Aims of the study
- helping the learners establish a background understanding on the relationship between idioms and culture by analysing the features of idiomatic expressions of places in British English and Vietnamese;
- indicating influence of British culture and Vietnamese culture on language in general and idiomatic expressions of places in this particular aspect;
- showing some similarities and differences between British English and Vietnamese idiomatic expressions in terms of local specification in which meaning of the idioms and human attitude are revealed;
- raising people‟s cultural awareness in teaching and learning British English and Vietnamese idioms.
Scope of the study
This study examines idiomatic expressions related to places in British English and Vietnamese, utilizing reputable sources such as the Oxford Idioms Dictionary for Learners of English, the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, and the Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture for English references For Vietnamese idioms, the research draws from key works including Từ Điển Thành Ngữ Tục Ngữ Việt Nam by Nguyễn Lân, Đi Tìm Điển Tích Thành Ngữ by Tiêu Hà Minh, Thành Ngữ Anh Việt by Bùi Phụng, and Tuyển Tập Thành Ngữ, Tục Ngữ, Ca dao Anh Việt Thông Dụng.
(Nguyễn Đình Hùng) The list of British English and Vietnamese idiomatic expressions will be found in the appendix as the illustrations.
Methods of the study
This study employs both qualitative and quantitative methods to conduct a comparative analysis of idiomatic expressions in Vietnamese and British English By meticulously gathering information from diverse sources, the research aims to explore the cultural backgrounds of these idioms A selection of fifty idiomatic expressions from each language will be thoroughly examined to identify similarities and differences between the two cultures Additionally, the author's personal communication experiences and cultural insights will contribute to the categorization of the findings.
Design of the study
The study is organized into three key sections: Part A offers an introduction that outlines the study's objectives and methodology Part B consists of two chapters, with Chapter 1 focusing on the theoretical framework surrounding culture and idioms in British English and Vietnamese, as well as their cultural influences on idiomatic expressions related to places Chapter 2 provides an in-depth analysis of these idiomatic expressions, highlighting both similarities and differences in local specificity between the two languages The conclusion summarizes the main findings, discusses their implications, and presents suggestions for future research.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Culture and language
Culture can be understood as the knowledge and behaviors necessary for individuals to function within a society, as defined by Goodenough (1957) According to Porter and Samovar (1994), culture is not instinctive; rather, it is learned through repeated experiences and exposure, shaping individuals' attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors The transmission of culture occurs across generations through various communication forms, including spoken and written language, as well as non-verbal actions As culture evolves, it influences behavior and fosters innovation, while simultaneously offering a limited set of behavioral patterns shaped by the core values and assumptions of each cultural group Ultimately, culture delineates the boundaries that distinguish different cultural identities.
Cultural values are essential to every society, serving as guidelines for determining good and evil and influencing behaviors in various situations These values vary across cultures and have evolved over time, shaping the beliefs and attitudes of their members Cultural values can be categorized into several types: historical value, which reflects perspectives on the past; social value, which fosters connections and a sense of identity among people; symbolic value, representing repositories of meaning; and aesthetic value, a complex area of debate concerning beauty and the authority to define it.
5 beautiful and spiritual value addresses aspects of the religious, the numinous and the sublime (www.demos.co.uk)
In summary, culture and cultural values in anthropology encompass the behaviors, beliefs, languages, rituals, art, religion, and attitudes developed and shared by social groups These elements not only differentiate one human group from another but also set humans apart from other species Cultural values, inherent to a society, serve as benchmarks for social and cultural activities, making them vital determinants of a nation and its societal framework.
1.1.2 Relationship between language and culture
The relationship between language and culture has been interrelated in the sense that language is used to maintain and convey culture and cultural ties In the book
Language serves as a fundamental means of navigating social interactions, intricately intertwined with culture in various ways (Kramsch, 1998) The language individuals use conveys their beliefs, attitudes, and perspectives, reflecting shared cultural and social characteristics It also shapes and represents the experiences of a social community, with members contributing to the language through their chosen communication methods, whether verbal, written, or non-verbal These diverse forms of communication create meaning within the community's language, demonstrating how language embodies cultural reality Furthermore, language encompasses cultural values and operates as a complex system of signs, allowing individuals to express their cultural identity and connect with their social community through communication.
Language and culture have always coexisted and mutually reinforced one another Their relationship is so intertwined that mastering a language without understanding its associated culture is nearly impossible.
1.1.3 Idioms and their roles in communication
Idioms are unique expressions that enrich every language and culture, often defying logical and grammatical norms They add variety and humor to both speech and writing, making communication more engaging As a cultural artifact, idioms embody historical, social, spiritual, symbolic, and aesthetic values, reflecting the essence of the culture they originate from.
Idioms are expressions that encapsulate human experiences and behaviors, reflecting the unique traditions and social traits of a culture They serve as valuable life lessons and embody the collective consciousness of a nation Each culture possesses its own idioms, making them essential for understanding the history and customs of that society Additionally, idioms function as cohesive language units that enhance discourse, helping listeners follow conversations and reorganize ideas logically Their role is crucial in creating clarity and comprehension in communication.
Idioms play a crucial role in communication by conveying information in a figurative and impactful manner Their presence in various aspects of life, including conversations, mass media, sports, politics, and journals, highlights their importance Utilizing idiomatic expressions can enhance dialogue by linking ideas and making conversations more engaging, as seen in the example, "Rome wasn’t built in a day," which emphasizes that significant achievements require time, patience, and effort This illustrates how idioms enrich communication by allowing speakers to express their thoughts tactfully and effectively.
7 great effect on the listeners who not only absorb the meaning of the words but also picture
Rome wasn‟t built in a day to themselves
Frequent use of idioms in communication can hinder understanding, as effective communication relies on a shared context between the parties involved For communication to be successful, the listener must grasp the speaker's message Therefore, speakers must ensure that their messages are clear and appropriate for the language and cultural background of their audience, taking all relevant factors into account for effective delivery.
In summary, idioms play a significant role in everyday conversations, reflecting their popularity and impact on social interactions They convey truth, requests, and advice, making language more flexible and figurative Moreover, a shared understanding of idioms, language, and culture between speakers and listeners enhances communication effectiveness.
Idioms in the light of semantics
Both English and Vietnamese boast a wealth of literature and idiomatic expressions that embody the cultural values shaped by real-life experiences Idioms are not only prevalent in colloquial speech but also prominently featured in various literary forms, including textbooks, newspapers, the Bible, poetry, and reports Below are some of the most common idioms that reflect their distinctive characteristics and essence.
An idiom is a combination of words that conveys a meaning distinct from the individual meanings of the words when considered separately, often exhibiting unusual or illogical structures (Seidle & Mac Mordie, 1988) Palmer (1990) emphasized that idioms arise from words whose meanings cannot be inferred from their individual components While idioms function as single semantic units, they do not conform to typical grammatical structures.
According to Hornby (1995) in the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, an idiom is defined as a phrase or sentence whose overall meaning cannot be deduced from the meanings of its individual words, necessitating that it be learned as a complete unit.
Idioms are expressions that begin as phrases with literal meanings but evolve into figurative uses over time According to the Idioms Dictionary for Learners of English, these expressions often start with "full" words, such as nouns, verbs, adverbs, and adjectives For instance, the act of taking off one's hat as a sign of respect has transformed into a broader idiomatic expression of admiration Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics further defines an idiom as a single-unit expression whose meaning cannot be deduced from its individual components.
An idiom is a fixed expression whose meaning cannot be deduced from the individual words it contains Comprising multiple words, idioms exhibit a level of internal cohesion similar to that of single words Typically, idioms resist alterations, such as interruptions or re-ordering of their components.
Idioms can be categorized based on their functions, which include ideational, interpersonal, and relational roles, as noted by Chitra Fernando (1996, 72) This classification is rooted in the theory put forth by Halliday (1985).
- Ideational idioms: (the state and way of the world‟ idioms) signify message content such as: Actions (e.g: wear different hats), Events (e.g: turning point), Situation (e.g: be in
Queer street), People and things (e.g: a man about town), Attributes (e.g: matter of fact),
Evaluations (e.g: turn back the clock), Emotions (e.g: walk on air), etc
Interpersonal idioms serve a crucial role in communication by fulfilling interactional functions and defining the nature of messages Common examples include greetings and farewells, such as "bye for now," directives like "never mind," expressions of agreement such as "say no more," and rejections exemplified by phrases like "I wasn't born yesterday." These idiomatic expressions enhance the clarity and effectiveness of interactions in various social contexts.
Relational idioms play a crucial role in enhancing the cohesion and coherence of discourse These expressions, including adversative phrases like "on the contrary," comparative terms such as "on the one hand," causal connectors like "so that," concessive phrases such as "at the same time," and additive expressions like "what is more," effectively link ideas and facilitate smoother transitions in communication By incorporating these idioms, writers can create more structured and comprehensible texts, ultimately improving the reader's understanding and engagement.
Other categorization of functions drawn from Moon‟s theory (1998) is:
- Informational: conveying information of different kind; e.g in the red, rub the shoulders with
- Evaluative: giving the speaker‟s attitude: e.g works wonders, wash one‟s hands off something
- Situational: expressing conventions, clauses, exclamation, relating to extralingual context; wall have ears,
- Modalizing: expressing modality, truth values, advice, request: more or less, at all, in effect
- Organizational: organizing the text, signaling discourse structure: by the way, all in all
Idioms serve as conventional expressions to name objects, describe actions, and convey situations They are commonly used to express generalizations, offer advice, make evaluations, and emphasize points The frequent use of idioms in similar contexts highlights their role as familiar phrases rather than isolated expressions.
Classification of idioms based on meaning:
According to Chitra Fernando (1996; 35), “idioms yield three sub-classes”: pure idioms, semi-idioms and literal idioms
+ Pure idioms is a type of conventionalized, non-literal multiword expression e.g;
Idioms like "Rome wasn't built in a day" and "get on like a house on fire" illustrate that their meanings extend beyond their literal interpretations Instead of focusing on the actual city of Rome or the concepts of houses and fire, these phrases convey deeper messages: the importance of time, patience, and hard work in achieving significant tasks, as well as the rapid development of strong friendships Understanding these idiomatic expressions enriches our communication by highlighting the values behind them.
Semi-idioms consist of both literal and non-literal elements, where at least one component carries a unique meaning specific to its context For example, the phrase "foot the bill" translates to "pay," while "catch one's breath" means "check."
Literal idioms exemplify the essential characteristic of idioms, which is their invariance or limited variation However, they tend to be less semantically intricate compared to pure and semi-idioms Common examples include phrases like "Home sweet home" and "Home is where the heart is."
Classification of idioms based on structures:
According to the Oxford Dictionary of English Idioms (1993), idioms often feature unusual words and structures, as well as distinctive grammar These idioms can primarily be categorized into two types: phrase idioms and clause idioms.
Verb + direct object: Ease somebody‟s mind, Pack the house
Verb + direct object + compliment: Paint the town red
Verb + indirect object + direct object: Do somebody credit
Verb + direct object+ adjunct: Sell somebody down the river, Set the Thames on fire + Phrase patterns:
Idioms as noun phrase: A no-go area
Idioms as an adjective phrase: As poor as a church mouse
Idioms as a verb phrase: Get to the bottom of thing,
Idioms as a prepositional phrase: On Carey street
Idioms as an adverbial phrase: To the end of the earth
Idioms as an interjection: Take your time
Idioms serve as a mirror to the history and lifestyles of English speakers throughout the ages, drawing from diverse sources rooted in social and cultural experiences These sources include farming, transportation, science, literature, the Bible, history, and leisure activities, highlighting the rich tapestry of influences that shape the English language.
Many idioms originate from a time when agriculture was central to daily life, reflecting practices such as "till the hay comes home" and "you reap what you sow." Additionally, maritime travel influenced language, giving rise to phrases like "a drop in the ocean." As society has evolved, the impact of science and technology is evident in expressions like "he's on a live wire." Furthermore, leisure activities, particularly sports such as boxing, continue to contribute to the richness of idiomatic language.
Distinction of idioms
Slang refers to informal words and phrases commonly used in casual conversation, particularly among individuals from the same social circles or workplaces These expressions are typically unsuitable for formal contexts and often have a limited lifespan Defined as language that is generally not acceptable in serious communication, slang includes terms regarded as very informal or impolite, and is often specific to certain groups, such as soldiers or children It serves as a tool for identifying and reinforcing sub-groups within society, where members may struggle to understand the communication of other groups; for example, "cop" is slang for police in the criminal world, while "cool" denotes something stylish.
Slang varies significantly across regions, while idioms tend to remain consistent within the same cultural context For instance, the idiom "like death warmed up," meaning to feel ill, is understood in both England and America In contrast, the slang term "ass kissing," which refers to flattering or toadying, is predominantly recognized in American English Additionally, slang is often trendy and can quickly become outdated.
In summary, while idioms and slang share a relatively fixed structure, slang is typically used within specific groups, whereas idioms are prevalent across various forms of speech.
Proverbs are timeless expressions found in every language, with written collections tracing back to ancient times, as noted by Flavell (1992) These concise sayings encapsulate wisdom or advice, often structured as complete sentences that can be transformed into proverbial form In contrast, idioms are phrases where the overall meaning diverges from the literal interpretation of the individual words.
Proverbs are distinct from idioms, as highlighted by Hornby (1995), who defines a proverb as a concise, well-known phrase that conveys a general truth or offers advice, such as "If the mountain doesn’t come to Mahomet, Mahomet must go to the mountain." Similarly, Vu Ngoc Phan (2000) views proverbs as complete expressions that encapsulate a single idea related to commentary, experience, morality, justice, or criticism, exemplified by the saying "Trời không chịu đất, đất phải chịu trời."
Idioms and proverbs are fixed expressions with stable components that convey meanings not deducible from their individual words, requiring a holistic understanding These linguistic constructs reflect human thought, culture, and daily activities, and are traditionally passed down orally through generations, becoming an integral part of life.
Proverbs have distinct characteristics that set them apart; they consist of clauses or sentences that convey a sense of justice or events related to it Their meanings often extend beyond the literal interpretation of individual words, such as in the saying, "A man is master in his own house." Additionally, proverbs can convey complete thoughts independently, as exemplified by "East or West, home is best." They express logical and impactful ideas, directly reflecting themes of justice, commentary, experience, morality, and criticism based on actions or events.
Collocation refers to the regular combination of words that sound natural in a language, as defined by various dictionaries, including the Oxford Advanced Learner Dictionary and the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English For instance, we say "strong coffee" instead of "powerful coffee," illustrating how certain word pairings are preferred in English Collocations are integral to both spoken and written English, ensuring that no natural language use is devoid of them A rich use of collocations enhances precision in communication, allowing speakers and writers to express themselves clearly and convey specific meanings rather than vague ideas.
Idioms represent a unique form of collocation, where the combination of words creates a meaning that differs from the individual terms For example, the phrase "a drop in the ocean" illustrates this concept, as it conveys the idea of a very small quantity in relation to a much larger need, rather than reflecting the literal meanings of "drop" and "ocean." This phenomenon highlights how idiomatic expressions can often align more closely with the meaning of a single word rather than the sum of their parts.
Idioms in the light of culture
1.4.1 Idioms - as seen from cultural and social specification
An idiom is an expression whose meaning cannot be easily understood from its grammatical structure or the meanings of its individual words It represents a unique aspect of a language, maintaining a specific form that is often resistant to change over time While some idioms may rise and fall in popularity, their fundamental construction typically remains stable Additionally, the tendency for people to exaggerate can lead to the accidental creation of new idioms, contributing to the richness of language.
14 traceable to literal meanings of their radicals are closely connected to the following specific features :
An idiom is a colloquial expression that requires cultural knowledge and social context for proper usage among conversational partners It reflects not only language but also the values and references of a specific culture While idioms are often localized and may lose meaning outside their context, some possess universal qualities that allow for easier translation due to their deducible metaphoric meanings.
Idioms reflect the social and cultural communication of a community, showcasing its unique characteristics Each idiom embodies specific cultural traits, as illustrated by the Vietnamese idiom "Công tử Bạc Liêu," which literally translates to "The mandarin's son in Bac Lieu." This example highlights how idioms serve as a window into the cultural identity of a region.
In the past, the term "province" referred to a person known for their generosity and extravagance Bac Lieu, located in southern Vietnam, is the birthplace of a mandarin's son whose remarkable generosity and gallantry became well-known locally This idiom emerged within the community and gradually evolved into a colloquial expression widely used throughout Vietnam The unique characteristics of local idioms provide insight into their varied meanings, highlighting the significant impact of idioms on cultural and social life, as well as their essential role in communication.
+ Idioms attached with basic (human) need
Idioms are deeply rooted in the daily lives of communities, reflecting their production processes, social interactions, and cultural activities They encapsulate fundamental human needs and desires, such as the pursuit of a better life, a happy family, and fair relationships, all harmoniously intertwined with the surrounding environment.
Basic needs refer to those fundamental requirements that serve as the foundation for survival including shelter, food, and clothing Basic needs are attached with the
The development of a strong community is essential for fostering cultural and societal growth Basic needs play a crucial role in shaping a nation's language and culture, as evidenced by various idioms that highlight these needs For instance, expressions like "Home sweet home" emphasize the significance of shelter, while "Nhà ngang dãy dọc" reflects community prosperity through the imagery of large houses Additionally, phrases such as "As easy as pie" and "ăn chó cả lông" illustrate the impact of food on daily life, with the latter critiquing greed Furthermore, idioms related to clothing, like "Dressed to kill" and "Quần là áo lượt," showcase the importance of appearance and dressing well These idioms, rooted in everyday necessities, reveal the habits and values of people within a community.
+ Idioms attached with social development
Idioms play a crucial role in language and culture, embodying deep meanings and unique historical contexts Language reflects human production, perspectives, and community development, while societal progress fosters cultural creation, leading to the emergence of new idioms The interplay between culture and language underscores that language serves as a cultural carrier and a reflection of social characteristics Each nation’s idioms are shaped by its distinct cultural and social evolution, making idioms a valuable heritage that mirrors historical and societal advancements Therefore, understanding idioms requires an appreciation of the cultural and social backgrounds from which they arise, emphasizing their importance in language learning.
The idiom "Ăn lông ở lỗ," which translates to "live in caves and eat raw food," criticizes those leading a primitive and untidy lifestyle, reminiscent of ancient humans who lived in caves and consumed raw flesh Another idiom, "Trời sinh voi, trời sinh cỏ," meaning "If God gives birth to elephants, he will also provide grass for food," reflects the interconnectedness of existence and mutual support in survival Additionally, the phrase "sell somebody down the river" denotes betraying someone who trusts you, originating from the historical context of slavery in the US, where slaves sold down the Mississippi faced harsher conditions These idioms collectively highlight the significant role of language in reflecting social development and cultural values.
+ Idioms attached with cultural transmission
Cultural transmission refers to how cultural acquisitions are passed down to future generations, forming the foundation for cultural development The evolution of language and culture is evidenced through idioms, which reflect this transmission Idioms often have deep roots in life experiences, culture, and religion For example, the idiom "Achilles' heel" symbolizes a hidden weakness, originating from the Greek hero Achilles, who was invulnerable except for his heel Similarly, the Vietnamese idiom "Oai oái như Phủ Khoái xin cơm" captures the cultural nuances of asking for food, illustrating how idioms serve as a bridge between language and cultural heritage.
The idiom highlights the tendency of individuals who constantly complain and moan This expression traces its roots back to ancient Khoai Chau district in what is now Hung Yen province, where an abundance of fields and farmland existed Despite this, the local peasants faced hunger and voiced their grievances, leading to a chaotic atmosphere in Khoai Chau.
Idioms from ancient times have been passed down through generations and continue to be used across various regions of each nation.
The idioms of Britain and Vietnam not only convey meaning but also reflect the rich cultural backgrounds from which they originate These expressions play a significant role in the preservation and evolution of language and culture, extending their influence beyond national borders By passing down cultural values, idioms enrich social and cultural life, fostering a deeper understanding and appreciation of diverse traditions.
1.4.2 Idioms as seen from social-psychology
+ Idiomatic expressions referring to human attitude
Idioms encapsulate the human experience by reflecting attitudes towards both spiritual and material life, serving as the collective voice of working individuals regarding their societal experiences These expressions convey deep emotions and perspectives on life's challenges, intricately tied to labor, nature, and historical contexts They reveal the moral values and life lessons of the working class, shaping societal beliefs and influencing behaviors and attitudes For instance, the idiom "When in Rome, do as the Romans do" encourages adaptation to new environments, while "Money can tear a piece of paper" suggests that financial resources can resolve various issues Similarly, "Beauty is only skin deep" highlights the importance of inner qualities, and "Easy come, easy go" reflects the transient nature of wealth Ultimately, the interplay between life values and human attitudes significantly impacts individuals' ways of living.
In both British English and Vietnamese, idioms encapsulate rich emotional, attitudinal, and spiritual nuances Their concise phrases and rhythmic qualities make them memorable, facilitating oral transmission across generations Over time, idioms evolve while retaining their core meanings, although their expressions may differ across various regions.
+ Idiomatic expressions referring to emotions and behaviors
Idioms play a significant role in language, representing a substantial portion of linguistic knowledge They are an enduring aspect of communication, effectively expressing a wide range of human emotions and feelings through their dynamic and colorful use of language.
Previous studies on idioms
Idioms serve as a rich resource for exploring language and culture, leading to numerous studies in this field Notably, research comparing English and Vietnamese idioms from a cultural perspective has been conducted, with several key studies recognized as valuable reference materials.
A Study on Comparative Idioms from Cultural Perspective-Do Thi Thu Trang
In a 2006 study by VNU-ULIS, the author explored the background of idioms, distinguishing them from proverbs and slang The research included a contrastive analysis of English and Vietnamese idioms, highlighting both similarities and differences The findings revealed challenges in learning English idioms and emphasized the importance of cultural factors in the teaching and learning process.
In his 2009 study at VNU-ULIS, Dang Nguyen Giang explored idiomatic variants and synonymous idioms in both English and Vietnamese The research provided a theoretical framework for understanding idioms and proposed criteria to differentiate between idiomatic variants and synonymous idioms The primary aim was to gain a deeper insight into idioms, specifically focusing on their variants and synonyms in both languages Additionally, the study highlighted the similarities and differences in idiomatic expressions between English and Vietnamese.
The study by Dao Thanh Tu (2007, VNU-ULIS) explores idiomatic expressions that include the word "dog" in both English and Vietnamese It aims to compare these expressions, highlighting the similarities and differences between the two languages The research also delves into the unique characteristics of idiomatic usage in English and Vietnamese, providing insights into cultural nuances.
25 cultures about the dog lying behind the similarities and difference between English and Vietnamese idioms containing the word dog were clarified
This study explores the intricate relationship between idiomatic expressions and culture, specifically focusing on place-related idioms in British English and Vietnamese It emphasizes that idioms are not merely linguistic constructs but are deeply rooted in cultural contexts, reflecting the everyday lives and enriching the spiritual and cultural experiences of speakers By thoroughly analyzing these idiomatic expressions, the research aims to provide a clearer understanding of their significance within both cultures.
DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES BETWEEN IDIOMATIC
Idiomatic expressions of places in British English
2.1.1 Idiomatic expressions containing the geographical names
Both British English and Vietnamese cultures showcase unique place names that reflect their linguistic diversity In British English, place names often highlight distinctive regional features, such as cities, towns, rivers, and their connections to reality or legend These idiomatic expressions not only captivate with their creative forms but also carry rich historical origins Notably, famous locations, both globally and within Britain, are seamlessly woven into idioms, enhancing their expressive power The lasting influence of ancient Rome is particularly evident in the idiomatic expressions of British English.
The idiom "Fiddle while Rome burns" reflects the British people's reaction to pressing issues, suggesting a tendency to ignore or waste time on trivial matters during critical situations This phrase alludes to the historical figure of Roman Emperor Nero, who allegedly played the violin while Rome was engulfed in flames in AD 64, symbolizing negligence in the face of disaster.
64 e.g: With the world‟s population growing fast and millions getting hungrier everyday, the leaders of the rich nations just seem to be fiddling while Rome burns The idioms containing the word Rome show the great influence of the Romans on British way of expressing the ideas: Rome wasn‟t built in a day-means that it takes time, patience, and hard work to do a difficult or important job e.g: She asked me why the report wasn‟t finished yet so I reminded her that Rome wasn‟t built in a day The idiom advises people that they should be patient and diligent in doing their job to achieve the best result Also,
The idiom "All roads lead to Rome" signifies that there are various methods to achieve a desired outcome, while "When in Rome, do as the Romans do" advises individuals, particularly newcomers, to adapt their behavior to fit their surroundings Together, these expressions highlight the importance of flexibility and adaptation in social interactions, reflecting a neutral perspective on human behavior in diverse environments.
Famous locations in Britain, including Newcastle, the Thames River, Coventry, the Forth Bridge, and the Square Mile, are often referenced in British idioms, reflecting the unique characteristics of each region For instance, the phrase "carry coals to Newcastle" signifies the act of supplying something that is already abundant, exemplified by the notion that exporting wine to France would be akin to taking coals to Newcastle.
The idiom "not/never set the Thames on fire" describes someone who lacks excitement, uniqueness, or remarkable qualities, using the imagery of the Thames River in London This expression effectively conveys its meaning within a cultural context, enhancing communication among those who share similar backgrounds For instance, saying "He’s good but he’ll never set the Thames on fire" suggests that while the person has merit, they lack the dynamism to stand out.
The idiom "send someone to Coventry" reflects a community's attitude towards individuals by highlighting the act of deliberately ignoring someone as a form of punishment For example, after Joe chose to work during a strike, his coworkers decided to "send him to Coventry" as a consequence of his actions This expression is believed to have originated during the English Civil War, emphasizing the social dynamics of exclusion within a community.
Coventry was a strong supporter of Parliament Supporters of the King who were taken prisoner were sometimes sent to Coventry
The phrase "castles in Spain" is commonly used to express the idea that a plan or hope is unlikely to materialize, as illustrated by the example of someone dreaming of moving to Australia while knowing it's just a fantasy Similarly, the idiom "meet your Waterloo" refers to a significant defeat, originating from the historic battle in 1815 where Napoleon was ultimately captured This expression signifies a moment when someone faces their final defeat in their endeavors.
She can usually beat anyone at chess, but I think with Kathy shewill meet her Waterloo
The use of specific place names highlights the unique cultural aspects of each region, revealing deep insights into attitudes toward life, human behavior, feelings, and emotions Additionally, these names reflect people's views on life and their moral values in social interactions.
2.1.2 Idiomatic expressions containing the word ‘ house and home ’
In British English, the concepts of home and house hold significant value, often expressed through idioms that resonate with people's experiences Phrases like "Home sweet home," "Home is where the heart is," and "Charity begins at home" illustrate the deep connection individuals have with their living spaces These idioms utilize the imagery of home to convey various life lessons tied to familiar experiences The influence of home on life is richly portrayed through rhetorical, picturesque, and symbolic language, highlighting its importance in cultural expression.
In British English, the concept of home embodies appreciation for a personal sanctuary that nurtures privacy and cherished relationships, encapsulated in the phrase "Home is where the heart is." This idiom signifies that true happiness stems from being with loved ones, as illustrated by a traveler who finds joy only when his family is by his side The significance of home remains steadfast, even when physically distant, prompting individuals to seek a "home away from home"—a place that evokes the same comfort and happiness as their own residence For instance, summers spent in an aunt's apartment in Brighton exemplify this feeling of belonging, transforming it into a genuine home from home.
When a new couple falls in love and decides to live together, they often "set up home," meaning they create a shared living space For instance, "They got married and set up home together in Hull." In British English, the phrase "get on like a house on fire" describes a rapidly developing friendship, often used to express how well two people connect For example, "I was worried about introducing my boyfriend to my parents, but they got on like a house on fire."
In British culture, the concept of home not only symbolizes affection and comfort but also reflects the challenges faced within family life Phrases like "in the dog’s house" illustrate when someone is in trouble or disfavor, as in the example of a man facing his wife's displeasure for coming home late Additionally, the idiom "bring home the bacon" signifies the role of the primary breadwinner in a family, highlighting the importance of financial success and responsibility For instance, one might say, "He is the one who brings home the bacon, not his wife," emphasizing traditional family dynamics.
2.1.3 Idiomatic expressions containing the word ‘earth’
In British English, the term "earth" frequently appears in idioms, serving as a powerful tool for comparison and sharing experiences, effectively conveying ideas and emotions.
The idiom "to the end of the earth" illustrates the lengths to which individuals will go to achieve a goal or fulfill a commitment, reflecting the determination and decisiveness inherent in human behavior This expression emphasizes the willingness to pursue something relentlessly, showcasing the deep-seated motivations that drive people in real-life situations.
Idiomatic expressions of places in Vietnamese
2.2.1 Idiomatic expressions containing the geographical names
Vietnamese culture is deeply rooted in the context of Southeast Asia, significantly shaped by wet rice civilization Culture and language serve as vital means of entertainment and guidance in labor, with idioms playing a crucial role in conveying artistic messages These idiomatic expressions encapsulate various life aspects, enriched by toponymy In social life, place-related idioms emerge for specific reasons, reflecting production experiences, weather patterns, regional specialties, educational insights, iconic imagery, and even negative habits.
Vietnamese idioms often highlight the enduring relationships between individuals, families, and their villages, reflecting a deep sense of loyalty amidst separation Phrases like "Chồng Bắc, vợ Nam" (the husband in the North, the wife in the South) and "Kẻ Bắc, người Nam" (one person in the North, another in the South) illustrate the emotional distance between couples and family members Additionally, expressions such as "Đi đông, đi tây" (go east, go west) signify the widespread movement of people, while "Buôn Tần, bán Sở" (buy in Tần, sell in Sở) captures the struggles of those navigating life's hardships The use of historical Chinese territory names like Tần and Sở in these idioms reflects their cultural influence, as seen in phrases like "Đầu Ngô, mình Sở" (the head in Ngô territory, the body in Sở territory), which denotes disconnection Overall, these idioms reveal the intricate connections between Vietnamese culture, duty, and the challenges of separation.
The term "Sư tử Hà Đông," meaning "The lion in Hà Đông District," is commonly used by the Vietnamese Interestingly, the name Hà Đông originates from China rather than Vietnam, contrary to popular belief.
The idiom "Su tu," meaning lion, actually refers to a very jealous and aggressive woman, originating from the verse "Hà Đông sư tử" in a poem by Tô Đông Pha during the Tống Dynasty This phrase was created to tease his friend Trần Quý Thường, who was notably fearful of his wife's jealousy and aggressive behavior Another popular Vietnamese idiom, "Công tử Bạc Liêu," translates to "the mandarin's son in Bạc Liêu," and describes a wealthy and generous person This saying is based on the legend of Trần Trịnh Huy, a man from Bạc Liêu known for his extravagant spending habits, even tossing money into the fire for amusement Both idioms significantly influence Vietnamese expressions, highlighting characteristics of individuals in everyday life.
In Vietnam, certain noun phrases like "Trai Cầu Vồng" and "gái Nội Duệ" highlight the significance and fame of individuals in specific regions These terms refer to renowned locations in Bắc Giang and Bắc Ninh provinces, respectively The idiomatic expressions encapsulate the cultural identity and social status of people associated with these areas.
Cầu Vồng, Yên Thế were once famous for their courage and generosity, gallantry, the woman in Nội Duệ, Cầu Lim were famous for their beauty and flirtation or provocation
The Vietnamese idiom "Xứ Thanh cậy thế, xứ Nghệ cậy thần," which translates to "Thanh Hoá province was once famous for its authority and prestige, while Nghệ An was well known for its many officials," reflects the historical significance of these regions Thanh Hoá was home to powerful royal families like the Nguyễn and Trịnh dynasties, while Nghệ An produced numerous officials serving various feudal rulers This idiom highlights the past privileges of these areas, evoking feelings of envy and admiration from people in other provinces.
To express good luck or the good consequence of life or thing, people often say
Châu, meaning pearl or precious stone in Vietnamese, symbolizes prosperity and wealth in the royal family Historically, Châu was kept in homes to attract good fortune and abundance.
According to legend, Phố was once known as Hợp Phố, a region in Giao Châu governed by a corrupt and ruthless officer who exploited the local workforce, compelling them to provide pearls as tribute.
Due to his misguided intentions, the pearls abandoned him; however, with a benevolent officer in charge of Hợp Phố, the pearls returned, bringing prosperity along with them This idiom reflects the belief that even a slight chance of success exists, emphasizing that ultimately, good fortune favors honest and kind individuals It embodies the observations of working people who trust that those who do good will ultimately receive their just rewards.
Cá vượt Vũ Môn shows the same expectation, after many challenges, (overcome the
The Vũ Môn abyss symbolizes a deep journey in life, where individuals aspire to reach their destinations and lead fulfilling lives In Vietnamese culture, people often express wishes for good fortune and positive outcomes from their actions Common idioms reflect this optimistic perspective, emphasizing that good people attract good luck, and diligent individuals achieve their desired results, such as success, quality relationships, and care Conversely, it is important to recognize that many idiomatic expressions also convey negative meanings, highlighting the complexity of life’s experiences.
The challenging and harsh realities of life for the Vietnamese in the past significantly impacted their mindset, leading to frequent expressions of dissatisfaction regarding their poverty and struggles This sentiment is encapsulated in idioms such as "Tránh sông Cả, gặp phải núi Ba Vì," which translates to "One tries to avoid swimming across Cả River but ends up facing the mountains of Ba Vì," reflecting the irony of trying to evade hardship only to encounter greater challenges.
Ba Vì mountain”, the idiom refers to the successive obstacles in life; Buôn Tần, bán Sở
The concept of "Buôn ngược, bán xuôi" reflects the resilience of individuals who share their personal experiences in navigating challenges to earn a living Through storytelling, they highlight their strategies for overcoming daily hardships and achieving financial stability.
The saying "the rich in the countryside cannot be compared to the homeless people in Kẻ Chợ" reflects a deep-rooted perspective in Vietnamese culture, emphasizing that the struggles of those in urban areas, like Kẻ Chợ (the old name for Hanoi), often overshadow the wealth of rural individuals This comparison highlights the harsh reality faced by the poor, who, in their pursuit of survival, have learned merely to exist rather than enjoy life Such idiomatic expressions evoke the difficult times endured by the Vietnamese people, serving as a reminder of their relentless efforts to make a living Today, this idiom remains relevant in conversations about the working class and their ongoing journey toward financial stability.
In Vietnam, newly married women often face challenges when moving in with their husband's extended family, which typically includes multiple generations This living arrangement can lead to conflicts and difficulties, particularly for brides who struggle to adapt to their new family's customs and dynamics The saying "Giặc bên Ngô không bằng bà cô bên chồng," which translates to "the enemy in Ngô territory is not as dangerous as the husband's younger sister," highlights the complexities of these family relationships Even in modern society, this idiom remains relevant, reflecting the ongoing struggles women face within the family unit Ultimately, success requires hard work and perseverance, as everyone competes for their share of resources and recognition.
Many of the idiomatics expressions in Vietnamese express the seperation between couple based on the distance in geograpphy, it can be seen clearly in the following idioms:‟
Vietnam's geographical division into the North, South, and Central regions is often reflected in the language and idiomatic expressions of its people Phrases like "Chồng Bắc, vợ Nam" and "Đi đông, đi tây" highlight the cultural and emotional distance between these regions, illustrating how life's challenges drive individuals to seek opportunities far from home The recurring themes of separation and homesickness in these expressions reveal a deep yearning for reunion and a better life among the working population Ultimately, these idioms encapsulate the resilience and hopes of Vietnamese people navigating their divided homeland.
Findings
An analysis of idioms in British English and Vietnamese reveals that those containing place-related words reflect human attitudes, emotions, and social behaviors These fixed expressions, established over time, encapsulate human observations and experiences related to everyday life phenomena Consequently, the idioms associated with places showcase distinct cultural features of both countries This study highlights the similarities and differences between the two cultures through idiomatic expressions involving terms like "house/home," "earth," "sea/ocean," and specific place names, emphasizing local specifications in their usage.
+ Appearance of idiomatic expressions of places in British English and Vietnamese:
The analysis of 100 idioms related to various local specifications in British English and Vietnamese reveals a significant frequency of idiomatic expressions The findings are summarized in the following table, highlighting the prevalence of these idioms across both languages.
House/ home Earth Sea/ Ocean
The analysis reveals that idiomatic expressions related to local specifications are similarly represented in both British English and Vietnamese Geographical names dominate the idioms, comprising 36% in British English and 48% in Vietnamese Notably, idioms associated with house and home are more prevalent in British English at 26%, compared to 16% in Vietnamese Interestingly, idioms pertaining to Earth are equally represented in both languages, each accounting for 24% of the total idioms Additionally, there is a slight difference in the idiomatic expressions related to the sea or ocean, with British English at 14% and Vietnamese at 12%.
British and Vietnamese idioms related to places reflect distinct cultural perspectives, with British English focusing on notable features of famous locations, while Vietnamese idioms emphasize regional specialties This difference highlights the Vietnamese tendency to incorporate more geographical names, showcasing their cultural diversity Both cultures enrich their spiritual lives by connecting their idioms to real-life situations, illustrating the importance of place in their respective cultural narratives.
- Both British English and Vietnamese idioms of places are influenced by the various factors including: geographical, historical, religious factors, custom and tradition and literature
- Both cultures have undergone the great changes in history and deeply affected by foreign invaders: the Romans and the Chinese e.g: All roads lead to Rome; Buôn Tần, bán Sở
British English and Vietnamese idiomatic expressions exhibit a similar grammatical structure, characterized by fixed phrases and clauses Examples include "a home from home" in English and "Sư tử hà Đông" in Vietnamese, as well as the phrases "Rome wasn’t built in a day" and "Bụt Nam Sang lại từ oản chiêm." These expressions reflect cultural insights and shared linguistic features across both languages.
Understanding idiomatic expressions can be challenging without a grasp of the cultural context or the stories behind them, such as "Công tử Bạc Liêu" or "Meet your Waterloo." Knowledge of these backgrounds is essential for fully appreciating the meanings of idioms.
The idiomatic meanings of place-related expressions reflect a spectrum of human attitudes, encompassing positive, neutral, and negative sentiments For instance, the phrase "Home is where the heart is" conveys a positive connection to one's roots, while "Vợ xứ Đông, chồng xứ Bắc" illustrates cultural nuances in relationships Additionally, the saying "Tránh sông Cả gặp phải núi Ba Vì" emphasizes caution in navigating life's challenges Together, these idioms highlight the diverse perspectives individuals hold regarding their environments and relationships.
Idioms reflect various facets of social life, encompassing both material and spiritual dimensions They vividly convey human emotions, beliefs, morals, and perspectives on life For instance, expressions like "Giàu nhà quê không bằng ngồi lê Kẻ Chợ" and "Rừng vàng biển bạc" illustrate these themes, highlighting the interplay between wealth, community, and nature.
Charity begins from home; Englishman‟s house is his castle etc
British English and Vietnamese idioms often differ significantly, with many idioms lacking direct equivalents in the other language However, there are instances where Vietnamese phrases correspond to British English idioms, highlighting shared cultural values and perspectives despite the geographical and cultural differences The following table presents a selection of idioms discussed in this study.
When in Rome, do as the Roman do Đi đến nước Lào phải ăn mắm ngoé
Carry coals to Newcastle Chở củi về rừng
Four conners of the earth Chín phương trời, mười phương Phật
A drop in the ocean Muối bỏ bể
To the ends of the earth Cùng trời cuối đất
British English idiomatic expressions reflect a neutral perspective on life and social behaviors, capturing various aspects of existence with an objective stance The British tend to avoid exaggeration, favoring concise phrases that convey multiple meanings Additionally, idioms related to places often highlight human characteristics and behaviors, emphasizing the cultural nuances within the language.
Vietnamese idiomatic expressions often emphasize negative connotations related to places, reflecting the struggles of daily life and hopes for a better future Phrases like "Giàu nhà quê không bằng ngồi lê Kẻ Chợ" and "Tránh sông Cả, gặp phải núi Ba Vì" illustrate this sentiment Additionally, these idioms frequently employ exaggeration, as seen in expressions like "Sử tử Hà Đông" and "Chân trời góc bể." Overall, Vietnamese place idioms create vivid imagery and highlight the deep connection between Vietnamese culture and the Southeast Asian cultural landscape, showcasing the characteristics of a wet-rice civilization and portraying the Vietnamese people as hardworking, brave, and loyal in their lives and relationships.
Summary
This study explores the connection between places and idiomatic expressions in British English and Vietnamese, highlighting how cultural influences shape perceptions of these locations It emphasizes that language, particularly idioms, serves as a reflection of society, effectively conveying social realities and attitudes through concise and metaphorical expressions The research illustrates the dynamic interplay between culture and language, revealing the complexity and nuance of idiomatic expressions related to places.
The study explores idiomatic expressions related to places in British English and Vietnamese, highlighting their deep cultural significance Both languages feature these idioms, which have long been embedded in the cultural fabric of their societies These expressions are closely tied to social life, geography, history, religion, customs, and literature, each telling a unique story about a place and its people They serve as vivid comparisons that reflect human emotions, behaviors, and societal attitudes The prevalence of these idioms in daily conversation underscores their substantial impact on language and communication styles.
Idiomatic expressions related to places in British English and Vietnamese reflect the distinct cultural backgrounds of their respective societies British English draws from a history of conquest and modern prosperity, while Vietnamese idioms are rooted in a river-imprinted culture and wet-rice civilization Despite these differences, notable similarities and contrasts in the use of place-related idioms highlight the influence of cultural context on language.
British English and Vietnamese idioms exhibit notable similarities in structure, communication functions, and origins Despite differing perspectives on life, both languages express ideas neutrally through vivid comparisons that reflect their rich cultural histories A key characteristic of idiomatic expressions in both languages is their local specificity, highlighting the unique cultural contexts of each.
British English and Vietnamese idioms exhibit significant cultural and social differences British English tends to utilize precise language with fewer words, often conveying multiple meanings through idiomatic phrases, reflecting a respect for privacy and reserve In contrast, Vietnamese idioms are less frequently used for judgment and, when they are, often exaggerate the reality of a situation This tendency towards longer phrases, influenced by Chinese classical literature, highlights the Vietnamese inclination to share their sorrows openly with others.
Implications
Cultural awareness plays a crucial role in the effectiveness of teaching and learning, particularly in the context of foreign language acquisition The differences in traditions, beliefs, and customs between British English and Vietnamese can create challenges for learners By understanding these cultural distinctions and possessing adequate knowledge, both teachers and learners can identify appropriate English equivalents for Vietnamese idioms and vice versa Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of idioms, both linguistically and culturally, is essential for success in teaching and learning idioms.
Idioms enhance the vibrancy and interest of a language, allowing both teachers and students to communicate like native speakers However, mastering idioms can be challenging, as understanding the individual words does not always clarify the phrase's meaning; for instance, knowing "salt" and "earth" does not reveal the significance of "salt of the earth." The most effective way for educators and learners to grasp idioms is through immersion in popular culture, which provides greater exposure and helps uncover the cultural roots of these expressions.
Suggestions for further study
This study explores idiomatic expressions related to places in British English and Vietnamese from a cultural perspective, highlighting both differences and similarities While it focuses on a limited scope of idioms, the findings aim to serve as a valuable resource for those interested in further research on idiomatic expressions and their real-life applications The pervasive nature of idioms in everyday life opens avenues for additional studies, including those examining idioms associated with nationalities, proper names, and cultural origins in sports or entertainment.
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1 When in Rome, do as the
Follow the example of other people and act as they do, especially if you are a stranger or new to a place or situation
2 All roads lead to Rome Means there can be many different ways of doing something
3 All the tea in China If someone won’t do something for all the tea in
China, they won’t do it no matter how much money they are offered
4 Meet your Waterloo Be finally defeated This idiom refers to the battle of
Waterloo in 1815, in which Napoleon was finally defeated and taken prisoner
5 On Carey street If some one is on Carey street, they are heavily in debt or have gone bankrupt Carey street is in London
The phrase "You can't fight city hall" expresses a sense of cynicism regarding the ability to effect change within local government It reflects a feeling of frustration and resignation toward the representatives who seem unresponsive to constituents' concerns.
7 Slow boat to China Describe something that is very slow and takes a long time
8 Square Mile The square Mile is the city, the financial area of
10 Rome wasn’t built in a day It takes time, patience and hard work to do a difficult or important job
To "set the Thames on fire" means to achieve something remarkable or extraordinary Conversely, if someone is described as dull and undistinguished, they are unlikely to ever set the Thames on fire.
Taking, bringing or carrying coals to Newcastle is doing something that is completely unnecessary
13 Castles in Spain/ build castles in the air
Have plan/ hopes etc which are unlikely to become reality
14 What does that have to do with the price of tea in China?
Is often used when someone or something is irrelevant to the topic being discussed
"Crossing the Rubicon" signifies reaching a pivotal point of no return in decision-making This phrase originates from the Rubicon River, which marked the boundary between Italy and Gaul Julius Caesar's decision to cross this river with his army violated Roman law and ultimately triggered a civil war, illustrating the irreversible consequences of bold choices.
The phrase "fiddle while Rome burns" refers to the act of ignoring a serious situation or wasting time when urgent action is needed It originates from the historical account of Emperor Nero, who is said to have played the violin while Rome was engulfed in flames This expression serves as a reminder of the dangers of inaction during critical moments.
The phrase "send somebody to Coventry" refers to the act of ostracizing someone as a form of punishment for their actions This expression originates from the English Civil War, during which Coventry was a staunch supporter of Parliament Captured supporters of the King were often sent to Coventry as a consequence of their allegiance.
18 Be like painting the Forth
If a job is like painting the Forth Bridge, it is so big that by the time you get to the end you have to start at the beginning again
19 Home is where the heart is A home is where the people you love are
20 A home from home A place where you feel as comfortable, happy, etc as in your own house
21 Bring home the bacon Be successful in something, be the person who earns money for a family , an organization etc
22 Get on like a house on fire Quickly develop a very friendly relationship with somebody
23 Home sweet home Used to say how pleasant your home is (especially when you really mean that it is not pleasant at all)
24 Till the hay comes home/
Until the cows come home
For a long time, or for ever
25 Charity begins at home People should look after their own family before they think about others
26 Be in the dog house In the situation where somebody is angry with you because you have done something wrong
27 English’s home is his castle An English’s home is a place where he/she may be private and safe and do as he/ she wishes
A halfway house serves as a transitional residence for individuals, such as former prisoners or mental health patients, allowing them to stay temporarily after leaving a prison or hospital This supportive environment helps them reintegrate into society before moving into independent living The term "halfway house" originates from the concept of an inn, which historically provided accommodation at a midpoint between two locations during a journey.
29 Set up house/home with somebody
To make a place your home
30 Go all round the houses Do something or ask a question in a very complicated way instead of in a simple, direct way
31 Pack the house Attract a large audience; fill a theatre, hall, etc
32 Move heaven and earth Do everything you can in order to help somebody,
33 The salt of the Earth A very good and honest person that you can always depend on This expression comes from the Bible
34 Go to earth/ ground Hide, especially to escape from somebody who is chasing you This expression refers to a fox hiding under ground when it is hunted
35 Cost/ pay/charge the earth Cost/ pay /charge a lot of money
36 to the ends of the earth A very great distance
37 Four corners of the earth If something goes to or come from the four corners of the Earth, it goes or comes from absolutely everywhere
38 A heaven on earth A place or situation where everything is perfect
39 Disappear/ vanish off the face of the earth
40 Promise (somebody) the earth Make very big or impossible promises that you are unlikely to keep
41 A hell on earth A place or situation that is extremely bad or unpleasant
The term "scum of the earth" refers to individuals or groups perceived as worthless, malevolent, or devoid of any redeeming qualities This phrase evokes the image of scum, a layer of dirt that floats on the surface of water, symbolizing moral degradation and a lack of value.
43 Wipe something off the face of the earth
44 A drop in the ocean/ bucket A very small amount in comparison to the much larger amount that is needed
45 Go to sea To become a sailor
46 Between the devil and the deep blue sea
In a situation where you have to choose between two things that are equally bad
The idiom "sell somebody down the river" refers to the act of betraying someone who trusts you, particularly someone you have promised to assist Originating from the era of slavery in the United States, it highlights the severe consequences faced by a slave sold to a new owner further down the Mississippi River, where conditions were often harsher than in northern states.
48 All completely, etc at sea Confused, not organized
49 There are plenty/lots more fish in the sea
There are many other people of things that are as good as the one somebody has failed to get
50 Oceans of something A large amount of something
1 Chồng Bắc, vợ Nam Phàn nàn là vợ chồng phải ở xa nhau
2 Buôn Tần, bán Sở Tả người buôn bán đi đây đó vất vả để buôn hàng hoặc bán hang
3 Chỉ Tấn, tơ Tần Ngày xưa vua nhà tấn và vua nhà Tần gả con cho nhau Nói tình duyên giữa đôi nam nữ
4 Vợ xứ Đông, chồng xứ Bắc Than phiền là vợ chồng phải ở xa nhau
5 Cá vượt Vũ Môn Theo truyền thuyết, cá vượt qua vực sâu ở khe núi Vũ Môn thì hóa rồng nói người học trò thi đỗ ngày xưa
6 Bể Sở, sông Ngô Có nghĩa: khắp mọi nơi
7 Xứ Thanh cậy thế, xứ Nghệ cậy thần Thanh Hóa là quê hương của vua chúa Nguyễn
Nghệ An nổi tiếng với nhiều người học giỏi và đạt thành tích cao trong các kỳ thi, nhiều người trong số đó đã trở thành quan đại thần Do đó, trong thời phong kiến, tỉnh này nhận được nhiều ưu đãi, điều này khiến người dân từ các tỉnh khác cảm thấy không mấy ưa thích.
8 Trai Cầu Vồng, yên Thế, gái Nội
Cầu Vồng, Yên Thế thuộc tỉnh Bắc Giang, nổi tiếng với những chàng trai anh hùng, trong khi con gái Nội Duệ, Cầu Lim ở Bắc Ninh lại được biết đến với tính cách bạo dạn và có phần lẳng lơ.
Công tử Bạc Liêu, tên thật là Trần Trinh Huy (1900-1973), còn được biết đến với tên gọi Ba Huy, là một nhân vật nổi tiếng trong giới thượng lưu Sài Gòn và miền Nam vào những năm 1930.
1940 Ngày nay, Công tử Bạc Liêu trở thành một thành ngữ để chỉ những kẻ ăn chơi
10 Sư tử Hà Đông Dựa theo một câu thơ của Tô Đông Pha đời
Tống giễu một người sợ vợ) Chỉ người đàn bà hay ghen
11 Tránh sông Cả, ngã phải núi Ba Vì Sông Cả ở Nghệ Tĩnh, Ba Vì là ngọn núi ở Sơn
Tây Tức là tránh trở ngại này lại gặp trở ngại khác
12 Nay Bắc, mai Đông Luôn luôn phai di chuyển
13 Kẻ Bắc, người Nam Phàn nàn là bị xa cách nhau
14 Đi Đông, đi Tây Ý nói đi nhiều nơi, đi nơi này nơi nọ
Bụt Nam Sang, một biểu tượng văn hóa của vùng chiêm trũng Nam Định, thể hiện sự phê phán đối với những người coi thường những giá trị sẵn có và luôn khao khát những điều xa xỉ.
16 Giàu nhà quê không bằng ngồi lê
Kẻ Chợ là từ cũ để chỉ Hà Nội Đây là tư tưởng lệch lạc của một số người coi trọng đời sống ở thành thị hơn ở thôn quê
17 Giặc bên Ngô không bằng bà cô bên chồng
Ngô là Trung Quốc thời phong kiến Nói đến sự đáo để của những cô em chồng đối với chị dâu trong xã hội cũ
18 Đi đến nước Lào phải ăn mắm ngóe Ở bên Lào có thứ mắm làm bằng con nhái Ý nói đến đâu phải theo phong tục ở đấy
Hợp Phố, một quận thuộc Giao Châu xưa, gắn liền với truyền thuyết về một tên thái thú tham tàn đã ép buộc dân chúng nộp hạt châu Khi người dân mất đi hạt châu, họ đã rời bỏ quê hương Tuy nhiên, khi có những người tốt trở về, hạt châu lại trở về với họ, tượng trưng cho sự trở lại của những gì đã mất.
20 Bắc Nam đôi ngả Nói đến sự chia ly, mỗi người một nơi xa cách nhau
Phủ Khoái, hay còn gọi là Phủ Khóai, nằm ở tỉnh Hưng Yên, từng là vùng đất có nhiều ruộng vườn Tuy nhiên, do tình trạng đói kém, người dân nơi đây thường phải đi ăn xin và thỉnh thoảng còn tranh nhau kêu la "oái oái" Cụm từ này mang ý nghĩa châm biếm những người hay kêu ca, phản ánh nỗi khổ của cuộc sống khó khăn trước đây.