 pyjama ou le sentiment de la prioritaire de ce vêtement Nous nous permettons de présenter notre traduction :
Bộ sưu tập pyjama cao cấp dành cho phái đẹp từ lụa tơ tằm 22 Momme mang đến nhiều kích cỡ lựa chọn Bộ đồ ngủ không chỉ giúp bạn trở nên quyến rũ và xinh xắn mà còn nâng tầm vẻ đẹp cho tủ quần áo của bạn Hãy trải nghiệm sự thoải mái tuyệt vời với pyjama của LilySilk.
By changing the word "ô" to "ằ" in the phrase, "ô Bộ sưu tập Pyjama cao cấp dành cho phái đẹp được làm từ lụa tơ tằm 22 Momme có nhiều kích cỡ cho bạn lựa chọn ằ," it transforms into a complete sentence The premium silk pajama collection for women is made from 22 Momme silk and offers a variety of sizes for you to choose from.
The term "ô femme" is commonly translated as "ô phụ nữ," but we prefer "ô phỏi đẹp," a phrase that better reflects a high-quality fashion product that enhances women's charm through its pajamas Additionally, "ô cao cấp" conveys a more luxurious connotation than "ô chất lượng cao."
The phrase "not only but also " serves as a strong argumentative structure that effectively combines three ideas from the second sentence This construction highlights two adjectives, "sexy" and "fun," where the former denotes an attractive charm and the latter signifies delightful enjoyment In conclusion, the use of the term "certainly" provides a definitive affirmation.
Bilan du chapitre
This chapter highlights the distinct discursive elements present in various text genres Notably, both journalistic (advertising) and literary genres frequently employ rhetoric, whereas administrative and legal texts prioritize precision, clarity, and seriousness in expression Language registers are clearly evident in family letters, literary works, and legal documents Cohesion and coherence are essential for any text; even in the absence of logical connectors, a translator must clarify the original's cohesion and coherence to ensure readers fully understand the translated content.
Identifying discourse elements has enabled us to analyze the discursive errors made by novice translators and professional translators alike, leading to the proposal of a more accurate translation The varying quality of the two translations underscores the significance of the discursive component in translation, highlighting the necessity of understanding discourse elements to achieve an effective translation.
Our thesis aims to highlight the significance of the discursive component in French-Vietnamese translation, drawing on theories of translation, professional translation practices, and the role of discourse.
In this article, we explored various definitions of translation from several theorists worldwide, concluding that translation involves conveying a message in the target language while preserving the semantic and stylistic equivalences of the source language Professional translation is essential for this process, and it relies on four key components of communication competence, including the discursive component We also highlighted the definition of the discursive component and the notable discursive elements that translators must consider during the translation process.
Finally, an analysis of the discursive errors in translations by both students and professionals has reaffirmed the significant role of the discursive component in translation.
Although it is just a mini-thesis and a research exercise that still requires improvement, we hope this work will serve as a valuable resource for aspiring translators like us and for anyone interested in this topic as a reference.
Given the vastness of the topic, this study focuses on the most typical and relevant text genres For the genres and discursive elements not illustrated, we hope they will be addressed in future research Therefore, we welcome feedback, suggestions, and advice from our professors and friends, which are invaluable to our academic journey.
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1 http://apliut.revues.org/1562#tocto2n3 Consulté le 20 mars
2 Différentes composante de compétence communicative: http://theses.univ- lyon2.fr/documents/getpart.php?id=lyon2.2005.chaban_o&part461Consu lté le 20 mars
3 http://pedagogie.ac-toulouse.fr/ien09- pamiers/IMG/pdf/LecPamiersDiffusion.pdf Consulté le 22 mars
4 http://www.univ-catholyon.fr/information-sur/la- recherche/publications/elements-d-analyse-l-analyse-de-la-composante- discursive-28770.kjsp Consulté le 25 mars
5 ww.coe.int/T/DG4/Linguistic/Source/Framework_FR.pdfwConsulté le 26 mars
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7 https://www.kartable.fr/seconde/francais/specifique/chapitres-58/les- differents-types-de-textes/cours/les-differents-types-de-textes/16295Consulté le premier avril
8 http://truongthongtuan.com/truong-thong-tuan-phong-cach-hoc-de-cuong- bai-giang-nguoi-bien-soan-ts-truong-thong-tuan-truong-dai-hoc-tay-nguyen/ Consulté le 20 avril
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13 http://www.drgoulu.com/2013/03/21/deux-pubs/#.VUoz3vmqpHw Consulté le 25 avril
14 http://www.lilysilk.com/fr/pyjama-en-soie-femmeConsulté le 25 avril
15 http://www.phatgiaobaclieu.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view
&id"39&ItemidQ Consulté le 28 avril
16 Mê Isabel GONZÁLEZ REY: Une approche didactique aux caractộristiques linguistiques du franỗais juridique (Universitộ ôSaint-Jacques de Compostelleằ, Espagne)Consultộ le 30 avril 2015 en ligne: https://www.academia.edu/5937358/Une_approche_didactique_aux_caract% C3%A9ristiques_linguistiques_du_fran%C3%A7ais_juridique)
17 Les aspects théoriques et pratiques de la traduction juridique : http://theses.ulaval.ca/archimede/fichiers/21362/ch05.html)Consulté le 30 avril 2015
18 http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do;jsessionid!4E2285600B91C 50E70C28B1F3CED6B.tpdila20v_2?idSectionTA=LEGISCTA0000061499 08&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070721&dateTexte 060406 Consulté le
Thank you for taking a few minutes to translate these short texts, as it helps us enhance our final study memory Your responses will remain confidential and will be utilized in our research.
Traduisez ces petits textes ci-dessous en vietnamien, vous pouvez consulter le dictionnaire ou faites de recherche des connaissances nécessaires à la traduction Très cordialement
- Agit même si vous n’y croyez pas
- Soulage rapidement les maux de tête
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Titre Ier bis: De la nationalitộ franỗaise
Chapitre II: De la nationalitộ franỗaise d’origine
Section 2: Des Franỗais par la naissance en France ((Hưởng quốc tịch Phỏp do sinh ra tại Pháp)