日本語における敬語表現及び誤用の概念と分類 …
敬語の概念・誤用の概念
1.敬語の概念
敬語 là một phần phát triển trong tiếng Nhật, nhưng không được sử dụng một cách hệ thống trong các ngôn ngữ hiện đại châu Âu Việc có hay không敬語 trong các ngôn ngữ châu Âu phụ thuộc vào định nghĩa của敬語 Theo chỉ dẫn về敬語 (2007), "biểu hiện敬語 có nghĩa là cách sử dụng ngôn ngữ dựa trên tinh thần tôn trọng lẫn nhau, chú ý đến đối tượng và tình huống trong giao tiếp." (tr.2)
Honorifics are defined as politeness formulas in a specific language, which can include particular affixes, words, or sentence structures, according to Jack C Richards and Richard Schmidt (2002).
Trong tiếng Nhật,敬語 được định nghĩa là "biểu hiện ngôn ngữ phản ánh mối quan hệ giữa các cá nhân về cấp bậc và sự thân thiết." Tương tự, trong tiếng Anh, có những ví dụ về cách sử dụng lịch sự, như việc thêm "please" vào câu mệnh lệnh, hoặc việc sử dụng "sir/madam" khi học sinh và quân nhân đáp lại giáo viên hoặc cấp trên Trong tiếng Anh, đại từ nhân xưng "you" ban đầu là một danh xưng tôn kính, nhưng do "thou" - hình thức không tôn kính gần như không còn được sử dụng, "you" đã mất đi ý nghĩa của một danh xưng tôn kính Điều này cho thấy rằng, trước đây, người nói tiếng Anh thường chỉ sử dụng danh xưng tôn kính, dẫn đến việc "thou" bị quên lãng Tuy nhiên, nếu chỉ định nghĩa敬語 theo cách có hệ thống như trong tiếng Nhật, thì các ngôn ngữ châu Âu hiện đại sẽ không có敬語 Ngày nay,敬語 chủ yếu được sử dụng trong giao tiếp với người thứ ba, đóng vai trò thúc đẩy sự giao tiếp suôn sẻ với những người lạ.
The concept of hierarchical relationships discussed here is not fixed by age or status; it can vary depending on the context, such as when interacting with a customer or a stranger These relationships are also influenced by familiarity and distance, and at times, they may be used to subtly convey a sense of superiority over others.
In both Vietnamese and Japanese, honorific language is often perceived as a form of speech used in hierarchical relationships Indeed, it is commonly employed in contexts such as between superiors and subordinates, teachers and students, and among individuals of different ages, reflecting the established social order.
In Japanese communication, the use of honorific language (keigo) is influenced by the relationship between the speaker and the listener Even in situations where there is no hierarchical relationship, speakers often use keigo when addressing unfamiliar individuals Conversely, while close friends typically do not require formal language, speakers tend to employ keigo with acquaintances or less familiar individuals This indicates that the level of politeness and respect in language is often determined by the degree of intimacy between the parties involved, with greater formality used for those perceived as less familiar.
In the past, Japanese honorifics were primarily based on a rigid hierarchy of social status However, today, the choice of using honorifics is increasingly influenced by the relationship between individuals, emphasizing familiarity over social rank This shift has led some to refer to this new form of honorifics as "lateral honorifics," contrasting with the traditional vertical honorifics.
Vietnamese learners may find it strange to describe keigo as a form of expression that shows respect, as it seems unlikely that they would feel genuine respect or admiration towards strangers or acquaintances when using these honorifics.
Respect often creates a sense of distance, making it challenging to approach those we admire Many people have experienced the feeling of being unable to easily connect with someone they respect In essence, demonstrating respect can be seen as an indication of the psychological distance we maintain towards that individual.
Showing respect to someone with whom one is not close indicates a psychological distance In other words, the use of honorific language based on the familiarity of the relationship serves to express esteem for the other person while maintaining a psychological boundary, thereby ensuring that one does not get overly close.
Keigo, or honorific language, serves as a linguistic tool in communication that considers the other party and the context, adjusting the social and psychological distance between individuals This article will adhere to this definition.
2.誤用の概念
Errors in language use, as defined by Jack C Richards and Richard Schmidt (2002), refer to instances where second or foreign language learners employ linguistic items in ways that fluent or native speakers perceive as indicative of incomplete learning It is important to differentiate between errors, which stem from insufficient knowledge, and mistakes that occur due to factors like lack of attention, fatigue, or carelessness Errors can be categorized into various types, including lexical errors related to vocabulary, phonological errors concerning pronunciation, syntactic errors linked to grammar, interpretive errors arising from misunderstandings of a speaker's intent, and errors that produce unintended communicative effects, often due to the improper use of speech acts or adherence to linguistic rules.
SPEAKING (pragmatic error).」（【日本語訳】誤用：第二言語あるいは外国語学習者
In speeches or written documents, language items used by proficient speakers or native speakers may be considered erroneous or incomplete This usage, which includes words, grammatical elements, and speech acts, is distinct from errors caused by insufficient knowledge Mistakes occur when learners produce language due to carelessness, fatigue, inattention, or other aspects of linguistic performance Misuse, on the other hand, arises from violations of speech acts or the rules governing specific utterances, often manifesting as lexical errors, phonological errors, or grammatical mistakes.
(syntactic error)、発話者による意図、意味の誤解(interpretive error)、間違った伝達
の効果などに分類されている。）
Every language has its own set of general rules, which are derived from the language activities and usage of its native speakers According to Jack C Richards, these rules are essential for understanding how language functions within its community.
Richard Schmidt（2002）の定義からすると、そのルールに違反する言語使用を誤用と
Yoshikawa (1982) addresses the definition of misuse, stating that modern linguistics operates under the premise that all utterances by native speakers are correct Consequently, there are, in principle, no misuses in native speaker speech The issue of misuse arises primarily when learning the language as a second language.
る。」（p.120）また、吉川（1982）にとって、誤用とはもっぱら第二言語学習者が目
標言語を使うときに犯す誤りをさしている。
日本語における敬語表現
In Japanese, honorifics are generally classified into three categories: respectful language, humble language, and polite language However, in the field of Japanese linguistics, a more detailed classification includes five categories: respectful language, humble language I, humble language II (courteous language), polite language, and beautifying language In 2007, the Cultural Council, an advisory body to the Minister of Education and the Commissioner for Cultural Affairs, recommended this five-category framework for honorifics.
Keigo, or honorific language, can be categorized into two main types: sonkeigo, which elevates the subject of conversation, and taishago, which elevates the listener This five-category system is defined by distinguishing these two forms, building on the traditional three-category approach Additionally, beautifying language, which is inherently a part of polite speech, is often excluded from the definition of keigo In middle school, students typically learn about these three categories of keigo, as well as the differences between plain and polite forms of speech.
敬語の分類及び特徴
3分類 5分類 特徴
尊敬語 尊敬語
This article discusses the actions, matters, and conditions related to the other party or third parties, emphasizing the importance of acknowledging the individuals involved.
自分側から相手側又は第三者に向かう行為
・物事などについて、その向かう先の人物 を立てて述べるもの。
This refers to the practice of respectfully expressing one's own actions or matters in relation to the counterpart in speech or writing.
丁寧語 丁寧語 語や文章の相手に対して丁寧に述べるもの
。 美化語 - 物事を、美化して述べるもの。
（注）上記の表での「立てる」は「敬語の指針」（文化審議会、2007）で「言葉
The expression "to position highly" is used in this context In this discussion, the term "to establish" should be understood in that sense.
１ １尊敬語とは
Honorific language is used to express respect towards the actions, objects, or states of others or third parties, elevating the status of the individuals being referred to.
When stating, "The teacher is going abroad next week," using "is going" instead of "will be going" elevates the respect shown to the teacher The term "いらっしゃる" serves as an honorific that acknowledges the subject's status, making it a form of respectful language known as "sonkeigo." Similarly, phrases like "the teacher's guidance" also exemplify this type of respectful language that honors the individual performing the action.
In the Japanese language, there are respectful expressions known as "sonkeigo" that apply not only to actions but also to nouns and states For instance, the phrase "先生のお名前" (the teacher's name) honors the owner of the name, "先生" (teacher), while "先生はお忙しいようですね" (It seems the teacher is busy) acknowledges the teacher's state of being busy.
1.2 尊敬語の形
1.2.1 動詞の尊敬語
① 動詞の尊敬語の形
In Japanese, there are specific forms used for certain verbs, such as "行く" becoming "いらっしゃる," and more general forms that can apply to a variety of verbs, like "読む" changing to "お読みになる" or "利用する" to "御利用になる."
【特定形の主な例】
・いらっしゃる （←行く・来る・いる）
・おっしゃる （←言う）
・なさる （←する）
・召し上がる （←食べる・飲む）
・下さる （←くれる）
・見える （←来る）
【一般形の主な例】
・お（ご） になる
In Japanese, certain verbs can be transformed to indicate a passive voice, allowing for expressions such as "to be read" (読む→読まれる), "to be used" (利用する→利用される), "to be started" (始める→始められる), and "to be come" (来る→来られる) This grammatical structure is essential for conveying actions that are received by the subject.
・ なさる（例：利用する→利用なさる）
・ご なさる（例：利用する→御利用なさる）
・お（ご） だ（例：読む→お読みだ、利用する→ご利用だ）
・お（ご） くださる（例：読む→お読みくださる、指導する→ご指導くださ る）
【「お（ご） になる」を作る上での留意点】
ア．「お」「御」の使い分け
In Japanese, when the verb is a native Japanese word, it is often transformed into a more polite form by adding "お になる," as seen in "読む" becoming "お読みになる" and "出掛ける" changing to "お出掛けになる." Conversely, for Sino-Japanese verbs, the polite form is typically expressed as "利用する," maintaining a different structure.
In Japanese, the phrase "ご になる" is used to express respect or politeness, as seen in expressions like "御利用になる" (to use) and "御出席になる" (to attend) This structure often involves irregular forms of "お" or "ご" preceding the verb, highlighting the nuances of respectful language in Japanese communication.
次の場合は、変則的な作り方となる。
・ご覧になる （←見る）
・おいでになる （←行く・来る・いる）
・お休みになる （←寝る）
・お召しになる （←着る）
ウ．「お（ご） になる」が作れない場合
In Japanese, certain verbs do not naturally combine with the honorific prefixes "お" or "ご," making it impossible to form the structure "お（ご） になる." Therefore, it is important to be cautious when using these verbs in honorific expressions.
When using respectful language in Japanese, it's important to choose appropriate expressions For instance, instead of saying "お死にになる," one should use "お亡くなりになる" or "亡くなれる." Similarly, rather than "御失敗になる," opt for "失敗なさる" or "失敗される." Instead of "御運転になる," it is more respectful to say "運転なさる" or "運転される."
② 可能の意味を添える場合
To express possibility in a respectful manner using verbs, one must first convert the verb into its respectful form before transforming it into the potential form.
例：召し上がる →召し上がれる、
お読みになる →お読みになれる
ご利用になる →ご利用になれる
1.2.2 名詞の尊敬語