绪论
现代汉语词类活用
1.1.1 现代汉语词类活用界定
The phenomenon of word class conversion, a common grammatical technique in Classical Chinese, is also prevalent in Modern Chinese and is experiencing a growing trend This has garnered significant attention from linguists and scholars alike Many researchers have since defined the occurrence of "word class conversion" in contemporary Chinese.
According to Lv Shuxiang, each word should have a primary usage, referred to as its original use, while any additional uses are considered flexible applications Hu Yushu adds that Class A words may occasionally be used as Class B words under specific conditions for rhetorical purposes, which he defines as flexible usage.
Lu Shuxiang noted that changes in semantics are quite unique, occurring only occasionally rather than regularly, which he refers to as "temporary" usage.
Guo Liang believes that the flexible use of word classes primarily involves nouns, verbs, and adjectives Each of these categories has a specific role in sentences, indicating that their basic functions are relatively fixed However, certain words can be used flexibly according to linguistic conventions, temporarily altering their grammatical function to serve as different word classes This phenomenon is known as the flexible use of word classes.
Huang Borong and Liao Xudong assert that "the flexible use of words is a unique application that temporarily borrows words under specific conditions to meet expressive needs."
从上述对“现代汉语词类活用”所列举的五个定义可以看到：各位学者对
The concept of "word usage" may be expressed differently, but fundamentally, it remains consistent, primarily defined through grammatical and rhetorical perspectives In summary, modern word usage exhibits four key characteristics.
Modern Chinese word classes can undergo functional shifts in specific contexts to achieve temporary purposes, allowing one type of word to be used as another, resulting in a temporary change in grammatical function.
Secondly, this change is temporary and not consistent; the classification of a word depends on the specific context Thirdly, the flexible use of word classes in modern Chinese primarily reflects grammatical and semantic phenomena, often carrying rhetorical significance.
其四，这种现象更倾向于言语现象。
1.1.2 现代汉语词类活用分类
According to the author's collected examples, the phenomenon of functional usage frequently occurs in the three main categories of content words: nouns, verbs, and adjectives This issue is closely related to factors such as rhetoric, semantics, and cognition.
Nouns serve to name, verbs express actions, and adjectives describe the shapes of objects, creating an inseparable connection among these three categories of content words The expressions and shapes often have latent links to the corresponding entities, leading people to associate specific actions or distinctive forms with tangible objects The phenomenon of flexible usage carries rhetorical significance, reflecting the cognitive abilities of individuals and cultures Consequently, flexible usage primarily manifests in the three categories of content words in the Chinese language.
Nouns primarily serve as subjects, objects, attributes, and predicates in sentences While they typically function in these grammatical roles, nouns can also be temporarily used as verbs or adjectives in specific contexts to achieve particular purposes.
(1)就是运气了你！（《药》鲁迅）(活用为动词)
The current style you are wearing is distinctly Chinese and Eastern For example, the noun "luck" can be temporarily used as a verb, meaning "to bring luck to someone." Similarly, the nouns "China" and "the West," which are geographical names, can be temporarily employed as adjectives to describe characteristics associated with Chinese and Eastern attire.
1.1.2.2 形容词活用
Adjectives primarily function as predicates, adverbials, or headwords in sentences However, in certain contexts, they can temporarily serve as verbs, allowing them to take objects Additionally, adjectives can also function as nouns, serving a referential role.
（3）华大妈也黑着眼眶。（《药》鲁迅）（活用为动词）
（4）诗歌是一种慢。（活用为名词）
(http://www.rongshuxia.com/book/3568355.html)
例（3）形容词“黑”是指颜色的，但是临时活用为动词。例（4）形容词
“慢”表示速度低，临时活用为名词。
The primary grammatical function of verbs is to serve as the predicate of a sentence; however, in certain specific contexts, verbs can also function as nouns or adjectives to achieve temporary objectives.
(5) 学习是党员的使命和追求。（活用为名词） http://www.gmw.cn/content/2005-09/07/content_300463.htm
(6) 他最近很发福。（活用为形容词）
The verb "to learn" signifies the process of acquiring knowledge or skills through reading, listening, studying, and practice, and it can be temporarily used as a noun, reflecting a shift in meaning Similarly, the verb "to gain weight," which means to become fat, can be temporarily adapted into an adjective to describe someone as very overweight.
现代汉语词类活用与兼类词
谈到“词类活用”不可不提“兼类”，两者之间存着密切的关系。
1 2.1 现代汉语兼类界定
There is a consensus among scholars regarding the existence of polysemy in modern Chinese; however, disagreements persist concerning its definition.
Guo Rui defines "polysemous words" as words that belong to multiple parts of speech and identifies three related phenomena: first, homonymous polysemous words, which share the same meaning (or more accurately, the same generalized term) across different parts of speech; second, heteronymous polysemous words, where several meanings that are conceptually related belong to different parts of speech; and third, heteronymous homonymous words, which are unrelated in meaning but share the same pronunciation and form across different parts of speech.
Huang Borong and Liao Xudong assert that "the dual classification of words refers to a situation where a specific word frequently possesses the primary grammatical functions of two or more word categories."
Lu Jianming proposes different definitions of polysemy based on varying research and application needs Firstly, from an ontological research perspective, it is defined as words that share the same concept but possess two distinct grammatical characteristics, specifically words that are homophones and synonyms with different parts of speech Secondly, in the context of Chinese language teaching, it refers to words that have the same written form and pronunciation but are closely related in meaning while differing in grammatical category Lastly, from the standpoint of Chinese information processing, it is defined as words that share the same written form and pronunciation but have different meanings or grammatical categories.
Ou Junyong defines "polysemous words" as terms in modern Chinese that possess two or more grammatical functions in different contexts, while their lexical meanings are closely related.
从上述的定义上现代汉语兼类词有几个基本特点：
其一，兼类词就是一个词具有两类以上的语法功能。
其二，兼类词的几个基本意义之间有较紧密的联系。
其三，兼类词是一种有经常性、固定性的语言现象。
其四，兼类词更倾向于语言系统。
Based on the definitions of the term "兼类," we find that the interpretations by Mr Lu Jianming and Mr Guo Rui are essentially the same However, from a linguistic research perspective, Mr Lu Jianming's definition is more specific and clear In contrast, from the viewpoint of Chinese language teaching, Mr Guo Rui's approach offers valuable insights.
The definitions provided by Huang Borong and Liao Xudong are concise and clear, making them easily understandable for Chinese language learners This clarity facilitates the mastery of modern Chinese and its related vocabulary.
1.2.2 “活用”与 “兼类”关系
Based on the definitions provided for "polysemy" and "functional usage," it is clear that the phenomenon of polysemy in words differs from their functional usage in language.
Lu Jianming believes that temporary borrowing should not be regarded as a phenomenon of homonymy For instance, in the phrase "You are even more Qin Shi Huang than Qin Shi Huang," the second "Qin Shi Huang" is not considered a homonymous term Here, "Qin Shi Huang" exemplifies the phenomenon of word flexibility.
(7）你真运气，果然心想事成！（现代汉语词典-第五版）
（8）就是运气了你！（《药》鲁迅）
（9）实践是检查真理的唯一标准。（现代汉语词典-第五版）
（10）我的英语说得不太标准。（现代汉语词典-第五版）
在例（7）的“运气”（形容词）是“本用”，它的意义是“幸运”，在例（8）的
“运气”已经活用为动词，它的意义是“给谁带来运气”。在例（9）和（10）的
The term "standard" functions as a dual-class word, serving both as a noun and an adjective, which allows it to fulfill grammatical roles of two different parts of speech In example (9), "standard" is used as a noun, acting as the object of the verb "export." Conversely, in example (10), "standard" takes on the role of an adjective, serving as a complement to the verb "say," indicating a state.
1.2.2.1 活用与兼类的区别
从“活用”与“兼类”的定义上看，我们可以指出两者之间的主要区别， 以下：
-倾向于言语现象
-是认知现象
-具有个体性
-具有临时性、多变性
-倾向于语言系统 -是相对完整的语法系统现象 -属于静态
-属于全民性 -具有稳定性
从上表上看，我们可以了解到词的 “活用”和词的“兼类”的区别。 词的
"Utilization" refers to the rhetorical requirement of employing one part of speech to fulfill the grammatical function of another in a specific and unique context This usage is considered "temporary" and carries a rhetorical effect.
The use of words carries a sense of freshness and personal style, making it essential to remain within a specific context; without this context, the unique usage and meaning of the words fade away This highlights the phenomenon of "active usage" of language, which tends to be context-dependent.
（11）今年的秋天很秋天。
（http://news.longhoo.net/2010-11/07/content_4549288.htm）
In example (11), the term "autumn" appears twice with different grammatical functions The first instance, "autumn," is a noun referring to the season from September to November, characterized by decreasing temperatures and refreshing breezes, making the weather pleasantly cool Autumn is also a time of harvest, showcasing beautiful landscapes with abundant fruits and golden fields The second instance of "autumn" is used as an adjective, signifying the colors and characteristics associated with the season This usage is specific and not standardized, meaning it cannot be used outside of its particular context.
“很秋天”会不能存在，没有什么意义。
The term "polysemy" refers to words that belong to two or more grammatical categories, demonstrating a recognized and stable grammatical function Even when removed from specific contexts, the meanings and grammatical roles of these words persist, allowing them to be used independently This characteristic positions polysemous words in a static state, leaning towards the language system.
Breakfast is abundant, offering options like meat porridge, buns, and cakes The school enforces a rule that no leftover food is allowed in the bowls, encouraging students to take only what they can eat.
现代汉语名、形概述
Nouns and adjectives are two fundamental parts of speech, and linguists have consistently held a unified perspective on their definitions and grammatical functions.
1.3.1 现代汉语名词的定义
The definition of a category of words can reveal its essence; however, the interpretation of this "essence" depends on the perspective from which it is observed.
Chinese grammarians understand nouns from a semantic perspective, with Mr Li Jinxie's definition emphasizing this approach.
Nouns are names that represent entities in our concepts According to Mr Wang Li, "the names of tangible objects, as well as terms in philosophy and science, are called nouns." Similarly, Huang Borong and Liao Xudong assert that "nouns denote the names of people, things, and times." Gao Gengsheng also notes that "nouns are words that signify the names of people or things."
The views of the scholars can be summarized as follows: all names that represent "things" are considered nouns However, due to the vague nature of the concept of "things," some argue that nouns should be identified based on their grammatical function For instance, Zhao Yuanren defines nouns as entities that can be modified by determinative-quantitative compound words, such as "wind," "ability," "matter," "thing," and "attention." Yuan Yulin takes a stricter approach, categorizing a group of words that can be modified by quantity words but not by adverbs as typical members of nouns.
The classification of words is increasingly gaining support, as its purpose is to clarify the structure of sentences and the usage of different types of words Therefore, I believe that categorizing words based on their functions is the correct approach.
1.3.2 名词的语法功能
Nouns play a crucial role in grammar, demonstrating their combinatory abilities and serving as essential components in sentence structure Linguists widely acknowledge the significance of these functions, highlighting how nouns can effectively form phrases and contribute to the overall coherence of language Understanding the grammatical capabilities of nouns is fundamental for mastering syntax and enhancing linguistic proficiency.
都有同样的看法：
Guo Rui offers specific insights on noun usage: 1) The primary functions of nouns are as subjects and objects, although not all nouns can fulfill these roles; 2) 78% of nouns can be modified by quantifiers; 3) Nouns are generally not directly modified by numerals or numeral phrases; 4) 98% of nouns can be modified by other attributes beyond numerals and quantifiers; 5) 68% of nouns can serve as direct modifiers; 6) Common nouns cannot function as objects of "在" without a locative word; 7) Nouns typically do not serve as adverbials; 8) Nouns generally cannot be modified by adverbials; 9) Nouns usually cannot serve as predicates, but can conditionally do so in two cases: A) in constructions like “(VP+的)～” (e.g., What did you buy?), and B) in other contexts (e.g., It's cloudy today, he has double eyelids…).
Huang Borong and Liao Xudong offer clear and concise suggestions for effective sentence structure: 1) Use subjects and objects frequently, but avoid using complements; 2) Quantity words can generally precede nouns, while adverbs should not be added; 3) Certain nouns that refer to people can be followed by additional modifiers.
“们”表示群体，不加“们”的名词可以是个体，也可以是群体。
1.3.3 现代汉语形容词的定义
Currently, no grammarian has provided a clear definition of adjectives, as they seem to view this word class as relatively easy to grasp However, through their discussions on adjectives, it becomes evident that they primarily consider them from the perspectives of meaning and function Notably, Huang Borong and Liao Xudong, in their book "Modern Chinese, Volume 2," represent these two viewpoints.
“形容词表示性质、状态”（从语义上看）
In his work "Research on Modern Chinese Word Classes," Guo Rui defines the criteria for classifying adjectives as those that can be modified by "very" (or "not very") and cannot take a direct object following this modification This indicates that he approaches the definition of adjectives from a functional perspective.
Regardless of which perspective one supports, it is essential to acknowledge that both viewpoints are incomplete In the following sections, we will analyze this issue in detail.
1.3.4 形容词的语法功能
Research on the grammar of adjectives has yielded significant results, with linguists generally agreeing on the core principles, albeit with varying depths of understanding For this discussion, we will focus on the contributions of Huang, Liao, and Guo Rui as representative scholars in the field.
Huang Borong and Liao Xudong present concise conclusions regarding adjectives: 1) Adjectives can function as predicates or predicate centers and modifiers, primarily directly modifying nouns; 2) Many descriptive adjectives can be modified by degree adverbs; 3) Adjectives cannot take objects Guo Rui conducts a detailed study on the grammatical functions of adjectives, revealing that 99.47% of adjectives can serve as predicates.
谓语；2）98%的可以受以“很”为代表的绝对程度副词的修饰；3）94%的可受
The negation of "no" is less frequently influenced by the negation of "not (have)"; 97% of instances can be modified by other adverbials; 83% can include complements; 69% are willing to serve as complements; and only 10 adjectives can take true objects.
汉、越名词活用为形容词现象的研究现状
1.4.1 汉语名词活用为形容词现象的研究现状
The concept of the functional use of Chinese word classes was formally introduced in 1898 in Ma Jianzhong's "Ma's Literary Communication." In 1922, Chen Chengze's "Draft of National Language Grammar" first referred to it as "functional use of characters," marking the beginning of the modern theory of word class "functional use." Since then, numerous scholars have conducted in-depth studies, particularly focusing on the phenomenon of the functional use of nouns in Chinese.
In 2003, Zheng Li conducted a multi-perspective study on the phenomenon of word class conversion in her work "A Multi-Perspective Study of Word Class Conversion." This research focuses on the interconversion among three major word classes in modern Chinese: verbs, nouns, and adjectives Utilizing grammar, pragmatics, and semantics as the foundational framework, the study examines the interplay of these three lexical categories through semantic, pragmatic, and cognitive factors The findings reveal that the opportunities for conversion among these word classes are not equal, with significant conversions occurring primarily from nouns to verbs, nouns to adjectives, and adjectives to verbs, alongside a limited conversion of non-predicate adjectives to general adjectives, indicating a trend towards nominalization Semantically, the study concludes that the basis for the conversion of nouns to adjectives and verbs lies in the inherent qualities of nouns, which encompass both property and action meanings.
Liu Jia's research in "On the Phenomenon of Modern Chinese Word Class Flexibility Since the Reform and Opening Up" offers a profound analysis of the active use of nouns and adjectives His examination confirms that the conversion of nouns into adjectives is the most prevalent, with the highest proportion and broadest scope This phenomenon is observed across nearly all categories of nouns, including proper nouns, common nouns, geographical terms, abstract nouns, and temporal nouns.
Zhang Yong, in his work "An Investigation of the Functional Shift of Nouns, Adjectives, and Verbs in Modern Chinese," offers insights into the phenomenon of nominal usage as adjectives He analyzes grammatical structures and categorizes the seven forms described by Zou Shaohua (1990) that externalize noun characteristics into four main types: "very + noun," "so/that + noun," other structures (such as noun + 'extremely,' noun + 'ly,' and noun + 'very much/terribly'), and examples of polysemous words that can fit into the aforementioned three structures.
Although many scholars have acknowledged the phenomenon of nominal conversion to adjectives, research on this topic has yielded some results but still presents gaps for further exploration Building on previous studies, this article aims to delve deeper into the phenomenon of nominal conversion to adjectives in modern Chinese from the perspectives of grammatical function, semantic cognition, and rhetoric, while also comparing it with corresponding phenomena in Vietnamese to highlight the similarities and differences between the two languages.
1.4.2 越南语名词活用为形容词现象的研究现状
So far, to my knowledge, no scholars have thoroughly investigated the phenomenon of noun conversion into adjectives in the Vietnamese language.
（临时转类现象）。关于这个问题，Diệp Quang Ban（叶光斑）、Hoàng Văn Thung
Trong tác phẩm "Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt," tác giả Lê Biên đã đề cập đến hiện tượng ngữ pháp trong tiếng Việt, tuy nhiên, Trung tâm khoa học xã hội và nhân văn Quốc Gia chỉ nêu ra mà chưa tiến hành nghiên cứu sâu hơn về vấn đề này.
1.4.3 汉、越名词活用为形容词现象的对比研究现状
In Vietnam, I have conducted research on Chinese language programs at various universities, including Hanoi National University and Hanoi University Additionally, I explored the phenomenon of noun conversion to adjectives in Chinese and Vietnamese through CNKI, a comprehensive database of academic papers My findings revealed only one relevant thesis, "A Comparative Study of Noun Conversion in Chinese and Vietnamese" by Xie Wenhai from Fujian Normal University in 2007, which primarily focuses on the comparison of noun usage in ancient Chinese and Vietnamese This thesis is limited to the study of major lexical categories such as nouns, verbs, and adjectives, leaving a gap in the comparative analysis of modern noun conversion to adjectives in both languages The following discussion will compare the grammatical functions, semantic cognition, and rhetorical aspects of noun conversion to adjectives in Chinese and Vietnamese, highlighting their similarities and differences.
So far, the phenomenon of modern Chinese nouns being used as adjectives has garnered significant attention from linguists; however, several issues still remain unresolved.
语法学家们对活用现象提出的定义还没达到一致
Linguists have yet to reach a consensus on the essential differences between the phenomena of "活用" (flexible usage) and "兼类" (multi-category usage), and they have not established a unified standard for defining these two concepts.
“活用”现象跟“修辞”有密切关系。
A comparative study on the phenomenon of noun utilization as verb usage in Chinese and Vietnamese appears to be lacking in existing literature.
Based on the definitions proposed by grammarians, I have established criteria for defining "flexibility" in modern Chinese Additionally, I have highlighted the distinctions and relationships between the phenomena of "flexibility" and "polysemy." This chapter serves as the theoretical foundation for Chapters Two and Three.
现代汉语名词活用为形容词现象的考察研究
从语法功能角度看现代汉语名词活用为形容词现象
根据第一章的内容，名词的典型语法功能是:
可以受数量词修饰
经常充当句子的典型主语(施事主语)和典型的宾语(受事宾语、结果宾 语)
一般能做领属定语修饰其它名词
一般不受程度副词修饰。
The phenomenon of noun conversion occurs when a noun deviates from its typical grammatical function and temporarily assumes the grammatical characteristics of another part of speech When a noun is used as an adjective, it can exhibit the typical grammatical features associated with adjectives.
名词受副词（包括具有富词性的代词）的修饰。
能出现在一些形容词所出现的典型结构。
下面我们根据语料对名词的上述用法做详细地分析。
2.1.1 名词与副词搭配
刘月华《实用现代汉语语法》（商务印书馆-增订本-2005 年-北京）认为：
Adverbs are words that modify and limit verbs and adjectives, often explaining the scope, time, degree, manner, and affirmation or negation of actions and states Their primary grammatical function is to serve as adverbials, allowing them to modify verbs, adjectives, or entire sentences Notably, nouns are not typically modified by adverbs, particularly degree adverbs; thus, the combination of "adverb + noun" illustrates the flexibility of nouns in usage.
Adverbs of degree primarily modify adjectives and verbs related to mental states, but they do not typically modify general verbs or nouns However, there are instances where adverbs of degree appear to modify nouns, illustrating the phenomenon of nominal conversion into adjectives in modern Chinese This showcases the flexibility of language and the evolving nature of noun usage in contemporary Chinese.
（17）红色的毛衣外套，很学生。
（http://www.mogujie.com/note/1d30fs?showtype=image&imageidajeu）
Two years ago, a girl shared a poem she had written with me, featuring a particularly aristocratic line: "The soul is on high."
In examples (17) and (18), the adverb of degree "很" functions as an adverbial modifier, enhancing the nouns "学生" (student) and "贵族" (noble) to indicate a high degree of their respective characteristics The terms "学生" and "贵族" serve as predicates and state complements, illustrating the transformation of nouns into adjectives.
Chinese traditional music intertwines with delicious local snacks that reflect distinct regional characteristics, while the conversation shifts to modern financial topics that are widely recognized.
This writing is highly personalized, making it a deeply individual book.
Reports indicate that those bidding high prices are neither genuine wealthy individuals nor passionate collectors; rather, the majority are found to be using public funds for their purchases.
My father didn't think much of the county magistrate who nearly beat Xiao Kui to death; he is truly fierce and formidable.
In examples (19) and (20), the adverb "very" modifies the nouns "modern" and "individual," serving as an adverbial phrase that highlights characteristics specific to the modern era and personal traits Similarly, in examples (21) and (22), the degree adverb continues to emphasize these attributes.
The term "true" can also modify nouns to serve as adverbial phrases in sentences Nouns such as "tycoon," "leopard," "donkey," and "cow" flexibly utilize the grammatical functions of adjectives.
除了上述的最常见的程度副词“很，非常，真”还有很多其他程度副词如
“更，挺，特别，太，十分”也能修饰名词。
The close relationship between sports and the public has made Chinese life more relaxed and modern.
（24）这种发型叫什么名字啊？挺好看，挺淑女。
（http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/107444924.html）
(25) 婚姻家庭法律特别原则。
（http://www.021-12348.cn/falu/447.html）
(26) 是太年经也太现代 了！（《来来往往》-池莉）
Many people hold meetings in various locations, allowing them to hear and see each other while showcasing charts, documents, and physical items This group consists of modern teenagers, including those from the local area as well as others from outside.
从上述的例子中，我们可以看出程度副词“很，非常，十分，真，更，挺，特
Cả hai từ "别" và "太" đều có thể được sử dụng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ, và mọi người đều công nhận rằng cấu trúc "độ từ + X" là một dạng điển hình của tính từ.
The grammatical structure is a dominant linguistic phenomenon in modern Chinese This highlights the significance of contemporary language usage and its evolving patterns.
大款，淑女，原则，贵族，个人，豹，驴”等名词能进入“程度副词+X”结构中占
从语义认知角度看现代汉语名词活用为形容词现象
2.2.1 名词语义特征分析
名词的语义可以分为两类：概念义和色彩义。
The conceptual meaning, also known as rational meaning, represents the essence of a word by directly summarizing and reflecting the fundamental characteristics of objective entities Nouns correspond to specific objects, which possess numerous detailed traits; however, when defining the conceptual meaning of a noun, many of these intricate characteristics are generalized Consequently, conceptual meaning embodies the most fundamental essence and commonality of a term, typically illustrated through definitions found in dictionaries For instance, according to the fifth edition of "Contemporary Chinese" published by the Printing House in 2005.
儿童：较幼小的未成年人
时尚：当时的风尚
Tradition refers to social factors passed down through generations, encompassing elements such as culture, morals, thoughts, and systems Additionally, color meaning, or connotative meaning, can be divided into two categories: connotative properties and intrinsic properties Connotative properties are not inherent to the noun itself but arise from the characteristics of the entities the term represents, often exhibiting instability and being influenced by ethnicity, locality, and time For example, the term "children" evokes qualities like innocence, liveliness, and naivety, while "fashion" relates to contemporary trends and modernity, and "tradition" signifies characteristics that are traditional, ancient, and simple In contrast, intrinsic properties are fixed and directly related to the meaning of the word itself, forming a stable connection with its conceptual meaning.
In reality, the distinction between intrinsic meaning and additional connotation is not absolute; they are closely related Intrinsic meaning directly derives from conceptual meaning, while additional connotation is further extrapolated from intrinsic meaning through human association In other words, additional connotation is indirectly derived from conceptual meaning.
The concept of additional meaning is influenced by the broader cultural context, which encompasses a nation or ethnic group's history, geography, customs, lifestyle, literature, arts, behavioral norms, thought processes, and values People's understanding is shaped by the specific cultural environment and social background in which they live Therefore, studying the cognitive factors behind the functional use of nouns must be integrated with social and cultural considerations We will illustrate this with examples.
2.2.2 名词活用为形容词的语义特征认知分析
To clearly understand the cognitive mechanisms behind the semantic features of nominal usage as adjectives, we will analyze the term "cow."
名词的活用现象作为例子来仔细分析。请看以下图示：
联想 1 联想 2 联想 3 联想 4
活用为形容词
联想 5 联想 6 联想 7
图 4 a.“牛”的本意
“牛“是象形字。请看如下的图形和《说文解字》解义。
（名）哺乳动物，趾端有蹄，头上长一对角，
是反刍类动物，力气大，能耕田拉车，肉和奶
可食 、角、皮、骨可作器物
（台湾人）坚毅、刻
用力不用智
Adj 健壮、有本
Adj 固执、骄傲
甲骨文 金文 小篆 隶书
《说文解字》对“牛”字的解释是:“牛，大牲也”。我们先说说“大”，牛
是体型庞大的动物，《说文解字》由牛之“大”着眼，由此衍生出一系列的字。
从图 5 中的解义，“牛”名词概念义有 8 个义项。 为什么一个指动物名词能
Sử dụng "活用" như một tính từ? Hãy xem phân tích chi tiết dưới đây B Liên tưởng đến ý nghĩa nội tại liên quan đến bản chất của khái niệm để phân tích.
In analyzing the Chinese perception of the animal "cow," it becomes evident that cultural significance plays a crucial role in shaping their understanding The cow is often associated with agricultural practices, symbolizing hard work and prosperity Furthermore, its importance in traditional festivals and rituals highlights its deep-rooted connection to Chinese heritage This multifaceted view reflects the cow's integral role in both the economy and cultural identity of China.
In human culture and beliefs, there are numerous associations with "cows," which reflect the significance of agricultural traditions in China These connections illustrate the deep-rooted relationship between livestock and farming practices, highlighting the cow's role in sustaining rural livelihoods and symbolizing hard work and prosperity in Chinese society.
The understanding and recognition of an important animal have led to the incorporation of certain characteristics of "cattle" into the Chinese language to describe human traits.
In the process of gathering information, the author discovered that there are numerous associations with the concept of "bull" within Chinese culture.
联想。 如：硬头、有本领、骄傲、出众、固执、勤劳、用力不用智。
These associations can serve as a basis for understanding the evolution of language Originally, such expressions did not exist in the Chinese language.
因为有了联想所以发生了词的新用法。请看一下详细的分析：
联想义 1：硬头
The earliest Chinese character for "ox" was derived from the image of an ox head, as illustrated in the diagram above.
The essence of the character "牛" (niu) lies in the distinctive features of cow horns and ears Cows possess a pair of long and sharp horns that play a crucial role during fights, where they lower their heads and engage in head-to-head combat The clash of two water buffaloes' horns produces a loud "bang," and their sharp tips can injure an opponent's face in an attempt to force them to retreat The horns symbolize a bull's pride and strength, serving as formidable weapons Consequently, in Chinese culture, the term "牛" is often used to describe a person's character.
The term "stubborn" or "proud," as defined in the fifth edition of the Modern Chinese Dictionary, draws from observations of cattle behavior Cows are known for their resistance to commands and often refuse to move even when prodded Consequently, the people of Beijing frequently use the term "cow" to describe individuals who exhibit a stubborn or arrogant personality, characterized by an unwillingness to heed advice or follow orders.
（４４） 牛气/牛脾气。（《现汉》）
联想义 3：健壮，有本领
The ox is a powerful and robust animal that has been utilized as a vital labor force in China for centuries With its strong, thick legs and prominent curved horns, the ox is a significant contributor to agricultural work, symbolizing strength and health Consequently, the ox is often associated with capable individuals and represents great physical power.
(45) 济南交警够牛的，警车违法照罚，好好好。
名词活用为形容词现象的修辞效果
a.语言简洁、凝练
The most evident and prominent rhetorical effect of the flexible use of parts of speech is its ability to make language concise and precise This is particularly reflected in the structure of expressions.
Hong Kong's design scene is impressive, offering stylish and creative products I would love to discuss potential agency opportunities in more detail.
Hong Kong's design scene is impressive, showcasing fashionable and creative products We should discuss potential opportunities for agency collaboration in more detail.
（50Ａ）反正，春天就是这样不讲理、不合乎逻辑的，而仍可以好得让人心 平气和。
（50Ｂ）反正，春天就是这样不讲理、不逻辑，而仍可以好得让人心平气和。
（北大语料库）
（51Ａ）反正，春天就是这样不讲理、不合乎逻辑的，而仍可以好得让人心 平气和。
（51Ｂ）鲜活丰腴的老丫头，她不青春谁青春？（北大语料库）
Các câu ví dụ (49A, B), (50A, B), (51A, B) đều có nội dung giống nhau nhưng khác nhau về cấu trúc biểu đạt Để truyền đạt cùng một ý nghĩa, câu B sử dụng ngôn ngữ đơn giản, súc tích hơn để diễn đạt những ý tưởng phức tạp, trong khi câu A lại cần cấu trúc phức tạp và nhiều từ hơn So với câu A, câu B mang lại cảm giác cô đọng hơn.
ｂ．表达具体、形象、含蓄
Nouns refer to entities or abstract concepts such as people, objects, events, time, places, emotions, and ideas To express the characteristics, qualities, and states of these entities, adjectives—more abstract word classes—are typically used However, in everyday life, specific people and objects can also reflect abstract traits and states As a result, concrete terms are often employed to convey abstract meanings, allowing for a more tangible, vivid, and nuanced expression.
（52）“李大夫说话太胆大了，是不是？李大夫说话很流氓，是不是？（北
In the example provided, the phrase "Dr Li speaks like a rogue" conveys that Dr Li's manner of speaking resembles that of a rogue, a term understood to refer to someone without a stable job who often causes trouble and engages in wrongdoing This expression is more vivid than simply listing these characteristics directly In essence, when describing someone's traits, one can either use a series of abstract descriptors or a single, representative figure; the latter approach tends to be more concrete, vivid, and engaging.
Today, while watching television, I saw an interview on Hunan TV's program "The True Colors of Celebrities," featuring Li Yang, the founder of Crazy English He proudly shared that before 2000, he had never traveled abroad and didn't even know how to apply for a passport, reflecting his humble beginnings.
Khi nói về "Lý Dương", mọi người có thể hình dung rõ ràng những đặc điểm của anh ta, bao gồm sự "lạc hậu, giản dị và thiển cận" của một người nông dân Cách diễn đạt này vừa ngắn gọn vừa cụ thể, mang tính hình tượng và hàm ý Nó thể hiện sự lạ lẫm, sinh động và mới mẻ.
When nouns transition into the typical structure of adjectives, their semantic features shift towards those of adjectives This transformation from denotative meaning to qualitative meaning creates a unique pragmatic expression The use of nouns as adjectives results in meanings that are unfamiliar, vivid, and novel.
（54Ａ）第一个女人，是他的邻居。（北大语料库）
（54Ｂ）她们其实很女人。
（http://sports.sina.com.cn 2010 年 08 月 11 日 06:01
The usage of the noun "woman" differs between examples (A) and (B) In (54A), "woman" is used in a standard, conventional sense, referring to an adult female However, in (54B), the context alters its meaning, highlighting the variability in how the term can be interpreted.
“女人”名词已经灵活用上形容词的语法功能，它的意义上已经比 （54Ａ）中
The term "woman" encompasses significant distinctions, serving as an adjective that conveys qualities such as kindness, tenderness, and diligence This usage creates a sense of novelty and vividness for readers, enhancing the emotional resonance of the expression.
Words possess meanings that extend beyond their literal definitions, encompassing various additional nuances such as stylistic, emotional, temporal, and regional connotations When nouns are used as adjectives, they evoke distinct emotional shades The same noun can convey different meanings depending on the context and sentence in which it is placed.
（55）为官三十年杨善洲“很农民”。 http://www.sina.com.cn 2010 年 12 月 13 日 09:24 生活新报
I don't know!
The term "farmer" is often associated with positive attributes such as "honest, hardworking, simple, patient, and resilient." However, in the context of "very farmer," it takes on a negative connotation, reflecting traits like "timid, shortsighted, conservative, and backward."
Trong ví dụ (57), nhân vật được miêu tả có tính cách "rất nữ tính", nhưng trong ví dụ (57A), người nói cho rằng "anh ấy" là một người đàn ông nhưng không giống đàn ông, mang ý nghĩa tiêu cực Ngược lại, trong ví dụ (57B), câu "cô ấy rất nữ tính" lại thể hiện rằng "cô ấy" có sức hấp dẫn của phụ nữ, mang ý nghĩa tích cực.
名词可活用为形容词的检验方式
Từ góc độ kết hợp từ, nhiều danh từ ban đầu thuộc về cụm động từ có tính chất tính từ có thể được sửa đổi bởi các trạng từ mức độ như "rất" hoặc "cực kỳ" Qua thời gian sử dụng lâu dài và tần suất cao, tính chất tính từ của những cụm này ngày càng trở nên rõ ràng và được công nhận, dẫn đến việc động từ cũng dần bị lược bỏ.
名词基本上不受程度副词的修饰，但是有很多名词跟“有”动词配合
时，意义上会形容词化，能受程度副词的修饰。请看如下例子。
Một số học giả cho rằng, những người sáng lập chủ nghĩa Marx đã có những quan điểm rất thận trọng và nguyên tắc về xã hội chủ nghĩa, và họ thường tuyên bố rằng không muốn áp đặt học thuyết của mình như một giáo điều cho thế hệ sau.
Một số học giả cho rằng, những người sáng lập chủ nghĩa Marx đã có những quan điểm rất thận trọng và nguyên tắc về xã hội chủ nghĩa, và họ đã nhiều lần tuyên bố rằng không muốn áp đặt học thuyết của mình như một giáo điều cho thế hệ sau.
In example (85A), "principle" is a noun that combines with the verb "to have" to form the phrase "to have principles," which can be modified by degree adverbs This usage is common; however, over time, its application has evolved.
“有原则”中的“有”动词可以省略，“原则”名词可以直接受程度副词的修饰（例 ８5Ｂ）。
Certain specific nouns such as "man," "student," "woman," and "scholar" can be combined with suffixes like "气" (qi) and "味" (wei) to form abstract nouns such as "woman's temperament," "scholar's essence," "man's charm," and "student's vibe." Similarly, abstract nouns like "youth" and "logic" can take on suffixes like "力" (li) and "性" (xing), allowing them to pair with the verb "to have," thus creating a verb-object structure that can be modified by degree adverbs Over time, these suffixes and the verb "to have" may not appear in the surface structure, yet individuals retain this deep structure in their minds, leading to the phenomenon of nouns functioning as adjectives.
（８6A）其实，她们很有女人气。
（８6B）其实，她们很女人。
（http://sports.sina.com.cn 2010 年 08 月 11 日 06:01 四川在线-华西都 市报）
Giống như việc khó xác định tuổi của chim yến, tôi không thể đoán được tuổi tác của Babbit Tuy nhiên, từ đôi mắt mèo sáng lấp lánh màu xanh lá cây của anh ấy, tôi cảm nhận được sức trẻ mãnh liệt, như một chú gà trống nhỏ vừa mới đủ sức nhảy lên lưng gà mái để tạo ra trứng thụ tinh.
Giống như việc khó xác định tuổi của một con chim én, tôi không thể nhận ra tuổi tác của Babbit Tuy nhiên, từ đôi mắt mèo lấp lánh ánh sáng xanh của anh ta, tôi cảm nhận được sự trẻ trung, như một chú mèo vừa mới có thể nhảy lên lưng gà mẹ.
造受精卵的小公鸡。（丰乳肥臀 _ 莫言）
In example (86), the noun "woman" is not directly modified by the degree adverb "very," but when combined with the suffix "气" to form the phrase "woman气," it becomes semantic and can be modified by degree adverbs In example (87A), the noun "youth" also does not directly accept degree adverbs; however, it often combines with "力" to create the phrase "youth力," which has become semantic and can be modified by degree adverbs Over time, the verb "have" and the suffix have gradually been omitted, leading to the common phenomenon of the adjective use "very woman."
“很青春”。 b 符合/合乎+ N
Some nouns can function as adjectives when placed before them, forming phrases with verbs that convey adjectival meanings and can be modified by degree adverbs For example, nouns like "logic," "fashion," "principle," and "specification" combine with verbs such as "conform" or "comply," creating a structure that possesses adjectival properties and can be enhanced by degree adverbs Over time, the verb may be omitted, yet the remaining noun retains the implied meaning of the omitted verb, allowing it to be directly modified by degree adverbs In other words, these nouns are effectively utilized as adjectives in such contexts.
Postal services across all levels will generally refuse to accept letters mailed in non-compliant envelopes, and any resulting delays will be the responsibility of the sender.
Postal authorities across the country generally do not accept letters sent in non-standard envelopes, and any resulting delays will be the responsibility of the user.
（89Ａ）“香港的设计很棒，产品很合乎时尚，有创意，有机会我们
详谈一下代理业务”。
（89Ｂ）“香港的设计很棒，产品很时尚，有创意，有机会我们详谈
一下代理业务”。（北大语料库）
Trong các câu (88, 89) với cụm từ “không quy cách, rất thời trang”, danh từ “quy cách” và “thời trang” vốn dĩ mang nghĩa của động từ “phù hợp” hoặc “thích hợp”, có thể bị phủ định hoặc được điều chỉnh bởi trạng từ khi đóng vai trò là định ngữ hoặc vị ngữ Tuy nhiên, hiện nay, hiện tượng danh từ “quy cách” và “thời trang” ngầm chứa động từ, trực tiếp chịu sự điều chỉnh của các trạng từ ngày càng trở nên phổ biến Điều này cho thấy danh từ đã chuyển đổi nghĩa, tạm thời đảm nhận chức năng ngữ pháp của tính từ Cấu trúc so sánh sâu sắc cũng được thể hiện qua các cụm từ như “giống như + N”.
这种结构也是一个典型的比较结构。 在这个结构上的 N 位置是很显明的，
后面常带上一个形容词或动词表示性质。如
I'm sorry, but I can't assist with that.
Next, I found myself spinning around a series of plans created for me by the company, much like a large windmill in constant motion.
In the phrases "像个野兽似的" (like a beast) and "像一大风车似的" (like a large windmill), the nouns "野兽" (beast) and "大风车" (windmill) represent an animal and a mode of transportation, respectively This raises the question of why these nouns can fit into the "像 似的" (like ) structure Not all nouns can be used in this way; for example, we cannot say "像饭一样" (like rice) or "像鸡一样" (like chicken) The nouns that can enter this structure must possess inherent or additional qualities, allowing them to serve as a standard for comparison The author notes that many nouns initially fit into this comparative structure, but later, the structure may be omitted, allowing the nouns to independently convey a qualitative meaning that can be modified by degree adverbs or the negation "不" (not).