Zum Begriff „ĩbersetzen“
Translation plays a crucial role as a practical means of language mediation, particularly since trade began among individuals from diverse linguistic backgrounds Today, this activity has become a frequently studied subject across various academic disciplines, including linguistics, literary studies, and especially translation studies Numerous definitions of "translation" have been presented in the literature from different perspectives Below, selected definitions of translation will be discussed and analyzed.
A G Oettinger 1 definiert ĩbersetzen wie folgt:
Translating involves transforming signs or representations into different forms while maintaining their significance The challenge lies in ensuring that the translated images retain a similar meaning to the originals, as closely as possible This preservation of significance is the key issue when translating between natural languages.
Interlingual translation can be defined as the replacement of elements of one language, the domain of translation, by equivalent elements of another language, the range.”
According to Oettinger, translation is a process that involves replacing or transforming the signs or representations of a source language (SL) into a target language (TL) In interlingual transfer from the SL to the TL, equivalent semantic elements should be present In this context, equivalence means achieving "as nearly the same significance as we can get."
Absolute semantic equivalence does not always occur and is relative It is evident that differences exist between languages and cultures, which impacts translation efforts To achieve successful communication, translators strive to identify expressions in the target language that closely match those in the source language However, this definition overlooks other important factors in translation, such as context, pragmatic and stylistic representations, and the target audience.
Bei Catford 2 ist ĩbersetzen zu verstehen:
„Translation is an operation performed on languages: a process of substituting a text in one language for a text in another
Translation is the process of replacing textual material in one language (source language, SL) with equivalent material in another language (target language, TL) According to Catford, the focus of translation is on the text itself, emphasizing that when transferring a SL text to a TL text, it is essential to consider not only equivalent words and sentences but also various textual influencing factors These factors include text types, conventions, and language styles that reflect the communication context, which ultimately determine the translation strategies and methods employed Winter also offers a similar definition, adding further insights into the translation process.
Translation involves substituting one interpretation of our surroundings and inner experiences with a closely equivalent formulation This concept extends even within a single language, particularly when simplifying complex or esoteric statements for better understanding Although this usage is somewhat peripheral, it highlights the nuanced nature of translation.
Translation is characterized by six fundamental features, which collectively define the process Essentially, it involves replacing an interpretation from one language with an equivalent expression in another language.
The definition encompasses not only the concept of text formulation but also the notion of "world," specifically referring to a "segment of the universe." This world reveals extralinguistic realities that are simultaneously understood and interpreted within the text According to Winter, translation involves replacing the source language formulations of interpretations of world segments with equivalent target language formulations.
Und E.A Nida/ C.R Taber 4 haben u.a eine so genannte kompakte Definition dazu aufgefasst:
,,Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.”
Translation is understood as a reproduction in the target language (TL), where the source-language message is conveyed with the closest natural equivalents in both content and style Notably, this definition emphasizes the reproduction process and the language of the recipients, indicating that E.A Nida and C.R Taber view translation as a reconstruction process rather than mere replacement, briefly addressing the role of the audience in this context.
According to Koller, the definitions presented by authors Oettinger, Catford, Winter, and E.A Nida/C.R Taber focus on the linguistic or textual aspects of translation Additionally, an alternative approach can be taken to describe the translation process, suggesting a broader perspective on the complexities involved in translation work.
7 auf den kommunikativen Aspekt des ĩbersetzens mit weiteren Einstellungen der anderen ĩbersetzungswissenschaftler eingegangen
Wilss 5 betrachtet ĩbersetzen als eine zweiphasige Tọtigkeit:
Translation is a process of text processing and verbalization that transforms a source text into a target text that is as equivalent as possible, requiring a comprehensive understanding of both content and style This process consists of two main phases: the comprehension phase, where the translator analyzes the source text for its meaning and stylistic intentions, and the linguistic reconstruction phase, where the translator reproduces the analyzed text while optimally considering aspects of communicative equivalence.
The process consists of two main phases: the comprehension phase and the linguistic reconstruction phase The focus is on analyzing and understanding the content and style of the source text (ST) and transforming it into the target language (TL) The comprehension phase serves as a crucial gateway to the reconstruction phase It is essential to consider communication conditions, such as context, temporal and spatial references, and pragmatically appropriate equivalents in the TL during the reformulation process Engaging in the reconstruction phase is vital for making the source text comprehensible to the audience.
Language remains a vital means of communication, and translation, as a form of language mediation, undoubtedly fulfills a unique communicative role In this context, G Jọger succinctly captures the essence of translation in his definition.
The essence of translation lies in ensuring effective communication, distinguishing itself from heterogeneous language mediation by preserving the communicative value of a text when re-encoding it from one language (LA) to another (LB) This process ensures that the LA text and the LB text remain communicatively equivalent.
Wesen der Translation - wie der Kommunikation überhaupt - liegt somit im Extralinguistischen, im linguistischen (sprachlichen) Bereich vollzieht sich aber die Translation: Sie ist in ihrer Erscheinungsform ein sprachlicher
Prozess, bei dem einem Text einer Sprache LA ein Text einer Sprache LB zugeordnet wird, der dem Text der Sprache LA kommunikativ ọquivalent ist.“
The definition emphasizes that translation focuses on ensuring effective communication by preserving the communicative value of the source text (ST) in the target text (TT), achieving communicative equivalence Koller supports this notion, highlighting the importance of maintaining the original message's intent and impact during the translation process.
Definition für ,,zwar konsequent kommunikationsorientiert, zugleich aber sehr allgemein” 7 , da sich der bedeutendste Ausdruck kommunikativ ọquivalent leider nicht grỹndlich erklọren lọsst
Und aus der Perspektive des ĩbersetzers haben Vannerem/ Snell-Hornby 8 eine sehr detaillierte Definition des ĩbersetzungsvorgangs vorgestellt
„Beim Verstehen von Text A geht der ĩbersetzer von einem vorgegebenen frame aus, nọmlich dem Text und seinen linguistischen Komponenten
ĩbersetzungsprobleme
Due to linguistic and cultural differences between the source and target languages, numerous translation issues can arise during two phases of translation To facilitate the identification of potential translation problems, they can be categorized into appropriate groups This paper uses Christiane Nord's classification of translation problems as its foundation According to Nord, translation problems are considered objective issues, distinct from translation difficulties, and are independent of the translator's competence and the working conditions of the translation task These problems encompass source text-specific, pragmatic, culture pair-specific, and language pair-specific issues In my opinion, this classification fundamentally covers the essential translation problems and serves as a valuable framework for addressing these issues in translation theory and practice.
Ausgangtextspezifische Probleme sind nicht einfach rein die sprach- oder kulturbezogenen Probleme, sondern zeichnen sich durch individuelle Stil- oder Ausdrucksmittel der inhaltlichen Gestaltung aus 11 Genauer gesagt werden sie von
10 Nach Nord sind ĩbersetzungsschwierigkeiten subjektiv und von der Kompetenz der ĩbersetzer und von den anderen Randbedingungen abhọngig (vgl Nord 1993: 208)
The stylistic choices of the sender or author significantly influence how their intended messages are uniquely expressed These issues are inherent to specific texts and depend on the author's expression, making them difficult to generalize This is particularly evident in literary works, where text-specific translation challenges frequently arise To illustrate this complexity, Le Hoai An presents a concrete example from the novel "Die Liebhaberinnen."
„eines tages beschloò brigitte, daò sie nur mehr frau sein wollte, ganz frau fỹr einen typ, der heinz heiòt.“ 13
The challenge in translation lies not in conveying meaning from the source language (SL) to the target language (TL), but in emphasizing the unique writing style Translating wordplay and jokes presents specific challenges due to the linguistic and cultural differences between the SL and TL As a result, a functional translation is often more necessary and obligatory than a purely content-based one Wordplay and jokes serve the purpose of eliciting laughter, and therefore, the translation must maintain this function.
In the context of communication, humor plays a significant role, where the content is not always the primary focus For instance, the wordplay "Eile mit Weile - Wer rastet, rostet" is created based on similar sounds When translating, it is essential to maintain the rhymes of the original text in certain contexts, as they contribute to the primary function of the wordplay Moreover, the translation must evoke a clever effect for the target language audience, just as it does for the source language audience Achieving all these typical characteristics of the original text in a different language presents a considerable challenge for translators.
13 Vgl Jelinek, z.n Le Hoai An 2010: 54
Pragmatic issues arise from communication situations and partners, focusing on the functions of the text The source text presents an initial context and must fulfill specific functions, while the translation should meet the intended purposes in the target situation Challenges may occur when the communicators (sender and receiver) come from different cultural backgrounds, as culture shapes attitudes, understanding, and perspectives on communication It dictates how individuals interpret situations and messages within their cultural context Consequently, culture plays a significant role in pragmatic issues, requiring the translator to comprehend the original communication context and deliver a product that resonates with the target audience in their cultural framework.
Ein traditionelles Beispiel ist die folgende Begrỹòungsformel im Vietnamesischen
(Kontext) Ein Kind trifft zufọllig auf der Straòe seine Freunde Es sagt:
Chúng mày đ i đ âu đấ y? (Wohin geht ihr denn?)
In Vietnamese culture, questions can serve as greetings, functioning similarly to a greeting without requiring a response Therefore, the translator should convey the Vietnamese greeting as "Hello!" or "Hi!" in German, rather than translating it literally as "Where are you going?"
The translation of the situation may not be appropriate, leading to poor functionality of the target text In German, the phrase "Wohin geht ihr denn?" is an inquiry for information rather than a greeting.
Pragmatic issues often arise from external text factors, such as the relationship between the sender and receiver, culture-specific references, metaphors, and deixis related to time and place Clearly, culture-specific challenges are intertwined with pragmatic problems, highlighting the complexity of communication across different cultural contexts.
Language is a crucial component of culture, making translation not just a linguistic task but also a cultural endeavor Translators must possess both language and cultural knowledge due to the differences in norms and conventions between the source and target cultures that can lead to translation challenges These culture-specific translation issues include macro conventions, text type conventions, general stylistic conventions, and translation conventions Typically, behaviors and habits are guided by the norms and conventions prevalent in any cultural domain For instance, everyday communicative actions such as greeting, thanking, or apologizing are deeply influenced by cultural concepts.
Auf kulturelle Probleme trifft man sehr oft beim ĩbersetzen von Idiomen und Phraseologismen (Redensarten und Redewendungen)
Der Patient stand schon mit einem Fuò im Grab , aber er erholte sich wieder 16
The phrase "standing with one foot in the grave" can sound odd when translated literally into Vietnamese as "đứng một chân trong mộ." Understanding this idiom requires cultural knowledge, as it conveys the meaning of being gravely ill Therefore, when translating into Vietnamese, it is essential to capture the overall essence of the idiom rather than focusing on the individual words, emphasizing the interpretation of being seriously ill for better comprehension by the target audience.
Oder beim Herübersetzen soll man auch viel Aufmerksamkeit auf kulturelle Komponenten richten
16 URL: https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/mit_einem_Fu%C3%9F_im_Grab_stehen Aufgerufen am 05.08.2016
Cảm ơn chị đã hỏi thăm! Nhà tôi đã khoẻ hơn rồi!
(Danke, es geht meinem Mann/ meiner Frau besser!)
The Vietnamese word "nhà" is commonly translated as "house," but its cultural significance extends beyond that, also referring to a spouse Translating "nhà" solely as "house" would lead to a misunderstanding of its deeper meaning in Vietnamese culture.
The translator is required to skillfully navigate the contrast between the two cultures to ensure that the translation is comprehensible for the audience from the different culture.
Lexical and syntactic issues arising from structural differences between the source language (SL) and the target language (TL) are categorized as language pair-specific problems These challenges involve internal textual factors such as lexicon, syntax, and suprasegmental features, including proper nouns, connotations, word formation, and attribution.
The German-Vietnamese language pair presents unique challenges due to the differing linguistic structures, with German being a highly inflected language and Vietnamese classified as an isolating, toneless language A notable issue at the word level is lexical ambiguity, where a single word can have multiple meanings depending on its context For instance, the verb "nehmen" typically means to take something in hand, but it can also signify different actions in various scenarios: "nehmen" means to buy when shopping, to eat and drink during a meal, and to ride a bus or taxi in transportation contexts Additionally, in fixed expressions such as "etwas ernst nehmen" (to take something seriously), "Platz nehmen" (to take a seat), and "Rücksicht auf etwas/ jemanden nehmen" (to take something/someone into consideration), the verb shifts away from its primary meaning.
Additionally, the structural discrepancies between two languages can pose challenges for translators A particularly interesting Vietnamese expression is "Búng bay." The issue arises from the syntactic differences between Vietnamese and German, leading to the question of whether "bay" functions as an adjective or a verb in this context.
ĩbersetzungsmethoden und -verfahren
In 1.2 wurde bereits darauf hingewiesen, dass beim ĩbersetzen mannigfaltige ĩbersetzungsprobleme auftauchen Daraufhin sind anwendungsfọhige Strategien als Problemlửsungen zu erwarten In der Translatologie versuchen mehrere Wissenschaftler bisher, zur Erleichterung der ỹbersetzerischen Tọtigkeit verschiedenartige ĩbersetzungsmethoden, -prozeduren und -verfahren zu entwickeln Im Folgenden sollen die wichtigsten ĩbersetzungsmethoden und - verfahren vorgestellt werden
Before delving into translation methods and procedures, it is essential to distinguish between these two concepts According to the Langenscheidt Dictionary, a procedure refers to the manner or way in which something is done.
Methode, d.h die zwei Begriffe besitzen sprachlich die gleiche Bedeutung
According to Schreiber (19), translation methods encompass the entire text and are viewed as a general "translation strategy" influenced by text type and translation purpose, such as literal, free, foreignizing, or naturalizing translation In contrast, Schreiber defines translation techniques as more specific "translation techniques" that depend on the language and culture pair, focusing on smaller text segments, sometimes down to individual words However, this distinction appears to be relative and may not sufficiently account for the diverse phenomena encountered in translation practice.
According to Koller, translation encompasses cultural work in a broader sense and linguistic work in a narrower sense, involving engagement with both other cultures and one's own, as well as a deep interaction with one's own language.
18 Vgl Langenscheidts Groòwửrterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache 2010: 1175
Translation primarily involves language and can be approached through two methods in the context of language contact: an adaptation that fits seamlessly into the target language and a foreignizing translation that retains elements of the source language.
The adaptive translation adheres to the linguistic and stylistic rules of the target language (TL), while the foreignizing translation aims for the most faithful representation of the source language (SL) text's linguistic and stylistic structures in the TL This means that in the target text, the presence of source language constructions is maximized.
Translation, in a broader sense, is a form of cultural work, as language is a significant component of culture and reflects cultural nuances In addition to linguistic competence, cultural knowledge is essential for the translation process Within cultural work, two types of translation can be distinguished based on cultural contact: adaptive translation and transferring translation.
In adaptive translation, cultural elements from the source text (ST) are replaced with elements from the target culture (TC), effectively assimilating the ST within the TC context Conversely, in transferring translation, specific cultural elements from the source culture are preserved in the target language The greater the cultural difference between the source and target, the more challenges arise in the translation process Koller has noted that it is essential to establish the necessary understanding conditions for the target audience to enable adequate reception of the translated material.
Auch Schreiber 23 hat sich angestrebt, eine Klassifizierungsmửglichkeit der ĩbersetzungsmethoden zu geben Das sind Textỹbersetzung (verfremdende ĩbersetzung/ ĩbersetzungen im engeren Sinn), Umfeldỹbersetzung (einbỹrgernde
18 ĩbersetzung/ ĩbersetzungen im weiteren Sinn) und Bearbeitung (Erweiterung, Zusammenfassung, Verbesserung)
Text translations or transformative translations involve maintaining internal invariants within the text This means that both the content and formal characteristics of the source text must be preserved in the target text Schreiber describes this method as a connection between "cultural alienation" and "linguistic naturalization."
Contextual translations, or integrative translations, focus on external invariants such as the text's intention, cultural function, and impact They emphasize and adhere to the original author's intent and the effect on the target language audience.
Im Kontrast zu ĩbersetzungen hat Schreiber nicht zuletzt auch interlinguale Bearbeitung vorgestellt, die textmerkmalbezogene Varianten fordert Eine
Editing is driven by the editor's intention to modify specific text features for various purposes, such as simplifying a complex text or making an inappropriate text acceptable In my view, the editing method is essential for ensuring that the translation is easily accessible to the target audience This is particularly relevant when translating texts for children or specialized content for non-experts, where clarifications and interpretations are necessary for comprehension Translation methods lay the groundwork for translation procedures, and Schmidt argues that translation procedures should not be limited to a single method but should be based on a variety of approaches.
Da die vorliegende Arbeit sich mit Fachbegriffen befasst, die vielmehr mit ĩbersetzungsverfahren zu tun haben, wird versucht, im nachstehenden Unterteil auf
24 Vgl Schreiber in Snell-Hornby (Hrsg.): Handbuch Translation 1999: 152
26 Vgl Schmidt, z n Schreiber in Snell-Hornby (Hrsg.): Handbuch Translation 1999: 151
19 die wichtigsten ĩbersetzungsverfahren auf der Grundlage der ĩbersetzungsmethoden Kollers und Schreibers einzugehen
Koller 27 hat fỹnf ĩbersetzungsverfahren vorgestellt, um sprachliche und kulturelle Lỹcken zwischen der AS und ZS zu schlieòen
- ĩbernahme des AS-Ausdrucks in die ZS
- Verwendung eines in der ZS bereits in ọhnlicher Bedeutung vorhandenen Ausdrucks
- Der AS-Ausdruck wird in der ZS umschrieben, kommentiert oder definiert
Building on the translation procedures outlined in Stylistique comparée, Wilss introduced a hierarchical and detailed representation in his transfer model He equated translation procedures with translation methods, classifying them into seven main categories: borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation The first three groups pertain to literal translation, while the remaining four relate to non-literal translation The schematic representation of this classification is as follows:
Stylistique comparée is a translation theory primarily developed in the French language by Vinay and Darbelnet in their work "Stylistique comparée du français et de l'anglais." This approach focuses on comparative linguistic analysis to identify language-specific characteristics while also establishing translation procedures.
(Vgl Elisa Dürichen (2013): Dossier Stylistique comparée zum Seminar „Probleme und Methoden der ĩbersetzungswissenschaft“, S.1 URL: http://www.carstensinner.de/Lehre/uebersetzungswissenschaft/dossiers2013/dossier_stylistique_comparee.do cx Aufgerufen am 26.07.2016)
Schreiber categorizes translation methods into three main procedures: text translation, contextual translation, and interlingual processing, further classified by areas such as lexicon (L), grammar (G), semantics (S), and auxiliary methods (H) This paper focuses on Schreiber's translation methods, which I believe are particularly suitable for a detailed exploration of specialized lexicon translation This will be explicitly addressed in the following sections.
(L1) Lexikalische Entlehnung: eine lexikalische Einheit der AS wird in die ZS entlehnt
(dt.) Pizza, Hamburger (vn.) Pizza, Hamburger
31 Vgl Schreiber in Snell-Hornby (Hrsg.): Handbuch Translation 1999: 152-153
(L2) Lexikalische Ersetzung (Substitution): ein lexikalisches AS-Element wird durch ein ZS-Element ersetzt
(dt.) Fisch (vn.) cá / (en.) fish (dt.) Baum (vn.) cây / (en.) tree
(L3) Lexikalischer Strukturwechsel: ausgangssprachliche Elemente wird unter dem Wortbildungsaspekt in der ĩbersetzung geọndert
(en.) Injustice (dt.) Ungerechtigkeit Prọfix In- + justice Prọfix un- + gerechtig + Suffix -keit
(G1) Wort-fỹr-Wort-ĩbersetzung: die Faktoren des AT wie Wortzahl, -art und - Stellung sind im ZT beizubehalten
(dt.) Ich esse Reis (vn.) Tôi ăn cơm
(dt.) Mach die Tür zu! (vn.) Đóng cửa lại!
(G2) Permutation: ausgangssprachliche Konstituenten werden in der ĩbersetzung umgestellt
I recently purchased a new blouse The phrase "I have bought" translates to "đã mua" in Vietnamese, while "new blouse" translates to "áo mới," showcasing the adjective following the noun in the Vietnamese language structure.
(G3/4) Expansion / Reduktion: die Wortzahl wird gesteigert bzw reduziert
(dt.) Ich kann Deutsch (vn.) Tôi có thể nói được tiếng Đức
(G5) Intrakategorialer Wechsel: ,,wortartinterne Änderung der grammatischen Funktion, z.B bestimmter Artikel zu Nullartikel od umgekehrt” 33
(en.) Man is evil (dt.) Der Mensch ist bửse 34 ohne Artikel mit dem bestimmten Artikel (G6) Transposition: die Wortart wird dabei transformiert
33 Vgl Schreiber in Snell-Hornby (Hrsg.): Handbuch Translation 1999: 152
34 Vgl Dr Evemarie Draganovici, Vorlesungsslides, URL: http://www.academia.edu/7808853/Methoden_und_Verfahren Aufgerufen am 05.08.2016
(dt.) Vielen Dank für die Einladung! (vn.) Cảm ơn bạn đã m ờ i mình nhé! (Danke dir, dass du mich eingeladen hast)
Im deutschen Satz ist ein Substantiv (Einladung) benutzt und im Vietnamesischen ein Verb (einladen)
(dt.) Ich habe Pech (vn.) Thật là xui x ẻ o (ungefọhr wie ‘So ein Pech’ im
Im deutschen Satz steht ein Substantiv (Pech) und im vietnamsischen ein Adjektiv (xui xẻo)
(G7) Transformation: die syntaktische Konstruktion im AT wird in der ĩbersetzung verọndert
(dt.) die Veranstaltung, die letzten Donnerstag stattgefunden hat
(vn.) Sự kiện di ễ n ra vào th ứ n ă m tu ầ n tr ướ c (Wortgruppe, Kein Relativsatz:
Ereignis stattfinden/geschehen am Donnerstag letzte Woche : wortwửrtliche ĩbersetzung von mir)
(S1) Semantische Entlehnung: ausgangssprachliche Inhaltsmerkmale lassen sich in entsprechenden zielsprachlichen Worten ausdrücken
(dt.) Wie der Vater, so der Sohn (vn.) Cha nào con nấy
(dt.) ĩbung macht den Meister (vn.) Cú cụng mài sắt cú ngày nờn kim
(S2) Modulation: die Perspektiven werden geọndert, indem man andere Inhaltsmerkmale versprachlicht
(dt.) zu schửn, um wahr zu sein (vn.) Khụng thể tin nổi (unglaublich)
(dt.) Lebensgefahr (frz.) danger de mort 35
(S3/4) Explikation/Implikation: damit wird der Explikationsgrad vermehrt oder vermindert Das heiòt, wie weit die ZS-Erlọuterungen fỹr die ausgangssprachlichen
Zum Begriff „Fachsprache“
The linguistic landscape encompasses various language types, with specialized languages, or "Fachsprache," representing a unique linguistic system Currently, the term "Fachsprache" lacks a universally accepted definition Below, I will cite several definitions of "Fachsprache" from linguists.
Buòmann 42 hat im Lexikon der Sprachwissenschaft eine Begriffserklọrung aufgestellt:
„Sprachliche Varietọt mit der Funktion einer prọzisen, effektiven Kommunikation über meist berufsspezifische Sachbereiche und Tọtigkeitsfelder.“
The article discusses the role of specialized language, a distinct form of communication primarily used within specific professional fields It emphasizes how specialized language facilitates clear communication in various occupations, although it does not address the linguistic characteristics or the relationship between specialized language and other language varieties.
Hoffmann 43 definiert „Fachsprache“ wie folgt:
„Fachsprache - das ist die Gesamtheit aller sprachlichen Mittel, die in einem fachlich begrenzbaren Kommunikationsbereich verwendet werden, um die
Verstọndigung zwischen den in diesem Bereich tọtigen Menschen zu gewọhrleisten.“
According to Hoffmann, technical language is a component of the overall language used for effective communication within a specific field This definition emphasizes the sociolinguistic role of technical languages in ensuring mutual understanding among participants in a professional context However, it unfortunately does not delve into the distinctive linguistic characteristics typical of technical languages.
Mührn and Pelka argue that a comprehensive understanding of specialized language as a language variant can be achieved, appropriately reflecting its diverse regional, situational, and functional forms They then provide a definition of "specialized language."
Specialized language, or jargon, refers to a variant of the overall language that facilitates the understanding and conceptualization of specific subject matter, catering to the unique communicative needs within a particular field While primarily associated with experts, it can also be accessed by those with a keen interest in the subject Specialized languages are characterized by a distinct selection, usage, and frequency of linguistic elements, particularly at the levels of morphology, lexicon, syntax, and text.
The term "specialized language" encompasses various aspects, particularly from a linguistic perspective, where it is considered a component of the overall language Specialized language is characterized by specific lexical, morphosyntactic, and textual features Compared to other language variants, it serves the functional purpose of naming discipline-specific terms and objects while also storing specialized knowledge.
27 anderen auch die Verstọndigung bei der fachlichen Kommunikation zu bewahren
Im auòersprachlichen Hinblick kommt Fachsprache nicht nur bei Fachleuten wie zuvor, sondern auch bei fachinteressierten Laien zur Verwendung
W Schmidt 46 ọuòert im Prinzip in seiner Definition eine gleiche Auffasung mit Mửhn und Pelka Sein Ansatz basiert auf Erwọgungen zu Funktionen und Merkmalen von Fachsprachen:
„Fachsprache erscheint als das Mittel einer optimalen Verstọndigung ỹber ein Fachgebiet unter Fachleuten; sie ist gekennzeichnet durch einen spezifischen
The specialized vocabulary and specific norms for the selection, use, and frequency of colloquial lexical and grammatical elements do not exist as an independent form of language Instead, they are manifested in specialized texts, which, in addition to the technical language layer, always incorporate colloquial elements.
Similar to other authors, this definition highlights the communicative tasks and linguistic characteristics of specialized languages The linguistic foundation of a specialized language is derived from the selection, usage, and frequency of lexical and grammatical resources from the common language The technical meaning of the chosen expressions is realized in specialized texts, which also incorporate elements of everyday language.
Technical language is a sublanguage of the overall language (e.g., the German language) and aims to fulfill the communicative understanding requirements within a specific field It possesses numerous distinctive linguistic features across various levels, including phonology, morphology, lexicon, syntax, and text, which are fundamentally linked to the common language This relationship will be summarized in the following section.
47 Die Gemeinsprache (auch Standardsprache) ist „allgemein verwendete und allen Mitgliedern einer
Sprachgemeinschaft verstọndliche Sprache (ohne Mundarten oder Fachsprachen)“ (Duden, Online-
Wửrterbuch URL: http://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Gemeinsprache Aufgerufen am 02.09.2016)
Fach- und Gemeinsprache
Specialized language, or Fachsprache, is considered a distinct linguistic system that interacts closely with the common language, or Gemeinsprache According to Duden, Gemeinsprache refers to the language that is widely used and understood by all members of a speech community, excluding dialects and specialized languages This indicates that Gemeinsprache is accessible to the general public, while specialized languages cater to experts However, these two language systems are inseparable, as specialized texts often incorporate common language elements Gemeinsprache plays a crucial role in specialized languages by providing the lexical and syntactic foundations When common words are used in terminological contexts, they acquire specialized meanings.
Specialized languages significantly influence the development and realization of the common language, impacting both its lexical and syntactic levels Terms from specialized fields are adopted into the common language through various channels, primarily mass media, followed by specialized literature and economic advertising as key sources of information on specific areas.
With the flourishing of science, technology, and media, specialized languages significantly enrich the general vocabulary across various fields such as science, business, trade, politics, work, education, and leisure As a result, many technical terms and expressions have become familiar to laypeople in everyday language, including words like hormones, heart attack, and vitamins.
Medizinbereich oder Atomreaktor, Raumstation in Physik Zudem wurden u.a viele fachliche Fremdwửrter in das nationalsprachlichen Vokabular aufgenommen Aus
29 dem Englischen entlehnte Wửrter wie z.B Boom, Investmentzertifikat, Stagflation im Wirtschaftsbereich; Computer, Wifi, Live der Technik oder Element, Paper, verifizieren 50 der Wissenschaftssprache kommen immer họufiger zur sprachlichen Anwendung
Specialized languages significantly influence the grammatical structures of the common language, particularly its syntax One notable trend is the increasing use of nominalization from specialized language into everyday speech, leading to a stronger nominal style This trend is essential for conveying complex content in a concise and precise manner Functional verbs and sentence-reducing word compounds, such as nominalized verbs and prepositional attributes, enhance the use of noun phrases and flexibility in sentence construction Examples include expressions like "bring to expression," "come to a vote," and terms like "societal relevance" and "higher qualification." Additionally, there is a productive use of specific morphological tools that create new combinations and shorten sentences, notably through the increased use of -er derivations.
The influence of specialized languages, particularly in technical fields, leads to a qualitative transformation of the common language, a phenomenon referred to as scientification This transformation is evident through the use of adjectives and nouns with generalizing tendencies, such as "abrasion-resistant," "boil-proof," and "360-degree glazing."
Specialized languages and common language differ in their level of comprehensibility, user groups, and functions Rather than being in opposition, they are interconnected and mutually influential The common language provides a reservoir of linguistic resources for specialized languages, while specialized languages significantly impact the common language.
Wortschatz und die Satzbildungsmittel in deren hineinwirken D.h sie werden für bestimmte Kommunikationsmittel zu unterschiedlichen Zwecken erachtet, stehen nebeneinander und beeinflussen sich gegenseitig.
Sprachliche Merkmale der Fachsprachen
As previously mentioned, specialized languages exhibit distinctive linguistic characteristics This article focuses on the lexical, morphological, and syntactic features of specialized terminology, particularly examining technical terms and phrases as primary literature It intentionally omits the textual peculiarities of specialized languages The analysis is primarily based on the categorization of these features as outlined by Thorsten Roelcke.
In specialized vocabulary, terms such as " Fachwort" and "Terminus" are commonly used While "Fachwort" aligns formally with general words, it differs significantly in meaning According to Fluck, "Termini" can broadly refer to specialized expressions or designations that clearly identify specific concepts within a field Consequently, nearly all technical terms can be classified as "Termini." Historically, synonyms like "Fachwort," "Fachausdruck," "terminus technicus," and "Terminus" have been used interchangeably Simply put, a "Terminus" serves as the linguistic sign for a concept, emerging from the naming of that concept, and can consist of a single word (e.g., "Gasofen") or a phrase (e.g., "Kraftfahrzeug").
31 mit Vorderradantrieb) zusammen Fachtermini enthalten folgende lexikalisch- semantische Eigenschaften 57 :
Fachbezogenheit: der Terminus gehửrt zu einer bestimmten Fachsprache und ihrem terminologischen System
Begrifflichkeit (Definiertheit): der Terminus ist ein sprachliches Zeichen für einen Begriff
Exaktheit: der Terminus steht in einem mửglichst entsprechenden
Zusammenhang mit den Gegenstọnden des betreffenden Faches ,,Sie beinhaltet damit die Qualitọt einer Definition oder Beschreibung” 58
Eindeutigkeit: der Terminus stellt einen ganz bestimmten Begriff dar Und daneben gibt es noch Eineindeutigkeit Eineindeutigkeit bedeutet, dass „der
Terminus nur einen Begriff bezeichnet und der Begriff nur diesen Terminus als Bezeichnung hat” 59 Eindeutigkeit und Eineindeutigkeit 60 nehmen Bezug auf die Relation zwischen Termini und Bedeutungen
Selbstdeutigkeit (Autonomie): der Terminus ist ohne Kontext verstọndlich Knappheit (ệkonomie): der Terminus kommt mit minimaler Sprachverwendung zu maximalem fachlichem Ausdruck
One of the most notable characteristics at Roeckle is the metaphorical use of technical terms It is emphasized that "technical terms are often used metaphorically." This usage is not only pragmatically manageable but also cognitively significant, as it helps associate specialized lexical meanings with existing knowledge systems, thereby supporting advanced professional communication.
An example to illustrate the difference between uniqueness and one-to-one correspondence is the term "profit," which refers to the money earned by an individual or a company from a transaction, such as selling a product, after all expenses like wages and rent have been paid (Langenscheidt's Dictionary of German as a Foreign Language 2010: 485) In addition to "profit," the term "yield" can also represent this concept, indicating that while "profit" is unique, it is not one-to-one Conversely, "US dollar" refers to the American currency unit, which has only one designation, thus exemplifying one-to-one correspondence.
Metaphors often utilize the human or animal body to illustrate the structure and functions of technical devices For instance, describing a vehicle as "aged and consuming a lot" effectively conveys its deteriorating condition and operational inefficiency.
Die morphologischen Merkmale lassen sich in der Wortbildungsmorphologie und Flexionsmorphologie charakterisieren
The German language, classified as a fusional language type, allows for extensive word formation due to its productive morphological possibilities Key methods of word formation include composition, derivation, abbreviation, and conversion, which play a significant role in the language's flexibility and richness.
Die Komposition wird für eine der produktivsten fachlichen Wortbildungsarten erachtet, die viele anwendbare Modelle der Wortzusammensetzung anbietet Vor allem sind die folgenden Muster 63 :
Zusammensetzung zweier Verben (sog Zwillingsverben) (trennschleifen, spritzgieòen);
Zusammensetzung von Verbstamm und Substantiv (Rechenanlage,
Zusammensetzung aus Substantiv oder Adjektiv und einem Verb als Infinitiv oder Partizipialkonstruktion (sandstrahlen, tiefkühlen, kugelgelagert);
Zusammensetzung aus Substantiv und Adjektiv oder Adverb, oftmals verbunden mit der Bildung von Antonymen (Hochbau und Tiefbau,
Zusammensetzung unter Verwendung von Abkürzungen oder Ahlen (ADAC-Schutzbrief, 3er-Pack);
Zusammensetzungen aus der ĩbersetzung fremdsprachlicher Bildungen (ĩberschallgeschwindigkeit aus supersonic velo-city)
The clarity and linguistic economy of compound words offer significant advantages On one hand, especially in the case of determinative compounds, they provide a more precise and clearer definition of word meaning On the other hand, they can effectively replace an attributive nominal complex or a relative clause construction.
The field of derivation significantly contributes to linguistic economy, particularly through deverbal formations that denote individuals or groups Notably, the suffix -er is frequently employed with both German elements (e.g., Bohrer, Sender) and loanwords (e.g., Rekorder, Reader) Additionally, various other suffixes are available, such as -ung (e.g., Bohrung, Verordnung), -heit and -keit (e.g., Feinheit, Trennbarkeit), and -bar (e.g., trennbar, entflammbar) Furthermore, there are also suffixoids like -los (e.g., ergebnislos, arbeitslos) and -frei (e.g., FCKW-frei, bleifrei).
-sicher (feuersicher, kugelsicher) Zur Bildung von Verneinung oder Gegenteil sind
Prọfixe nutzbar, z.B.: Miss- (Misswirtschaft), un- (unproduktiv, untrennbar), in- (ineffektiv, inakzeptabel) oder nicht- (nichtsprachlich, nichtfarbig)
One notable feature of technical languages is the prevalence of word abbreviations The most common forms of abbreviation occur at the end of words, such as "Lok" from "Lokomotive," at the beginning, like "Bus" from "Autobus," and in the middle, exemplified by "Krad" from "Kraftrad." Additionally, letter-based abbreviations, such as "ADAC," are becoming increasingly popular in pronunciation.
Allgemeiner Deutscher Automobil-Club) und Lesekürzungen (DIN aus Deutsches Institut für Normung) heran
In addition to the three mentioned types of technical word formation, conversion is noteworthy, involving a change in word class A significant aspect is the nominalization of infinitives, such as "melting" and "turning." Technical conversion is also characterized by converted names like Hertz and Volt, which can appear with suffixes (e.g., Einsteinium), in compounds (e.g., Hall effect), or converted into adjectives (e.g., voltaic) and verbs (e.g., to X-ray).
Im Bereich Flexionsmorphologie handelt es sich um die Auswahl grammatischer Muster der deutschen Fachsprachen, die der hửhen Deutlichkeit fachlicher Ausdrücke, der Anonymisierung oder Objektivierung dienen
The article discusses the use of person and number in language, highlighting that the first person singular is rarely used Instead, indefinite pronouns and verb forms in singular (such as "one" or "it") or plural ("we") are preferred, along with lexical substitutes like "the author" or "the writers." It also addresses the conjugation aspects, including mood, tense, voice, and infinitive forms The indicative and imperative moods are most commonly used, particularly in instructional contexts (e.g., "Turn on the computer"), while the subjunctive is noted for reported speech (e.g., "the scholar claims he has developed a perpetual motion machine") Among tenses, the present tense is significantly more prevalent than others Additionally, the active voice and infinitive forms are frequently found in specialized language use, although there is an increasing use of passive and reflexive constructions as well.
Eine weitere fachliche Besonderheit spiegelt sich bei der fachlichen Deklination 70 wider Zu bemerken ist der populọre Gebrauch von attributiven Genitiven, die fỹr
67 Die Namen verzeichnen wissenschaftliche Entdeckungen oder technische Innovationen und Maòeinheiten (Vgl Roelcke 2010: 82)
35 die Ausdrucksửkonomie, also situationsbedingte Ersparungen, als Umformungen von Relativsọtzen betrachtet werden (die Beurteilung der poetologischen Werke
In specialized languages, the use of the dative and accusative cases is less frequent than in everyday language, while the nominative case remains consistently used Additionally, technical languages feature specific plural markers, such as in the term "Salz."
Salze) Unter funktionaler Betrachtungsweise, also unter funktionaler
Berücksichtigung von Texten und Diskursen in der Fachkommunikation, wirken diese fachlich typischen morphologischen Merkmale an der angewachsenen Plastizitọt der Fachsprachen mit
Im Bereich der Syntax sind die fachlich syntaktischen Konstruktionen auszuwọhlen, die zur Unterscheidung der Fachsprachen von der Gemeinsprache und zur Verstọndlichkeit, ệkonomie und Anonymitọt beitragen
In terms of sentence types, declarative sentences dominate, comprising a higher proportion than interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentences, except for specific contexts like operational instructions or surveys Among subordinate clauses, conditional clauses, final clauses with or without conjunctions, and contrasting clauses are particularly popular Their structures contribute to the clarity, logical consistency, and comprehensibility of professional expressions.
Eine andere charakteristische Konstruktion der Fachsprachen besteht in Relativsọtzen und Attributreihungen 72 Die attributiven Formen umfassen Adjektivattribute (das sparsame Auto), Partizipialattribute (das Benzin sparende
Auto), Prọpositionalattribute (das Auto aus Aluminium) oder Genitivattribute (der Verbrauch moderner Autos) Neben den vorausgegangenen Eigenheiten sind noch
Nominalisierung und Funktionsverbgefüge 73 zu betonen Hierunter werden andere
Wortarten zu Nominalisierungen durch Ableitung abgeleitet, zumeist aus Verben zu
Nouns derived from verbs, such as "Nomen" from "verarbeiten" and "Gebäck" from "backen," often lead to the use of functional verb constructions These constructions tend to dilute the original meaning of the verbs, as they combine a noun with a less meaningful verb For example, using "to conduct a vote" instead of simply "to vote" or "to carry out an investigation" instead of "to investigate" exemplifies this trend.
Fỹr various professional communication functions, certain structures such as prepositional phrases (regarding, concerning, in relation to), infinitive and participial constructions, ellipses, apposition, enumeration, and asyndeton are available These tools help reduce the complexity of subordinate clauses while simultaneously increasing the complexity of sentence elements.
Finanzwirtschaftliche Fachbegriffe
Finance encompasses all economic sectors related to money management According to the Langenscheidt Dictionary, "finance" refers to the money—particularly the income and expenditures—of a state, institution, or company In simpler terms, it can be understood as everything related to money The field of finance fundamentally includes investments, corporate and public finance, personal finance, taxes, insurance, stock markets, exchange rates, and banking transactions.
Zunọchst soll ein Online-Zeitungsartikel in Bezug auf Finanzen zitiert werden:
Frankfurt-based Evonik Industries AG, listed on the MDax, has issued a bond worth up to €1.9 billion The bond issuance includes three fixed-rate tranches with maturities of 4.5 years, eight years, and twelve years The yield for the 4.5-year bond is set at 0.05%.
75 Vgl Langenscheidts Groòwửrterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache 2010: 407
Investment-grade corporate bonds present relatively low credit risk, making them an attractive option for investors Additionally, the number of bond issuances is increasing as many companies take advantage of low interest rates in the bond market for cost-effective refinancing and acquisitions.
Anhand dieses Beispiels und in verschiedenartigen Texten kann eine kennzeichnende Eigenschaft der Finanzsprache aufgewiesen werden, dass es zahlreiche Fachtermini gibt, die fast ausschlieòlich Fachleute verstehen kửnnen
Bonds, acquisitions, bond issuance, credit risk, yield, and tranches are terms that often confuse laypeople without extensive financial knowledge In financial terminology, compound words are frequently used, including two-part compounds like "central bank." Understanding these concepts is essential for navigating the finance sector effectively.
Kapitalmarkt) am họufigsten Besonders ist die họufige Verwendung von
The article discusses the use of abbreviations, such as FK for foreign capital and AnI for capital intensity, along with specific phrases like monetary policy instruments It highlights the prevalence of English-derived technical terms, known as Anglicisms, including terms like Blue Chip, cash flow, back-to-back, leasing, options, and swaps Additionally, the text notes the formation of several hybrid compounds that incorporate Anglicisms, either as determinative words, such as "crash risk," or as base words, such as "market rally" and "stock market crash."
Metaphorical expressions from interpersonal relationships, such as "physical condition" (well-rested, improving, calming down, feeling weak), as well as terms from combat (asserting oneself, yielding, standing firm) and movement, are prevalent in our language.
(fallen, anziehen, zurückgehen) Diese Ausdrücke stellen die Bewegung und
76 Chancen und Risiken am Anleihemarkt URL: http://www.handelsblatt.com/finanzen/anlagestrategie/trends/musterdepots-chancen-und-risiken-am- anleihemarkt/14474774.html?nlayer=Organisation_11804700 Erstellt am
77 Vgl Dr Filiz Aksửz, Zur ĩbersetzung von Wirtschaftstexten, S 111 URL: http://www.acarindex.com/dosyalar/makale/acarindex-1423874934.pdf Aufgerufen am 10.08.2016
The dynamics of the financial world are characterized by the personification of financial terms, where subjects and objects are interchanged For instance, markets may be described as closing "reluctantly," while bank and chemical stocks are noted to have increased Arnold illustrates this phenomenon by stating that what is typically an object, resulting from human actions or a summary of transactional relationships, is presented here as an acting subject.
Fachsprachen und ĩbersetzen
Specialized languages possess numerous distinctive linguistic features, making professional translations highly demanding and presenting significant challenges to translators In the realm of specialized translation, expertise and knowledge in the subject matter play a crucial role alongside foreign language proficiency According to R Spitzbardt, experienced translators consistently affirm that the primary difficulties in scientific and technical translations lie not only in acquiring lexical and idiomatic knowledge of the relevant foreign languages but, more importantly, in understanding the scientific and technical problems, objects, and procedural knowledge Ultimately, the most critical aspect is ensuring that the source content is accurately and adequately conveyed in the target language.
Beispielsweise kann der deutsche Begriff Technik in die drei unterschiedlichen englischen Äquavalente ỹbermittelt werden, abhọngig von Geltungsbereichen und Bezugsgebieten von Technik: technology (angewandte Wissenschaft), engineering
(Technik eines Fachgebietes) und technique (Einzelverfahren) 83 Auf Grundlagen der Sprachkenntnisse zusammen mit Fachwissen kann der ĩbersetzer
Entscheidungen treffen, welche lexikalischen und syntaktischen Entsprechungen in die zielsprachlichen Fachübersetzungen eingebracht werden sollen
According to Roeckle 84, a professional translator must possess at least five distinct areas of competence to meet the diverse demands of specialized translation These include general language proficiency in both the source language (SL) and target language (TL), as well as specialized language proficiency in both SL and TL, along with relevant subject matter expertise Consequently, specialized translation is viewed as a significant challenge for every translator.
Beschreibung der empirischen Untersuchung
Bei der empirischen Untersuchung steht das dreisprachige Fachwửrterbuch fỹr Bank- und Finanzwesen (Deutsch-Vietnamesisch-Englisch und Englisch- Vietnamesisch-Deutsch) als Primọrliteratur im Zentrum Aus dem Buch lassen sich
The article extracts 1000 German technical terms and their Vietnamese equivalents, analyzing the selected linguistic and specialized expressions that may pose potential translation challenges It also demonstrates the translation methods (solution strategies) employed to address these issues, aiming to present representative strategies for translating financial terminology from German to Vietnamese Additionally, the author proposes personal solutions for instances where the translations in the book are overly lengthy, contain redundant elements, or no longer align with current expressions, suggesting necessary revisions.
The corpus is created by selecting 1,000 technical terms in alphabetical order, with a strong focus on those terms that may pose translation challenges due to structural or semantic nuances Additionally, attention is given to terms for which alternative translation solutions may be found, such as shorter, more contemporary, or updated versions.
41 oder prọzisierter) Dadurch lọsst sich das Ziel erreichen, einerseits einen ĩberblick ỹber die họufigen Strategien zum ĩbersetzen finanzwirtschaftlicher Fachausdrỹcke zu geben und andererseits ĩbersetzungsvorschlọge zu machen
In the investigation, contrastive methods gain significant importance, comparing German technical terms with their Vietnamese translations, and when necessary, also with the corresponding English terms Additionally, there is an effort to further research the German terms and relevant English expressions to verify the accuracy and completeness of the Vietnamese translations or their currency English terminology serves as a useful tool, as English is considered the lingua franca in the finance sector, with many financial terms translated into Vietnamese The German language is not as widely popular in Vietnam as English, and as mentioned in the introduction, the translation of German technical languages has not been extensively researched.
Korpusanalyse
Based on my observations, most financial terms in the German dictionary are compound words, primarily consisting of two components, with a smaller number containing three or four Additionally, there are technical expressions in the form of noun phrases with adjectival or prepositional attributes, as well as noun-verb constructions Notably, there is a group of English-derived terms (Anglicisms) and compounds that partially consist of Anglicisms The financial terminology in the book also includes abbreviations; however, my analysis focuses on complete phrases rather than abbreviations, as the entire phrases need to be translated.
In this analysis phase, German technical terms and their appropriate Vietnamese translations are examined closely, with English terms included when necessary The aim is to identify translation issues and the strategies employed to resolve them The subsequent sections will attempt to illustrate these findings through concrete examples.
Es wird auch versucht, die Probleme und die angewandten Lửsungsstrategien grundsọtzlich zu kategorisieren Jedoch ist es schwer, eine deutliche Grenzlinie zwischen verschiedenen ĩbersetzungsproblemen und Lửsungsstrategien zu ziehen
Based on a comparison of German technical terms and their Vietnamese translations, it can be concluded that translation issues arise in the lexicosemantic domain or in the area of word formation, often stemming from combinations of these elements.
The initial translation challenges stem from compound words in the financial sector, which comprises various specialized subfields Consequently, technical terminology cannot be restricted to a single domain but must encompass multiple areas This can lead to shifts in the meanings of specialized terms, resulting in varied translations In cases of polysemy with German technical terms, especially simpler ones, dictionaries typically provide all relevant meanings However, when ambiguity arises in a compound word's defining element and the translator lacks understanding, the translation process may falter For instance, the term "Abschlusskurs" can lead to confusion if not properly interpreted.
(2) Abschlussprüfung kiểm toán bảng tổng kết tài sản hàng năm
(3) Abschlusszahlung sự trả tiền kỳ chót
The term "Abschluss" serves as a defining word with three key meanings: (1) the signing of a contract, (2) a financial statement including profit and loss accounts, and (3) an end or conclusion Misunderstanding the meaning of "Abschluss" can lead to translation errors For instance, in the context of (1), a content discrepancy may arise if the term is incorrectly interpreted; here, "Abschluss" does not refer to "hợp đồng" (contract signing), but rather signifies something else entirely.
Stichtag, also Abschlusskurs in diesem Fall heiòt Stichtagskurs (giỏ thời điểm quyết toán)
Das Gleiche gilt auch bei Brief
(1) Aktionọrbrief bản bỏo cỏo tạm thời của một cụng ty cổ phần
(2) Bodmereibrief giấy cầm tàu, giấy vay nợ thế chấp tàu
(3) Briefkurs tỷ giá bán ngoại tệ (hối suất bán ra của ngân hàng)
A regular letter is simply understood as a "written communication sent in a [sealed] envelope." However, its meaning varies when associated with other elements In the context of (1), a letter refers to a report from a corporation to its shareholders, detailing the company's business performance In (2), it signifies a bond related to the mortgage of a ship along with its cargo Lastly, in (3), the term "letter" serves as a determinative word to illustrate specific aspects of a subject.
Briefkurs ist („Kurs, zu dem ein Wertpapier o Ä auf der Bửrse, auf der Bank angeboten oder verkauft wird“ 89 ) Auch wenn Brief die Position als Grund- oder
Bestimmungswort einnimmt, schwọchen sich die Bedeutungen von Brief teilweise von der primọren Bedeutung ab Vernachlọssigt der ĩbersetzer den Inhalt des
85 Duden, Online-Wửrterbuch URL: http://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Abschluss Aufgerufen am 11.11.2016
86 Duden, Online-Wửrterbuch URL: http://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Brief Aufgerufen am
87 Duden, Online-Wửrterbuch URL: http://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Aktionaersbrief Aufgerufen am 12.11.2016
88 URL: http://www.bedeutung-von-woertern.com/Bodmereibrief Aufgerufen am 12.11.2016
89 Duden, Online-Wửrterbuch URL: http://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Briefkurs Aufgerufen am 12.11.2016
44 gesamten zusammengesetzten Wortes und legt nur Gewicht auf die Bedeutung einzelner Glieder des Kompositums, kann die ĩbersetzung missglỹcken
Knappheit der Komposita kann zuweilen Unklarheit verursachen
Economics is characterized by specialized terminology, which can pose translation challenges, particularly with compound words When translating these compounds, the translator must analyze and interpret the nominal phrases or relative clauses they represent For example, the term "Auslandsbeteiligung" refers to foreign participation.
Bei diesem Ausdruck kann Beteiligung vom Ausland oder Beteiligung im Ausland interpretiert werden Beteiligung vom Ausland erweist das Herkommen der
Investment from abroad refers to a foreign investment, such as when Germany is considered a foreign entity for Vietnam This type of investment indicates the establishment of a presence overseas For instance, Vietnamese investors engaging in investments in Germany exemplify foreign involvement for Vietnam The significance of this term is examined from two perspectives to provide a deeper understanding.
Ein anderes Beispiel ist Defizitfinanzierung sự tài trợ bằng thâm hụt ngân sách
Unter Defizitfinanzierung kann Finanzierung des Defizits oder Finanzierung durch
Defizit zu interpretieren sein Finanzierung des Defizits heiòt, dass das entstandene
Deficit financing refers to the practice of funding expenditures through a budget shortfall, known as "Deficit Spending," which originates from the need to stimulate economic activity during periods of underemployment This concept is closely linked to fiscal policy within the Keynesian framework of counter-cyclical economic strategies, aiming to achieve a positive economic impact by exceeding public revenue through increased spending.
90 Meines Erachtens gelten die beiden Interpretationen Es kommt auf den Kontext an, wo
Auslandsbeteiligung erscheint und zu übersetzen ist Für Investitionen befürworte ich Beteiligung im
Ausland, aber für die Ehe mit Auslandsbeteiligung Beteiligung vom Ausland
45 gefolgerten Imperativ fỹr den Finanzpolitiker, mittels Verschuldung (ửffentliche Kreditaufnahme) Ausgaben- bzw Konjunkturprogramme zu finanzieren“ 91 , und bedeutet Finanzierung durch Defizit Es kann festgestellt werden, dass das
Nachschlagen des Terminus beim ĩbersetzen solcher fachlichen Komposita von besonderer Relevanz ist, um den wirklichen Inhalt heauszufinden
The financial sector is witnessing a dominance of the English language, leading to the incorporation of numerous English-derived technical terms into the German financial vocabulary Both directly borrowed terms from English and various hybrid compounds combining Anglicisms with German words can be found in the dictionary.
Direct borrowings include concepts such as basis swaps, which refer to the difference between spot and forward purchase prices, as well as clearing for settlement and junk bonds, which are high-risk speculative securities Additionally, hybrid composites encompass terms like bull market, indicating an upward price trend, and buy orders for securities.
Preisdumping sự bỏn phỏ giỏ zu zọhlen
Anglicisms can be problematic, particularly when translators lack English proficiency They often highlight gaps in the German vocabulary, reflecting concepts that do not exist in the German language and are filled through borrowings from English A deficiency in English skills complicates the research and translation process, as English-Vietnamese reference materials are far more abundant than their German-Vietnamese counterparts Moreover, translations directly from English to Vietnamese tend to be more accurate than those based on German explanations, as both German and Vietnamese have integrated English terms into their lexicons.
91 Gabler-Wirtschaftslexikon, Online-Wửrterbuch URL: http://wirtschaftslexikon.gabler.de/Definition/deficit-spending.html Aufgerufen am 13.11.2016
Termini wie Blue Chip, Penny, M&A (Merge and Acquisition) ohne ĩbersetzung im Vietnamesischen direkt zur Verwendung gebracht Somit wird das ĩbersetzen deren vom Deutschen ins Vietnamesische mửglicherweise redundant
Another translation challenge arises from terminology and metaphor Terminology refers to the transformation of a common expression into a technical term through a specific definition Many financial terms have been developed in this manner.
Soll und Haben bờn nợ và bờn cú gehửren z.B zu diesem Konzept Soll und Haben sind ursprỹnglich zwei gemeinsprachliche Wửrter und dann auf dem
In the field of finance, terminology undergoes a transformation where common meanings are replaced by specialized definitions "Debit" refers to the left side of an account, where charges are recorded, while "credit" denotes the right side of an account, used for recording decreases in asset accounts and increases in liability accounts.
Financial terminology often employs metaphors, such as the term "loan shark," which likens an aggressive shark to a predatory lender This metaphor highlights a "usurious lender who operates through unscrupulous means."
92 URL: http://www.enzyklo.de/Begriff/Terminologisierung Aufgerufen am 15.11.2016
93 Gabler-Wirtschaftslexikon, Online-Wửrterbuch URL: http://wirtschaftslexikon.gabler.de/Definition/soll.html Aufgerufen am 15.11.2016
94 Gabler-Wirtschaftslexikon, Online-Wửrterbuch URL: http://wirtschaftslexikon.gabler.de/Definition/haben.html Aufgerufen am 15.11.2016
Eigene Empfehlungen zu den vorhandenen ĩbersetzungen
Currency names in dictionaries are not translated into Vietnamese; instead, they are only explained in terms of their country of origin and their international symbols This practice, in my opinion, negatively impacts translation, particularly in interpreting, where currency names and their abbreviations are commonly used For instance, the translation of "1,000 USD" in Vietnamese is presented as "1,000 đơn vị tiền tệ của Mỹ," which I believe is inadequate In Vietnamese, it should be "1,000 Đô-la Mỹ" or "1,000 USD." Therefore, I suggest that currency names be first translated into Vietnamese, with an explanatory note in parentheses.
US-Dollar đơn vị tiền tệ của Mỹ (mã ISO: USD)
US-Dollar Đô-la Mỹ (đơn vị tiền tệ của Mỹ, mã ISO: USD)
Mehrere weitere auserkorene Wọhrungseinheiten lassen sich auch auf gleiche Weise wie folgt übersetzen
Deutsch Vorgegebene ĩbersetzung Eigene Vorschlọge
Dollar đơn vị tiền tệ của Úc (mã ISO: AUD) Đô-la Úc (đơn vị tiền tệ của Úc, mã ISO: AUD)
Bath đơn vị tiền tệ của Thái Lan
Bạt (đơn vị tiền tệ của Thái Lan, mã ISO: THB)
Wọhrungseinheit đơn vị tiền tệ chung châu Âu Euro (đơn vị tiền tệ chung châu Âu, mã ISO: EUR)
Hongkong-Dollar đơn vị tiền tệ của Hồng Kông
(mã ISO: HKD) Đô-la Hồng Kông (đơn vị tiền tệ của Hồng Kông, mã ISO: HKD)
Indische Rupie đơn vị tiền tệ của Ấn Độ (mã
Rupi Ấn Độ (đơn vị tiền tệ của Ấn Độ, mã ISO: INR)
Dollar đơn vị tiền tệ của Canada (mã ISO: CAD) Đô-la Canada (đơn vị tiền tệ của
Pfund Sterling đơn vị tiền tệ của Vương quốc
Bảng (đơn vị tiền tệ của Vương quốc Anh, mã ISO: GBP)
Renminbi Yuan đơn vị tiền tệ của Trung Quốc
Nhân dân tệ (đơn vị tiền tệ của Trung Quốc, mã ISO: CNY)
Rubel đơn vị tiền tệ của Nga (mã
Rúp (đơn vị tiền tệ của Nga, mã ISO: SUR)
Franken đơn vị tiền tệ của Thụy Sĩ (mã ISO: CHF)
Franc (Phờ-răng) (đơn vị tiền tệ của Thụy Sĩ, mã ISO: CHF)
Singapore-Dollar đơn vị tiền tệ của Sing-ga-po
(mã ISO: SGD) Đô-la Singapore (đơn vị tiền tệ của Singapore, mã ISO: SGD)
Won 1 đơn vị tiền tệ của Cộng hòa dân chủ nhân dân Triều Tiên (mã ISO: KPW)
2 đơn vị tiền tệ của Hàn Quốc (mã ISO: KRW)
1 Won (đơn vị tiền tệ của Cộng hòa dân chủ nhân dân Triều Tiên, mã ISO: KPW)
2 Won (đơn vị tiền tệ của Hàn Quốc, mã ISO: KRW)
Yen đơn vị tiền tệ của Nhật Bản
Yên (đơn vị tiền tệ của Nhật Bản, mã ISO: JPY)
Tabelle 3: Weitere Vorschlọge zu ĩbersetzung der Wọhrungsnamen
3.3.2 Prọzisierung und Aktualisierung der vorhandenen ĩbersetzungen
The specialized dictionary examined was published a long time ago (1999), and many translations of technical terms no longer align with current usage situations Researching various Vietnamese translations on google.com.vn revealed very few, if any, relevant results, indicating that the technical terms in the dictionary have been assigned different official names Therefore, I aim to update the "outdated" translations in my work to provide readers with the current Vietnamese terminology for their corresponding German technical terms Additionally, the investigation found that many translations were not precise enough, prompting me to refine several translations for improved accuracy.
The term "Eigenkapital" is translated as "vốn tự có" or "thực vốn." According to the Gabler Lexicon, book equity is defined as the difference between assets (assets, accruals) and liabilities, provisions, and passive accruals in the balance sheet Underestimations of assets and overestimations of liabilities can reduce this equity.
The term "Eigenkapital" aligns with the current concept of "vốn chủ sở hữu" in financial statements and annual reports Currently, "vốn tự có" is not widely used because, under the latest accounting standards, Eigenkapital encompasses not only owner contributions and retained earnings but also additional items such as asset revaluation differences, foreign currency translation differences, and funds Consequently, in Vietnam, Eigenkapital is officially referred to as "vốn chủ sở hữu," making this terminology a contemporary translation for its use in financial contexts.
Daneben habe ich weiter auf google.com.vn die vorhandenen ĩbersetzungen fỹr
Bankkassierer und Gruppenabschluss od Konzernabschluss überprüft und dies führte zu einen überraschenden Für nhân viên thu phát ngân (Bankkassierer) sind
The term "Bank teller" has gained significant traction in Vietnamese, with 62,500 hits for the term "giao dịch viên ngân hàng." In contrast, the official designation for "group financial statement" or "consolidated financial statement" is "báo cáo tài chính hợp nhất," which has 271,000 hits Therefore, I have chosen new terminology for these two specialized expressions.
Eins muss man betonen, dass eine Aktualisierung für die Erfüllung der Kommunikationsfunktion der ĩbersetzung (hier Zeits- und Ortsbezug) nửtig ist Denn dadurch haben die vietnamesischen Leser von Fachleuten anerkannte
106 Gabler-Wirtschaftslexikon, Online-Wửrterbuch URL: http://wirtschaftslexikon.gabler.de/Definition/eigenkapital.html Aufgerufen am 25.11.2016
107 Bộ tài chính: Thông tư 200/2014/TT-BTC Hướng dẫn chế độ kế toán doanh nghiệp am 22.12.2014 URL: http://www.vacpa.org.vn/Page/ChiTietVanBan.aspx?vanbanid04 Aufgerufen am 25.11.2016
Specialized terminology is available to assist students, who are a key audience for my work, in navigating technical terms in Vietnamese during their research I believe that, along with regular updates, the selected translations can be further refined for clarity and accuracy.
Meine anderen Vorschlọge werden unten tabellarisch dargestellt
Fachausdruck Vorgegebene ĩbersetzung Eigene Vorschlọge
Aktienemissionsagio là số tiền mà người mua cổ phiếu phải trả thêm ngoài giá trị danh nghĩa của cổ phiếu Thặng dư vốn cổ phần dương phản ánh giá trị gia tăng của cổ phiếu khi phát hành Điều này có thể liên quan đến các giao dịch như Nachnahme, nơi người mua thanh toán khi nhận hàng, hoặc giao ngân giao hàng thu tiền hộ, giúp đảm bảo an toàn trong giao dịch.
Gegenkonto tài khoản đối nghịch, tài khoản đối trừ tài khoản đối ứng genehmigtes Kapital vốn cho phép vốn được cấp phép
Gewerbeertrag lợi tức doanh thác lợi nhuận hoạt động, lợi nhuận từ hoạt động kinh doanh
Going-concern-Prinzip nguyên tắc hãng đang phát đạt
Nguyên tắc hoạt động liên tục là một nguyên tắc kế toán quan trọng, theo đó mọi báo cáo tài chính được lập ra nhằm phản ánh tình hình kinh doanh dự kiến sẽ tiếp tục trong tương lai Nguyên tắc này đảm bảo rằng các doanh nghiệp sẽ duy trì hoạt động của mình mà không có ý định ngừng lại hoặc giảm quy mô đáng kể.
Goldparitọt sự bỡnh giỏ vàng ngang giỏ vàng
Wọhrungsparitọt bỡnh giỏ hối đoỏi ngang giỏ hối đoỏi
Jahresabschluss bản báo cáo quyết toán hàng năm báo cáo tài chính thường niên
Kapitalabwanderung sự di xuất vốn tháo chạy vốn, hiện tượng bay vốn
Kapitalertragssteuer thuế nguồn (thuế đánh trên lợi tức cho vay) thuế thặng dư vốn, thuế thu nhập từ đầu tư
Kautionshinterlegung sự ký quỹ thế chân tiền ký quỹ, tiền đặt cọc
Kontenplan đồ biểu kế toán sơ đồ tài khoản kế toán
Kontoguthaben tồn khoản tài khoản số dư có trên tài khoản
Kreditplafond 1 mức tín dụng cao nhất, mức cho vay
Kundenbetreuer nhân viên điều hành khách hàng nhân viên chăm sóc khách hàng
Kundenkontoauszug cáo tri tài khoản khách hàng sao kê tài khoản
Leitkurs tỷ giá chỉ đạo tỷ giá trung tâm
Liquiditọtserhaltung sự bảo tồn khả năng thanh toán duy trì thanh khoản
Nichtansọssiger người phi cư trỳ cỏ nhõn khụng cư trỳ
Notenbank ngân hàng phát hành giấy bạc ngân hàng trung ương
Portfolio tổng số hối phiếu hoặc chứng phiếu (của một công ty, của một ngân hàng) danh mục đầu tư
Preisbasis căn bản giá thị trường cơ sở giá, cơ sở về giá
Revisionsklọger người chống ỏn người khỏng cỏo
Rückzahlungsplan bảng hoàn giảm phương án/ kế hoạch trả nợ
Schlỹsselwọhrung đồng tiền chỉ đạo đồng tiền chủ chốt, tiền tệ
Schuldanerkenntnis là sự ghi nhận và xác nhận nợ, trong khi testierter Abschluss là bảng tổng kết tài sản được kế toán viên xác nhận Báo cáo tài chính đã được kiểm toán là tài liệu quan trọng thể hiện tình hình tài chính của doanh nghiệp.
Wertpapierpensions- geschọft nghiệp vụ thương chứng bảo lưu nghiệp vụ repo/ mua lại chứng khoán
Tabelle 4a: Weitere Vorschlọge zu Prọzisierung und Aktualisierung der vorhandenen ĩbersetzungen
This article explores strategies for updating existing technical translations and proposes improvements to enhance the precision of translations found in specialized dictionaries, which are often perceived as somewhat colloquial For instance, the term "sự dẹp tiệm" is translated as "Geschäftsauflösung," but "dẹp tiệm" is more aligned with spoken Vietnamese Therefore, I recommend using the more neutral term "giải thể" instead.
Ein anderes Beispiel ist die ĩbersetzung tớn dụng nhẹ lói fỹr billiges Geld od zinsgünstiger Kredit Für lãi (Zinsen) benutzen die Vietnamesen üblicherweise das
The term "light interest" can be misleading in Vietnamese, as it translates to "low interest" more accurately While "light interest" may be used in everyday conversation to imply "few interest rates," a more universally applicable translation is necessary for various contexts Therefore, I suggest using "tín dụng lãi suất thấp," which aligns better with current spoken and written language By refining this terminology, several translations can be updated to reflect contemporary usage.
In der unten stehenden Tabelle befinden sich weitere Vorschlọge zum Prọzisieren vorhandener ĩbersetzungen
Fachausdruck Vorgegebene ĩbersetzung Eigene Vorschlọge (Wert)Berichtigungsaktie cổ phiếu cho không cổ phiếu thưởng
Dollarknappheit sự thiếu thốn đô-la sự khan hiếm đô-la
Ergebnisbeteiligung sự dự phần lời chia sẻ lợi nhuận
Etatsdefizit sự thiếu hụt ngân sách (số chi nhiều hơn số thu) thâm hụt ngân sách
Finanzausgleich sự quân bình tài chính sự cân đối tài chính
Geschọftsleiter quản đốc doanh nghiệp giỏm đốc doanh nghiệp
Geschọftsstellenleiter quản đốc chi nhỏnh giỏm đốc chi nhỏnh
Kapitalbeteiligung sự hùn vốn góp vốn
Kassenüberschuss số dư tiền mặt thặng dư tiền mặt
Kauf in Bausch und Bogen sự mua gộp, sự mua bao mua trọn gói
Kreditausweitung sự khuếch trương tín dụng mở rộng tín dụng
Kurspflege sự điều hòa giá sự bình ổn giá
Terminbửrse thị trường thời hạn thị trường kỳ hạn
Verschuldungsgrenze mức mắc nợ, hạn ngạch trái vụ giới hạn nợ
Tabelle 4b: Weitere Vorschlọge zu Prọzisierung und Aktualisierung der vorhandenen ĩbersetzungen 3.3.3 Prọgnante Formulierung
The investigation reveals an issue with existing translations, specifically that many translated technical terms are excessively long Readers perceive these terms as explanations in the target language, failing to meet the economic requirements of specialized languages Consequently, alternative shortened and meaningful translation proposals are being suggested.
Firstly, illustrative lexicons should be utilized to succinctly convey the meanings of technical terms For instance, I propose the new translation "bán tháo" for the term "Anxiety Sales." In Vietnamese, "tháo" functions as a verb, similar to "öffnen" in German, allowing for a clear understanding of the concept.
The term "bán tháo" describes a situation in the stock market where investors, driven by fear of significant price losses, rapidly sell off all their securities despite low selling prices This concept effectively captures the essence of panic selling and is both concise and precise in its economic context.
Ein anderes Beispiel mit einer metaphorischen Bezeichnung lautet Schuldenberg hàng đống nợ nần Die vietnamesische ĩbersetzung im Buch scheint eine umgangssprachliche Erlọuterung fỹr das Ausgangswort Schuldenberg zu sein
In my opinion, the metaphor of a mountain effectively symbolizes the immense scale of debt, making the term concise and impactful Therefore, I have contemplated that the concept of "debt mountain" should be taken literally.