VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES ********************* PHAM THI NHUNG APPLYING KAGAN COOPERATIVE LEARNING STRUCTURES TO IMPROVE 11TH GRADE STUDENTS’ SPEAKING SKILLS AT A HIGH SCHOOL IN THAI BINH (Áp dụng cấu trúc học hợp tác Kagan nhằm cải thiện kĩ nói cho học sinh lớp 11 trường trung học phổ thơng Thái Bình) M.A MINOR THESIS (Type I) Field: English Teaching Methodology Code: 8140231.01 Hanoi - 2020 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES ********************* PHAM THI NHUNG APPLYING KAGAN COOPERATIVE LEARNING STRUCTURES TO IMPROVE 11TH GRADE STUDENTS’ SPEAKING SKILLS AT A HIGH SCHOOL IN THAI BINH (Áp dụng cấu trúc học hợp tác Kagan nhằm cải thiện kĩ nói cho học sinh lớp 11 trường trung học phổ thơng Thái Bình) M.A MINOR THESIS (Type I) Field: English teaching methodology Code: 8140231.01 Supervisor: Hoàng Thị Xuân Hoa, Ph.D Hanoi – 2020 DECLARATION I, Pham Thi Nhung, hereby certify that the thesis entitled “Applying Kagan cooperative learning structures to improve 11th grade students’ speaking skills at a high school in Thai Binh” is submitted for the partial fulfillment of the Degree of Master of Arts at the Faculty of Post-Graduate Studies, University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi I also declare that this thesis is my own research and efforts and it has not been submitted for any other purposes Ha Noi, 2020 Pham Thi Nhung i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The study would not been completed without the invaluable assistance and encouragement of many people for whom I am grateful I especially would like to express my deepest thanks to my supervisor Dr Hoang Thi Xuan Hoa, whose useful instructions and advice, as well as detail critical comments and encouragement have helped me a great deal from the beginning to the end of the thesis writing process I also would like to thank to the teachers and the staff of the Faculty of PostGraduate Studies, University of Languages and International Studies who have given me useful advice and favorable conditions for the completion of the thesis My sincere thanks go to all teachers of English and students in Me Linh high school who have wholeheartedly helped me much with enthusiastic contribution and cooperation I am really in debt to my beloved family, my friends who always support me and show great patience all the time in my life They all are my precious persons who make me keep moving forward At last, I realize that although I made my best effort, this thesis is still far from perfection Therefore, any constructive criticism and suggestions for the improvement of this thesis are highly appreciated Then, I really hope that this thesis is able to give contribution to the readers and useful for the teaching and learning process ii ABSTRACT The main objective of learning English is using English as a means of communication To achieve that objective, teachers can use appropriate techniques which match with the learners’ characteristics in teaching speaking Kagan cooperative learning structures (KCLS), a student-centered instructional approach, is believed to have the potential to encourage more interactions among students and maximize the improvement of each student’s learning process, thus have good effect on teaching in classroom That is the reason why in this action research project, KCLS was applied in the speaking lessons of a grade 11 class at a high school in Thai Binh with a view to improving the students’ speaking skills The findings from the data collected via questionnaire, teacher’ journals and speaking test scores showed great improvement in students’ speaking skills both in linguistic and paralinguistic features The students also have positive attitudes toward the use of KCLS in class This project provides recommendations to English teachers for implementing a cooperative learning approach when teaching of English speaking skills in the context of high school in Vietnam iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS KCLS: Kagan cooperative learning structures CL: Cooperative learning MLHS: Me Linh high school T: Teacher Ss: Students iv LIST OF CHARTS AND TABLES Table 1: Kagan Structure Functions 10 Table 2: The results of the pre-questionnaire 28 Table 3: The application of KCLS in speaking lessons 32 Chart 1: The Comparison between the Average Scores of Students’ Pre-test and Post-test in Terms of Fluency, Accuracy, Pronunciation, and Vocabulary 37 Table 4: The results of the post questionnaire 38 v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS iv LIST OF CHARTS AND TABLES v CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale for the research 1.2 Research objectives 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Scope of the research 1.5 Significance of the research 1.6 Structure of the research CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Speaking 2.2 Teaching speaking 2.3 Kagan cooperative learning structures 2.4 Principles of Kagan cooperative learning structures 13 2.5 Advantages of Kagan cooperative learning structures 14 2.6 Role of the teacher in cooperative learning 15 2.7 Roles of students in cooperative learning 16 2.8 How is cooperative learning applied in Vietnam? 17 2.9 Summary 19 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 20 3.1 The context of the study 20 3.1.1 The 11th grade English program 20 3.1.2 The students at MLHS 21 3.1.3 The teachers at MLHS 21 3.2 Research method: Action research 22 3.3 Participants 24 3.4 Data collection techniques and instruments 25 3.4.1 Teacher’s journal 25 3.4.2 Questionnaire 25 vi 3.4.3 Tests 26 3.5 Data analysis 27 3.6 Research procedure 27 3.6.1 Planning 28 3.6.2 Action 32 3.6.3 Observation 33 3.6.4 Reflection 33 3.7 Summary 34 CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 35 4.1 Data analysis 35 4.1.1 Analysis of the teacher’s journal 35 4.1.2 Analysis of speaking tests 36 4.1.3 Analysis of students’ post- questionnaire 38 4.2 Discussion of the findings 40 4.2.1 How can the use of Kagan cooperative learning structures in teaching English speaking enhance Me Linh 11th grade students’ speaking skills? 41 4.2.2 What are the students’ opinions of Kagan cooperative learning structures? 41 4.3 Difficulties in KCLS application in speaking classes 42 4.4 Some cautions concerning KCLS application in speaking classes 45 4.5 Summary 47 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 48 5.1 Summary of the major findings 48 5.2 Implications 49 5.3 Limitations 50 5.4 Suggestions 51 REFERENCES 52 ANNEXES 56 vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale for the research In order to be able to use any language, learners have to master language skills such as listening, speaking, reading, and writing Although all four skills are equally important, the speaking skill could be seen as the leading skill during the language learning process As Nunan argues, to most people, mastering the art of speaking is the single most important aspect of learning a second language, and success is measured in terms of the ability to carry out a conversation in the language (Nunan, 1991: 39) Therefore, developing learners’ speaking skill is of vital importance in language programs in general, and EFL/ESL programs in particular As a matter of fact, learning to speak a foreign language is often considered one of the most difficult for students to learn (Brown and Lee, 2015) When learning speaking, learners are expected to master several important elements, such as pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, fluency and comprehension These elements are very important in the communication because if they not master all the elements of speaking, the communication will not run very smoothly In addition, there are many factors that may affect students’ performance, for instance, the lack of opportunities for purposeful communication in meaningful situation Besides, class size and mixed ability class also reduce general learners’ motivation in acquiring EFL speaking skills Drawing on my experience as a teacher of English at a high school in Thai Binh for seven years, teaching and learning English still focus on grammar and vocabulary Therefore, both teachers and students not pay much attention to practicing speaking Consequently, there is a gap between the goals of the speaking lessons and what happens in the classroom The students still find it difficult to pronounce certain English words, and have limited English vocabulary Sometimes, they did not even understand the teacher’s instructions and were unconfident if they were asked to speak English Thus, dealing with the students’ problem of pronunciation is very necessary and urgent This is the responsibility of the students PART 3: Simulated situation (making and responding to suggestions, agreeing and disagreeing; making choices) Say slowly to both candidates: I’m going to describe a situation to you You are planning to go out with your classmates for a meal Decide together where you go to eat Explain why and discuss your opinions Here is a picture with some ideas to help you Hand over the picture sheet to the candidates Just think for a few seconds Pause I’ll say that again You are planning to go out with your classmates for a meal Decide together where you go to eat Explain why and discuss your opinions All right? Talk together Allow the candidates enough time to complete the task without intervention Prompt only if necessary Thank you That’s the end of the test XC XCI ANNEX C TEACHER’S JOURNAL Meeting 1: This was the first meeting to apply Round Robin, the students could not get used to the new method, so they got bored Moreover, the students lacked team work skills and their speaking skills were still poor, so they could not concentrate in the lesson and discuss their opinion with other members in the groups They sometimes did not pay attention to the lessons Sometime the students, especially the male ones teased and had jokes with friends because the learning atmosphere and activities did not motivate their eagerness to learn speaking English I felt that time needed to be taken out to deal with discipline issues, and if I didn't it right away I would be dealing with it continuously A strategy I used to deal with the behaviors was to stop the lesson and wait This usually got the students to stop and listen After the second or third incident, I simply stopped once more and discussed the fact that if we have to continue doing this we would be using up our activity time This was very frustrating to me, because I felt that having to spend time managing the students was taking time away from the real lesson at hand The use of media in the English teaching learning process was like the fresh air for the students The students were enthusiastic when I used computer and presented the materials using power points I became aware that the materials media were really needed in the process of teaching and learning Meeting 2: I used classroom English language and English routines during the teachinglearning process in order to motivate the students to speak English The students began familiar with some classroom English Some of the students were willing to listen and give response to the simple routines classroom English The students were still shy when showing up their expression but their chance to practice speaking improved as they had partner to practice with Since they worked in a group which meant they had more opportunity to get feedback from their friends, they felt more confident in answering the teacher’s questions There were some weaknesses in the activity Some students were playing during the sharing time They didn’t listen to their friends’ sharing I found difficulties to control these students since they sat in different groups to tell jokes instead of asking and giving the information In addition, the time management had to be XCII improved so that the main activity was longer I felt that I tried to speak above the students' voices during the first part of the lesson, and that I may have given them too much information to handle I was frustrated at the beginning of the lesson, but I slowly realized that I had to remain calm and instinctually deal with student reactions to the lesson I also had to be able to modify the lesson on the fly because of time constraints After going through today's lesson I felt a little better as to my ability to apply cooperative learning structured activities, and to attain adequate classroom management For the next lesson I planned to teach less and encourage the students to take an active role in the lesson itself I hope that this will sustain their interest Meeting 3: The classroom English was used in some ways such as in opening the lesson and greeting the students, explaining the materials, giving the instructions, giving feedback, and closing the meeting The regulation that the students had to use English when they want to ask permission to go to the toilet or borrow their friends’ kit also was effective The students had thus to use English or they would not get the permission Lack of time management occurred during the implementation of Corner It was the third meeting for me so that I felt a little bit clumsy and surprised at the class atmosphere especially when the students made a noise during the group work I got difficulty in controlling and observing them When I collected the students’ answers from each Corner and gave feedback to them, I discovered that only one group out of six had achieved a good sharing I had apparently put a little too much emphasis on the students’ performance This heightened my expectations of the students to a level they are not quite ready for yet I was aware of the pace I needed to maintain, and I knew that I needed to be a little more conscious of the students, and their experiences in regards to the activities I presented to them I had been focused on the lesson itself at times and had overlooked the real life student experiences that were occurring before me After three lessons, I have begun to see changes in myself, and in the way I approach various situations The greatest lesson I learned today is how NOT to take a lesson so personally This is much easier said than done For the next lesson I plan to review, repeat, and reflect! Meeting 4: XCIII Today's lesson flowed smoothly The students seemed a little more at ease and followed directions The difference with the previous meetings was that most of the students understood the expressions that were usually said by the teacher during the meeting without translation such as expressions for giving instructions and greeting the students The students were enthusiastic about joining a two stay two stray activity Besides, they easily understood the materials given and it also improved their confidence and ability in speaking The activity was quite noisy but the students enjoyed it very much However, during the lesson, most students asked meanings of some unfamiliar words The students faced the trouble when the teacher asked them to write down the works to help people in the group paper When they were required to the tasks, some weak students waited for their friends who completed the tasks to copy the answers The unplanned action, giving a quiz, successfully motivated the students to learn the materials They enjoyed competing with other groups It encouraged them to their best When working with friends, the students are able to learn from each other The students were more enthusiastic and interested in speaking They did not feel bored anymore Meeting 5: The finding of meeting signals that the students were enthusiastic in competing with other and becoming the winner I planned to give rewards in the hope that they would be more excited to give the best performance at class It was expected that rewards could encourage everybody to be active at the class The students’ participation in using English at class improved Most of them answered teacher’s questions in English Their participation was not only in answering greeting but also in stating their answer related to the materials Sometimes they did not pay attention to the lessons Sometime the students, especially the male ones kept teasing and joking with friends Some students still had problems in cooperating with their partners They could their section well individually, but when it came to working in the group, only the girls worked on well together to complete the task while most boys did not finish the whole task Only some boys completed the whole part, but they did them on their own without XCIV discussing with their team members This issue repeated each lesson; therefore, the teacher decided to turn the show up part into a competing game It meant the groups had the most correct details about Vietnamese TV contests within the time, they would be the winner and the loser team had to be punished This discipline turned out to have quite positive impact on the students Most students worked hard together, but there were or students doing nothing The reasons why that happened might be the group diffusion or the lack of teamwork skills In this lesson, both weak and good students remembered the lessons quite well They even could compare the information of each TV contest with their background knowledge Meeting 6: The biggest challenge of this lesson was the preparation The activity of the lesson was Inside-Outside circle To prepare for this, I had to divide students into three big groups which was time consuming This was one aspect of teaching that I always thought to account for The students enjoyed the activity as they could practice their speaking in relaxed atmosphere The class was crowded because everybody spoke to ask questions Most students spoke English except in a certain occasion when they spoke Vietnamese to clarify the meaning of the questions they did not understand This meeting’s topic was quite familiar to student’s life, so the students got interested The teacher assumed the vocab was easy for the students In fact, students found it a bit hard when they answer their friend’s question The teacher also had clear instructions for inside-outside circle activity to enable them to complete it Although students had problems in cooperating with their partners, the situation was improved more than that of the previous meetings This outcome was achieved partly because the teacher had known how to make the tasks easy enough for students, how to give the suitable discipline, how to make the activity fun and how to choose the appropriate activity and adapt it reasonably XCV ANNEX D Table 1: Scores of pre-test, post-test SS 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Fluency Pronunciation Pre- Post- PrePosttest test test test 4.5 6 6.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 5.5 4.5 5.5 3.5 4.5 3.5 6.5 4.5 4.5 5.5 3.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 6.5 5.0 4.5 6.5 8.0 7.5 5.5 8.0 6.5 7.5 5.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 6.5 4.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 6.5 3.5 4.5 4.5 6.5 5.5 6.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 6 3.5 6.5 7.5 6.5 5.5 6.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 4.5 5.5 6 5.5 6.5 7.5 6.5 4.5 5.5 5.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 Accuracy Pre- Posttest test 6.5 7 4.5 5.5 5.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 3.5 7.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 7.5 4.5 4.5 6 4.5 4.5 3.5 3.5 7.5 5.5 3.5 4.5 6.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 5 6.5 6 6.5 5.5 5.5 XCVI Vocabulary Pre- Posttest test 5.5 7 8.5 6.5 5.5 7.5 5 3.5 5.5 4.5 5.5 8.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 8.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 5.5 6.5 8.5 6.5 4.5 3.5 5 6.5 3.5 7.5 7 8 8.5 4.5 5.5 7.5 6.5 7.5 7.5 5.5 6.5 Score Pre- Posttest test 6.25 6.75 7.25 4.25 5.75 3.75 6.5 7.5 5.25 4.5 5.75 6.5 3.75 4.75 7.25 5.75 6.5 7.25 8.25 7.25 4.25 5.25 4.75 5.5 6.25 6.75 7.5 5.25 3.75 4.75 6.25 7.5 6.25 3.75 5.25 6.25 3.5 4.75 6.75 7.5 5.25 6.5 6.75 7.75 7.75 4.5 5.75 5.25 6.5 5.75 6.5 7.25 4.75 5.75 4.75 5.75 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 Mean 4.5 6.5 6.5 7.5 4.5 6.5 3.5 5.45 7.5 6.5 8 8.5 6.57 6.5 5.5 6.5 5.5 5.27 6.5 6 6.5 7.5 8.5 6.5 6.5 6.22 3.5 5.5 6 6.5 5.5 5.35 score XCVII 5.5 6.5 7.5 6.5 6.5 6.20 5.5 4.5 6.5 6.5 7.5 5.5 4.5 5.76 6.5 5.5 8 7.5 7.5 8.5 6.5 6.89 6.25 4.75 4.75 6.5 6.25 7.5 4.75 3.75 5.46 6 5.75 7.75 7.25 7.75 8.25 5.75 6.75 6.47 ANNEX E SPEAKING RUBRICS BY GALL, BORG AND GALL (2003, p 571) Range Fluency Pronunciation Accuracy Vocabulary 10 The speakers speak very The speaker never makes The speaker never makes any The speaker uses so many vocabulary fluently in communication pronunciation mistakes in grammatical mistakes; both in variations and makes no mistakes to perform the expected competence performing the expected competency; basic grammatical structures (like phrases, simple in word choices in performing the expected intonation and stress are appropriate; all and compound sentences) and in complex structure competency sound are unambiguous and can be understood (like complex sentences) The speaker speaks fluently in communication to perform the The speaker almost never makes pronunciation mistakes in performing the The speaker almost never make any grammatical mistakes but makes very few The speaker uses many vocabulary variations and only makes very few mistakes in word expected competence, but there are natural hesitations expected competency; intonation and stress are appropriate; a few sounds are ambiguous but can be understood mistakes in complex structure (like complex sentences), however those mistakes not impede meaning choices in performing the expected competency The speaker speaks quite The speaker rarely makes The speaker makes grammatical The speaker uses quite many XCVIII fluently although there pronunciation mistakes in mistakes very rare in basic vocabulary variations and are hesitations which are not quite natural performing the expected competency; grammatical structure (like phrases, simple makes few mistakes in word choices but those are sufficient hesitations intonation and stress are and compound sentences) and and not impede meaning in sometimes not quite appropriate; make few mistakes in complex performing the expected some sounds are rather ambiguous but can be structure (like complex structure(like competency understood complex sentences), in performing the expected competence so that they rather impede meaning The speaker speaks quite fluently although there The speaker sometimes makes pronunciation mistakes in The speaker rarely makes grammatical mistakes vary rare in basic The speaker used few vocabulary variations and uses word choices which are often hesitations which are not quite natural performing the expected competence; intonation and stress are sometimes not quite appropriate; some sounds are grammatical structure (like phrases, simple and compound sentences) and makes some mistakes in complex structure are not quite appropriate but sufficient to perform the expected competence, he/she sometimes has to explain ideas to get the appropriate rather ambiguous but can be (like complex sentences), So that words XCIX understood they rather impede meaning The speaker The speaker often The speaker The speaker uses speaks does not makes sometimes makes very few vocabulary quite fluently; pronunciation grammatical variations and uses sometimes he/she is mistakes in performing the mistakes very rare in basic word choices which are not quite impeded by language problems so that expected competency; intonation and grammatical structure (like phrases, simple appropriate and not quite sufficient to perform the he/ she speaks rather slowly stress are appropriate; some and compound sentences) and expected competency, he/she and hesitantly; sounds are rather sometimes those ambiguous and problems disrupt rather difficult to makes quite a lot mistakes in complex structure needs to explain ideas to get the appropriate words performance (like complex sentences), so that they rather impede be understood meaning The speaker does not speak quite fluently; speak slowly The speaker makes pronunciation mistakes very often in The speaker often makes grammatical mistakes in basic grammatical The speaker used limited vocabulary variations and uses inappropriate word and hesitantly; those problems disrupt the performance performing the expected competency; intonation and stress are appropriate; many sounds are ambiguous and structure (like phrase, simple and compound sentences) and makes quite a lot mistakes in complex structure (like complex choices ideas because of the insufficient vocabulary difficult to be understood sentences), so that they strongly C impede meaning The speaker does not speak The speaker almost The speaker makes always makes very often He speaker uses limited vocabulary quite fluently; pronunciation grammatical variations and uses like repeating mistakes in mistakes in basic many inappropriate and searching performing the for words so that expected grammatical structure (like word choices; he/she often he/she speaks hesitantly and sometimes competency; intonation and stress are very phrases, simple and compound sentences) and explains ideas because of the insufficient pauses quite long; those inappropriate; many sounds are makes so many mistakes in vocabulary and sometimes asks the complex sentences), the mistakes strongly teacher to express certain idea problems ambiguous and strongly disrupt difficult to be the performance understood impede communication in performing the expected competency The speaker speaks very slowly and The speaker always makes pronunciation The speaker almost The speaker uses always makes limited vocabulary grammatical variations to discontinuously (like speaking per word with simple patterns) Even pauses very long in communication to perform the mistakes in performing the expected competency; many sounds are ambiguous because pronunciation is not clear; speaks mistakes in basic grammatical structure (like phrases, simple and compound sentences); cannot use complex structure well, the perform the expected competency so that communication is rather difficult to understand, he/she often asks the teacher to express expected competency without considering mistakes disrupt communication in the ideas CI intonation and stress performing the expected competency The speaker The speaker The speaker The speaker uses speaks very always makes always makes very limited slowly and often pronunciation discontinuously mistakes in grammatical vocabulary mistakes in most of variations to ( like speaking performing the per word with expected simple patterns) competency; such the basic grammatical structure (like Even suddenly stops perform the expected competency so that as many sounds are phrase sentences) ambiguous because and there is no communication is difficult to pronunciation is not clear effort to use complex structure well; the mistakes understand he/she often has to ask the teacher to express strongly disrupt communication in performing the the ideas expected competency The speaker communicates very difficultly; The speaker cannot The speaker has no The speaker has no pronounce well at mastery of vocabulary mastery all grammar to to perform the he/she speaks very slowly and always discontinuously even stops perform the expected competency so that the grammatical structures are entirely incorrect expected competency so that communication is unclear and very difficult to understand, he/she always asks the teacher to be able to express the ideas CII ANNEX G STUDENTS’ QUESTIONNAIRES Pre- questionnaire This questionnaire is conducted with a view to finding out students’ difficulties when learning English speaking skills at Me Linh high school Your assistance in completing the following items is highly appropriated, and you can be confident that you will not be identified in any discussion of the data Below is a list of statements about difficulties when learning English speaking skills To what extent you agree or disagree with each statement Please put a tick (√) in the appropriate space provided Disagree Neutral Agree I don’t have enough vocabulary and grammar to express my ideas I lack motivation in speaking English with classmates I have limited chances to involve speaking activities I feel afraid of making mistakes and being criticized by classmates My teacher did not usually give clear instruction My teacher did not usually give English speaking communicative and interactive activities My teacher focuses on teaching grammar and vocabulary Some of better students dominate speaking English in class The topics for speaking in the textbook are not interesting 10 The class time for English speaking is limited 11 The assessment of speaking practice was not regularly applied CIII Post- questionnaire This questionnaire is conducted with a view to finding out students’ opinions to Kagan cooperative learning structures (KCLS) in English speaking classes at Me Linh high school Your assistance in completing the following items is highly appropriated, and you can be confident that you will not be identified in any discussion of the data Below is a list of statements about opinions to KCLS To what extent you agree or disagree with each statement Please put a tick (√) in the appropriate space provided Disagree Neutral Agree I really enjoy learning English speaking through cooperative learning I think my English speaking class is interesting I feel free to speak English in my group I always try to finish my English speaking tasks on time I want to improve my English after watching my friend’ performance I would like to spend my time on English speaking as much as possible I am relaxed when I hard, challenging English speaking tasks in groups I make a point of trying not to speak to much in Vietnamese in speaking lessons I wish I could speak English like a native speaker CIV ... APPLYING KAGAN COOPERATIVE LEARNING STRUCTURES TO IMPROVE 11TH GRADE STUDENTS’ SPEAKING SKILLS AT A HIGH SCHOOL IN THAI BINH (Áp dụng cấu trúc học hợp tác Kagan nhằm cải thiện kĩ nói cho học sinh lớp. .. These and many other advantages of the Kagan structures are documented and detailed at length in three publications: (Kagan, 1995; Kagan, Kagan, & Kagan, 2000; Kagan & McGroarty, 1993) 2.6 Role of... to 11th grade students at Me Linh high school during ten weeks of the first term of the school-year of 2018-2019 The speaking activities are selected and adapted from the text book “Tiếng Anh 11? ??