现代汉语含“金”词语研究相关理论基础
词语概述
In the preface of his book "Research on Modern Chinese Vocabulary," Cao Wei emphasizes that vocabulary phenomena are not fixed categories; by shifting our perspective, we can uncover previously unseen lexical landscapes He suggests that these phenomena, which can only be recognized from different viewpoints, may hold the key to understanding the modern Chinese vocabulary system Beyond familiar categories like synonyms, antonyms, homophones, and dialect words, there exist lesser-known forms such as compound words and paired words, as discussed by Cao Wei and Zheng Yanping The study of vocabulary clustering in modern Chinese, particularly its phonetic, grammatical, and semantic characteristics, warrants further exploration, with "gold" words being a notable example.
In "Modern Chinese" (Volume 1) by Huang Borong and Liao Xudong, a "word" is defined as a linguistic unit that is one level above a morpheme and is the smallest unit capable of independent use "Independent use" means that a word can stand alone in a sentence or function as a component of a sentence Words are composed of morphemes, with the morpheme that conveys the core meaning referred to as the root The root is the primary bearer of a word's lexical meaning Morphemes added to the root to convey additional meanings are known as affixes For example, in the word "金子" (jīnzi), "金" (jīn) is the root, while "子" (zi) is the affix According to the sixth edition of the "Modern Chinese Dictionary," the definition of "金" (jīn) is provided.
1 曹伟 《现代汉语词汇研究》，北京大学出版社，2003
2 黄伯荣、廖序东 《现代汉语》（增订四版），上册，北京：高等教育出版社，2007
The character for "metal" is composed of elements that signify its meaning: it combines the radical for "person," indicating coverage, with "earth" and "two." The "earth" component suggests something hidden underground, while "two" represents the minerals concealed beneath the surface Thus, the fundamental meaning of the character relates to metals.
2 金属的通称或金属总名
Gold, known as the five-colored metal, is primarily represented by yellow It does not produce clothing when buried for a long time and is not easily altered despite being refined multiple times Gold adheres to its nature and is associated with the earth, as it originates from the soil and is shaped by it.
西南之美者,有华山之金石焉。——《尔雅ã释地》
系于金柅。——《易ã妒》
惟金三品。——《书ã禹贡》。注:“铜三色也。”
项掣金锁。——唐ã 李朝威《柳毅传》
The term "hardware" refers to metals such as gold, silver, copper, iron, and tin Platinum, commonly known as "white gold," historically referred to silver Other related terms include "gold-backed" for mirrors, "gold key" for door fittings or metal door rings, "gold lotus" for metal lotus-shaped stands, "gold shop" which originally described the decorative elements on door rings, and "gold bell" for metal wine cups.
3 金属的制品,可省称为金
4 刀、剑、箭等兵器
金就砺则利。——《荀子ã劝学》
For example, there are various terms related to gold in ancient weaponry and ceremonial items, such as "Jinwu," referring to a bronze ceremonial staff; "Jinge," which denotes gold armor; "Jinchì," the name of a type of warship; "Jinni," a metal-cast incense burner shaped like a mythical lion; "Jingou," meaning a type of knife; and "Jinchang" and "Jinshang," which describe wounds inflicted by weapons.
如:金印(在流放犯人脸上刺的字)
如:金紫(秦ã汉时丞相所用金印紫绶的简称);金爵(指金印紫绶的爵位);
金虎符(古时发兵符信)；金窠(金印。窠,指其空白处)
耜广五寸,二耜为耦。——《周礼》
8 钏、镯一类妆饰品
金银华美之服。——宋ã 司马光《训俭示康》
For instance, "Jinbuyao" refers to a type of women's jewelry, while "Jinfeng" denotes the floral powder and lead powder used in women's makeup Additionally, "Jinqu" is a decorative hairpin worn by women.
9 化学元素名。金子 一种延性展性非常好的黄色三价和一价金属元素, 产状主要为独立存在的自然金,但也存在于如针碲金银矿或叶碲矿等少 数矿物中;大多数化学品对它不起作用,但遇到氯气和王水会受浸蚀;为 增加硬度或改变颜色供商业上应用(如金币、首饰、金牙)而加入铜、银、 锌、镉及其它金属熔成合金
得遗金。——《后汉书ã列女传》
玉质而金色。——明ã 刘基《卖柑者言》
Examples include: Chi Jin (pure gold), Jin Bi Er (a comb-shaped gold ornament), Jin Chai Ke (a euphemism for courtesans), Jin Sheng (gold thread used in ancient sacrificial ceremonies), and Jin Zi (wealth and treasures).
金五百斤。——《战国策ã齐策四》
所赐金帛。——汉ã 刘向《列女传》
橐金数千。——清ã 张廷玉《明史》
输不必金。——清ã 邵长蘅《青门剩稿》
又如:金粟(钱与米);金罚(以金钱赎罪的处罚法);金选(古代用来赎罪的
罚金。也称“金铢”);金财(金钱财货)
11 古代军队中用以指挥停止或撤退的锣或其他金属制品 。
The phrase "鸣金收兵" signifies the cessation of hostilities, with "金声" representing the sound of gongs that indicate the end of battle The term "金鼓" refers to both gongs and drums, while "金钲" specifically denotes a type of musical instrument similar to cymbals.
In ancient times, various bronze objects served significant purposes, such as the "Jinduo," a bronze bell used in military settings, and the "Jinjing," a copper pillar designed to support the露盘 Additionally, the "Jinhu," an ancient timekeeping device, was essentially a bronze kettle, while the "Jinzhi" refers to bronze-cast figures, similar to the "Jindi" and "Tongdi."
如:金蟾(月的别名);金兔(月光);金波(形容月光浮动。也指月光)
如:金锣(比喻太阳);金燧(古代利用日光取火的一种器具);金鸦(金乌。 太阳)
In ancient rituals, gold clay, made from a mixture of mercury and gold powder, was used in the ceremonial sealing of jade tablets Additionally, gold elixirs, crafted by Taoist practitioners through the refinement of gold and stone, served as potent medicinal substances.
16 星名。金星的简称
金、水二星,行速而不经天。——《隋书ã天文志》
17 朝代名 。公元 1115 年—1234 年,共历九帝,统治中国北部 120 年。 由女真族完颜部领袖阿骨打创建,建都会宁(今黑龙江省阿城南),先后迁 都中都(今北京)、开封等地,后在蒙古和宋的联合进攻下灭亡
18 古州名 。治所在今陕西省安康县
19 古代货币单位
请献十金。——《墨子ã公输》
购子头千金。——晋ã 干宝《搜神记》
易之以写金。——明ã 刘基《郁离子ã千里马篇》
1 金黄色,亚麻色,尤用指头发
浮光跃金。——宋ã 范仲淹《岳阳楼记》
青项金翅。——《聊斋志异ã促织》
Examples include: the golden image of the elephant; golden threads; the golden rings on door knockers; golden silkworms; golden snakes; golden moth patterns; and golden phoenixes.
2 比喻尊重、贵重 。
Examples include: "Wujin Moyu," symbolizing precious black jade; "Jinbang Liuming," referring to achieving fame and recognition; "Jinnuo," a term denoting unwavering trustworthiness; "Jinyan," which signifies valuable and treasured words, often associated with the teachings of the Buddha; and "Jinjiao," a metaphor for deep and profound friendship.
3 比喻坚固;攻不破的或无懈可击的 。
如:金阵(坚固的兵阵);金城;金汤;金堤(形容堤防的巩固)
4 比喻声音美妙
如:金宫(华美的宫室);金穴(极富贵的人家)
6 皇帝的,天子的 。
如:金貂(汉以后皇帝侍臣的冠饰);金箓(天帝的诏书)
1.1.2 短语的概念
汉语词类划分标准
Word classes are a fundamental aspect of grammar, and studying the grammar of a language necessitates the classification of its word classes The significance of researching word classes in Chinese has been emphasized by Soviet linguist Leonid G B Longo, highlighting the crucial role they play in understanding the structure and function of the language.
The study of word classes in modern Chinese grammar holds significant theoretical and practical importance, as the essence of grammatical structures in various languages is reflected in their word classes Understanding word classes is essential for grasping the unique characteristics of Chinese syntax and morphology, which is crucial for explaining Chinese grammar from both scientific and practical perspectives This highlights the complexities of word class issues inherent in the Chinese language.
1 刘叔新：《汉语描写词汇学》，商务印书馆，1990：359
2 符淮靑：《词义的分析和描写》，语文出 版，1996：197
3 欧阳驳鹏：《新词语中的词群现象》，《语文建设》，1998（9）
The book titled "Semantic Categories and Metaphorical Cognition of Chinese Semantic Class Word Groups (Volume 1)," edited by Feng Ying and co-edited by Li Shunqin, was published by Beijing Language and Culture University Press in 2009.
5 刘吉艳：《汉语 新词语词群现象研究》，上海外国语大学，2008：2
The classification of grammatical issues is a significant topic of research and debate within the field of linguistics, recognized as a longstanding challenge Establishing and understanding the criteria for these classifications is a crucial aspect of addressing this complex problem.
In the history of Chinese grammar research, four main factors have significantly influenced the classification of word categories, and continue to do so.
Words can be categorized based on their meanings or concepts, as seen with terms like "wind," "horse," and "cow," which collectively represent the notion of "things." This meaning-based classification dates back to Ma Jianzhong's "Ma's Literary Communication," where he states that "word categories are also classified by their meanings." Similarly, Wang Li noted in "Chinese Grammar Theory" that the classification of words in the Chinese language is predominantly based on their meanings.
The meaning of words cannot serve as a reliable criterion for classifying parts of speech, as there is a complex relationship between word categories and their meanings For instance, while "book" can be quantified with terms like "one volume" or "two copies," and "good" indicates a positive quality, contrasting with "bad," the categorization based on meaning alone is inadequate This is because logical classifications based on meaning do not align perfectly with grammatical categories; for example, "war" and "to fight" may share a semantic relationship but differ grammatically, with "war" being a noun and "to fight" a verb Generally, nouns denote entities, verbs represent actions, and adjectives describe qualities, but these definitions are broad and do not establish clear classification standards The ambiguity surrounding the definitions of entities, actions, and qualities leads to philosophical debates, making it impractical to use word meanings as a definitive basis for categorizing parts of speech.
张斌先生一再强调区分词类应以形态为标准，在《谈词的分类》
In language, "word classes" are objectively existing categories that are inherently expressed by the language itself These categories manifest through their morphological characteristics By focusing on morphology and establishing clear boundaries for each word class, we not only enhance practical utility but also effectively address the ongoing challenges of distinguishing between different word classes.
Morphology refers to the inflectional changes of words that reflect their grammatical categories In inflectionally rich Indo-European languages, word classes are primarily distinguished by their morphological forms; for instance, adding "s" or "es" to English nouns indicates plurality Scholars have differing views on the presence of morphology in Chinese, and even those who acknowledge it recognize that Chinese morphology differs from that of Indo-European languages For example, in Chinese, the reduplication of disyllabic verbs follows an ABAB pattern, such as "研究" becoming "研究研究," while disyllabic adjectives exhibit an AABB pattern, as seen with "干净."
"干干净净" là một ví dụ về sự lặp lại từ ngữ, tuy nhiên, sự lặp lại này không phổ biến Các động từ hai âm tiết có thể được lặp lại theo kiểu AABB, ví dụ như "摇摇摆摆", và các tính từ hai âm tiết cũng có thể được lặp lại theo cách tương tự.
Trong tiếng Trung, cấu trúc từ thường được thể hiện qua hình thức lặp lại ABAB, như “雪白雪白” Mặc dù hình thái từ ngữ chưa hoàn chỉnh, nhưng các từ chỉ tên sự vật thường kết hợp với các hậu tố như “子”, “儿”, “头” để tạo thành những từ như “夹子”, “刷子”, “白面儿”, “花儿”, “来头”, “奔头”, trong đó các hậu tố này đóng vai trò phân loại Một số từ có thể mang hai nghĩa như “剪”, “钻”, “锄” có thể là danh từ hoặc động từ, nhưng khi kết hợp với các hậu tố “子”, “头” trở thành “剪子”, “钻子”, “锄头”, chúng sẽ được xác định là danh từ Tóm lại, dù là lặp lại hay hậu tố, chúng đều cho thấy một phần của từ loại trong tiếng Trung có dấu hiệu hình thái Tuy nhiên, không thể chỉ dựa vào hình thái để phân biệt tất cả các từ trong tiếng Trung một cách rõ ràng, vì vậy hình thái chỉ có thể được coi là một yếu tố tham khảo trong việc phân loại từ.
1.2.3 语法功能标准
Word classes are categorized based on their grammatical functions According to Mr Zhu Dexi, the classification of word classes should rely solely on the grammatical roles that words play Similarly, Mr Lu Jianming emphasizes that grammatical function is the key criterion for distinguishing between different word classes.
的标准，是最本质的东西。”
Chức năng ngữ pháp của từ đề cập đến khả năng kết hợp của từ, bao gồm việc nó có thể kết hợp với những từ nào, không thể kết hợp với những từ nào, và mối quan hệ xảy ra sau khi kết hợp Ví dụ, tính từ thường đứng trước danh từ để làm bổ nghĩa, có thể đứng sau danh từ để làm vị ngữ, và có thể bị sửa đổi bởi các trạng từ mức độ như "rất", "khá", "quá" Khả năng kết hợp để phân loại từ không chỉ dựa trên khả năng đã thể hiện trong một cấu trúc từ cụ thể mà là tổng thể khả năng kết hợp của từ đó Ông Lý Kim Hỉ trong tác phẩm "Ngữ pháp tiếng Trung hiện đại" đã nói rằng "Tất cả từ, phải dựa vào câu để phân biệt loại, rời câu không có loại", nhưng lý thuyết này rõ ràng là không chính xác Ông Chu Đức Hỉ trong "Câu hỏi về ngữ pháp" cho rằng chức năng ngữ pháp của một từ là tổng hợp các vị trí ngữ pháp mà nó chiếm giữ Để xác định "khiêm tốn" thuộc loại từ nào, không thể chỉ dựa vào việc nó làm chủ ngữ trong câu "Khiêm tốn là một đức tính tốt", mà cần xem xét các chức năng ngữ pháp khác nhau của "khiêm tốn" Từ "khiêm tốn" có thể được sửa đổi bởi "rất", nói thành "rất khiêm tốn"; có thể được khẳng định và phủ định, nói thành
The term "humble" cannot be followed by an object; for example, it is incorrect to say "humble me." By considering these characteristics, we can conclude that "humble" functions as an adjective.
Recent studies using probabilistic statistics have analyzed the occurrence rates of three major lexical categories serving different grammatical functions, leading to the conclusion that there is no strict one-to-one correspondence between words and their grammatical roles This method involves recognizing that a word can occupy any position in a sentence and calculating the distribution rates of specific words in various locations Some positions show high distribution rates, while others may be low or even zero By utilizing these statistical findings, researchers can classify words and replace traditional judgments about the grammatical relationships between them with data-driven insights This innovative approach offers a new avenue for linguistic research, allowing for descriptive analysis of word functions and predictions regarding the developmental trends of specific words.
提条件是肯定词类划分的依据是词的语法功能。
相关理论与方法
This article highlights the application of various theories and methods in the study of vocabulary, aiming to enhance our understanding of the current state of vocabulary research.
1.3.1 语义场理论与义素分析法
语 义场理论“ 语义场 理论”是现 代语义学中 十分重要的 理论之一。
The theory of semantic fields, rooted in structuralist linguistics, embodies an objective linguistic philosophy Originally a term from physics, "field" describes a fundamental state of material existence, where the interactions between physical entities occur within relevant fields This theory examines the interrelationships between phenomena, suggesting that related entities tend to cluster within the same "field." Traditional semantics, which investigates the "associative" and "combinatory" relationships of word meanings, has laid the groundwork for the development of semantic field theory Introduced by German scholar Trier in the 1930s, this theory posits that within a semantic field, words are interconnected, and the meaning of each word is influenced by the meanings of neighboring words within that field.
语言 是一个由多 个系统组成 的多平面、 多层级的独 立的体系。
In the vocabulary system, words are semantically interconnected and interdependent, meaning their significance is not isolated but emerges through these relationships As Shaf (1979:247) states, "meaning is a relationship between signifiers, a connection between the defined and the defining." Consequently, words that represent the same concept or category form a collection known as a semantic field.
The component analysis method involves grouping words from the same semantic field and analyzing, comparing, and describing them from the perspective of components Originating from the Prague School's phonology, which considers phonemes as the fundamental units of sound meaning, this method highlights the distinctive features between sounds American linguists later adapted phonological theories to semantic analysis, leading to the development of component analysis One of the founders of French structural semantics, Greimas, applied this method to discourse analysis, resulting in its widespread acceptance in linguistic studies Component analysis decomposes word meanings into minimal semantic units, allowing for the accurate categorization of words with shared semantic components within the same field and facilitating effective communication by selecting appropriate vocabulary in discourse.
The semantic feature analysis method is a reliable approach for determining the relationships between semantic fields and word meanings This technique is grounded in cognitive linguistics theory, which emphasizes the role of human cognition in understanding language and meaning.
Cognitive linguistics is grounded in cognitive psychology, with the fundamental concept of cognition at its core Therefore, before delving into cognitive linguistics, it is essential to briefly explore the meaning of "cognition."
Nhà tâm lý học nhận thức J.H Laville (2002) phản đối việc định nghĩa rõ ràng về nhận thức do tính phức tạp và không ổn định của nó Điều này xuất phát từ việc các quan điểm khác nhau dẫn đến những hiểu biết khác nhau về nhận thức.
J •H •佛拉维尔 đã nêu ra các quan điểm trong tâm lý học nhận thức, bao gồm: lý thuyết của Piaget, lý thuyết Piaget mới, quan điểm xử lý thông tin, quan điểm sinh học, lý thuyết, quan điểm hệ thống động và quan điểm văn hóa xã hội.
Cognition can be described as a series of psychological processes through which the brain processes, organizes, stores, and encodes information about objective things and their relationships, utilizing sensation, perception, knowledge representation, concept formation, categorization, and thinking This process is influenced by an individual's physiological structure, bodily experiences, and sensory abilities such as observation, selection, and attention, which affect the organization of concepts and knowledge These influences manifest in structural patterns like schemata, mental imagery, metonymy, and metaphor In simple terms, cognition encompasses the psychological behaviors and processes involved in acquiring and utilizing knowledge through intuition, sensation, and reasoning.
Cognitive linguistics is a branch of linguistics that analyzes language phenomena from a cognitive perspective It intersects with various fields such as artificial intelligence, linguistics, psychology, and systems theory This discipline challenges the generative grammar view by positing that the creation, learning, and usage of language must fundamentally be understood through human cognition, as cognitive abilities are the foundation of human knowledge.
认知语言学是 20 世纪 80 年代在美国和欧洲兴起的。1989 年在德国杜伊斯堡（Duisbury）召开了第一届国际认知语言学会议，标志着认知语言学正是创立。1990 年 Cognitive Linguistics 杂志出版，当年也
成立了国际认知语言学学会。
Cognitive linguistics, an emerging branch of linguistics established in 1989, has only been developing for sixteen years Due to its relatively short history and the ongoing advancements in cognitive psychology, the field of cognitive linguistics has yet to reach maturity Currently, its research scope remains somewhat fluid, and a unified theoretical framework has not yet been established, with many viewpoints still undergoing further development and refinement.
Cognitive linguistics emerged as a response to structuralism, establishing its philosophical foundations and theoretical assertions through a rebellion against structuralist ideas This historical context has inevitably led to some overcorrections in cognitive linguistics, resulting in certain claims being somewhat extreme and leaving several issues still needing further examination and refinement.
认知语言学有以下三大分支：
1、认知语义学：包括了构词法及语义分析。 代表人物：John R Taylor。
Cognitive grammar focuses on analyzing existing languages to understand the underlying environments, habits, and metaphors that shape grammatical rules, rather than relying on mathematical generative equations This approach has led to the emergence of construction grammar as a specialized field, with prominent figures such as Langacker contributing to its development.
（R W Langacker），著有《认知语法基础 1：理论前提》，《认知语法基
础 2：描写应用》。
3、认知语言学
Cognitive linguistics is primarily founded by George Lakoff, Mark Johnson, and Ronald Langacker Lakoff and Johnson focus on the study of metaphors in language and their connection to human cognition, while Langacker specializes in cognitive grammar.
认知语言学作为语言学中的一种新范式，它的本质在于认知的主体
文化语言学理论
The term "culture" originates from the German word "kultur," which initially referred to land cultivation and plant growing, but later evolved to encompass the development of human physical and spiritual attributes, particularly in the realms of art and moral capabilities (Shu Dingfang, 1988) Culture is a broad and often elusive concept, with definitions expanding from just six prior to 1920 to hundreds today Among these, the most classical and widely accepted definition is attributed to the distinguished British anthropologist E.B Tylor.
In 1871, the definition of "culture" in "Primitive Culture" was articulated as a complex whole encompassing knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws, customs, and the skills and habits acquired by individuals as members of society This definition emphasizes the spiritual aspects of culture and has become a foundational concept in the study of cultural history.
泰勒之后，世界上的人类、文化学家们又给“文化”下过很多的
定 义 ， 如 ： 美 国 的 一 些 社 会 学 家 和 文 化 人 类 学 家 ， 如 奥 格 本
W.F Ogburn, F.H Hankins, and M.M Willey expanded upon Edward Tylor's definition of "culture" by incorporating the element of "material objects." They revised Tylor's definition to state that "culture is a complex whole that includes material objects, knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, laws, customs, and other capabilities and habits acquired by society."
Marinovsky coi "văn hóa" như một "hệ thống xã hội" có chức năng đáp ứng nhu cầu sinh tồn của con người, là một tập hợp các phong tục và hoạt động có tổ chức do một nhóm người sử dụng công cụ vật chất sống trong một môi trường nhất định Các học giả Marxist sau này đã đưa ra một cách giải thích mới về "văn hóa", phân thành hai loại: "văn hóa rộng" là tổng hợp của tài sản vật chất và tinh thần mà con người tạo ra trong quá trình thực tiễn xã hội lịch sử, trong khi "văn hóa hẹp" là tổng thể các hình thức tinh thần xã hội phát triển trên cơ sở của một phương thức sản xuất vật chất nhất định Năm 1976, nhà ngôn ngữ học và nhân chủng học nổi tiếng William Bright đã phân chia "văn hóa" thành hai phạm trù lớn: văn hóa lớn và văn hóa nhỏ Văn hóa lớn bao gồm văn học, triết học, kiến trúc, thành tựu khoa học kỹ thuật, nghệ thuật, âm nhạc, trong khi văn hóa nhỏ liên quan đến phong tục, lối sống, quy tắc hành vi, tổ chức xã hội và mối quan hệ giữa con người Mối quan hệ giữa ngôn ngữ và văn hóa lớn là mối quan hệ phụ thuộc, trong khi mối quan hệ với văn hóa nhỏ là quan hệ song song.
The concept of "culture" in Chinese refers to both "humanization" and "cultivating humanity." Its primary role is to educate and refine individuals Historically, "culture" in China initially denoted the governance and moral education by ancient emperors, existing in contrast to "military prowess." This duality highlights the significance of cultural development alongside martial strength, as noted in Liu Xiang's "Shuoyuan" during the Western Han Dynasty.
The article references Lin Jicheng's work "An Overview of Language and Culture," edited by Gu Jiazhu and others, published by Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press in 1990.
The discussions on "culture" are sourced from "An Outline of Chinese Culture," published in the third issue of "Trends in Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language" in 2003 The book contains numerous definitions of "culture," of which only a selection has been excerpted here.
The discussions on "culture" presented here are sourced from "An Overview of Chinese Culture," published in the third issue of Foreign Language Teaching Dynamics in 2003 This book contains numerous definitions of "culture," of which only a selection is highlighted in this excerpt.
The ancient text emphasizes that a wise ruler governs by prioritizing culture and virtue before resorting to military force It suggests that the rise of military power is a response to disobedience, and that cultural reform must precede punitive measures Here, "culture" refers to governance through laws and the teachings of rituals and music, which serves as a foundation for educating the populace This concept aligns closely with contemporary interpretations of "culture," marking it as one of the earliest references recognized in academic discussions today.
Culture can be understood in both broad and narrow terms Broadly, it encompasses the totality of material and spiritual wealth created through human historical practice, while narrowly, it refers to societal ideologies and the corresponding institutions and organizations Culture is a historical phenomenon characterized by class, ethnicity, and continuity It includes both material and spiritual aspects, with institutional culture appropriately positioned within this framework In a broader sense, culture represents the shared lifestyles of social members and the creations that fulfill these lifestyles, along with the psychological and behavioral patterns that emerge from them Cultural studies typically categorize culture into three levels: surface culture (material culture), intermediate culture (institutional culture), and deep culture (psychological and conceptual culture) Material culture consists of tangible human creations, such as tools, clothing, and food, while institutional culture encompasses various systems and theoretical frameworks, including social and familial institutions Deep culture involves psychological elements like thought patterns, aesthetic preferences, and value systems Cultural linguistics focuses on the relationship between language and institutional norms, customs, and behaviors, as well as the interplay between language structure and psychological attributes.
的关系；研究语言与社会生活、传统观念的关系。 1
Trong tiếng Việt, từ "Văn hoá" có nguồn gốc từ từ "文化" trong tiếng Trung Nhà nghiên cứu nổi tiếng Trần Ngọc Thêm đã đưa ra định nghĩa về văn hoá như sau:
Văn hóa là một hệ thống hữu cơ bao gồm các giá trị vật chất và tinh thần được con người sáng tạo và tích lũy qua quá trình thực tiễn, trong sự tương tác với môi trường tự nhiên và xã hội Trong tiếng Việt, "văn hóa" mang hai nghĩa: thứ nhất, văn hóa là một giá trị liên quan đến hành vi và tư tưởng của mỗi cá nhân, dựa trên ba tiêu chí: chân, thiện, mỹ; thứ hai, văn hóa được xem như một yếu tố xã hội quan trọng cấu thành nên nhân loại.
Human cultural scholars around the world have proposed hundreds of definitions for "culture." In essence, culture encompasses the totality of human perception, thought, expression, and action, shaped by the unique ecological environments of different ethnic groups Notably, language, as a fundamental aspect of culture, is deeply interconnected with it; language is influenced by cultural context while simultaneously shaping that culture Thus, language and culture form an inseparable whole, each reliant on the other for meaning and expression.
1 转引自杜倩：《汉英植物词语文化语义对比研究》，河北大学硕士论文，2011
1 转引自郭利媛：《汉英神话词汇对比研究》，天津师范大学硕士论文
研究综述
1.5.1 中国相关研究综述
中国学者对“金”的研究主要有以下几个方面
The etymology of the character "金" (jin) has sparked diverse interpretations within academic circles, which can be categorized into three main viewpoints The first perspective, widely accepted in scholarly discourse, posits that "金" refers to a general term for metals, as exemplified by the classic text "Shuowen Jiezi." The second viewpoint suggests that "金" specifically pertains to the process of bronze casting Scholar Lao Gan, through archaeological findings and casting techniques, argues that the upper part of the character symbolizes a mold, while the lower part represents a vessel, with the accompanying long stroke indicating the flow of molten copper This interpretation closely aligns with the representation of bronze casting.
The term "金" has been interpreted in various ways, with some experts suggesting it refers to copper According to Kang Yin (1992), the earliest form of the character "金" was represented by two dots, resembling the shape of two copper ingots This perspective highlights the evolving understanding of ancient symbols and their meanings in historical contexts.
In 2002, research focused on the ancient pronunciations of "copper" and "gold" revealed that the Dong-Tai language family retains the archaic sound of "gold" in its term for "copper." This suggests that the term for "copper" in the Qiyang language branch shares a common origin with the Chinese word for "gold," indicating that its original meaning refers to "brass." Similar viewpoints have been expressed by scholars, including Zhang Hanxing.
《从金符字看些著作的写作时代》、李丽萍《释“金”》等。
In the realm of semantics, Xie Lingling (2006) notes that the recent proliferation of words and phrases containing "gold" has led to a divergence from its dictionary definition This shift is attributed to society's worship of wealth, which is seen as a driving force behind the emergence of these terms Additionally, many scholars have examined the linguistic constructs surrounding "golden animals."
“金”的含义进行了探讨。如朱习文（2007）认为《汉语大词典》释
The term "Golden Dog" refers to a dog that matures in autumn, with "dog" symbolizing its essence According to Jia Zengyan (2007), based on ancient theories linking the five elements to the four seasons, "Golden Dog" signifies the freshness of autumn Similarly, Wen Huazhen (2010) supports this interpretation However, Zhou Zongxu (2009) questions this view, presenting alternative perspectives on the meaning.
1 转引白周法高土编：《金文诂林》， 香港中文大学出版社， 1975 ： 7575~7576
2 参见康殷《说文部首诠释》：国际文化出版社，1992：123
The article discusses the usage of the Chinese language, the ancient concepts of beauty, the characteristics of young female servants, and the colors of servant attire, along with the lifestyle habits of these servants.
语法方面，学术界对“金”的语法性质亦存在不同看法。吕叔湘
In the article "On Non-Predicative Adjectives," the terms "gold" and "silver" are classified as non-predicative adjectives Zhu Dexi introduced the concept of "distinguishing words," arguing that "gold" and "silver" fit this category, a notion that is referenced in many contemporary textbooks However, Shi Xiujun (1996) challenges Zhu's perspective, noting that due to the evolution of language, "gold" and "silver" have ceased to function as independent words and have become more integrated into the grammatical structure.
要 用 作 名 词 性 语 素 ， 不 应 归 入 区 别 词 一 类 。 周 一 民 （ 2000 ） 认 为
The term “金” (“silver”) serves as a derived meaning through metaphor, distinguishing it from other words According to Feng Junwei (2007), “金” is not a standalone word but rather an inflexible morpheme in a transitional phase from a word to an “absolute point-like affix.” It possesses a dual nature, functioning both as a “non-free root morpheme” and as a “pseudo-prefix.”
修辞学方面，韩 陈其 （1981） 在 区分词 的借 代义与 修 辞
学 的 借代手法时举“金例，指出金”的“刀锯斧钺”、“箭镞”、
The terms "zhongqing" and "tongluo" refer to finished products by naming their materials, exemplifying the rhetorical device of metonymy In their 2004 study, Xiao Shimin and Luo Aihong conducted a detailed examination of the use of metonymy in ancient culture.
The phenomenon of "gold" rhetoric highlights the use of various rhetorical devices such as metaphors, metonymy, honorifics, and euphemisms as its primary pragmatic forms The article categorizes these usages in detail and provides numerous examples, effectively summarizing the rhetorical applications of "gold."
1.5.1.2 对“金”部字的研究
Du Shengqiang and Ma Jiali (2010) analyzed the cultural connotations embedded in certain "gold" characters, highlighting their connections to ancient Chinese metallurgy, agriculture, military, and various aspects of historical social culture Similar research includes Zhu Xufang's study on the gold characters in "Shuowen," which explores their relationship with ancient Chinese metallurgical industry.
1 参见朱德熙：《语法讲义》，商务印书馆， 1982 ： 52
2 冯军伟：《历史地看待金的词性》，《柳州职业技术学院学报》，2007（3）
文化》、牛丽《从〈说文解字〉金部字看中国古代的金属文化》。
Chen Feng (2006) explored the relationship between semantic symbols and word meanings, the expressive function of semantic symbols, and the construction rules of the semantic symbol system from the perspectives of structural semantics and cognitive linguistics In Chapter Six, he categorized the semantic fields of characters belonging to the "gold" radical Miao Xingfu (2008) conducted a comprehensive examination of "gold" characters by integrating the study of character creation and culture He analyzed the structure of the 197 characters in the "gold" radical as documented in "Shuowen," focusing on the arrangement of phonetic and semantic components, cultural factors within these components, and the historical development and evolution of "gold" characters Additionally, he investigated the relationship between these characters and ancient culture While the findings and statistical characteristics of this paper are notable, the theoretical summaries appear somewhat lacking.
1.5.1.3 对“金”作为构词语素的词语的研究
Most studies in etymology focus on words that incorporate "gold" as a morpheme, examining their origins and meanings, as seen in works like Wu Zonghai's "The Original Meaning and Source of 'Jin Zhen Du Ren'" and Jiang Qian's "Talking about 'Jin Gui Xu'." In terms of vocabulary significance, research primarily explores the meanings and changes of these terms, such as Peng Wenfang's (2007) analysis of "E Jin," which clarifies that it refers to inferior copper rather than poor iron by summarizing the usage of "gold" in ancient Chinese alongside metallurgical and agricultural history Wang Ping (2010) discusses the evolution of the term "Xi Jin" from Hong Kong and Taiwan to mainland China, noting changes in meaning, semantic connotation, and usage scope, attributing its new meanings to metaphor Additionally, Liu Huibin (2006) provides a comprehensive cultural analysis of monetary idioms, including those with "gold," revealing the cultural psychology of the Han people regarding wealth and their attitudes towards money, as well as the fatalistic views and taboos associated with it.
1.5.1.4 对“金”词语的整体研究
冯英主编的《汉语义类词语的语义范畴及隐喻认知研究（三）》
（北京语言大学出版社，2011）中第五章“‘金’词语的语义范畴及隐
The article conducts an in-depth analysis of metaphors found in the word "gold" (including characters related to "gold") from the perspective of cognitive linguistics It categorizes and examines the structural and semantic aspects of disyllabic compounds, idiomatic expressions, and phrases associated with "gold." This comprehensive study provides valuable insights into the nuanced meanings and uses of "gold" in language.
从上而可以看出，前人对“金”、“金”部字、“金”词语和
Research on the "gold" word group has made significant progress; however, previous studies have primarily focused on individual words, lacking systematic and comprehensive analysis Miao Xingfu (2008) offered some integration, but his work was limited to the study of "gold" characters in "Shuowen Jiezi." Feng Ying (2011) emphasized cognitive perspectives but did not provide a thorough and in-depth analysis of the words' structure and semantics Additionally, earlier studies, such as Han Chenqi's (2011) work, highlighted shortcomings, particularly in distinguishing between the metonymic meanings of words and rhetorical metonymy related to "gold."