INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale to the study
Research aims and research questions
This research has four main aims as the followings:
1 To investigate syntactic and semantic features of English and Vietnamese idioms related to food and drink, from which explore the cultural values underlying the literal words
2 To find out the similarities and differences in the cultures of the two countries which are reflected through their idioms containing food and drink
3 To equip both those learning English and those learning Vietnamese as their foreign language with rich knowledge on both English and Vietnamese idioms in general and on food and drink in particular Moreover, to help teachers, learners and translators avoid difficulties in translating English idioms into Vietnamese and vice versa
4 To supply some suggested implications for teaching and learning method, which contribute to improve ability of using English idioms in general, idioms related to food and drink in particular
To achieve the above aims, the following research questions are put forward:
1 What syntactic and semantic features are reflected in the food and drink idioms in both English and Vietnamese?
2 What are the similarities and differences between Vietnamese and English cultures through idioms related to food and drink? What factors lead to such differences?
Objectives of the research
This study aims to enhance Vietnamese learners' comprehension of English and Vietnamese idioms related to food and drink, fostering their confidence in using these idioms By improving both receptive skills, such as listening and reading, and productive skills like speaking and writing, the research seeks to minimize communication breakdowns and promote effective language use.
Scope of the research
I have found idioms such an interesting English aspect that I decide to choose them as my thesis topic However, due to the limited time and knowledge, I
This article explores a specific subset of English idioms, particularly those that incorporate food and drink terminology, and examines their Vietnamese equivalents from a cultural perspective These expressions, referred to as "idioms of food and drink," highlight the rich interplay between language and culture, revealing how culinary references shape idiomatic meanings in both English and Vietnamese.
Food and drink are integral to both English and Vietnamese cultures, significantly influencing their idiomatic expressions Idioms related to food and drink comprise a substantial portion of the idiomatic language in both English and Vietnamese, revealing notable similarities and differences By comparing these idioms, Vietnamese teachers and learners can enhance their understanding and usage of idiomatic expressions This paper aims to analyze the cultural perspectives of food and drink idioms in both languages and provide educational implications to improve the effectiveness of teaching and learning idioms in English.
Methods of the study
The study utilizes descriptive and comparative methods combined with the qualitative and quantitative ones
This study employs a quantitative method to gather data on English and Vietnamese idioms related to food and drink, utilizing a variety of reliable sources such as reference books, stories, novels, dictionaries, and reputable websites.
The qualitative method is employed to describe and analyze the data of the study The steps of the study are conducted in the order as follows:
- Collect English and Vietnamese idioms containing food and drink from several sources and then categorize them
- Investigate and analyze the syntactic and semantic features of English and Vietnamese idioms containing food and drink
- Analyze the cultural features of English and Vietnamese hidden behind those idioms
- Compare and find the differences and similarities between English and Vietnamese idioms containing food and drink from cultural perspective
The descriptive method is used to describe the syntactic, semantic and cultural features of idioms containing food and drink in English and Vietnamese
The comparative method is used to identify the similarities and differences in their syntactic, semantic and cultural features.
Significance of the research
This study enhances the knowledge of Vietnamese teachers and learners regarding idioms, specifically those related to food and drink, by exploring their syntactic, semantic, and cultural characteristics.
(ii) Practical significance: The study provides Vietnamese learners with suggestions to improve their language skills when using idioms containing food and drink, particularly communicative skill and avoid culture shock.
Design of the research
This thesis consists of three main parts
Part one is the Introduction, which consists of the rationale, the aims and research question, the objectives, the scope, the methods, the significance and the design of the study
Part two of the study focuses on the development of English idioms related to food and drink, along with their Vietnamese equivalents This section is organized into four distinct chapters, each exploring different aspects of these idioms and their cultural significance.
Chapter II: Theoretical background including Overview of idioms, The Relationship of Language and Culture, Idioms and Culture
Chapter III: Methodology and procedure
Chapter IV: Findings and discussion as well as some implications for teaching and learning
The last part is the Conclusion of the study and suggestions for further studies
The References and Appendixes are at the end of the thesis
DEVELOPMENT
Since the 1970s, the study of idiomatic expressions in English has significantly increased, likely due to the challenges and inconsistencies in defining them Researchers have explored idioms from multiple perspectives.
Numerous books and dictionaries provide significant advantages by systematically organizing idioms in alphabetical order, along with their meanings and usage examples in English.
Numerous valuable resources are available for learners of English idioms, including "Oxford Dictionary of English Idioms" by Cowie, Mackin, and McCaig, as well as "Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English" published in 1983 by the same authors Additionally, the "Collins COBUILD Dictionary of Idioms," released in 2002, serves as another essential reference for understanding idiomatic expressions in English.
“Longman Dictionary of English Idioms” (1979), “Longman Dictionary of Idioms”
(1998), “CHAMBERS Dictionary of Idioms” (1996) and “Idioms for Everyday Use” by Broukal and Milada (1994)
Vietnamese researchers have shown significant interest in idioms, leading to various studies on the subject Notable works include "Từ điển Thành ngữ tục ngữ Việt-Anh" (2006), "Thành ngữ Tục ngữ Tiếng Anh" (2008), "Kể chuyện thành ngữ tiếng Anh" (2006), and "Tuyển tập Thành ngữ Tục ngữ Ca dao Việt Anh thông dụng" (2007).
Literature Review
The study of idiomatic expressions in English gained momentum in the 1970s, largely due to the challenges and inconsistencies in defining these phrases Researchers have approached idioms from multiple perspectives, leading to a significant increase in scholarly work on the topic.
Numerous books and dictionaries offer significant advantages by meticulously compiling idioms in an alphabetical format, providing clear explanations of their meanings along with examples of usage in English.
Numerous valuable resources are available for learners of English idioms, including "Oxford Dictionary of English Idioms" by Cowie, Mackin, and McCaig, as well as "Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English" (1983) by A.P Cowie, R Mackin, and I.R McCaig Additionally, the "Collins COBUILD Dictionary of Idioms" (2002) serves as another essential reference for understanding idiomatic expressions in English.
“Longman Dictionary of English Idioms” (1979), “Longman Dictionary of Idioms”
(1998), “CHAMBERS Dictionary of Idioms” (1996) and “Idioms for Everyday Use” by Broukal and Milada (1994)
Vietnamese researchers have shown significant interest in idioms, leading to numerous studies on the subject Notable works include "Từ điển Thành ngữ tục ngữ Việt-Anh" (2006), "Thành ngữ Tục ngữ Tiếng Anh" (2008), "Kể chuyện thành ngữ tiếng Anh" (2006), and "Tuyển tập Thành ngữ Tục ngữ Ca dao Việt Anh thông dụng" (2007).
Theoretical background
Overview of Idioms
There are a lot of definitions of idioms introduced in a variety of materials as follow:
The Collins COBUILD Dictionary of Idioms, 2nd edition, defines an idiom as a unique phrase where the collective meaning differs from the individual meanings of its words.
Felicity O’Dell and Michael McCarthy in English Idioms in Use Advanced:
Idioms are fixed combinations of words whose meaning is often difficult to guess from the meaning of each individual word (2010:6)
The Longman Dictionary of English Idioms (1979): An idiom is a group of words with a special different meaning from the meanings of the separate words
According to the Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics, an idiom is defined as an expression that operates as a single unit, with a meaning that cannot be deduced from the individual components.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English (1995), an idiom is defined as a phrase or sentence whose meaning cannot be deduced from the individual words, necessitating that it be learned as a complete unit.
According to the Chambers English Dictionary of Idioms (1996:5), the term "idiom" is complex and encompasses various types of expressions Traditionally, an idiom is defined as a phrase where the collective meaning differs from the individual meanings of its components.
An idiom is a fixed expression whose meaning cannot be deduced from the meanings of its individual words, as most linguists agree Essentially, the true meaning of an idiom is not simply the sum of its parts.
7 components Moreover, idioms may also carry a particular attitude of the person using them, so learners must use them with a lot of care
Mona Baker (1992) defines idioms in her book "In Other Words" as fixed expressions that exhibit minimal variation in form and convey meanings that cannot be inferred from their individual parts She outlines five key conditions that characterize idioms.
1 The order of the words in an idioms cannot be changed The way the words are put together is fixed and they can not change their place
2 The words in an idiom cannot be omitted We as the users of the language are not permitted to delete some of the words of a particular element
3 There are no extra words that might be added to an idiom
4 No words in an idiom can be replaced by another word
5 The grammatical structures of an idiom cannot be changed Let us see a well-known phrase “spill the beans” Its meaning is to reveal something; make something known which is quite different from the literal meanings of the words in the phrase We cannot often substitute words that are close in meaning in these phrases For example, the substitution “spill the peas” will make the phrase turn to usual meaning and lose the idiomatic meaning Furthermore, idioms are barely changed into passive voice As in this example, it would be unnatural to say “the beans are spilt”
Certain idioms have multiple variations that maintain the same meaning, often highlighting distinctions between British and American English A notable example is the difference between "banana skin" in British English and "banana peel" in American English.
In public life, individuals can sometimes make embarrassing mistakes that attract widespread attention This phenomenon is akin to claiming a share of the available resources, often represented metaphorically as a slice of cake or pie Such situations highlight the complex dynamics of entitlement and public perception, where various actions and decisions can lead to differing interpretations of one's rightful share of benefits or opportunities.
Idioms often incorporate specific phrases that convey particular meanings, such as "sell like hot cakes," which refers to items that are quickly sold due to their popularity or low price Another example is "putting all one’s eggs into one basket," indicating reliance on a single strategy for success rather than exploring multiple options Prepositions also play a crucial role in idiomatic expressions; for instance, "a bite at a cherry" signifies an opportunity to take action, while "having egg on one’s face" means being made to look foolish.
Idioms can appear in various forms, often as noun phrases like "a piece of cake," which refers to something very easy to accomplish, or "pie in the sky," indicating unrealistic expectations.
Idioms often describe events that are perceived as unlikely to occur, such as "when pigs fly." Additionally, verb phrases like "know one's onions," meaning to possess expertise, and "do porridge," referring to serving time in prison, illustrate the richness of idiomatic expressions It's important to note that idioms can exhibit various grammatical structures, including regular, irregular, or even incorrect forms, adding to their complexity and charm in language use.
The phrase "go bananas" illustrates a case of grammatical irregularity in English, as it combines a verb of movement with a direct object Typically, such a structure is not accepted in English, since verbs of movement usually require a preposition when paired with an object.
Idioms are, in a very broad sense, metaphorical rather than literal Most of
English idioms are characterized by their use of metaphorical imagery, which can vary in complexity for readers The literal structure of these idioms plays a minimal role in conveying their overall meaning It is the figurative nature of idioms that infuses them with vibrancy, depth, and significance, making them memorable and impactful.
Understanding idioms can vary in difficulty; some, like "as sour as vinegar," are easily interpreted due to their obvious imagery, while others require historical and cultural context for comprehension This complexity often poses challenges for learners trying to grasp idiomatic expressions fully.
The relationship of Language and Culture
Culture, in its most comprehensive form, defines the sense of alienation one feels when away from home It encompasses the beliefs and expectations regarding communication and behavior that, through social learning, have become instinctive to individuals.
2.2.2 The inseparable Relationship between Language and Culture
According to Claire Kramsch, concerning culture language performs 3 functions: expressing cultural reality, embodying cultural reality, symbolizing cultural reality
In "Vietnam, the Issues of Language and Culture," Professor Tran Ngoc Them posits that language is the foundation of all cultures He argues that just as language, combined with labor, shapes humanity, it also serves as the essential starting point for the development of every culture.
In summary, language and culture are deeply interconnected, influencing and shaping one another Language serves as both a vessel for culture and a reflection of its content By examining language, we can uncover cultural characteristics and gain insights into linguistic phenomena through the lens of culture.
2.2.3 The Relationship between Idioms and Culture
Culture significantly shapes the origin and evolution of language, establishing a deep connection between linguistic content and cultural identity Beyond mere vocabulary and phrases, idioms serve as unique linguistic elements that encapsulate the cultural traits of various nations.
Idioms are deeply rooted in culture, serving as a reflection of the values and daily life of the people who speak a particular language Gluckberg highlights that learning idioms offers valuable insights into a language's cultural context By studying idioms, we gain a better understanding of the culture and, conversely, a deeper appreciation of idioms through their cultural backgrounds Notably, there are significant differences between English and Vietnamese idioms, shaped by their unique geographic environments and cultural histories English idioms often relate to the ocean, reflecting Britain’s maritime heritage, with expressions like "drink like a fish" and "the world is one’s oyster." In contrast, Vietnamese idioms are influenced by an agricultural economy, as seen in phrases like "cơm tẻ me ̣ ruột" and "ăn một bát cháo chạy ba quãng đồng."
Language not only mirrors thought but also significantly influences it According to Brown (1986), culture plays a crucial role in the relationship between language and thought, as it encompasses the patterns, customs, and lifestyles that are articulated through language Additionally, the unique perspectives shaped by cultural contexts are inherently reflected in linguistic expressions.
Language, thoughts, and culture are interconnected elements that rely on one another for existence Idioms, as part of language, serve as a vital reflection of both cultural values and thought processes They act as a mirror, providing an authentic representation of a society's beliefs and ideas.
In conclusion, there is a close relationship between culture and idioms Idioms are the transfer of the cultural values and beliefs
METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURE
Research design
The research design aims to establish guidelines for systematic data collection to explore the diversity of food and drink idioms in English and Vietnamese This study also seeks to uncover the cultural characteristics that underlie these idioms, highlighting the connection between language and cultural identity.
Research methodology
This study analyzes and compares the syntactic, semantic, and cultural characteristics of food and drink idioms in English and their Vietnamese counterparts To meet its aims and objectives, the research employs both descriptive and comparative methods, integrating qualitative and quantitative approaches.
The descriptive method is employed to thoroughly detail the syntactic, semantic, and cultural characteristics of food and drink idioms gathered from various sources, including reference books, stories, novels, dictionaries, and online platforms.
The comparative method is employed to analyze the similarities and differences in the syntactic, semantic, and cultural aspects of food and drink idioms in both English and Vietnamese.
Data collection
A long time ago, people could eat only what they grew or what they could catch Today, most of the food is supplied by the food industry
Many of the foods we consume originate from animals, including various types of meat such as beef, veal, lamb, pork, fish, and chicken These products can be categorized into red meats, like beef and lamb, and white meats, such as chicken and fish Additionally, organ meats, which include heart, liver, kidneys, and brains, are also derived from animals.
Animal-derived foods, including eggs and milk, are produced throughout the animals' lifetimes Cheese, made from milk, is also classified as an animal food, along with other dairy products such as butter, cream, and yogurt.
Other foods come from plants, including rice, wheat, fruit, beans and vegetables
Plant and animal foods serve as essential ingredients for creating a variety of other foods, including staples like bread and cheese Among these, fruit is a significant food source derived from plants Additionally, various other parts of plants are utilized in our diets, contributing to the diverse range of food options available.
Leaves and stems – celery, lettuce, silver beet
Seeds – wheat, rice, legumes, ground nuts (peanuts), tree nuts (walnuts, almonds)
Most cakes are made from flour Other foods made from wheat include: bread, pastry, biscuits, pasta, and noodles
While most foods come from animal or plant sources, there are notable exceptions like edible fungi, particularly mushrooms In addition, inorganic substances such as salt, often used as a flavoring or preservative, along with baking soda for preservation or chemical alteration of ingredients, and water, are essential components of the human diet.
Agricultural and food products often stand out due to unique characteristics and qualities tied to their geographical origin This differentiation arises from local factors such as soil, climate, and cultural traditions, which contribute to the product's distinct identity Each region boasts its own culinary traditions, preferences, and practices, collectively studied under the field of gastronomy.
Various cultures have enriched their culinary traditions through diverse preparation and cooking techniques Additionally, food plays a significant role in many societies, intertwining with essential human experiences, including values, behaviors, and aspects of sexuality.
16 desire, disposition, etc., due to its prominent importance in human survival and pleasure (Berrada, 2007) b What is drink?
According to The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition: drink is a liquid that is fit for drinking; a beverage
Therefore, water, tea, coffee, alcoholic drink, coca, fruit juice, etc…are drink c Choosing idioms containing food and drink
Idioms related to food and drink, referred to as "food and drink idioms," encompass expressions that involve specific types of food or beverages These idioms often convey deeper meanings and cultural insights, enriching our understanding of language and communication.
The phrases "butter and cheese," "bad eggs," and "food" in expressions like "food for thought" highlight the diverse ways we refer to food and drink Similarly, the term "cỗ" in "ma ăn cỗ" signifies a gathering or party, while "lương" in "cao lương mỹ vị" emphasizes the richness of food These examples illustrate the cultural significance and varied contexts in which food is discussed.
The researcher gathered data from various sources, including dictionaries, books, and online websites, focusing on idioms related to food and drink After identifying these idioms, the researcher categorized them based on their literal and figurative meanings To facilitate a more efficient analysis, all collected idioms were organized in alphabetical order.
Data analysis
After collecting 380 idioms including 190 English idioms and 190 Vietnamese idioms of food and drink from various sources, we categorize them into two main aspects: syntactic and semantic ones
Syntactically, the data are classified based on the different structural categories, such as noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases and prepositional phrases
Semantically, the classification is carried out on the basis of typical semantic and pragmatic features of idioms of food and drink in both languages
The steps of data analysis will be involved:
- Collecting idioms containing food and drink in both languages from a variety of sources
- Analyzing the syntactic features of idioms containing food and drink in English and Vietnamese
- Analyzing the semantic features of idioms containing food and drink in English and Vietnamese
- Identifying the similarities and differences between the two languages containing food and drink with regard to syntactic and semantic features
- Analyzing the cultural features of idioms containing food and drink in English and Vietnamese
- Suggesting some implications for teaching and learning this popular kind of idioms in English and Vietnamese as a foreign language.
Reliability and validity
The data were selected from English, American and Vietnamese books and dictionaries Most of linguistic and grammatical books are reliable.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Syntactic features of idioms containing food and drink in English and
It can be seen that idioms in both languages are lexically fixed They vary in structure form: phrase structures and sentence structures
4.1.1.1 English and Vietnamese Idioms containing food and drink of verb phrases patterns: o Verb + Noun/NP:
English idioms like "bear fruit," "chew the fat," and "spill the beans" have their Vietnamese counterparts such as "bắt cá hai tay" and "nói nhát gừng." These expressions illustrate the richness of both languages, showcasing how idiomatic phrases can convey similar meanings through different cultural lenses Understanding these idioms enhances language learning and communication, allowing speakers to express complex ideas succinctly.
The phrases "can't do something for toffee" and "cast one's bread upon the waters" illustrate the challenges of certain tasks and the hope for future rewards Meanwhile, "have a bun in the oven" signifies pregnancy, while "have a finger in every pie" suggests involvement in multiple activities The expression "rub salt into one's wounds" conveys the idea of exacerbating someone's pain In Vietnamese, phrases like "ăn cơm gà gáy" and "cất bình nửa ngày" reflect the nuances of daily life, while "ăn muối còn hơn chuối chát" emphasizes the importance of experience Additionally, "giết gà bằng dao mổ trâu" highlights the absurdity of using excessive means for simple tasks, and "rán sành ra mỡ" illustrates the idea of gaining knowledge through experience.
Trong tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt, có nhiều thành ngữ thể hiện ý nghĩa tương tự nhau Ví dụ, "cry over spilt milk" tương đương với "bóp chết từ trong trứng nước", cả hai đều nhấn mạnh việc không nên tiếc nuối điều đã qua Câu "drink like a fish" có thể so sánh với "chửi như chó ăn vã mắm", thể hiện sự phóng đại trong hành động "Eat like a horse" tương tự như "mọc lên như nấm", ám chỉ sự thịnh vượng hoặc phát triển nhanh chóng Những cụm từ như "go/sell like hot cakes" và "rụng như sung" đều chỉ sự phổ biến và ưa chuộng Cuối cùng, "speak with a plum in one’s mouth" có thể liên hệ đến "nói như đổ mè vào mặt", thể hiện cách nói kiểu cách hoặc kiêu ngạo Những thành ngữ này không chỉ phong phú về ngôn ngữ mà còn phản ánh văn hóa đặc trưng của mỗi quốc gia.
English idioms Vietnamese idioms serve someone the same sauce ăn cướp cơm chim; ăn nói cà riềng cà tỏi o Verb + Noun/NP + Verb:
English and Vietnamese idioms enrich language and communication, each offering unique expressions For instance, "have a bone to pick with someone" reflects a grievance, while "have bigger fish to fry" indicates more important matters at hand Similarly, the Vietnamese idiom "ngậm bồ hòn làm ngọt" conveys the idea of enduring hardship gracefully Other expressions like "keep one's breath to cool one's porridge" suggest patience, and "teach one's grandmother to suck eggs" implies unnecessary advice Additionally, the phrase "use a sledgehammer to crack a nut" warns against overkill in problem-solving Understanding these idioms enhances cultural appreciation and effective communication.
English idioms like "kill the goose that lays the golden egg" emphasize the dangers of sacrificing something valuable for short-term gain Similarly, the Vietnamese idiom "không ưa thì dưa có giòi" reflects the idea of accepting unpleasant situations The phrase "know how many beans make five" highlights the importance of understanding basic concepts, while "nguây nguẩy như mẹ quẩy tôm" conveys a sense of chaotic movement Both languages showcase unique expressions that reveal cultural insights and values.
Ăn cá bỏ lờ ; Ăn mận trả đào ; Ăn ốc nói mò ; Bắc nước
Chờ gạo người, bánh đúc bày sàng, đếm củ dưa hành bên lọ nước mắm, giật đầu cá và đầu tôm, há miệng chờ sung, treo đầu dê bán thịt chó, vắt chanh bỏ vỏ.
4.1.1.2 English and Vietnamese Idioms containing food and drink of Noun phrases patterns: o (Article) + Adjective (Adj) + Noun (N):
English idioms often convey complex ideas through vivid expressions, such as "a big cheese," referring to an important person, and "a golden goose," symbolizing a valuable source of income Similarly, Vietnamese idioms like "bé hạt tiêu" describe someone small but fierce, while "láu tôm láu cá" characterizes someone clever or cunning Other idioms, like "hot potato" and "sour grapes," highlight challenging situations and the tendency to dismiss what one cannot have Expressions such as "dead meat" and "easy meat" indicate vulnerability, while "red herring" signifies a misleading clue, and "small beer" refers to something insignificant These idioms enrich both English and Vietnamese languages, offering insights into cultural perspectives.
English idioms Vietnamese idioms forbidden fruit; a rotten apple o Noun + Noun:
English idioms such as "apples and oranges," "bread and butter," and "meat and potatoes" highlight the simplicity and essentials of life, while Vietnamese idioms like "bờ xôi ruộng mật" and "cơm sung cháo dền" reflect cultural nuances in daily experiences Both languages utilize idiomatic expressions to convey complex ideas through relatable imagery, emphasizing the importance of food and community Other idioms, such as "cakes and ale" and "hàng tôm hàng cá," further illustrate the richness of cultural traditions and the significance of shared meals in fostering connections.
English idioms like "a piece of cake" and "the proof of the pudding" convey simplicity and the importance of experience, while Vietnamese idioms such as "chuyện nở như ngô rang" illustrate rapid growth Phrases like "the apple of someone's eye" and "the salt of the earth" highlight cherished individuals and admirable qualities, paralleling Vietnamese expressions like "mặt đỏ như gấc," which describes a flushed face Additionally, idioms such as "cream of the crop" and "food for thought" emphasize excellence and contemplation, akin to "mặt vàng như nghệ," which refers to a yellowish complexion The nuances of these idioms enrich both languages, offering insights into cultural values and perspectives.
Áo ấm cơm no, chén tạc chén thù, cơm chẳng lành canh chẳng ngọt, cơm đen vận túng, cơm no rượu say, cơm thừa canh cạn, mật ít ruồi nhiều.
Các thành ngữ tiếng Anh như "cheap as chips" (rẻ như bèo), "flat as a pancake" (bằng phẳng như cái chảo), "full of beans" (tràn đầy năng lượng), và "nutty as a fruitcake" (điên như trái cây) tương đương với các thành ngữ tiếng Việt như "gắt như mắm tôm", "mạnh vì gạo bạo vì tiền", và "xấu từ trong trứng" Những cụm từ này thể hiện những hình ảnh sinh động và sâu sắc trong ngôn ngữ, từ "nát như tương" đến "rối như canh hẹ", đều phản ánh những đặc điểm văn hóa và đời sống hàng ngày của người Việt.
English idioms such as "from soup to nuts," "in a pickle," and "in a stew" reflect various states of being or situations Phrases like "in apple-pie order" signify organization, while "in the pudding club" humorously refers to pregnancy Additionally, expressions like "in the soup," "off one's nut," "off one's oats," and "off one's onion" convey feelings of confusion or being out of sorts Understanding these idioms enriches language and cultural nuances.
Apart from the above similarities, both languages also have sentence idioms They may be simple or complex sentences:
English idioms Vietnamese idioms the world is one‟s oyster
Khi mặt trăng trở thành phô mai xanh, câu nói "butter wouldn’t melt in their mouth" thể hiện sự giả tạo Trong văn hóa dân gian, có nhiều câu nói như "cà cuống chết đến đít còn cay" hay "chuột sa chĩnh gạo" phản ánh sự khéo léo và tinh tế trong ứng xử Hình ảnh "dùi đục chấm nước mắm" và "ăn mày đòi xôi gấc" cho thấy sự khát khao và tham lam "Chó già giữ xương" và "chuột chù nếm dấm" thể hiện sự khôn ngoan và cẩn trọng Một nụ cười có giá trị hơn mười thang thuốc bổ, trong khi "hàng thịt nguýt hàng cá" phản ánh sự phong phú của ẩm thực "Húng mọc, tía tô cũng mọc" cho thấy sự đa dạng trong tự nhiên, còn "kẻ ăn ốc người đổ vỏ" nhấn mạnh sự công bằng trong cuộc sống Cuối cùng, "ông ăn chả, bà ăn nem" và "quyết làm cam chịu" thể hiện tinh thần kiên trì và sự chấp nhận trong cuộc sống.
The use of similes in food and drink idioms highlights a notable similarity between the two languages A simile is a figure of speech that draws comparisons between different things, typically employing the words "as" or "like." This linguistic device enriches expressions and enhances understanding in both languages.
Here are some common idioms of English and Vietnamese which are widely used in everyday life
English idioms often use vivid imagery to convey meaning, such as "as red as beetroot" to describe someone blushing, or "as cool as a cucumber" to indicate calmness under pressure Similarly, Vietnamese idioms like "dễ như ăn gỏi" express simplicity, while "đắng như ngậm bồ hòn" conveys bitterness Comparisons like "as different as chalk and cheese" highlight contrasts, much like "hiền như củ khoai" emphasizes gentleness Other expressions, such as "as packed like sardines," illustrate overcrowding, paralleling "nát như tương," which suggests being in a messy state Overall, these idioms enrich both languages, offering colorful ways to express emotions and situations.
Semantic features of idioms containing food and drink in English and
The primary distinction between English and Vietnamese idioms related to food and drink lies in their structure; English idioms often utilize prepositional phrases, while Vietnamese idioms do not incorporate this format.
4.2 Semantic features of idioms containing food and drink in English and Vietnamese
After a collection and detail analysis, idioms containing food and drink can be organized into two categories:
+ Idioms having non-human implications
English idioms Vietnamese idioms butter wouldn‟t melt in ai biết đâu ma ăn cỗ ; láu tôm láu cá ; mạt cưa mướp
Trong cuộc sống, có những câu thành ngữ thể hiện sự châm biếm và phản ánh tâm lý con người như "sour grapes" (đắng lòng trước điều không đạt được), hay "mật ngọt chết ruồi" (cái lợi không phải lúc nào cũng tốt) Những câu như "mười voi không được bát nước xáo" nhấn mạnh sự không công bằng, trong khi "thêm dấm thêm ớt" và "thêm mắm thêm muối" thể hiện việc làm mọi chuyện trở nên phức tạp hơn Cuối cùng, "treo đầu dê, bán thịt chó" chỉ ra sự giả dối trong kinh doanh.
4.2.1.2 Idiom expressing hunger and poverty
English idioms like "not have a bean" and "not to have two beans to rub together" reflect extreme poverty, similar to Vietnamese expressions such as "ăn cháo cầm hơi" and "bữa rau bữa cháo," which convey the struggle of living on meager resources Other Vietnamese phrases like "cơm niêu nước lọ," "cơm sung cháo đền," and "gạo chợ nước sông" further illustrate the challenges of poverty, while "nghèo rớt mùng tơi" emphasizes a state of being destitute.
4.2.1.3 Idiom expressing advantageous / disadvantageous situations
English and Vietnamese idioms often convey unique meanings and cultural nuances Phrases like "a bite at/of a cherry" and "a piece of cake" suggest opportunities and ease, while "a dead duck" and "be toast" indicate failure or impending doom The expression "cherry on the cake" adds a positive touch to an already good situation Meanwhile, idioms such as "cut the mustard" and "make mincemeat of sb" highlight standards and defeat, respectively The phrases "eat humble pie" and "the rough end of the pineapple" reflect humility and hardship Additionally, "the world is one’s oyster" and "in a pickle" express potential and trouble, respectively, showcasing the rich tapestry of language that connects cultures through shared experiences and emotions.
Cá nằm trên thớt, cơm đen vận túng, giao trứng cho ác, lợn lành chữa thành lợn què Mạnh vì gạo, bạo vì tiền; mật ít ruồi nhiều, như cá gặp nước Tránh vỏ dưa gặp vỏ dừa, trứng chọi với đá, trứng để đầu đẳng/gãy.
4.2.1.4 Idiom expressing human physical states
English idioms often convey vivid imagery and cultural nuances, such as "as dead as mutton," which suggests something is completely lifeless, or "have a bun in the oven," indicating pregnancy Similarly, phrases like "in the pudding club" also refer to being pregnant, while "off one's oats" describes someone who is tired or lacking energy In contrast, Vietnamese idioms like "chắc như cua gạch" express certainty, and "mặt tái/xám như gà cắt tiết" vividly illustrate a pale face, often associated with fear or shock Other Vietnamese expressions, such as "mặt vàng như nghệ," convey a sense of illness or fatigue, and "xấu từ trong trứng" suggests that bad traits are inherent from the beginning Both languages utilize these idioms to enrich communication and reflect cultural values.
Trong tiếng Anh, có nhiều thành ngữ thú vị như "a bad egg" (trái trứng hỏng), "a good egg" (trái trứng tốt), hay "a rotten apple" (quả táo thối) để chỉ những người hoặc điều không tốt Một số thành ngữ khác như "as cool as a cucumber" (bình tĩnh như dưa chuột) và "couch potato" (người lười biếng) cũng rất phổ biến Tương tự, trong tiếng Việt, chúng ta có những câu như "ăn cháo đá bát" để chỉ sự vô ơn, "ăn bơ làm biếng" diễn tả sự lười biếng, hay "bắc nước chờ gạo người" thể hiện sự chờ đợi vô ích Các thành ngữ khác như "hiền như củ khoai" chỉ sự hiền lành, hay "há miệng chờ sung" thể hiện sự chờ đợi điều gì đó dễ dàng mà không cần nỗ lực Những thành ngữ này không chỉ phong phú về ngữ nghĩa mà còn phản ánh văn hóa và cách nhìn nhận cuộc sống của mỗi dân tộc.
Trong cuộc sống, có những câu nói thể hiện tính cách con người như "người tốt bụng" được ví như "muối của đất", hay những người "cứng cỏi" thường được gọi là "bánh quy kiên cường" Ngoài ra, khi gặp khó khăn, nhiều người có thể "tan chảy như thạch" trước áp lực Những hình ảnh như "húng mọc" hay "tía tô" cũng thể hiện sự tươi mới trong cuộc sống Câu nói "miệng thơn thớt, dạ ớt ngâm" phản ánh sự khéo léo trong giao tiếp Ngược lại, có những người "nhát như cáy" khi đối mặt với thử thách Cuối cùng, việc "rán sành ra mỡ" cho thấy sự khéo léo và kinh nghiệm trong công việc.
4.2.1.6 Idiom expressing human moods or psychological states
English and Vietnamese idioms often convey similar meanings through vivid imagery For example, "as keen as mustard" and "nguây nguẩy như mẹ quẩy tôm" both express enthusiasm and eagerness Expressions like "go nuts," "do one's nut," and "go bananas" illustrate a state of madness or excitement, while their Vietnamese counterparts, such as "rối như canh hẹ," depict confusion Additionally, phrases like "have egg on one's face" and "like the cat that’s got the cream" reflect feelings of embarrassment and satisfaction, respectively The idiom "make no bones about" emphasizes straightforwardness, similar to the Vietnamese saying "như cá gặp nước," which conveys a sense of being in one’s element Overall, these idioms enrich both languages, highlighting cultural nuances and shared human experiences.
4.2.1.7 Idiom expressing human behaviours, attitude, actions and activities
English and Vietnamese idioms reflect cultural nuances in expressing everyday situations For instance, "bring home the bacon" and "earn/make one's bread" emphasize the importance of earning a living, while "chew the fat" highlights casual conversations Similarly, Vietnamese idioms like "ăn bánh trả tiền" convey the idea of getting something in return Expressions such as "kill the goose that lays the golden egg" and "quarrel with bread and butter" warn against jeopardizing valuable resources Furthermore, idioms like "put all your eggs in one basket" and "nhường cơm sẻ áo" advise caution in decision-making Both languages utilize vivid imagery, as seen in "rub salt into one's wounds" and "nói như đổ mẻ vào mặt," to convey deeper meanings Understanding these idioms enriches communication and highlights shared human experiences across cultures.
4.2.1.8 Idiom indicating human social status
English idioms like "a big cheese" and "speak with a plum in one’s mouth" reflect social status, while phrases such as "small beer" and "small potatoes" denote insignificance In contrast, Vietnamese idioms such as "ăn mày đòi xôi gấc" and "cơm bưng nước rót" illustrate cultural nuances and social commentary Similarly, "cá đối bằng đầu cá mè một lứa" highlights the idea of equality, while "cơm thừa canh cặn" suggests a lack of resources Understanding these idioms enriches our grasp of language and culture.
4.2.1.9 Idiom implying human success and failure
Trong cuộc sống, có những câu nói thể hiện sự thất bại như "24 a dead duck" hay "lay an egg", trong khi đó, những thành công có thể được miêu tả bằng cụm từ "bear fruit" Tuy nhiên, cần tránh việc "over-egg the pudding" để không làm mất đi giá trị thực sự Cuộc sống cũng giống như "the world is one’s oyster", nơi mà cơ hội luôn mở ra cho những ai dám nắm bắt Đôi khi, những khó khăn như "bóp chết từ trong trứng nước" hay "lợn lành chữa thành lợn què" có thể xuất hiện, nhưng cũng có thể vượt qua như "trứng chọi với đá".
4.2.1.10 Idiom implying human understanding, experience or skills
English idioms often convey rich meanings, much like their Vietnamese counterparts Phrases such as "can't boil an egg" and "can't do something for toffee" express a lack of skill, while "know one's onions" and "know which side one's bread is buttered" highlight expertise and awareness of personal interests The idiom "separate the wheat from the chaff" emphasizes the importance of discerning value, paralleling the Vietnamese saying "ăn ốc nói mò," which suggests speaking without understanding Additionally, "someone's salad days" refers to a period of youthful inexperience, akin to "gừng càng già càng cay," meaning that age brings wisdom and sharpness The phrase "the proof of the pudding" underscores the necessity of testing outcomes, while "use one's loaf" encourages thoughtful consideration, similar to "thuộc như cháo chảy," which implies familiarity through experience Lastly, "wake up and smell the coffee" serves as a call to awareness, resonating with the Vietnamese emphasis on practical understanding.
Trong tiếng Anh, có nhiều thành ngữ thú vị như "break bread" (cùng nhau ăn uống) hay "play gooseberry" (người thừa) Tương tự, tiếng Việt cũng sở hữu những thành ngữ độc đáo như "ăn bánh trả tiền" (trả giá cho hành động của mình) và "ăn miếng trả miếng" (đáp trả tương xứng) Những cụm từ như "bạn bè xôi thịt" (bạn bè thân thiết) hay "hàng thịt nguyễn hàng cá" (cạnh tranh gay gắt) thể hiện sự phong phú trong ngôn ngữ Ngoài ra, các thành ngữ như "kẻ ăn ốc người đổ vỏ" (người hưởng lợi từ công sức của người khác) hay "không ưa thì dưa có giòi" (không thích thì sẽ tìm ra khuyết điểm) cũng rất phổ biến Những hình ảnh như "ông mắt chân giò, bà thò chai rượu" (người có dáng vẻ kỳ quặc) hay "vắt chanh bỏ vỏ" (lợi dụng người khác) làm cho ngôn ngữ trở nên sinh động hơn Cuối cùng, câu "tiền trao cháo múc" (có qua có lại) nhấn mạnh nguyên tắc công bằng trong giao dịch.
4.2.1.12 Idiom implying endurance and adaptation to the environment
Trong tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt, có nhiều thành ngữ thể hiện những bài học cuộc sống sâu sắc Ví dụ, câu "Make an omelette without breaking eggs" tương đương với "Đói ăn bánh vẽ" trong tiếng Việt, nhấn mạnh rằng để đạt được điều gì đó, bạn cần chấp nhận một số hy sinh Tương tự, "Eat humble pie" có thể so sánh với "Nằm gai nếm mật", biểu thị sự khiêm tốn và chấp nhận sai lầm Một số thành ngữ khác như "Ngậm bồ hòn làm ngọt" hay "Ngậm đắng nuốt cay" phản ánh những trải nghiệm khó khăn mà người ta phải chịu đựng Câu "Khát nước mới đào giếng" nhắc nhở về việc tìm kiếm giải pháp khi gặp khó khăn, trong khi "Không có cá lấy rau má làm ngon" thể hiện sự thích nghi trong cuộc sống Cuối cùng, "Liệu cơm gắp mắm" là một lời nhắc về việc sống thực tế và biết chấp nhận hoàn cảnh.
4.2.1.13 Idiom implying good luck and bad luck
English idioms Vietnamese idioms hard/tough cheese; icing on the cake chuột sa chĩnh gạo ; cơm đen vận túng ; mèo mù vớ cá rán
25 as sure as eggs in eggs; take sth with a pinch of salt; grain of salt ăn ốc nói mò; chắc như cua gạch
Similarities and differences in syntactic and semantic features of idioms
Idioms, especially those related to food and drink in English and Vietnamese, captivate linguists and readers alike Each language reflects unique cultural characteristics tied to its physiology, conventions, and religious beliefs A comparative study reveals both similarities and differences between these idiomatic expressions in the two languages.
27 semantic and syntactic features What is more, basing on this comparison, we can discover underlying cultural characteristics of English and Vietnamese idioms relating to food and drink
Our research reveals that English and Vietnamese idioms related to food and drink exhibit common patterns, specifically in the structures of Noun Phrases, Verb Phrases, and Adjective Phrases.
English and Vietnamese idioms related to food and drink often follow specific noun phrase structures, including patterns such as (Article) + Adjective + Noun, Noun + Noun, and Noun/NP + Prepositional Phrase.
Both languages exhibit similar structures in their verb phrases, which include patterns such as Verb + Noun/NP, Verb + Noun/NP + Prep.P, Verb + Prep.P, Verb + Noun/NP + Noun, Verb + Noun/NP + Verb, and Verb + (Noun/NP) + Sub.Clause These shared patterns highlight the grammatical similarities between the two languages.
Thirdly, the simile in idioms of food and drink of the two languages is another similarity
Both English and Vietnamese idioms share a common semantic field that encompasses various aspects of human experience, including themes of honesty and dishonesty, hunger and poverty, advantageous and disadvantageous situations, as well as human physical states and personality traits Additionally, these idioms reflect moods, behaviors, attitudes, social status, success and failure, understanding, relationships, love and marriage, endurance, adaptation to the environment, luck, belief, appearance, choice, and the concept of uselessness.
Furthermore, both languages use certain familiar images, daily events and phenomena to express the abstract sense thanks to the means of metaphor, simile
Metaphors play a significant role in both English and Vietnamese idioms, particularly those related to food and drink, such as "rotten apple" and "play gooseberry" in English, and "cơm sung cháo dền" and "có cam phụ quýt" in Vietnamese These metaphors allow idioms to convey deeper figurative meanings by highlighting the similarities between people or objects For instance, the Vietnamese idiom "Ông ăn chả, bà ăn nem" doesn't literally translate to "he has cha, she has nem"; instead, it illustrates a scenario where both a husband and wife are engaged in extramarital affairs.
Simile is a key stylistic device used in both English and Vietnamese idioms related to food and drink, allowing for meaningful comparisons between two entities based on a shared quality In English, similes utilize comparative words such as "as," "like," or "than," while in Vietnamese, terms like "như," "bằng," or "không bằng" serve a similar purpose For instance, expressions like "as red as beetroot" (đỏ như gấc) and "as sure as eggs in eggs" (chắc như đinh đóng cột) illustrate the effectiveness of simile in conveying vivid imagery and enhancing understanding in both languages.
The analysis of the studied samples reveals an absence of English idioms in the Verb Phrase structure of Verb + (Noun/NP) + Verb + Noun/NP, as well as in the Noun Phrase structure of Noun + Adj + Noun + Adj Similarly, no Vietnamese idioms were found in the Noun Phrase pattern of (Article) + Past Participle + Noun (N) or in any prepositional phrases.
In English, an adjective is often used to modify for a noun and it usually stands before nouns but in Vietnamese it is vice versa
Language and culture are intrinsically linked, with culture serving as a vital component of language As Tran Ngoc Them states, “Culture includes all things which make this nation different from other nations.” This distinction is evident in the differing cultural traditions of the Vietnamese and English people, highlighting the unique characteristics that shape each society.
29 cultural backgrounds, customs, religious belief and different geographical environment Therefore, the language that Vietnamese and English people use reflects their different lifestyle and thought
Geographical environments significantly shape cultural differences In the West, characterized by a dry, cold climate and expansive grasslands ideal for animal husbandry, a nomadic lifestyle prevails, fostering values of individualism and a desire to conquer nature, particularly among English people In contrast, the East, with its hot, humid climate and fertile deltas conducive to agriculture, cultivates a culture of harmony with the environment and strong community respect, as seen in Vietnamese society This cultural inclination leads Vietnamese individuals to prioritize peaceful coexistence, often suppressing personal feelings to avoid troubling others, exemplified by phrases like "ngậm bồ hòn làm ngọt" and "ngậm đắng nuốt cay." Conversely, in England, people tend to express their personal issues openly and criticize candidly, using expressions such as "have a bone to pick" and "make no bones about."
Vietnamese civilization is often referred to as a "plant civilization," reflecting its deep roots in agricultural practices Recognized as the cradle of agricultural civilization in Southeast Asia, Vietnam's cultural identity is intricately linked to its natural history This connection is evident in the rich variety of tropical agricultural products featured in Vietnamese idioms, including fruits and vegetables such as bồ hòn, cà, cam, and chanh, as well as staples like gạo and ngô In contrast, the range of agricultural products represented in English idioms is comparatively limited, with examples like apple, banana, and grape.
30 orange, pineapple, plum; beetroot, carrot, cucumber, onion, parsnip, potato, pumpkin; ginger; oat, wheat; bean , pea
Cultural perspectives can vary significantly, even when describing the same emotions For instance, while both English and Vietnamese speakers may refer to a person turning red in the face due to embarrassment, they utilize distinct imagery to convey this feeling.
English idiom: as red as beetroot
Vietnamese idiom: đỏ như gấc
Another example is Sell like hot cake – Bán đắt như tôm tươi
A notable distinction between English and Vietnamese idioms related to food and drink is the influence of traditional religions English idioms, such as "apple of Sodom," are rooted in Biblical references, reflecting the predominantly Christian beliefs of English speakers In contrast, Vietnamese idioms, like "Ăn chay niê ̣m Phật," highlight the significance of Buddhism, which shapes the cultural and philosophical perspectives of the Vietnamese people, as seen in expressions like "trồng cà được cà."
English individuals, rooted in a nomadic culture, exhibit traits of independence and determination, embracing failures as opportunities for growth, often described by phrases like "eat humble pie" and "a bite at the cherry." In contrast, Vietnamese culture, characterized by communal values, tends to suppress competitive spirits, favoring a life of endurance and stability, reflected in expressions such as "ngậm bồ hòn làm ngọt," "ngậm đắng nuốt cay," and "nhịn như nhịn cơm sống."
This article examines the syntactic and semantic characteristics of food and drink idioms in both English and Vietnamese It highlights the similarities and differences between the two languages, revealing how these idioms reflect various aspects of life By analyzing these features, we gain insights into cultural nuances and shared human experiences.
The equivalence of the English and Vietnamese idioms containing food
This study examines the equivalence of food and drink idioms in English and Vietnamese, specifically focusing on idiomatic, conceptual, lexical, semantic, and pragmatic equivalences between the two languages.
In Vietnamese, certain idioms share similar meanings and expressions with their English counterparts For instance, the English idiom "rub salt into one's wounds" translates directly to "xát muối vào vết thương" in Vietnamese Similarly, the phrase "forbidden fruit" corresponds to "trái/quả cấm" in Vietnamese, showcasing the linguistic parallels between the two languages.
Finding a perfect match for idioms and fixed expressions in different languages is rare, often necessitating alternative strategies Frequently, the same message can be conveyed using entirely different wording across languages.
A good example is “Like two peas in a pod” which has the equivalence
The Vietnamese idioms "giống nhau như đúc" and "giống nhau như hai giọt nước" both convey the idea of things being very similar or identical, akin to the English expression "like two peas in a pod." However, the unique expressions reflect the cultural nuances of the Vietnamese language.
Of 190 English idioms of food and drink, we can find some idioms which have idiomatic equivalents in Vietnamese They are:
As different as chalk and cheese khác nhau một trời một vực
Have a finger in every pie
Sử dụng búa lớn để đập một hạt đậu là một hành động không hợp lý, giống như việc làm phẳng mặt trống hay việc có quả gấc đỏ nhưng không có nước mắt trong những tuần chay Việc dùng dao mổ trâu để giết gà cũng thể hiện sự không phù hợp trong cách tiếp cận.
For Vietnamese idioms of food and drink, we can find some which have idiomatic equivalents in English They are the idioms:
Vietnamese idioms English equivalents Ăn cướp cơm chim
Chắc nhƣ cua ga ̣ch
Con sâu bỏ rầu nồi canh Đắt như tôm tươi
Take the bread out of sb’s mouth
As sure as eggs in eggs One rotten apple spoils the barrel Sell like hot cakes
As gentle as a lamp Cƣa sƣ̀ng làm nghé
People from diverse cultures express idioms in unique ways, influenced by their observations and daily experiences These variations in expression reflect the distinct perspectives shaped by cultural backgrounds.
Despite the cultural differences between Vietnam and English-speaking nations, there are notable similarities in their ways of thinking and worldview Both Vietnamese and English languages convey ideas and concepts in comparable manners, particularly through logical expressions found in idioms While some idioms are specific to their respective cultures, many Vietnamese idioms, especially those related to food and drink, align closely with English idioms in their conceptual meanings.
Among 190 idioms of each language, we can find this conceptual equivalent:
As easy as pie dễ nhƣ ăn cháo
Uống rượu, bia quá nhiều có thể dẫn đến những hệ lụy nghiêm trọng cho sức khỏe Việc tiêu thụ đồ uống có cồn như "uống như hũ chìm" không chỉ ảnh hưởng đến thể chất mà còn tác động xấu đến tinh thần và cuộc sống hàng ngày Cần cân nhắc và điều chỉnh thói quen uống để bảo vệ sức khỏe và cải thiện chất lượng cuộc sống.
Giâ ̣t đầu cá vá đầu tôm
To rob Peter to pay Paul
A drop in the bucket Utterly nonsensical
As sweet as roasted sugar cane
Idioms may convey the same meaning and concept, yet they present different imagery The clarity of a writer's or speaker's thoughts, along with their cultural background, significantly influences how effectively cultural distinctions are made and translated into another language To accurately understand a culture-specific concept, it is essential to connect it to broader, culture-general concepts and consider the context in which it is used.
At the lexicon level, many other studies show that cultural words are those that belong to a “particular language” and express “peculiar manifestations” of a culture
The lexemes denoting food and drink of the idioms collected of the two languages will follow below, classified according to the type of food or drink category represented
Fruit category apple, banana, berry, cherry, chestnut, fruit, bồ hòn , cà, cam (sành), chanh, chuối, dƣa, dƣ̀a,
34 gooseberry, grapes, honey, jam, nut, orange, pineapple, plum đào, gấc, khế, mâ ̣n, quýt, sung, táo, thị
Meat category bacon, bone, duck, fat, fowl, goose, hash, meat, mincemeat, mutton, roast, turkey thịt, gà, trâu, lơ ̣n, mỡ, nạc, dê, thịt chó
Baked produce category biscuit, bread, bun, cake, cookie, crust, gingerbread, loaf, pancake, pie, toast bánh
Fish and other aquatic produce category caviar, fish, herring, mackerel, oyster, sardine, sprat, trout cá, cá đối, cá mè , cá diếc, cá rô , săn sắt , hến, ốc, cua, tôm, cáy
Danh mục rau củ bao gồm: củ dền, cà rốt, dưa chuột, hành tây, củ cải đường, khoai tây, bí ngô, salad, khoai, cà, mướp, hẹ, rau măng, rau muống, húng, tía tô, rau má, mướp đắng, và mồng tơi.
Beverage category ale, beer, coffee, tea, water, wine nước, trà, rượu (tửu)
Danh mục món ăn bao gồm enchilada, porridge, và các loại stew như cơm, cơm tẻ, và cháo Ngoài ra, còn có các món ăn như xôi, xôi vò, xôi gấc, gỏi, cháo lòng, chả, nem, chân giò, tương cà, bánh chưng, bánh đúc, bún, và cá rán.
Dairy produce category butter, cheese, cream, egg, milk trƣ́ng, bơ
Herbs and spices category ginger, mustard, salt, spice tỏi, gƣ̀ng, muối, hạt tiêu , nghê ̣ , riềng
Condiments and oil, pickle, sauce, sugar, Mắm, mắm tôm , mắm
35 sauces category vinegar cáy, dấm, dƣa hành , dầu, mỡ, đường, ớt, mẻ, tương
Cereals category chaff, oat, wheat Gạo, ngô, nếp, tẻ, thóc, cám
Sweets category candy, icing, jelly, toffee, pudding
Mâ ̣t, mía, mía lùi, kẹo
Soups category broth, juice, soup Canh, nước xáo, riêu cua
General terms regarding food and drink food, drink , meal Ăn, cỗ, uống
I find in the selection of idioms of food and drink of both languages only a few ones translated with the name of the food and drink:
Rub salt into one’s wounds
Teach one’s grandmother to suck eggs dễ nhƣ cháo chảy đỏ nhƣ gấc chua nhƣ giấm/mẻ xát muối vào vết thương trƣ́ng khôn hơn vi ̣t
Con sâu bỏ rầu nồi canh Đắt như tôm tươi
As mute as a fish One rotten apple spoils the barrel
Sell like hot cakes Lexical equivalence is found very little in idioms translating Therefore, words which express the same concept are chosen Let’s look at some examples below:
Corn is the staff of life Bread and butter Cheap as chips
In these examples, "cơm tẻ" serves as the staple food for Vietnamese people, contrasting with its absence as a primary food source in Western countries, where "corn" is often highlighted as the main cereal.
Similarly, “bread and butter” is not understood as “bánh mì phết bơ” but as
“kế sinh nhai” as they show the basic things for life
Let us see other idioms below which show people’s characteristics to see another problem of lexical equivalence
Butter wouldn’t melt in their mouth
Sugar and spice người xấu, không đáng tin con nhà nòi làm ra bộ đoan trang tốt bu ̣ng và thân thiê ̣n
Các thành ngữ tiếng Việt có những tương đương trong tiếng Anh như "Ăn cây táo rào cây sung" mang ý nghĩa về việc hưởng lợi từ công sức của người khác "Ăn chực đòi bánh chưng" thể hiện sự đòi hỏi không chính đáng "Ăn nói cà riềng cà tỏi" chỉ việc nói năng lộn xộn, không rõ ràng Cuối cùng, "Đo lọ nước mắm đếm củ dưa hành" diễn tả sự tính toán chi li, kém tin cậy trong việc quản lý.
Miệng thơn thớt, dạ ớt ngâm
Bite the hand that feeds you Ask for too much
Speak disrespectfully Stingy, cheese-paring
As gentle as a lamb Pick and choose / Choosy
A honey tongue a heart of gall
To grasp the meaning of idioms, it is often necessary to explain them with words rather than seeking direct equivalents This is due to the fact that diverse cultures influence language usage and the expression of meanings Consequently, lacking cultural knowledge can hinder understanding.
Effective communication can be hindered by cross-cultural misunderstandings In such cases, substituting an idiom with a word that has an equivalent meaning is often the best approach, even if it results in the loss of some subtle nuances.
Cultural characteristics of English and Vietnamese idioms containing
Vietnamese idioms, rooted in the country’s agricultural civilization and the collective experiences of poverty and survival, reflect the agricultural lifestyle of the nation Given that rice is the staple food of the Vietnamese people, it’s no surprise that numerous idioms are associated with it Examples include "cơm bưng nước rót," "cơm chẳng lành canh chẳng ngọt," "cơm hàng cháo chợ," "cơm niêu nước lọ," "cơm sung cháo đền," "cơm tẻ mẹ ruột," "cơm thừa canh cặn," "có nếp có tẻ," "có oản phụ xôi," and "cố đấm ăn xôi."
Vietnamese agriculture heavily relies on weather and crop yields, leading to a significant dependence on these factors for sustenance Consequently, hunger and poverty are prevalent in their daily lives, reflected in numerous idioms that highlight their challenging living conditions, such as “cơm niêu nước lọ,” which translates to "to live on simple fare."
“cơm thừa canh cặn – a miserable life of a servant”, “cơm đen vận túng – stroke of bad luck”
English idioms reflect the influence of industrial civilization rather than the agricultural past, distinguishing them from idioms in other cultures While terms like "bread and butter" and "soup" appear in English idioms, they do not convey poverty in the same way as Vietnamese idioms For example, phrases such as "bread and butter" and "quarrel with bread and butter" illustrate this difference, highlighting how English idioms focus more on sustenance than hardship.
Due to varying living conditions, Vietnam and England exhibit distinct lifestyles Vietnamese individuals often work collectively in the fields, fostering a sense of solitude as they confront natural disasters, which contributes to their more emotional nature In contrast, the English tend to approach life with a more rational mindset This difference is reflected in their respective idioms.
- Vietnamese idioms: ăn mận trả đào , ăn miếng trả miếng , chén tạc chén t hù, không ưa thì dưa có giòi…
- English idioms: from soup to nut, full of beans, grain of salt …
Idioms serve as a mirror to societal perspectives, transcending individual classes and being accessible to people of all ages and genders for expressing their thoughts Notably, the idioms examined in this study do not illustrate class struggle in either language.
The analysis reveals that culture is embedded in the idioms of both languages, highlighting the importance of cultural context in translating idioms accurately Understanding these cultural factors is essential for effective translation.
Implications for teaching and learning idioms containing food and drink39
Firstly, it’s advisable for teachers to raise students’ awareness of similarities and differences between Vietnamese and English idioms of food and drink
Idioms related to food and drink are often taught in the classroom, yet students seldom incorporate them into their everyday conversations Therefore, it is essential for teachers to motivate students to integrate these idioms into their daily speech to enhance their language skills and cultural understanding.
When teaching English idioms, it is crucial for educators to clarify their figurative meanings, as these phrases can be challenging to interpret Specifically, for idioms related to food and drink, students are more likely to retain and effectively use them if teachers draw parallels with similar Vietnamese idioms and highlight the cultural differences in the use of food imagery between the two languages.